Index latinus.
Arundo
Avena
Coix
Grain en
Hordeum
Oryza
Panicum
Secale
Triticum
The species are:
1. Gramen loliaceum, angustiore folio Lc? spica 9 C. B. P.
Red Darnel-grass, or Rye-grass.
2. Gramen pratense minus sen vulgatissimum. Raii Syn.
The most common Meadow grass.
3. Gramen secalinum Ger. Emac. Tall Meadow Rye-grass.
4. Gramen s e cal inum^f secale sylvestre. Ger. Emac. Wild
Rye, or Rye -grass.
5. Gramen spicatum, semine miliaceo alho. Tourn. Common
Canary Grass.
6. Gramen spica triticea, repens vulgare , caninum dictum.
Raii Syn. Common Dogs-grass, or Quick-grass, or Couch-grass.
i
7. Gramen spicatum, duriorihus ^-55* crassiorihus locustis,
spica hxevi. Tourn. French Haver-grass.
8. Gramen paniculatum aquaticum, Phalaridis semine, folio
variegato. Inst. R. H. The striped grass, or Rihh and -grass.
9. Gramen dactylon esculentum. C. B. P • ^ke Manna-grass.
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THE
Gardeners Dictionary:
CONTAINING
The Best and Newest METHODS
o F
CULTIVATING and IMPROVING
THE
Kitchen, Fruit, Flower Garden, and Nurfery ;
As alfo for Performing the
Praaical Parts of AGRICULTURE:
INCLUDING
The Management of VINEYARDS,
WITH THE
Methods of making and preserving WINE,
According to the prefent Praftice of
The moft fkilful Vignerons in the feveral Wine Countries in Europe .
TOGETHER WITH
DIRECTIONS for propagating and improving.
From real Practice and Experience,
ALL SORTS OF TIMBER TREES.
THE EIGHTH EDITION,
Reviled and Altered according to the lateft System of BOTANY; and
Embellifhed with feveral Copper-Plates, which were not in fome former Editions.
By P H I L I P MILLER, F. R. S.
Gardener to the Worlhipful Company of Apothecaries, at their Botanic Garden
in Chelfea , and Member of the Botanic Academy at Florence .
. . Digna manet divini gloria ruris . Virg. Georg.
LONDON?
Printed for the AUTHOR;
And Sold by John and Francis Rivington, at No. 62, St. Paul’ s Church-yard A Millar.
J. Whiston, W. Strahan, J. Hinton, R. Baldwin, B. White, L. Hawes and
W. Clarke and R. Collins, W. Johnston, T. Caslon, S. CrowDer, T. Longman,
B. Law, C. Rivington, J. Dodsley, W. Griffin, T. Cadell, T. Lowndes,
S. Bladon, G. Robinson and J. Roberts, and T. Payne\
—
M. DCC. LXVIIL
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To the Moft Noble
Duke and Earl of NORTHUMBERLAND,
E a r l P E R C Y,
Baron Warkworth of Warkworth Caftle,
Lord Lieutenant and Cuftos Rotulorum of the Counties of
Middlesex and Northumberland,
Of the City and Liberty of Westminster,
Anu of the Town and County of Newcastle upon Tyne,
Vice Admiral of all AMERICA,
And of the County of Northumberland, '
One of his M A J E S T Y’s Moft Honourable Privy Council,
Knight of the Moft Noble Order of the G A R T E R,
And Fellow of the R O Y A L SOCIETY.
MAY IT PLEASE YOUR GR AC E,
OUR Grace’s kind Acceptance of two former
Editions of this Work, has emboldened me to
lay this at Your Grace’s Feet, as a public Ac-
knowledgment of the many ufeful Obfervations
and Inftru&ions, which Your Grace has at feveral
Times communicated to me for its Improvement.
If I have been fo happy as to employ them in fuch manner, as to
merit Your Grace’s Approbation, I lhall have lefs Reafbn to doubt
that of the Public ; fince the moft fkilful Perfons in this ufeful Branch
of Science, pay the higheft Regard to Your Grace’s Judgment.
The many Improvements which Your Grace is annually making
fo happily upon Your various Eftates, fufficiently demonftrate Your
Grace’s fuperior Judgment ; but more particularly in a Country
almoft deftitute of Timber: Where, if Your Grace continues
planting, fo ardently as for feveral Years paft, the whole Face of
the Country will be much altered for the better, and Your Grace’s
Eftate thereby greatly improved.
That Your Grace may long live to continue thefe Improvements,
and to be an Example to others, is the fincere Wifh of
Your Grace’s
Moft obedient humble Servant,
Chelsea,
March i, 17680
Philip Miller.
PREFACE.
T HE Gardeners Dictionary having already gone through feveral editions, it may
reafonahly be fuppofed, the public are well acquainted with the nature of it, which renders
it lefs neceffary to enlarge on that fubjecl. The author therefore thinks himfelf obliged to
return his thanks for the kind reception his work has met with.
But as there may be fome, who may think that the republifhing it is doing them an injury,
efpecially thofe who have purchafed a former edition, it may not be amifs to make fome apology
for this.
When the firft edition was published, gardening was then much lefs known than at prefent ; and
therefore, as the knowledge of the art increafed, it became more neceffary to enlarge on the
fubjedl, by adding the new improvements to the former, without which it would have been deem-
ed imperfedt : for as the author’s fituation in life rendered him capable of being well informed of the
progrefs made in the art, by his great correfpondence both at home and abroad, he thought it
would not be unpleafing to communicate thofe improvements to the public : in doing which, he has
been careful not to publifh any thing imparted to him, until he was fully fatisfied of the fadts by
experiments.
Others have fuggefted, that printing the improvements feparately would give ample fatisfaclion
in this point ; but the author had made trial of former purchafers fome years pad, by publifhing
feveral fheets of new articles, by way of Supplement, for which there was fcarce any demand ; fo that
the few which were fold, would not defray the expence of paper and printing.
As the number of plants now cultivated in England, are more than double thofe which were here
when the firft edition of this book was publifhed, the mentioning of them, together with their
culture, could not well be avoided in a work of this nature, therefore the author hopes his care in
inferring them will not be cenfured.
From the title of this book it may feem to be only a Didtionary on the art of gardening, but all
the branches of agriculture are included in it, in a more complete manner than can be found in
any other book extant, though written wholly on the fame fubjedf. Nor are the inftrudtions
here given for performing the work in every part taken up haftily, or upon flight experiment 5
but moft of them are the refult of more than twenty years pradtice in different parts of England,
where the author has been permitted to fuperintend and direct the whole : therefore he can allure
the public he has been very cautious in recommending any thing, which he is not thoroughly con-?
vinced to be true.
It is amazing to fee, in moft of the books which have been publifhed concerning hufbandry, that
fcarce any of the compilers have taken the leaft notice of the common pradtice of lowing eight times
the quantity of Corn upon land that is neceffary, to the great expence and detriment of the farmers,
who are fo wedded to their old cuftoms, as not to be convinced of the error : for fo obftinate are
they in this matter, that unlefs the whole ground be covered with the blades of Corn by the fpring,
they judge it not worth {landing, and in confequence thereof frequently plough up their Wheat
and winter Corn, to fow the land with Barley, or other Lent Corn; whereas, if the former
had been left {landing, it wmuld have produced a better crop than any land can do where the blades
are very thick, as the author has frequently obferved. I have mentioned this to feveral fam
mers, but the anfvver has conftantly been, that on rich ground a thin crop of roots will often pro-
duce a large crop of Corn, but on poor land it will not pay coft, which is a very great abfurdity 5
for how is it poflible, that bad land can fupply proper nourifhment to a greater number of roots
than better ground ? and where this pradtice is obferved, feldom more than three or four bufhels are
reaped from onefown; whereas, where the fame quantity is fown upon the fame, ora like foil, and
has room to grow, the produce will be at leaft fix or feven bufhels. Yefc I have feen growing
upon land not very good, and uncultivated, for more than twenty years, which land was fown with
PREFACE.
Wheat in drills, where three gallons of feed were allowed to an acre, a produce of nine quarters
per acre j now this is no more than an eighth part of the feed ufually Town by farmers, who fei-
dom reap more than one-third of this produce ; by which it appears plainly, that in the common
method of hufbandry, there is at lead: eight times the quantity of feed Town upon the land that is
neceffary. How great a faving this would he in a whole country, I leave every one to judge, efpe-
ciafy in fcarce years, when Corn is dear ; and what an expence is occafioned by the contrary prac-
tice to the farmers, who notwith {landing feem unwilling to alter their ancient cufloms. Thefe
matters are treated of under the articles Avena, Hordeum, Secale, and Triticum.
Nor are the common farmers better managers of their pafture lands ; for on them they feldom
are at the trouble of rooting up bad weeds, which frequently over-run them ; thefe are often permit-
ted to fcatter their feeds, by which the land is flocked with a fupply of weeds for feven years or more,
tho’ the utmofl care be taken afterward to deflroy them : but tho’ there are fome farmers who may be
fuppofed more careful in this refpedl, yet thefe leave in their head lands, and on their banks, hedge-
rows, and the Tides of ditches, a fufficient number of weeds to flock their fields when the feeds
are permitted to fcatter : befide, thefe paflures have rarely a fufficient quantity of manure allowed
them, efpecially where there is much arable land ; nor is the dreffing laid on at a proper feafon ; the
general rule with mofl of the farmers being to carry and fpread the dung upon their paflures, foon after
the crop of hay is taken dff the ground; and as this is done in fummer, the heat of the fun draws all
the moifture from it, whereby the greater part of its goodnefs is evaporated and loft. But as thefe
points are more fully treated of in the body of this work, the author defires the reader to refer
to them.
On the article of Timber perhaps many may fuppofe, the author has been top diffufe in his in-
flru&ions ; but if thofe who are of that opinion will only confider, how material an article this is
to the welfare of this country, he flatters himfelf they will change their fentiments, efpecially when
they refledt upon the great wafle that has been made of it for many years pafl; as alfo that the
perions now employed by the government to cultivate and improve it, deriving their own profits from
the wafle of timber, feem to think, that as their predeceffors have long pradtifed it, they have a
right to do the fame ; this is now carried to fo great an extravagance, that unlefs a fpeedy flop be
put to it, the government will be greatly diflreffed for their marine. For although this pradlice began
in the Royal Forefls, &c. yet feveral of the nobility and gentry, who had very great quantities of tim-
ber growing upon their eflates, have deflroyed a confiderable part of theirs alfo ; therefore, from a due
regard for the public, the author has treated of the befl methods for propagating and preferving
timber, which he hopes may not be difpleafing to the generality of his readers.
The feveral plants here propofed for trial in the Britifh dominions in America, are fuch as there
is reafon to believe will fucceed in thofe parts where the experiments are defired to be made,
and confined to fuch only, as may be of utility to the public, and real advantage to the inha-
bitants of thofe countries : furthermore, thefe experiments are propofed to be tried upon plants which
will not fucceed well in England, fo as to render their culture pradlicable, and therefore will not in-
terfere with the growth or trade of this country, and the confumption of which is very great here, ma-
ny of them being of very confiderable ufe in our manufactures, which cannot be carried on without
them ; as namely the Safflower, Indigo, and feveral other forts ufed in dyeing, none of which will thrive
in this country to advantage, with many medicinal drugs, which, if introduced into the iflands of Ame-
rica, will certainly thrive there as well as in their native foils. Coffee and Chocolate grow equally well
there ; but the former being gathered before it is ripe, ill dried, and brought over to England in
fhips freighted with rum and fugars, the effluvia of thefe commodities are imbibed by the Coffee,
whereby it is rendered lefs valuable : as to the latter, it was formerly cultivated by the Spaniards in
the ifland of Jamaica, when they were in poffeffion of it, fo as to furnifli the inhabitants with a quan-
tity fufficient for their own confumption ; whereas the Englifh inhabitants now refident there, pur-
chafe it of the Spaniards : thefe articles therefore require the public attention, for if the above commo-
dities may be eafily produced in the Britifh. colonies in America, they will not only fupply us with
fuch as are genuine, but alfo turn the balance of trade, greatly to the advantage both of Great-Britain
and her colonies.
It is alfo a great negledl of the inhabitants of the fugar iflands in America, to commit the care
of their plantations to overfeers, who at befl go on in their ufual courfe, planting eight or ten
fugar canes in each hill, fo that if five or fix of them grow, they will be fo clofe as to fpoil each
other j for whenever thefe plants are {tinted in their growth, they are foon attacked by vermin,
which fpread and multiply fo greatly, as frequently to deflroy the whole crop, or at leafl very much to
damage it ; and this they lay upon inclement feafons, calling it a blight, whereas it proceeds from their
own covetous cuftom. A gentleman of learning, who had a confiderable eftate in Jamaica, which was
bequeathed to him upon his arrival there, was determined to make trial of the horfe-hoeing hufbandry
among
PREFACE.
among his canes. Accordingly he fet out one acre of land in the middle of a large piece, wnich
he ..caufed to be planted with canes at five feet diftance, putting but one to each hill ; thefe grew to
a very large fize, and when ripe were cut, as alfo an acre from the heft part of the piece in which
the others were planted : each of them then were boiled feparately to examine their produce, which
was nearly equal in the weight of fugar ; but where the plants grew Angle, the juice was boiled
with a ninth part of the fuel which the other required, and he fold tne fugar for fix (hillings per
hundred weight more than he could get for the former. This fhews what advantages may be ex-'
peeled, if the poffeffors of lands were careful to make trials.
The alterations made in the catalogues of trees and plants which are added at the end of the book,
have been done to prevent fwelling the work to too great a fize, therefore their fpecific differences are
not inferted at full length ; but as their generical titles are mentioned, and the figures to each fpecies
denote them according to their refpedfive fpecies referred to in the body of the book, the reader is
defired to turn to the feveral genera, where under each article, their fpecies with their refpeclive titles
are inferted at length, as alfo their culture and natural places of growth. The ufe of thefe ca-
talogues, efpecially to fuch as are not acquainted with the art of gardening, but particularly to
thofe who fet up for defigners of gardens, may be of great fervice ; for if this part of planting were
duly attended to, there would not be fo many abfurdities committed, as are now to be found in rnoft:
of thefe defigns, where we often fee fome of the fmallefl growing fhrubs placed, where the largeft
trees fhould have been planted.
In the whole of this performance, the author has principally aimed at rendering the inftrudfions
given, as clear and intelligible as poffible to the pradfitioners, as well as to thofe who are lefs acquainted
with the art; in every particular he has obferved all poffible regard to truth, not having advanced any
thing as fuch, but what he has been fully convinced of by his own experience : he hopes therefore for
indulgence from the public, for any imperfedlions or omiffions which may appear in the book, fince
in a work of fo great extent, it cannot be expedited to be abfolutely perfedl, though it is humbly hoped
there will not be found in it many faults.
Some errors of the prefs have accidentally crept in, occafioned by the author’s other heceffary
avocations, which frequently called him into the country during the time it was printing ; but as
moll of thefe are corrected, and are not belides of themfelves of great importance, he hopes the can-
did reader will pardon them.
The Gardeners Ralendar, inferted in mod; of the former editions, is in this omitted, many edi-
tions of that piece having been printed in octavo ; it is prefumed therefore that few perfons who'
have any inclination for the innocent diverlion of gardening, are without it ; and as the adding any
thing to this work would have fwelled it greatly, which the author withes he could have ftill further
fliortened ; and moreover it having been obferved to him, by many of his friends, that few per-
fons would chufe to turn over fo large a volume, to find in it the articles they may have in a porta*
ble one, the omiffion of the Kalendar was thought more advifeable.
In the laft edition of this work, the author adopted in a great meafure the fyflem of Linnaeus, which
was the prevailing method of ranging plants then in ufe among botanifts ; but as many of the plants
which were treated of in the Gardeners Dictionary, were not to be found in any of Linnaeus’s works
then publifhed, Tournefort’s fyflem was alfo applied to take in fuch as were not fully known to
Dr. Linnaeus ; but fince that time the learned profeffor having made great additions to his works,
and thofe additions being generally confulted for the names of plants, the author has now applied
Linnaeus’s method entirely, except in fuch particulars, where the Dodtor not having had an oppor-
tunity of feeing the plants growing, they are ranged by him in wrong claffes ; as for inftance, the Ilex
or Agrifolium is ranged in his fourth clafs, with thofe plants whofe flowers have four ftamina or male
organs, and four ftigmas or female parts of generation ; whereas thofe plants have male flowers upon
fome, and female upon other plants. The Laurus Linnaeus has placed in his ninth clafs, with thofe plants
whofe flowers have nine ftamina or male organs of generation, and one female part ; but thefe plants
fhould alfo be ranged in his twenty-fecond clafs, for all the fpecies of this genus have male and female
flowers on different plants. Thefe, with fome other alterations from Linnaeus’s fyflem, have been,
made in this edition, where the author has given his reafons for fo doing, which he hopes will be ap-
proved by the public.
Many plants are likewife omitted in this edition, feveral of them natives of England, hut rarely
cultivated in our gardens ; as alfo many varieties accidentally ar fling from feeds, as are rnoft of
thofe with double flowers, which, if enumerated, would have fwelled the book to an immoderate fize 5
however, moft of thefe varieties are calually mentioned, to inform the reader of their refpedtive difference,
which the author hopes will be deemed fufficient But as the variety of fruits, as well as of efeu-
few t
w a
PREFACE.
lent plants, have been moft of them, at leaft the fine forts, greatly improved by culture, they are fully
treated of under their proper genera.
-
On this article a long feries of obfervations has been made by the author, who for near fifty years
has applied himfelf clofely to this fubjedl 5 for as many former botanifts have enumerated a great
number of varieties as fo many fpecies, the ftudy of botany was thereby rendered greatly perplexed;
fome of the modem writers on this fubjedt, by going into the contrary extreme, have abridged the
fpecies almoft as much. Indeed it muff be allowed, that afcertainiqg the real fpecific difference of
plants, would be of great fervice to the fcience of botany ; but this cannot be done otherwife, than
from many years experience in their culture, efpecially by obferving the varieties which arife from
the fame feeds, as alfo the difference produced by different foils and fituations, which is frequently fo
great as to perplex very good judges in this matter. There are likewife many other varieties which
have arifen from feeds, faved from plants, and grown near others of a different fpecies, by which
means they have partaken of both ; but thefe hybridine plants rarely producing any feeds afterward,
the alteration g9es no farther.
A N
A N
P
i
L A
A
OF THE - '
E C
I C A L T E
S of
Mentioned in this
ROOT, Radix , is that part of a plant, by
which it naturally receives its nourifhment.
There are feveral forts of thefe, as
A fibrous Root, Radix fibrofa , is that which
confifts only of fibres. See plate i. fig. 3.
A tuberous Root, Radix tuber of a, is that which confifts
of an uniform fleftiy fubftance, and is of a roundifh
figure. See plate 1. fig. 1, 2. where it is cut ho-
rizontally through the middle.
A bulbous Root, Radix bulbofa , is that which confifts
of feveral coats involving one another, as is fhewn
plate 1. fig. 4, 5. or of feveral fcales lying over
one another, as in plate r. fig. 6. The firft of thefe
is called a tunicated Root, the laft a fquamous Root.
A granulous Root, Radix gramlofa , is a kind of gru-
mous root, with fmall knobs refembling fo many
grains of Corn. See plate 1. fig. 7.
A tefticulated Root, Radix tefticulaia , is a double tuber-
ous root, confifting of two fiefhy knobs refembling a
pair of tefticles. See plate 1. fig. 8.
An afphodel Root, Radix afphodeli , is a kind of gru-
mous root, whofe flelhy fibres fwell into large knobs
toward the bottom, refembling the dugs of animals.
See plate 1. fig. 9.
A grumous root, Radix grumofa , is one which is com-
pofed of feveral fiefhy knobs ending in fibres. See
plate 1. fig. 10.
A Stalk, Caulis , is a part of a plant, receiving the
nourifhment from the root, and diftributing it into
the other parts with which it is cloathed, not having
one fide diftinguifhable from the other. The ftalk of
a tree is called the trunk or ftem, i. e. Caudex.
A Branch, Ramus , is the divifion of a ftalk. In trees
it is generally called a bough.
A Pedicle, Pedicuhs , is that part of a ftalk, which im-
mediately fuftains a leaf, a flower, or a fruit. Dr.
Linnaeus has diftinguifhed thefe. Thofe which fuf-
tain the leaves he calls Petiolus , and thofe which fuf-
tain the fruit, Pedunculus.
A Spike, Spica , is a part of a ftalk thick fet with flowers
or fruits, in fuch a manner as to form an acute cone.
See plate 1. fig. 12.
A Thyrfe, fee Fhyrfus, differs from a fpike in that the
flowers or fruits are fet more loofely on it, fo that there
are fpaces vifible between them.
A Panicle, Panicula, is a ftalk diffufed into feveral pe-
dicles fuftaining the flowers or fruits. See Plate 1.
fig. 11.
An Umbel, Umbella , is the extremity of a ftalk or
branch, divided into feveral pedicles or rays, begin-
ning from the fame point, and opening in fuch a man-
ner as to form an inverted cone. See plate 1. fig. 13.
When the pedicles (, a ), into which the ftalk is di-
vided, are fubdivided into others of the fame form,
upon which the flowers or fruits are difpofed ( b ). The
firft order (a) is called rays, the fecond ( b ) Pedicles.
That umbel which confifts of one pedicle only is called
a fimple umbel. See fig. 15. plate r. That which
is compofed both of rays and pedicles, is called a
compound umbel, as fig. 13.
A Corymbus differs from an umbel, in that the rays or
pedicles are difpofed in fuch a manner, as to form a
fphere. See plate 1. fig. 14.
A twining ftalk, caulis volubilis , is one which twifts about
any prop or tree without the help of tendrils.
A climbing Stalk, Caulis fcandens, is that which fattens
itfelf to any prop or neighbouring fupport by the help
of tendrils.
A creeping Stalk, Caulis repens , is that which lies on the
ground, and propagates itfelf by emitting roots at the
joints.
A trailing, or procumbent ftalk, Caulis procumbens , is
that which lies on the ground unlefs it is fupported,
but does not emit roots,
A Tendril, Capreolus or Clavicula , is a part of a ftalk, or
rather a branch from the fide of a ftalk, placed oppo-
fite to the leaf, which curls and lays hold on any adja-
cent body, and thereby fupports the ftalk, as in the
Vine, &c.
A Fruit, Fruflus , is that part of a plant which contains
the feed with its covering. Of this there are many
different forms.
A Cone, Conus , is a dry feed-veflel, con fitting of feve-
ral ligneous parts, adhering clofely together, and fe-
parating when ripe. Of this there are feveral forts
which differ in their form and texture, as in plate 2.
fig. 1. is a cone of the Pineafter, whofe ligneous fcales
end in fharp protuberances, which open by the warmth
of the fun in the fpring, and eafily emit the feeds.
Fig. 2. plate 2. fhews the cone of the Cedar of Liba-
nus, whofe fcales are fmooth, lying clofe over each
other, and drop off, leaving the middle column on the
branches. Fig. 3. platen, exhibits a cone of the Fir-
tree, whofe fcales are fmooth, and the form oblonm
Fig- 4» 5- pl ate 2 - fhews the cone of the Cypreis,
which is of an irregular fpherical form, and the fcales
feparate, emitting the feeds from between them. Fig.
6. plate 2. represents the cone of the Pine-tree, whofe
fcales terminate in blunt protuberances.
Dry Seed-veffels, according to the number of cells into
which they are divided, are called Unicapfular, Bi-
capfular, Quinquecapfular, &c. See plate 2.- fig. 8, 9.
An A.pple, Pomum , is generally underftood to be a fieftiy
fruit inclofing feveral hard feeds in the center j but it
is very difficult to know what the ancients meant by
the title Pomum, for this title is frequently ufed in
their writings to exprefs things of different forms,
therefore this epithet fhould be only applied to thofe
fruits which are umbilicated, and contain many feeds.
See fig. 1 1, 12.- plate 2.
Acini
/
*
1
I ' 1 ■ ' " •* ' I ' •• /
An Explanation of the Technical Terms of Botany.
Acini is by fome fuppofed to be the berries of Grapes
and Currants, but is ufed in a more extenfive fenfe
by moil of the writers on botany, who ftile the fmall
protuberances of Mulberries, Strawberries, &c. fig.
7. plate 2. Acini.
A Clufter, Racemus , is a ftalk divided or. branched into
feveral pedicles, fuftaining the flowers or fruits thick
fet together in an oblong form. See fig. 12. plate 2.
The firft of thefe conditions diftinguifhes it from a
fpike, the laft from a panicle.
A Pod, Siliqiia , is a long membranaceous feed-veffel,
either fiat or round, containing one or two rows of
feeds. See fig. 13, 14. plate 2. Some of thele are
minted, each of the fweilings containing one feed, as
is fhewn, fig. 15. plate 2.
The Seeds of Corn and Grafs are called Grains, Grana.
The leaf which covers the grain is called Chaff, Gluma ,
fig. 16. plate 2. a The Beard, Arifta. b is a fmall
needle proceeding from the chaff. The chaff which
has no beard is called naked.
A Plum, Prunum , is a fiefhy veffel inclofing a hard
brittle fhell, in which is one or two feeds.
A Nut, Nux, is a feed covered with a hard, dry, brittle
fhell.
A Flower, Flos, is the organs of generation of both
fexes, adhering to a common placenta, together with
their common coverings, or of either fex feparately,
with its proper coverings, if it have any.
Flowers are either male, female, or hermaphrodite.
The male flowers have ftamina and fummits, but have
no ovary or ftyle. Female flowers have an ovary and
ftyle, but have no ftamina or fummits. Hermaphro-
dite flowers have both organs of generation.
The Ovary, Ovarium , or Germen, according to Linnseus,
is the rudiment of the fruit. See a, fig. 13. plate 3.
and fo is properly the female organ of generation.
The Style, Stylus, is a body accompanying the ovary,
either arifing from the top of it. See b fig. 13. plate
3. or (landing as an axis in the middle with the em-
bryos of the feeds round it, fig. 12. plate 3. and c
is the ftigma.
The Empalement, Calyx, is generally underftood to
mean, thofe lefs tender leaves, which cover the other
parts of the flower. See fig.Ti. a, plate 3. Thefe,
according to Mr. Ray, are of an herbaceous colour.
The Petals, Petala , are thofe tender fine-coloured
leaves, which are the moft confpicuous parts of a
flower. See fig. 11. b, plate 3.
The Stamina or Filaments, according to Linnasus,
which fome call Chives, are thofe (lender threads which
generally furround the ftyle. See c , fig. 11. plate 3.
The Summits, or Apices, which Linnaeus calls Anthera,
are thofe bodies which contain the farina fcecundans,
or prolific powder, analagous to the male fperm in
animals * thefe generally terminate the fummits. See
d, fig. 11. plate 3.
Flowers, according to the number of their petals, are
called monopetalous, dipetalous, tripetalous, tetra-
petalous, &c.
A regular monopetalous flower is that in which the pe-
tal is not at all divided. See fig. 1. plate 3. or if di-
vided, the fegments are equal, as in fig. 2. plate 3.
An irregular monopetalous flower, is that in which the
parts of the petal are unequal, as in fig. 3. plate 3.
thefe Dr. Linnaeus calls ringent flowers. Mr. Ray,
Tournefort, and others, call all thofe monopetalous
flowers, whofe petals are connected at their bafe, and
fall off without feparating ; but Dr. Linnaeus calls
them tetrapetalous or pentapetalous, when the petal
is divided into fo many parts near the bottom,.
A regular polypetalous flower, is when the petals are
equal in fize, and agree in pofkion, as in fig. 3, plate 3,
An irregular polypetalous flower is when the petals do
not agree together in figure and pofltion. See fig. 9,
10. plate 3.
A labiated, or Lip-flower, Flos labiatiis , is an irregu-
lar monopetalous flower, divided ufually into two
lips, as in fig. 6. plate 3. The upper lip is called
the Creft, Galea, and the under one b, the Beard,
Barba. Sometimes the creft is wanting, as in fig. 4.
plate 3. and then the ftyle and ftamina fupply ks
place. This is by fome called an unilabiated flower.
A papilionaceous Flower, Flos papilionaceus, in fome mea-
fure refembles a butterfly with its wings extended.
See fig. 5, 7. plate 3. It always confifts of thefe four
parts : the ftandard, Vexillum, a, which is a large feg-
ment or petal ; the two Wings, Ala, b, which compote
the fides 4 and the Keel, Carina, c, which is a concave
petal or fegment, refembling the lower part of a boat*,
the keel is lometimes of one petal or fegment and en-
tire -, fometimes it confifts of two petals or fegments
adhering pretty clofely together.
A Floret, Flofculos, is a little tube expanded at the top,
ufually into five fegments. See fig. 17, 20. plate 3.
and fitting upon the embryo of a Angle feed^-, from
the inner part of the floret arife five ftamina b, which
uniting together form a fheath c ; from the embryo of
the feed a, arifes a ftyle d, which pafies through the
fheath c, to which it is conne&ed, and is terminated
by a bifid ftigma which is generally reflexed, e. Thefe
are hermaphrodite.
A Semifloret, Semifiof cuius, is tubulous at the bafe, and
afterwards expanded in form of a tongue. See fig. 18.
plate 3. Thele generally form the rays of compound
flowers, and are female.
A compound Flower, Flos compofitus, is that which is
compofed either of florets, fig. 19. plate 3. or femi-
florets, fig. 15. plate 3. or both together, fig. 16.
and fig. 20.
A Difk, Difcus, is an aggregate of florets forming, as it
were, a plain furface, as in fig. 19. plate 3. Such
flowers are called difeous flowers.
A Ray, Radius , is feveral femiflorets fet round a difk.
See fig. 1 6. a, plate 3. in form of a radiant ftar. Such
flowers are called radiated difeous flowers ; thofe
which have no fuch ray, are called naked difeous, as
fig. 19. plate 3.
A headed flower, Flos capitatus , is that which is com-
pofed of florets and femiflorets colle&ed into a round*
lfh head, and are all inclofed in one common fcaly
empalement, as in fig. 14. plate 3.
A whorled Flower, Flos verticillatus , is when the flowers
are collected in whorls round the ftalks at the bafe of
the leaves, as in fig. 20. plate 3.
A Mofs Flower, which rifes on a (lender foot-ftalk from
the plant, fig. 27. plate 3. with the head (or Capitu-
lum ), fig. 28. and the cover (or Calyptra) which opens
and falls off when the feeds are ripe.
A Cone cut through the middle longitudinally to repre-
fent how the feeds are lodged between the feales. See
fig. 22. plate 3.
Fig. 24. plate 3. fhews the parts of a flower, a is th^
empalement, b the germen, c the ftyle, d the ftigma,
e the ftamina, / the fummit, and g the fame entire.
Fig* 21. plate 3. fhews a flower with feveral nedlari-
ums which fit clofe to the germen a.
Fig. 25. a fhews a germen, b a ftyle, and c a ftigma.
Fig. 26. fhews a grain of farina fcecundans magnified.
PLATE
I
3
7,<yfli^6£sf~- 3 e/- e& J’c :
'
'
'
,
.
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Si csujt ? v
t
PLATE IV,
Contains the figures which explain the Syfiem of Dr. Linnceus^ who claffes the plants
by the number of fiamina in their flowers .
F IG. i. {hews a flower with one {lamina and one
ftyle, which he titles Monandria Monogynia .
Fig 2. fhews a flower with two ftamina and one ftyle,
which he titles Diandria Monogynia.
Fig. 3. fhews a flower with three ftamina and one ftyle,
which he titles Triandria Monogynia.
Fig. 4. Ihews a flower with four ftamina and on? ftyle,
which he titles Petrandia Monogynia.
Fig. 5. fhews a flower with five 'ftamina and one ftyle,
whice he titles Pcntandria Monogynia.
Fig. 6. Ihews a flower with five ftamina and two ftyles,
which he titles Pentanclria Digynia.
Fig. 7. fhews a flower with fix ftamina and one ftyle,
which he titles Hexandria Monogynia.
Fig. 8. {hews a flower with fix ftamina and three ftyles,
which he titles Hexandria ■ P rigyni a .
Fig. 9. fhews a flower with feven ftamina and one ftyle,
which he titles Heptandria Digynia.
Fig. 10. fhews a flower with eight ftamina and one ftyle,
which he titles O cl an dr i a Digynia.
Fig. 11. Ihews a flower with nine ftamina and one ftyle,
which he titles pnneandria Monogynia.
Fig. 12. fhews a flower with ten ftamina and one ftyle,
which he titles Decandria Monogynia.
Fig. 13, fhews a flower with twelve ftamina and one
ftyle, which he titles Dodecandria Monogynia.
Fig. 14. Ihews a flower with more than twelve ftamina,
but lefs than twenty, and thefe arife either from the
petals or the empalement, and with one ftyle, which
he titles Icofandria Monogynia.
Fig. 1 5. fhews a flower with a great number of ftamina
and one ftyle, which he titles Polyandria Monogynia.
Fig. 16. Ihews a flower with two long, and two Ihorter
ftamina, and one ftyle, which he titles Didynamia.
Fig. 17. fhews a flower with four long and two fhorte^
ftamina, and one ftyle, which he titles Petr adynamia.
Fig. 18. {hews a flower with five ftamina, which are
connected with the ftyle in one body, which he titles
Monadelpbia Pentandri a -
Fig. 19. Ihews a flower with ten ftamina and one ftyle,
which are joined at the bafe into one body, which he
tides Monodelphia Decandria.
Fig. 20. {hews a flower with many ftamina joined in one
body, with a many-pointed ftyle, which he titles Mo-
nadelphia Polyandria.
Fig. 21. {hews a flower with fix ftamina joined in two
bodies, which he titles Diadelphia Hexandria.
Fig. 22. {hews a flower with ten ftamina, nine of which
are joined together at their bafe, and the other is fe-
parated, with one ftyle. This he titles Diadelphia
Decandria.
Fig. 23. fhews a flower with many ftamina, which are
connefted at their bafe into feveral clufters or bunches,
which he titles Pclyadelphia Polyandria.
Fig. 24. Ihews a Angle floret of a compound flower P
Thefe which are hermaphrodite have five ftamina and
one ftyle, which are connected at their bafe, This
clafs he titles Syngenefia.
Fig. 25. fhews a flower whofe ftamina are connefled
with, and feeip to proceed from, the ftyle, which is
divided into two parts. This he tides Gynandria.
Fig. 26. fhews a flower of the flxteenth clafs, which i$
of a different figure from thofe before reprefented.
The ftamina of this ftand round the column formed
by the ftyle.
Fig, 27. Ihews a floret of the compound flowers fitting
upon the germen or embryo of the feed, with th? twQ
reflexed ftigmas op the top of the ftyle,
A tf
I
A N
EXPLANATION
O F T H E -
AUTHORS NAMES and WORKS
Referred to by the
Abbreviations in this WORK.
A C T. Phil. The Philofophical Tranfa&ions of
the Royal Society.
Ad. Reg. Sc. The Memoirs of the Royal Aca-
demy of Sciences at Paris.
Aldin. A Defcription of fome Rare Plants which were
cultivated in the Farnefian Gardens at Rome, by To-
bias Aldinus. Printed at Rome 1625, fol.
Alpin. TEgypt. Prolper. Alpinus’s Natural Hiftory of
Egypt, in two Parts. Reprinted in 4m at Leyden,
1 735 -
Alpin. Exot. Profper Alpinus of Exotic Plants in two
Books. Printed in 4m at Venice, 1656.
Amman. Char. Paul Amman’s Charaders of Plants.
Printed in 1 2mo.
Amman. Hort. Paul Amman’s Defcription of the Plants
in the Garden of Bofius. Printed in 4to.
Amman Joh. John Amman’s Hiftory of Ruffian Plants.
Printed in 4m at Peterfburgh, 1739.
Banifter. A Catalogue of Plants obferved in Virginia,
by John Banifter. Printed in Ray’s Hiftory of Plants.
Barrel. Icon. Jacob Barrelier’s Hiftory and Figures of
the Plants which he obferved in France, Spain, and
Italy. Printed at Paris in fol. 1714.
Bocc. Rar. Figures and Defcriptions of Rare Plants, ob-
ferved by Paul Boccone in Sicily, &c. Printed at
Oxford 1674, in 4m.
Bocc. Muf. Paul Boccone’s Mufeum of Rare Plants.
Printed in Italian, in two Parts, at Venice, 1697,
4to.
Boerh. Ind. An Index of thePlants growing in thePhy-
fic-Garden at Leyden, by Dr. Herman Boerhaave.
Printed at Leyden 1719, in 4U).
Breyn. Cent. I. The firft Century of Exotic Plants, by
Dr. James Breynius. Printed at Dantzick, 1678,
folio.
Breyn. Prod. I. & II. The firft and fecond Prodromus
to the Collodion of Rare Plants, by Dr. James Brey-
nius. The firft printed in 1680, the fecond in 1689,
at Dantzick, in 4to. Both reprinted at Dantzick in
4to, by his Son John Philip Breynius.
Barman. Dec. John Burman’s Decades of Rare African
Plants. Printed in 4to at Amfterdam, 1738.
Burrnan. Thef. John Burman’s Treafury of Ceylon
Plants. Printed in 4to at Amfterdam, 1737.
Buxbaum. Cent. I. & II. John Chriftian Buxbaum’s
Century the Firft. Printed at Peterfburgh 1728, the
Second 1729, both in 4m.
Caefalp. Andrew Caefalpinus of Plants. Printed at Flo-
rence 1583, in 4to.
Carrier. Hort. Joacim Camerarius’s Garden of Plants.
Printed in 4to at Frankfort, 1588.
Catefb. 1 lift, Mark Catefby’s Natural Hiftory of Caro-
lina, Florida, and the Bahama Ifiands. In two large
volumes, fol. with cuts. Printed at London in fe-
veral years.
C. B. P. Cafpar Bauhinus’s Pinax to his Theatre of
Plants. Printed at Bafil 1671, 4m.
C. B. Prod. Cafpar Bauhinus’s Prodromus to his Thea-
tre of Plants. Printed at Bafil 1671, 4to.
Cluf. Hift. Charles Clufius’s Hiftory of Rare Plants,
Printed at Antwerp 1605, fol.
Clufi.Exot. Charles Clufius’s Erotics, in ten Books.
Printed at Antwerp 1601, fol.
Column. Ecphr. Fabius Columna’s Ecphrafis, in two
Parts. Reprinted in 4to at Rome, 1616.
Commel. Rar. Defcriptions and Figures of Rare Exotic
Plants, which were in the Phyfic-Garden at Amfter-
dam, by Calpar Commelin. Printed at Leyden iyofi,
4to.
Commel. Prml, Cafpar Commelin’s Prelude to Botany. .
Printed at Leyden 1703, 4m.
Corn. James Cornutus’s Hiftory of Canada Plants.
Printed at Paris 1635, 4m.
Dale. Samuel Dale’s Pharmacologiae, in two volumes
8vo. Printed at London 1710, and reprinted in one
volume in 4to at London, 1 735.
Dale. Thom. Thomas Dale’s Gbfervations on many new
Plants which he difcovered in America. MS.
Dalech. Hift. Jacob Dalechamp’s General Hiftory of
Plants. Printed at Lyons 1587, in two vols. fol.
Dillen. Cat. John Jacob Dillenius’s Catalogue of the
Plants which grow naturally about Giffam in Germa-
ny. Printed at Frankfort 1719, 8vo.
Dod. Pempt. Dodonaeus’s Six Pemptedes. Printed at
Antwerp 1616, fol.
Dodart. Dodart’s Commentaries to the Hiftory of Plants.
Printed at Paris 1676, fol.
Elchr. Elchrodt’s Index to the Plants in the Garden at
Carolfruhan. In three parts, 8vo.
Ferrar. PJefp. John Baptift Ferrarius’s Hefperides.
Printed at Rome 1646, fol.
Ferrar. FI. Cult. The Culture of Flowers, by J. Baptift:
Ferrarius. Printed at Rome 1633, 4 t0 *
Feuille. Ludovick Feuille’s Phyfical, Mathematical, and
Botanical Obfervations, made in South America.
Printed in three vols. 4to, at Paris. The firft and
fecond in 1714, and the third 1725.
Flor. Virg. Flor. Virginica, or an Account of the Plants
which have been obferved to grow in Virginia, by
John Clayton, Efq; Publiffied by Frederic Grono-
vius at Leyden, in two parts, 8vo, 1739.
Flor. Lugd. Flora Lugduno Batava, or a Catalogue'
of the Rare Plants which were growing in the Garden
at Leyden. Printed in 8vo at Leyden, 1 695.
Flor. Zeyl. Flora Zeylanica, or a Catalogue of the
Plants which were collected by Paul Herman in the
Ifland of Ceylon, from 1670 to 1677. Printed at
Amfterdam in 8vo, 1748, by Dr. Linn^us.
Garidel. Peter Garidel’s Hiftory of the Plants growing
about Aix in Provence. Printed at Paris 1719, fol.
Ger.
An Explanation of the AUTHORS Names.
Ger. Emac. Gerard’s Hiftory of Plants, improved by
Thomas johnfon. Printed at London 1633, folio.
Grew. Nehemiah Grew’s Anatomy of Plants. Printed
at London 1652, fol.
Hort. Chelf. A Catalogue of the Plants in the Chelfea-
Garden, by Mr. Ifaac Rand, E. R. S. Printed at
London 1739, 8vo.
Hort. Amft. The Hiftory of Rare Plants which were in
the Phyfic-Garden at Amfterdam, by Cafpar and John
Commelin, in two volumes, folio. Printed at Am-
fterdam 1697, and 1701.
H. Beaum. A Catalogue of the Exotic Plants which
were in the Gardens of Mynheer Van Beaumont in
Holland. Printed at the Hague 1690, 8vo.
Hort. Elth. Hortus Elthamenfis, or a Defcription of
the Rare Plants which were growing in the Garden at
Eltham, by John James Dillenius, in two volumes,
fol. with figures. Printed at London 1732.
Hort. Mai. The Plants which grow naturally at Mala-
bar, figured and defcribed by Henry Rheede Van
Draakenftain, in twelve volumes folio. Printed at
Amfterdam from 1679 to 1703.
Hort. Maur. A Catalogue of the Plants in the Garden
of Signior Mauroceni, by AnthonyTita, 8vo. Printed
at Padua 17 13.
Hort. Cliff. Hortus Cliffortianus, or a Catalogue of the
Garden of Plants at Hartechamp, belonging to Mr.
George Clifford of Amfterdam, ranged according to
the new Method of the fexes of Plants, by Dr. Charles
Linnaeus. Printed at Amfterdam in folio 1736, with
elegant figures.
H. C. Hortus Catholicus, i. e. theUniverfal Garden, by
Franfcifcus Cupani. Printed at Naples 1 696, 4to.
H. Edin. A Catalogue of the Plants growing in the
Phyfic-Garden at Edinburgh, by James Sutherland.
Printed at Edinburgh 1683, 8vo.
H. Eyft. Hortus Eyfcettenfis, by Bafilius Befler. Print-
ed at Neurenberg 1613, fol.
H. L. A Catalogue of the Plants growing in the Phyfic-
Garden at Leyden, by Paul Herman, M. D. Printed
at Leyden 1687, 8 vo.
H. R. Monfp. A Catalogue of the Plants growing in
the Royal Garden at Montpelier, by Peter Magnol.
Printed at Montpelier 1697, 8vo.
H. R. Par. A Catalogue of the Plants growing in the
Royal Garden at Paris. Printed at Paris 1665, fol.
Hort. Upfal. Hortus Upfalienfis, or a Catalogue of
the Exotic Plants growing in the Garden at Upfal in
Sweden, by Charles Linnsus. Printed at Amfter-
dam in 8 vo, 1748.
Houft. Houftoun, Dr. William, a Manufcript Cata-
logue of the Plants which he had obferved growing
in the Hands of Jamaica and Cuba •, as alfo at Cam-
peachy and La Vera Cruz, in the years 1728, 1729,
and 1732.
J. B. An Univerfal Hiftory of Plants, by John Bauhin,
in three volumes. Printed at Embrun 1650, fol.
Juff Juffieu. Anthony Juffieu, Profeffor of Botany in
the Royal Garden at Paris, who has publiflied fome
Memoirs of Plants, in the A£ts of the Academy of
Sciences at Paris.
Juff. Bern. Dr. Bernard de Juffieu, Demonftrator of
the Plants in the Royal Garden at Paris, who has de-
livered to the Royal Academy of Sciences many cu-
rious Qbfervations on Plants which are printed in
their Memoirs.
Kemp. Ex. Dr. Englebert Koempfer’s Defcription of
the curious Plants which he obferved in Japan. Print-
ed at Limoguen in 1712, 4to.
Lin. Gen. Plant. Charles Linnaeus, F. R. S. Doftor of
Phyfic, and Profeffor of Botany at Upfal in Sweden,
who has publifhed feveral Editions of his Method
of ranging Plants according to their Parts of Genera-
tion. The firft at Leyden in 1737, and the fecond
in 1754, at Stockholm, Svo.
Lin. Sp. Plant. The Species of Plants by the fame Au-
thor in two volumes, Svo. Printed at Stockholm in
1 753, and the fecond Edition in 1765.
Lin. Mat. Med. Linnaeus’s Materia Medica, 8vo.
Printedat Stockholm 1749.
Lob. Adv. Matthias LobePs Adverfaria Stirpium*
Printedat Antwerp 1676, folio.
Lob. 1 c. Icons of Plants by Matthias Lobel. Printed
at Antwerp 1 576, fol.
Lugd. A general Hiftory of Plants by Dalecharnp.
Printed at Lyons 1586, two volumes in fol..
Magn. Peter Magnol, his Catalogue of the Plants grow-
ing about Montpelier. Printed in 8vo at Montpelier,
in 1686.
Magn. Hort. Peter Magnol, his Catalogue of the Plants
in the Garden at Montpelier. Printed at Montpelier
in 1697, Svo.
Malp. The Anatomy of Plants, by Marcellus Malpig-
hius. Printed at .London in fol. 1679.
Marcg. George Marcgrave, his Natural Hiftory of Bra-
fil. Printed at Leyden 1648, fol.
Marty n. Cent. John Martyn, Profeffor of Botany at
Cambridge, his five Decades of Rare Plants. Printed
at London 1728, 1729, &c. in large folio, with fi-
gures of the Plants in their proper Colours.
Matth. Peter Andrea Matthiolus, His Commentaries on
Diofcorides. Printed at Venice 1558, fol.
Mentz. Chriftian Mentzelius’s Indexes of Plants in feve-
ral Languages. Printed at Berlin in fol. 1682.
Michel. Peter Anthony Micheli, his New Genera of
Plants. Publifhed at Florence 1729, fol.
Morif. H. R. Robert Morriffon, his Catalogue of the
Royal Garden atBlois, to which is joined his Prelude
to Botany. Printed at London ,1699, Svo.
Mor. Hift. An univerfal Hiftory of Plants, by Robert
Morriffon. Printed at Oxford 1679, 1680, and 1699,
three volumes in folio.
Munt. Aloid. An Hiftory of Aloes,- by Abraham Muri-
tingius. Printed at Amfterdam 1668, 4to.
Munt. Phyt. Muntingius’s Phytographia. Printed at
Leyden 1702, fol.
Munt. Herb. Brit. Muntingius’s true Herba Britannica,
4to, to which is frequently added his Aloidterum.
Printed at Amfterdam in 4to, 1698.
Niffol. Niffole, his Memoirs of Plants. Printed in the
A£ts of the Academy of Sciences at Paris.
Par. Bat. Prod. The Prodromus to the Paradifus Batavus.
Printed at Leyden 1998, 4to.
Park. Parad. The Garden of pleafant Flowers, by John
Parkinfon. Printed at London 1620, fol.
Park. Theat. The Theatre of Plants, by John Parkin-
fon. Printed at London 1 649, fol.
Pet. James Petiver, his Hiftory of the Engliff Plants.
Printed at London in foh with cuts, 1713.
Pif. Braf. William Pifo, his Natural Hiftory of Brafih
Printed at Leyden 1648, fol.
Pluk. Aim. Almageftum Botanicum, by Leonard Pluk-
net. Printed at London 1696, fol.
Pluk Amal. Amaltheum Botanicum, by Leonard Pluk-*
net. Printed at London 1703, fol.
Pluk. Mantiff. Mantiffa Almagefti Botanici, by Leonard
Pluknet. Printed at London 1 700, fol.
Pluk. Phyt. Pluknet’s Phytographia, i. e. a Delinea-
tion of Plants. Printed at London 1691, and 1692,
fol.
Plum. Cat. Father Charles Plumier, his Catalogue of
American Plants. Printed at Paris 1703, 4E0.
Plum. Nov. Gen. New Genera of American Plants, by
Father Plumier. Printed at Paris 1713, 4to.
Plum. PI. Am. A Defcription of American Plants, by
Father Plumier. Printed at Paris 1693, fol.
Pon. Bald. John Ponte, his Defcription of the Plants
growing upon Mount Baldus and Verona. Printed
at Antwerp 1601, fol.
Ponted. Pontedera, his Anthologia, or Difcourfe on the
Flowers of Plants. Printed at Padua 1720, 4to.
Raii Hift. Ray’s Hiftory of Plants. Printed at Lon-
don 1686, and 1704, in three volumes, folio.
Raii Meth. John Ray, his Method of claffing Plants
improved and augmented. Printed atLond. 1703^0.
Raii Syn. A Synopfis of the Britifh Plants, by John
Ray, augmented by Dr. Dillenius. Printed at Lon-
don 1724, 8vo„
Rauw. Leonard Rauwolf’s Travels in the Eaft. Printed
at London.
c
Rea
An Explanation of the AUTHORS Names.
Rea. Flora, Ceres, and Pomona, by John Rea. Printed
at London 1676, fol.
. Rivin. Auguftus Quirinus Rivini, his Order of ranging
Plants by the Figures of their Flowers. Printed in
five Clafies at Leipfic in 1690, 1691, and 1699, in
fol. with figures.
Roy. Flor. Leyd. Adrian Van Royen, Profeffor of Bo-
tany at Leyden, his Prodromus, or Catalogue of the
Plants growing in the Phyfic-Garden at Leyden.
Printed at Leyden 1741, 8vo.
Sauv. Flora Monfpelienfis, byFr. Sauvage. Hague, 8vo,
1 755 -
Scheuch. John Jacob Scheuchzer, his Obfervations
of the Plants he difcovered growing on the Alps, in
three Journies. Printed at Leyden, in two volumes
4to, 17 2 3-
Sloan. Cat. A Catalogue of the Plants growing in the
Xfland of Jamaica, by Sir Hans Sloane, M. D.
Printed at London 1696, 8vo.
Sloan. Hilt. A natural Hiftory of Jamaica, by Sir Hans
Sloane, M. D. Printed at London 1707, and 1725,
in two volumes, fol.
Swert. A Florilegium, or a Colle&ion of Flowers, by
Swertius. Printed at Franckfort 1612, fol.
* i r
Tab. Ic. Icons of Plants, by Tabernasmontanus. Print-
ed at Franckfort 1590, fol.
Tourn. Inft. Inftitutions of Botany, by Jofeph Pitton
Tournefort. Printed at Paris 1716, 4to.
Tourn, Cor. A Corollary to the Inftitutions of Botany,
by J. Pitton Tournefort. Printed at Paris 1703, 410,
Trew. Chrift. Jacob Trew, Doftor of Phyfic, F. R. S.
and of the Academy of Natural Curiofities, who has
publiihed feven Decades of Rare Plants, finely illumi-
nated, in folio, at Neurenberg.
Triumf. John Baptift Triumfetta, his Obfervations on
the Vegetation of Plants, with theHiftoryof the Plants
growing about Rome. Printed at Rome 1685, 4m.
Triumf. Syl. John Baptift Triumfetta, his Syllabus of
the Plants in the Phyfic-Garden at Rome.
Vaill. Sebaftian Vaillant, his New Genera of Plants.
Printed in the Memoirs of the Academy of Sciences.
Vaill. Dif. Sebaftian Vaillant’s Difcourfe on the Struc-
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Volk. Flora Neurenbergenfis. An Account of Plants in
the Garden of Neurenberg, of Dr. Volkamer. Print-
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Zan. A Hiftory of Plants, by Jacob Zanoni. Printed
at Bologna 1675, fol.
THE
. . ... , ,, *■ .... ■ w. . %
GARDENERS DICTIONARY.
A B I
lL E-tree. SeePopums.
B I E S •, the Fir-tree.
The name is derived from
abeo, to extend or ad-
vance. Others fay, it is
derived from abeo, to
go away, becaufe the
bark fplits, and, as it
were, falls away, or is
broke off eafily.
The Characters are,
The male flowers are difl-
pofed in a loofe bunch , having no corolla , but many fta-
mina , joined in form of a column at their bafe , but fepa-
rate above , having eredl fummits. ‘The female flowers
are colledted in an oblong cone , each fcale including two ,
which have no corolla , a fmall germen with a Jingle flig-
ma. Thefe are fucceeded by membranaceous winged feeds.
Dr. Linnaeus, profelfor of botany at Upfal, whofe
fyftem is generally followed at prefent, ranges this
genus in the ninth fe&ion of his twenty-firft clafs of
plants, which includes fuch as have male and female
flowers, placed at diftances on the fame tree, whole
ftamina are joined together in form of a column.
To this genus he joins the Pine, Cedar, and Larch-
tree, fuppofing them only different fpecies of one ge-
nus j however, as there is great difference in the cul-
ture of thele trees, we fball choofe to continue the
former method of arranging them under their different
genera. It may not be amils however to obferve, that
in the former editions of Linnaeus’s Genera Planta-
rum, thefe plants were ranged under the article Abies,
but in the laft edition he has thought proper to place
them under Pinus.
The Species, which are at prefent to be found in
the Englifh gardens, are,
i- Abies {Alba) folks fubtus argenteis apice emargi-
natis, conis erecftis. Fir-tree whofe leaves are white on
their under-flde , and indented at their, points, commonly
called Silver Fir. Abies taxi folio, fruCtu furfum
fpeftante. i ourn. Inft. R. H.
2. Abies {Picea) foliis fubulatis mucronatis ltevibus bi-
fariam verfis. The Norway Fir , or Pitch-tree. Abies
tenuiore folio, fru&u deorfum inflexo. Tourn. Inft.
R. H.
3- Abies ( Balfamea ) foliis fubtus argenteis apice fub-
A B I
emargiuatis bifarianv verfis. The Balm of Gilead Fir.
Abies taxi foliis, odore balfami Gileadenfis. Raii Hift.
App.
4. Abies {Canadenfis) foliis linearibus obtufiufculis fub-
membranaceis. The Newfoundland White Spruce Fir.
Abies foliis picese brevioribus, conis parvis biunciali-
bus laxis. Rand.
5. Abies ( Mariana ) foliis linearibus acutis, conis mini-
mis. The Black Spruce Fir of North America with very
fmall cones.
6. Abies ( Americana ) foliis linearibus obtufiufculis bi-
fariam verfis conis fubrotundis. The Hemlock Spruce
Fir.
There is alfo another fort of Fir, which has been of
late years introduced from North America, by the
title of Red Spruce Fir of Newfoundland ; but fo
far as we can judge by the young trees now growing
in the Englifh gardens, it appears to be only a va-
riety of the Black Newfoundland Spruce Fir. There
was alfo many years paft a tree of the China Fir,
growing in the garden of Mr. Morgan of Weftmin-
fter, wliich is mentioned by Dr. Piuknet, but being
in a bad fituation it made little progrefs, the fmoke
of London being very hurtful to all forts of ever-
green trees •, but whether it was killed in that garden,
or removed to any other, I do not know, for the
ground has been built upon many years.
The firft and fecond forts of Firs are very common in
gardens and plantations of evergreen trees.
The firft grows in great plenty about Strafburgh, and
other parts of Germany •, from whence the turpentine
is brought to England. But it is fuppofed, that moft,
if not all of thefe were originally planted •, however,
the moft beautiful of thefe trees are now growing up-
on mount Olympus, from whence I have received
cones, which were upwards of a foot in length. Thefe
are certainly natives of the place. Dr. Tournefort,
in his travels, mentions the Firs of mount Olympus
as the moft beautiful trees in the Levant.
The fecond fort, which is very common in the woods
of Norway, is the tree that affords the white deals,
and grows in the valiies where the foil is very deep.
There are two varieties of this fpecies, greatly differ-
ing in the length and colour of their leaves, as alfo
the fize of their cones ; one of which has been dif-
tinguifhed by nurfery-gardeners, under the title of
A Long
A B I
Long Coned Cdriftfh tFir, The leaves of this are
whiter, and much longer than the others •, the cones
are alfc of a greater length than thofe of the common
fort, fo that by the appearance of the trees, any per-
fon might ilippofe them to be a diftindt fpecies. But
from the feeds which were carefully taken from this
fort, both varieties of plants have rifen, therefore they
muft be only deemed varieties.
From this tree the pitch is drawn, and hence it had
the title of Picea, or Pitch-tree.
The third fort was formerly growing in the Bifhop of
London’s garden at Fulham , and of late years there
has been a great number of the trees raifed from the
feeds which have been brought from America. This
fort makes very little progrefs after eight or ten years
growth ; the only place in which the trees have made
any figure, is at his Grace the Duke of Bedford’s at
Woburn-abbey in Bedfordfhire.
The fourth fort is a. native of North America, from
whence the feeds have been brought to England, and
great numbers of the plants raifed. This is called by
the inhabitants in America, the White Spruce Fir.
It grows naturally on the mountains and higher lands,
and arrives to a much greater fize than moft of the
other forts. Thofe in the gardens of the late Duke
of Argyle, at Whitton near Hounflow, are by much
the fineft I have feen : but there muft be fome trees
of a greater age in Devonfhire, unlefs they have been
deftroyed ; for in the year 1724, I received fome
branches of this tree full of cones, from a gentleman
of that county, who had feveral of the trees then
growing, which were of a confiderable fize.
The fifth fort grows naturally on moift land, in many
parts of North America, but rarely arrives to the fize
of the fourth : however, the inhabitants of America
ufe the branches of both indifferently in making of
Spruce-beer, from whence the trees obtained the title
of Spruce-trees.
From both thele fpecies off Fir, exfudes a fine clear
turpentine of a ftrong fcent, which the native Indians
ufe to cure green wounds, and alio for fome internal
diforders ; and of late years the Englifh phyficians in
North America, have likewife adopted it into their
pradfice.
The fixth fort is alfo a native of America, from
whence the feeds have been brought into Europe.
This tree does not thrive well in any part of England,
nor in many places of America •, though in fome par-
ticular fpots I have been informed there are very
large high trees now growing. It is a native of many
parts of North America.
Thefe trees are all raifed from feeds taken out of
their polyfpermous cones. The way to get out the
feeds is, by expofmg the cones to a gentle fire, which
will caufe their fquamous cells to open, and readily
emit the feeds : but they fhould not be expofed to
too great a heat, for the cones of all the Firs open
much eafier than thofe of Pines, efpecially thofe of
the Silver and Balm of Gilead Firs, which, if per-
mitted to hang late in the autumn, fall to pieces
and fcatter their feeds. This ought not to be done
until the time of fowing them, which is beft perform-'
ed the latter end of March.
Thefe plants fhould be all raifed in a nurfery,. where
they may be protected from the birds, otherwife they
will be in danger of being deftroyed when they firft
come up. For as they bring up the hufk of the feed
on the top of the plant, the birds, in picking off the
hufk, will break off' the tops of the plants, whereby
a whole bed may be loft in a few hours, if not care-
fully guarded from them.
The beft time for fowing thefe feeds is about the
latter end of March, or the beginning of April, ac-
cording as the feafon is more or lefs forward, on a
bed of light earth, covering the feeds about half an
inch deep with the fame mould. If this bed be
netted over to keep off the birds, it will be a fure
method of preventing them from deftroying the
young plants at their firft coming out of the ground •,
at which time they fhould likewife be fcreened from
7
A B I
the fun in the middle off the day, by covering the
beds with mats, becaufe too much fun frequently de-
ftroys the plants when they are young. In .this bed
the plants fhould remain until the following fpring,
when there fhould be a number of beds prepared in
the nurfery to receive the feedlings. In the begin-
ning of April they fhould be tranfplanted into thb
beds, at the diftance of fix inches row from row, and
in the rows at three inches affmder, fetting them in
a quincunx order. In removing thefe plants, they
fhould be very carefully raifed up with a trowel, fo
as not to break off the fibres of their roots j nor fhould
they be kept long out of the ground. During the
time they are out, their roots fhould be covered, to
prevent the wind from drying their fibres ; and in
planting, the earth fhould be preffed clofe to their
roots, to prevent the air from penetrating to them.
If the feafon proves dry, it will be proper to water
the plants every week once or twice, according to the
warmth of the weather ; the beds fhould alfo be co-
vered with mats, to fcreen the plants from the fun,
and drying winds, until they have taken good root j
after which time they will require little farther care,
than to keep them clean from weeds. In thefe beds
the plants may remain two years, at the end of which
they fhould be tranfplanted into an open fpot of
ground, for their roots will in that time meet quite
over the beds. This ground, to which they are to
be removed, fhould be well trenched and cleared
from all noxious weeds, and made level. The be-
ginning of April, juft before the plants begin to
lhoot, will be a good time to remove them. In take-
ing up the plants, great care fhould be taken not to
tear off or injure their roots *, nor fhould too many
of the plants be taken up at one time, but rather
plant them as faff as they are taken up, that they
may be as little time out of the ground as poffible.
For the drying winds, which uftlaily happen at this
feafon, will greatly injure the roots of thefe plants, if
much expofed thereto.
The diftance at which they fhould be placed in the
nurlery, fhould be four feet row from rovr, and in
the rows two feet afunder. This diftance may by
fome be thought too great ; but if it be confidered
how much their roots ipread in the ground, as alfo
that when they are planted nearer together, it will be
very difficult to take up the plants again without cut-
ting and tearing off their roots, efpecially if they are
not all taken up clean at the fame time : thefe con-
fiderations muft have greater weight than that of the
lofs of a little ground, with all who have any regard
to the future welfare of the plants. In planting them,
it will be advifeable to draw a line crofs the ground,
and to dig out a trench of a foot wide, into which
the plants may be placed at the diftance of two feet
afunder. Then fill the earth into the trench, cover-,
ing the roots of the plants with the fineft part of it,
fcattering it carefully between the roots ; and when
the whole trench is filled in, prefs the earth gently
down with your feet •, but by no means tread it too
hard, efpecially if the ground be ftrong, or apt to
bind too clofe.
When the plants are thus planted, if the feafon fhould
prove dry, they ought to be watered, in order to fet-
tle the earth to their roots ; and if this be repeated
three or four rimes, (if the feafon fhould continue
dry) it will greatly promote their taking new root,
and fecure them from the injuries of the drying winds.
In this nurfery the plants may remain two or three
years, according to the progrefs they ftiall have made ;
and during this time, the ground between the plants
fhould be conftantly kept clean from weeds, and dug
between the rows every fpring ; in doing of which,
care muft be taken not to cut or injure the roots of
the plants : this is all the culture they will require
during their continuance in the nurfery. When they
are tranfplanted into the places where they are to re-
main, the neceflary care to be taken is, in taking
them up, not to injure or cut off their roots, and to
let them be as little time out of the ground as poffible
A B I
and while they are out, to guard their roots from the
drying winds’. The fureft time for removing thefe
trees is about the beginning of April ; for though
they may be, and often are, removed with fuccefs at
Michaelmas, yet the fpring is the more fure -feafon,
efpecially in rnoift land.
Moft of ' the' kinds of Firs may be removed at the
height of fix or feven feet ; but thofe of two feet high
are much better totranfplant,andwill in afewyearsgain
the afcendant of taller trees : I would not, therefore,
advife the tranfplanting of thefe trees when they are
much above two feet high, efpecially if they have
ftood in the nurfery unremoved. For then their
roots will have extended themfelves to a diftance,
which muft be cut in taking them out of the ground ;
and where great amputation is ufed either to the roots
or branches of thefe trees, the quantity of turpentine
which commonly iftues from thefe wounds, will great-
ly weaken the trees. There is another advantage alfo
in planting them when fmall, which is that of not
requiring (taking to fecure them from being blown
down by ftrong winds, which in tall trees is a great
trouble or expence. And whoever will give them-
felves the trouble to obferve, how much trees of two-
feet high exceed in growth thofe which are removed
at a much greater height, will, I am fure, be con-
vinced of the truth of what is here faid.
The common Spruce Fir is what affords the white
deals. The trees grow in the deep ftrong foils of
Norway and Denmark ; but will grow likewife in al-
moft any foil or fttuation in England, provided it be
not within the reach of the fmoke of great cities,
which is very injurious to all thefe forts of trees ; nor
do they thrive near fo well in dunged land, as in frelh
uncultivated foils. The difrepute thefe trees have
been under for fome years paft, has been occafioned
by their being planted too clofe together, or too near
other trees, whereby the air has been excluded from
their branches, which has occafioned moft of their
under branches to decay ; fo that when viewed from
the ground under their branches, they have a greater
appearance of dead than living trees. But where they
have been allowed a good diftance, and planted in a
ftrong frefh foil, they have had their branches quite
feathered within fix or eight feet of the ground, and
that too in trees upward of fixty feet high •, therefore
ihould not be planted nearer than twelve feet apart,
nor Ihould they be fo near, where the plantation is
more than three rows deep. In this cafe, eighteen
or twenty feet afunder will be full near enough, efpe-
cially where the trees are defigned to have their
branches feathered near the ground, in which one of
the beauties of thefe trees confifts.
The Silver Fir requires a ftronger land than the.
Spruce, for in dry ground they feldom make any
great progrefs ; and many times, even after they have
arrived to a confiderable fize, are deftroyed by very
dry feafons, where the foil is lhallow, or too dry.
But when they are planted in a proper foil, they grow
to a very large fize, and are extremely beautiful, hav-
ing the under fide of their leaves white, and the up-
per fide of a dark green colour.
This fort of Fir, however, is frequently injured by
frofts, when they happen late in the fpring, efpecially
while the plants are young. For when thefe are plant-
ed in a warm fttuation, they are apt to fhoot pretty
early, and if any fharp frofts happen after they have
puffed, the young (hoots are killed ; fo that they
lofe a year’s growth, and are rendered fo very un-
ftghtly, that many times they have been pulled up
and thrown away. In cold fituations, however, where
they do not begin to (hoot fo early, they are not fub-
jeft to this difafter; and, in many fuch places, thefe
trees grow to a large fize, and have their beauty. I
have fometimes feen fome fine trees of this fort of
Fir, which grew upon natural bogs, where, by ex-
tending their roots, they had drained the ground to
a confiderable diftance round them. There were fome
trees of this kind lately growing in England, up-
wards of ninety feet high.
A B i
The method of ralfing the other forts of Firs .
About the latter end of March, or the beginning of
April (according to the forwardnefs of the feafon, by
which every perfon muft be guided) prepare a very
moderate bed, in length proportional to the quantity
of feeds to be (own, and where there are frames which
can be fparecl for this purpofe, thefe may be placed
upon the bed j but where thefe are wanting, the bed
(hould be cradled over with hoops, that they may be
covered with mats or canvafs ; then plunge the bed
full of fmall pots, fuch as are commonly fold about
London for four (hillings and two pence per hundred.
Thefe pots fhould be filled with light undunged earth,
and the interftices between the. pots may be filled up
with any other earth which is neareft to the place ;
then fow the feeds in thefe pots, covering them about
half an inch with the fame light earth. In drying winds
the bed fhould be covered, to prevent the earth from
drying too faft, which would prove hurtful to the
feeds •, nor fhould the feeds have too much wet, which
would be equally injurious to them : therefore the
earth fhould be but feldom watered, and it muft ne-
ver be given in great quantities. When there is any
appearance of froft at night, the bed fhould alfo be
covered. With this management the plants will ap-
pear in five or fix weeks time, when they muft be
carefully guarded from birds, as was before dir eft eel
for the common forts, and alfo fereened from the fun.
in the middle of the day ; but they muft now have
frefh air admitted to them at all times when the wea-
ther will permit. They may alfo be allowed to re-
ceive any gentle fhowers of rain, but they (hould not
have too great plenty of moifture, which will fre-
quently rot the young plants, and caufe them to
drop. Upon the judicious care of this, depends
the whole fuccefs ; for I have frequently feen great
numbers of thefe plants deftroyed in one day, by be-
ing either too much expofed to the fun, or from hav-
ing too much wet.
It may, perhaps, feem ftrange to many, that I fhould
direft the fowing the feeds of thefe trees which are fo
very hardy upon a hot-bed but from many trials I
have always found they have fucceeded much better
this way than any other, for the gentle warmth of
the bed will not only caufe the feeds to vegetate much
fooner than they would naturally do in the cold ground,
but the plants will alfo rife much ftronger, and, con-
fequently, be in lefs danger of rotting in their (hanks.
And as the warmth of the bed is only to bring up the
plants, fo there fhould be but little dung employed
in making it ; for after the plants are up, they muft
be inured to the open air, and treated as hardily as
the common forts.
There may be others, perhaps, who will objeft' to
the direftions given for fowing the feeds in fuch
fmall pots, becaufe, where there is any quantity of
the feeds, it is ufual to fow them in boxes, or large
pots : but I can from many years experience aver,
that moft forts of feeds fucceed better when fown in
fmall pots, than in boxes, or larger ones, and there-
fore recommend this praftice.
As the feeds of the Hemlock Fir will frequently re-
main in the ground four or five months, the pots,
in which they are fown, fhould not be difturbed, if
the plants come not up fo foon as may be expefted ;
for unlefs upon ftirring the ground, the feeds tire
found to be decayed, there may be hopes of their
growing the feconcl fpring, for I have fometimes had
the feeds remain a whole year in the ground, and af-
terwards come up very well : this caution, therefore,
is given to prevent the pots from being too haftily
turned out.
The plants of thefe forts of Fir muft be afterwards
treated in the fame way as the common forts, with
this difference only, that they ought to be tranfplant-
ed into a more ftiady fttuation and moifter foil. For
while the plants are young, they will not thrive if they
are much expofed to the fun, or in a dry foil ■, but
when
1
I
A C A
when they have obtained, ftrength, they will bear the
open fun very well, and in a rnoift foil will make
great progrefs •, whereas in dry ground they frequent-
ly ftint, and produce plenty of male flowers and cones,
by the time they get to the height of lour or five feet.
When the branches of thefe rees are cut off to trim
them up to have Items, it fhould be done gradually,
never cutting more than one tier ot branches in one
year •, for if too many wounds are made at the fame
time on thefe refinous trees, the turpentine will iffue
out in fuch quantities as to weaken and check their
growth. The belt time for pruning thefe tre.es is in
September, at which time they abound not fo much
in turpentine as in the fpring, and, confequently, do
not bleed much. What flows out at that leafon, is
feldom more than is neceftary for covering the wounds,
to prevent the wet and cold of the fucceeding winter
from penetrating the wounded parts. Theie branches
fhould be cut clofe to the trunk.
ABROT ANUM, or Southernwood. See Artemisia.
ABROTANUM FCEMINA. See Santolina.
A B R U S. See Glycine.
ABSINTHIU M, Wormwood. See Artemisia.
ABUTILON. See Sida.
ACACIA, Egyptian Thorn, or Binding Bean Tree.
See Mimosa.
ACALYFHA, three feeded Mercury. This genus
of plants is by Dr. Linnaeus ranged in the ninth fec-
tion of his twenty-firft clafs, which comprehends fuch
plants as have their male flowers furnilhed with one
let of united ftamina.
The Characters are.
The male flowers are in clufers Jituated above the female
in the fame plant. Thefe have no corolla : they have a
four leaved empalement with fever al for t ftamina , which
are joined at their bafe , having roundifh fummits. The
female flowers have a large empalement, a three leaved cup
which is permanent : they have no corolla. A roundijh
germen with three branching fiyles , and a long ftigma.
The cup afterwards turns to a capfule with three cells ,
each containing one roundijh feed.
The Species are,
1. Acalypha ( Virginica ) involucris foemineis cordatis in-
cifis, foliis ovato-lanceolatis petiolo longioribus. Hort.
Upfal. 290. i. e. Three feeded Mercury , whofe female
flowers have a heart-faped empalement , and oval jpear-
ftaped leaves , with long foot fialks. Mercurialis tri-
coccos hermaphroditica.
2. Acalypha ( Virgata ) fpicis foemineis involucris cor-
datis ferratis •, mafculis aphyllis diftinftis foliis lanceo-
lato-ovatis. Amoen. Acad. 5. p. 410. Three feeded Mer-
cury , whofe female flowers have an indented heart-faped
empalement , diflinA from the male.
3. Acalypha ( Indica ) involucris foemineis cordatis fub-
crenatis, foliis ovatis petiolo brevioribus., Flor. Zeyl.
341. Mercury , whofe female flowers have heart-faped
crenated empalement s and oval leaves.
The firft fort grows naturally in Virginia, and feveral
other parts of North America, from whence I re-
ceived the feeds. It is an annual plant, which fel-
dom grows more than a foot high, fending out fe-
veral fide branches towards the bottom. The leaves are
very like thofe of the broad leaved Pellitory of the
wall, and are placed alternately, having long foot-
ftalks, from the ate, or wings of the leaf. The flow-
ers are produced in imall cluflers, the male always
being above the female. Thefe make but a poor ap-
pearance, and refemble thofe of the Pellitory fo much,
that at a frnall diftance, any perfon might fuppofe
them to be the fame, till convinced by a nearer in-
fpeftion.
If the feeds of this fort are permitted to flatter, the
plants will come up in the fpring, better than if fown
by hand •, for if they are not put into the ground in
Autumn, they rarely grow the firft year. All the cul-
ture this plant requires, is to keep it clear from weeds,
and let it remain where it was fown, for it doth not
bear removing well. It flowers in Auguft, and the
feeds ripen in Oftober.
The fecond fort is a native of the warmeft countries.
A C A
1 "...
I received the feeds of this from Jamaica,- where it '
grows in great plenty. This is alfo an annual plant,
which in England feldom exceeds the former lort in
its feature. The leaves of this greatly refemble thofe
of the annual Nettle, and fling full as much when
touched. It is too tender to thrive in the open air in
England, therefore the feeds fhould be fown in pots,
plunged into a hot-bed ; and if the plants do not come '
up the firft year, (which often happens) the pots
fhould be put in flicker in winter, and the following
fpring plunged again into a hot-bed, which will bring
up the plants. Thefe muft be traniplan ted into pots,
and brought forward in hot-beds, otherwife they will
not produce feeds ripe in England.
Thefe plants have no beauty to recommend them, but
as they are preferved in feveral gardens for the lake
of variety, I thought it neceifary to insert them here.
ACANACEOUS plants [fo called from ,
Gr. a thorn or prickle] are fuch as have prickly heads.
ACANTHUS \oIko. A tf, fo called, as feme fay,
from a thorn.] It is alio called Branca Urfina,
or Bear’s-breecli. ,
The Characters of this plant are.
The empalement is compofed of three pair of unequal
leaves. The flower is unequal , of one leaf with a Jhort
tube , the beard , or lower lip , being large , plain, and
eredl. It has no upper lip. The fiamina and flyle
occupy the place of it. Thefe are arched and f retched cut
beyond the empalement. There are two long and two
forter fiamina, which clofely coalefce to the flyle, which
is fituated upon a roundijh germen, and afterwards be-
come an oval capfule, having two cells, each containing
cne flefy'fmocth oblong feed.
This genus of plants is by Dr. Linnaeus ranged in
the fecond lection of his fourteenth clafs, mntied Di-
dynainia Angiofpermia, from the flowers having two
1 long, and two fhorter ftamina, and the feeds grow-
ing in a cover.
The Species are,
1. Acanthus ( Mollis ) foliis fmuatis inermibus. Hort.
Cliff. The common, or fmooth garden Beafs-breech.
Acanthus Sativus vel Mollis Virgilii. C. B.
2. Acanthus (Nigt$j foliis fmuatis inermibus glabris
lucide virens ; Portugal Beaf's-breech, with fmooth fmu-
ated leaves of a lucid green colour. Acanthus Eylitani-
cus ampliffimo folio lucido. JulT.
3. Acanthus (Dijemkis) foliis lanceolatis integerrimis
margine ipinofis. Gr on. Gv. Aliddle Beaf's-breech, with
intire leaves , having fpines on their borders.
4. Acanthus ( Spinojus ) foliis pinnatifidis fpinofis. Hort.
Cliff. 326. Prickly Bear's -breech. Acanthus aculea-
tus. C. B. P. 383.
5. Acanthus ( Ilicifolius ) foliis repandis dentato-fpinofis,
caule fruticofo aculeato. Ofb. it. 92. Shrubby Bear's-
breech, with prickly leaves like Holly. Acanthus mala-
barius, agrifolii folio. Pet. fie. 10.
The firft fort is what is uled in medicine, and is
fuppofed to be the Mollis Acanthus of Virgil. The
leaves of this plant are cut upon the capitals of Co-
rinthian pillars.
Various have been the difputes among the learned
about the plant, which is mentioned under this title
by Virgil, who have given fo many different charac-
ters to it, that no plant yet known will agree,
with them all. Many, therefore, have been of
opinion, that there were two forts of the Acanthus,
one of them a tree, and the other an herb. The tree
is fuppofed to be the Egyptian Acacia, and the plant
the firft fort here mentioned ; but there yet remains
a difficulty with regard to feme of the epithets applied
to that plant, as firft, where it is mentioned to be an
evergreen berry-bearing plant. Baccas femper fron-
dentis Acanthi. As to its being evergreen, that may
be eafily conceived of our Acanthus, in the warm cli-
mate of Italy •, for in England, where the plants grow
in a warm fttuation, they are feldom deftitute of leaves
more than fix weeks, unlefs the winter proves very fe-
vere. We may alfo fuppofe, that the fiefhy oval feed-
veffels of this plant might be taken for berries. But
then with regard to its being a twining plant, fled
tacuifem
A C A
tacuijjem 'omen acanthi , it will by no means agree
with this, or the Egyptian Acacia. However, as the
botanifts in general have agreed that the plant here
mentioned is the Acanthus of Virgil, and there being
feveral entire columns of the Corinthian order yet
remaining at Rome, upon whole capitals the leaves
of this plant are fo well expreffed, as not to admit of
any doubt of their being defigned from our Acanthus,
and thefe columns being as antient as the time of
Vitruvius, there can be no doubt that this is
the plant from whofe leaves Callimachus, a famous
architect, compofed the capitals of the Corinthian
pillars.
The fecond fort was difcovered in Portugal by Dr.
Bernard de Juffieu, demonftrator of plants in the roy al
garden at Paris, from whom I received the feeds in
1725, which fucceeded in the Chelfea garden, and
frequently perfefts feeds there ; which being fown,
conftantly produce the fame plants as the parent, and
therefore muft be a diftind fpecies.
The third fort is at prefent very rare in England ; it
grows naturally in the eaft, and is by Dr. Linnaeus
fuppofed to be the Acanthus of Diofcorides, but with
what certainty I cannot determine. This fort is not
fo hardy as either of the two former, fo requires Khel-
ter in the winter ; therefore the plants while young,
fhould be kept in pots, and placed under a common
frame during the winter feafon ; where they may en-
joy the open air in mild weather, but fcreened from
hard frofts. When the plants have acquired ftrength,
fome of them may be turned out of the pots, and
planted in a border near a fouth wall, and in hard
frofts if they are covered with mats or hand-glafles,
they may be fecured, and thefe plants will more cer-
tainly flower than thofe in the pots.
The leaves of the fourth fort are deeply jagged, in
very regular order, and each fegment is terminated
with a lharp fpine, as are alfo the foot-ftalks of the
leaves, and the empalement of the flower, which ren-
ders it troublefome to handle either of them.
The fifth fort grows naturally in both Indies ; I re-
ceived it from the Spanifh Weft-Indies. There is a
good figure of this plant in PJpJenet’s Phytographia,
tab. 261, fig. 4. under the following title, Frutex In-
dicus fpinofus, foliis Agrifolii filiqua geminata brevi.
This is a fhrub which rifes about four feet high, is
divided into many branches, jgarnifhed with leaves,
very like thofe of the common Holly, both in fize and
fliape, and are armed with fpines in the fame manner;
the flowers come out fingly, which are white, and
fhaped like thofe of the common Acanthus, but
fmaller. After the flower is paft, the germen becomes
an oval bicapfular veffel, having one oblong feed in
each cell. This fhrub is evergreen, but is too tender
to thrive out of a ftove in England, and can only be
propagated by feeds, which do not ripen in Europe.
The other forts are lafting plants, which may be pro-
pagated either by feeds, or parting of their roots; if
by the former method, the feeds fhould be fown in
a light dry foil, towards the end of March: if the
feafon proves favourable, the plants will appear in
May, and all the culture they require, is to keep them
clean from weeds, and where the plants are too clofe,
to thin them, fo as to leave them about fix inches
afunder, which will be room enough for them to grow
till autumn, when they fhould be tranfplanted v/here
they are defigned to remain. The firft, fecond, and third
forts, being tenderer than the others, ought to be
planted in a warm border near a wall ; and as thefe
do not multiply fo fall by their roots, fo they do not
require more room than three feet; but the fourth
fort fpreads its roots to a great diftance, therefore muft
have more than twice that room. This being hardy
in refpeft to cold, may be planted between fhrubs, to
fill up vacant fpaces, where it will thrive faft enough,
provided the ground be light, and not over wet, and
when the plants are in flower, will make an agreeable
variety. If this fort is propagated by its root, it may
be performed either in fpring or autumn ; but the
three firft muft only be removed in the fpring, for if '
AGE
they are tranfplanted in the autumn, and the following
winter prove cold, they will be in danger of being
deftroyed.
Thefe plants take root very deep in the ground, fo
that when they are planted in wet ground, their roots
will rot in winter: I have frequently traced them more
than four feet, therefore they fhould not be removed
after they have been growing long in a place, but the
fide fhoots may be annually taken off, efpeciaily from
the creeping kinds, otherwife they wifi fpread fo far,
as to over-bear any of their neighbouring plants or
fhrubs. When the forts with creeping roots are once
eftablifhed in a garden, they are with difficulty eradi-
cated, for every root which may happen to be left 3
will fhoot again, fo as to become troublefome.
A C A R N A. See Cnicus. .
A CAUL IS, or ACAULOS [of ce neg. and caulis a
ftalk or Item; i. e. without ftalk;] a plant is faid to
be acaulis , or without ftalk, whole flower refts on
the ground, having no viflble ftalk.
ACER [fo called according to Voflius, from acris, L.’
becaufe of the very great hardnefs of its wood.] The
Maple-tree.
The Characters of this tree are,
’The empalement of the flower is nionopetalus , coloured , and
cut into five foarp fegment s at the brim , and is permanent.
The corolla is compofed of five oval petals which fpread
open , and are larger than the empalement. It hath eight
fhort awl-Jhapedflamina crowned by fimple fummits. The
germen is comprejjed , and immerfed in the large perforated
receptacle. The ftyle is fender. It hath two acuminated
fligma which are reflexed. The capfules are two , joined
at their bafe ; they are roundifh , each being terminated by
a large wing , inclofing one roundifh feed in each.
This is ranged by Dr. Linnaeus, in his twenty- third
clafs of plants, entitled Polygamia Moncecia.
The Species are,
1. Acer ( Pfeudo Plat anus) foliis quinquelobis insequaliter
ferratis floribus racemofls. Lin. Sp. Plant: 1054. The
greater Maple, falfely called Plat anus. Acer majus mul-
tis falfo platanus. J. B. The Sycamore-tree.
2. Acer ( Campeflre ) foliis lobatis obtufls emarginatis. 1
Lin. Sp. Plant. 1055. The f mall , or common Maple.
Acer campeftre & minus. C. B. P. 43 1 . By the French,
Petit enable des hois.
3. Acer [Negundo) foliis compofitis floribus racemofis. 1
Hort 144. The Virginia Afo-leaved Maple. Acer maxi-
mum foliis trifidis vel quinquefidis Virginianum. Pluk.
Phyt.
4. Acer flPlatanoides) foliis quinquelobis acuminatis a-
cute dentatis glabris floribus corymhofls. Lin. Flor.
Suec. 303. The Norway Maple with Plane-tree leaves .
Acer platanoides. Munt. Phyt.
5. Acer ( Rubrum ) foliis quinquelobis fubdentatis fubtus
glaucis pedunculis flmpliciflimis aggregatis. Lin. Sp.
Plant. 1055. The fcarlet flowering Maple of Virginia.
Acer Virginianum folio majore fubtus argenteo fupra
viridi fplendente. Pluk. Aim. 7.
6. Acer \Saccharimm) foliis quinquepartito-palmatis a-
cuminato dentatis. Lin. Sp. Plant 1055. The American
Sugar Maple.
7. Acer ( Penfylvanicum ) foliis trilobis acuminatis ferru-
latis floribus racemofls. Lin. Sp. Plant. 1055. The
Mountain Maple of America.
8. Acer ( Opalus ) foliis lobatis, minime incifis fruftu ra-
cemofo. The Italian Maple , commonly called Opalus.
Acer major folio rotundiore minus laciniato & opalus
Italorum, Raii Hift.
9. Acer ( Monfpefulanum ) foliis trilobis integerrimis. Prod.
Leyd. 459. The Montpelier Maple. Acer trifolium. C.
B. P. 431.
10. Acer ( Creticn ) foliis trilobis integerrimis fubtus pu-
befcentibus. Cretan Maple with three entire lobes to the
leaves , which are fomewhat hairy on their under fide.
Thefe trees are eaflly propagated by fowing their
feeds, which fhould be done foon after they are ripe,
in a bed of common earth, covering them about half
an inch thick with light mould. The fpring following
they will appear above ground, and, if kept clear from
weeds, fome of the forts will grow above a foot high
B ' the
ACE
the firft iummer. The autumn following (if they
are ck>fe in the feed-bed) it will be proper to tram-
plant them into a nurfery, in rows at three feet diftance,
and two feet afunder in the rows*, in which place they
may 'remain three or tour years, by which time they
will be large enough to plant out for good.
If the feeds of any of the forts of Maple are kept out
of the ground till fpring, they rarely come tip the fame
year, and many times do not grow; fo that the lureft
method of railing them is, to low the feeds as foon as
poffible when they are ripe; and, if the feeds are to
be tranfported to any diftance, it will be proper to
put them up in land, or earth, whereby their growing
quality will be preferved.
The firft and fourth forts are very proper to make
plantations near the fea, or to flicker inch plantations
of trees as are too nearly fituated thereto. For both
thefe forts thrive, and re lifts the fpray, which is ufually
blown from the fea, better than moft other trees do.
The variegated fort is alfo railed from feeds of the
fame kind; and moft of the plants fo raifed, will be
as finely ftriped as the old plant from whence the feeds
were taken, which is not common to many other va-
riegated plants.
The common Maple is too well known to need any
articular account, it growing, very frequently, in
edge-rows in moft parts of England. It is railed in
the fame manner with the former. '
The Virginian flowering Maple was raifed from feeds,
which 'were brought from Virginia many years ftnce
by Mr. John Tradefcant, in his garden at South Lam-
beth, near Vauxhall, and fince, in the gardens of the
Bifhop of London, at Fulham, where the trees have
flowered for feveral years, and produced ripe feeds,
from which feveral trees have been raifed. It may be
alfo propagated by laying down the young branches
early in the fpring, giving them a little flit at a joint,
by which means they will have taken fufficient root in
two years, to be tranlplanted elfewhere. They require
a fituation a little defended from the north-ealt winds,
efpecially while young; and delight in a moift light
foil, in which they thrive much better than in a dry
ground, and will produce more flowers, and better
feeds. This tree commonly flowers in the beginning
of April, and the feeds are ripe in five or fix weeks
after, at which time they fhould be fowed; for they
are very apt to perifh, if kept long out of the ground.
There is another variety of the flowering Maple,
which was lent from America to Sir Charles Wager,
and flourifhed feveral years in his garden at Parfons-
green, near Fulham. This is by the gardeners titled
Sir Charles Wager’s flowering Maple. The flowers
of this kind come out in large drifters, and furround
the younger branches, fo as to appear at a fmall dif-
tance covered with them. It is now become pretty
common in feme of the nurferies near London, fo
that the former fort is mot fo much eficeemed, being
lefs beautiful ; but it is doubtful if they are dif-
tinhb fpecies.
The Afh -leaved Maple is a very ftrong fin oo ting tree,
and is, in Virginia, one of the largeft trees of this
kind. It muft be planted in places not too much ex-
pofed to violent winds, being fubjeft to fplit thereby.
This tree ripens feeds very well in England, by which
means it is eaiily propagated, or by cuttings planted
in autumn.
The Norway Maple lias a milky fharp juice, fo that
few infefis care to prey thereon, by which means the
leaves are feldom eaten or defaced; and being fmooth,
and of a firming green, they have a much better ap-
pearance than thofe of the Sycamore; and in the fpring,
when the flowers are out, have great beauty. This
tree is alfo raifed by feeds, of which it affords great
quantities, which rife and grow from the fcattered feeds
as well as the common fort; it will alfo grow from
cuttings, if they are planted in the autumn.
The variegated kind may alfo be propagated by in-
oculating a bud of the ftriped kind into ope of the
plain fort, though I am not at prefent fore whether it
will take upon any other fort of Maple, not having
A C E
made the experiment; but I believe it can fcarce fail,
ivioft, it not all the other forts of Maples,- take very
well upon each other.
The .American Sugar Maple has fame refemblance to
the Norway, when the plants are young; but as they
grow up the leaves are more deeply divided, and their
fur faces lefs fmooth, fo that they are then eafiiy dtftin-
guifhed. From this tree the inhabit ants of North
America make a very good fort of lugar, in large
quantities, by tapping the trees early in the fpring, and
boiling the juice, which drawn out till the faeces fub-
fide, is the iugar; but I am of opinion, that the people
make. Iugar from more than one fort of Maple in
America, for I have found that the Afh-leaved Maple
abounds with a faccharine juice, in full as great plenty
as any other fort. Mr. Ray and Dr. Lifter, prepared
a tolerable good fort of iugar from our greater Maple,
by tapping feme of the trees in their bleeding feaibnft
and I have obferved, upon cutting off branches from
the fcarlet Maple in February, a great quantity of a
very fweet juice hath flowed out for feveral days to-
gether.
1 he eighth fort of Maple is very common in men:
parts or Italy, but, particularly about Rome, where it
is one of the largeft trees of that country, and is
efteemed for the fize of the leaves, which are large,
affording a great fhade; fo that thefe trees are fre-
quently planted by the fides of roads, and near habi-
tations. In England this tree is very rarely to be met
with, though it is hardy enough to bear the open air;
but as the feeds have not been brought over to Eng-
land till lately, there are no large plants in the Eng-
lifh gardens at prefent.
The ninth fort is common in the fouth of France and
Italy; the leaves of this refemble thofe of the common
Maple, but are of a much thicker fubftance, and not
fo large, but are of a fhining green colour. They
continue in verdure very late in the autumn, which
renders the trees more valuable. At prefent, this fort
is not common in England. I raifed feveral plants
from feeds, forne of which have for feveral years pro-
duced good feeds in the Chelfea garden, where from
the fcattered feeds the plants come up annually in
plenty.
The tenth fort hath feme refemblance to the ninth.
The leaves of this fort are of a much thinner tex-
ture, and their foot-fcalks are covered with a foft
hairy dow r n, whereas thofe of the other are fmooth
and ftiff. This fort grows naturally in the Levant.
Moft of the forts of Maple which come from Ame-
rica, are very impatient of heat while young; their
feeds therefore fhould be fown in a flickered fituation,
for if the plants are expofed to the full fun but one
day, when they firft appear, few of them will furvive
it; but efpecially the Sugar Maple, of which fort I
conftantly loft moft of the plants, till I had the pre-
caution to place the pots, in which the feeds were
fown, entirely in the fhade; for no fooner are they
expofed to the fun, but they are immediately attacked
by infefts, which in one day will devour their feed
leaves, after which the plants fuddenly drop to the
ground. This precaution therefore is neoeffary to be
obferved, in railing moft of the forts of Maple from
feeds.
The timber of the common Maple is far fuperior to
the Beech for all ufes of the turner, particularly difhes,
cups, trenchers, and bowls ; and when it abounds with
knots (as it very often doth), it is highly efteemed by
the joiners for inlayings, &c. and alfo for the light-
nefs of the wood, is often employed by thefe that
make mufical initruments; and for the whitenefs of its
wood, it was formerly in great requeft for tables, &c.
ACETOSA [of acetojks, L. eager, four.] The Sorrels
are by Dr. Linnaeus joined to the genus of Dock,
under the title of Rumex ; but as all the known fpe-
cies of Sorrel, have male flowers growing upon dif-
tinct roots from the female, therefore by his method
fhould be ranged in his twenty-fecond clafs titled Di-
ceceia; therefore I have taken the liberty to feparate
thefe from the Docks, rather to preferve their old title,
as
ACE
t
as the plants have been long ufed both in the kitchen
and fhops.
The Characters are,
It hath male and female flowers in different plants-, the
male flowers have a three leaved empalement , in which
are included fix ftamina , crowned with flat oblong fummits ,
but have no corolla: the female flowers have alfo a three
leaved empalement , in the center of which is fituated a three
cornered germen, fupporting a trifid fiylus. ‘The germen af-
terward turns to a triangular feed.
The Species are,
1. Acetosa (Pratenfls) foliis fagittatis inferioribus pedi-
culatis caulinis feffilibus. Common or Meadow Sorrel.
Acetofa pratenfis. C. B. P. 1 14.
2. Acetosa ( Acetofella ) foliis lanceoiato-haftatis radice
repente. Common Sheep's Sorrel. Acetofa arvenfis lan-
ceolata. C. B. P. 114.
3. Acetosa (Scutatm) 'foliis cordato haftatis radice re-
pente. Round leaved or French Sorrel. Acetofa rotun-
difolia hortenfis. C. B. P. 114.
4. Acetosa (Digynm) humilis repens folio rotundo emar-
ginato. Low creeping Sorrel with a round indented leaf.
Acetofa rotundifolia repens Eborafcenfis folio in me-
dio deliquium patiente. Mor. Hift.
5. Acetosa ( Alpina ) foliis cordatis acuminatis amplexi-
caulibus. Alpine Sorrel, with heart-fhaped pointed leaves
embracing the ftalks. Acetofa montana lato ari rotundo
folio. Bocc. Muf.
6. Acetosa [Lunar ia) foliis fubcordatis, caule arboreo.
Sorrel-tree with roundifh heart-fhaped leaves. Acetoia
arborefcens, fubrotundo folio. Pluk. Aim. 8.
7. Acetosa ( Rofea ) foliis erofis, valvulas alterius ala
maxima membranacea declinata. Sorrel from Egypt
with bitten leaves, and large membranaceous valves declin-
ing. Acetofa fEgyptia rofea feminis involucro. Shaw.
Pi. Afr.
8. Acetosa ( Sterilis ) foliis oblongis pedunculis brevif-
fimus raro florens. Northern barren Sorrel. This is the
Acetofa Mufcovitica fterilis. Mor. Hift.
The firft of th.efe forts, though but fmall in the fields,
' yet, when fown in gardens, will produce fair large
leaves -, this is commonly cultivated in gardens. It
muft be fown early in the fpring, in a fhady moift
border-, and if the plants are afterward removed into
another fhady border, at the diftance of four or fix
inches fquare, they will produce larger leaves, and
continue longer. This is the common Sorrel ufed in
medicine-, but the Northern barren Sorrel is preferred
to it in the kitchen-garden, becaufe it rarely runs to
feed, but is increafed by parting the roots either in
fpring or autumn, and is fit for ufe all the year.
The round leaved (or French) Sorrel, is a more grate-
ful acid, fo by many perfons is preferred to the other
two forts for kitchen ufe; this is alfo a medicinal plant,
and fliould not be wanting in any good garden : it is
a great runner at the root, by which means it is eafily
propagated, and the roots planted at the diftance
of two feet fquare at leaft: it will agree better with
an open fituation than the other two forts. And if
the fiower-ftems and rambling branches are cut off in
in the beginning of July, the roots will foon put out
new leaves, which will be tender and much better for
kitchen ufes, than the older leaves -, fo that by cutting
down the flioots of fome plants at different times, there
will always be a fupply of young leaves, which is the
only part of the plant ufed in the kitchen. And this
fort is much preferable to the common Sorrel for foups,
fo many perfons have of late years cultivated it in
their gardens, fince the ufe of Sorrel has been greatly
increafed in England, by the introduction of French
cookery, it being an ingredient in many of their fauces
and foups. Infomuch that about Paris, Sorrel is cul-
tivated in as great quantity as almoft any other ef-
culent plant.
The Sheep’s Sorrel is a common weed in moft parts
of England, growing upon dry banks and in gravelly
foils in great plenty-, for as it propagates very fail by ,
its creeping roots, fo wherever it once gets poffefflon
in the ground, it foon multiplies. This is rarely ad-
mitted to have a place in gardens, but as it has long
Agh
been continued in theDifpenfaries as a medicinal plant,
fo it is here inferted.
The low creeping Northern Sorrel, is preferred in
many gardens for the fake of variety, but has not been
ufed in the kitchen. This fort grows wild in moft of
the northern counties, as alfo in Wales. I have feen
it growing in greatplenty in Yorkfhire and Weftmore-
land. The leaves of this fort have very fliort foot-
ftalks, and are indented at both ends. Thefe grow*
near to the ground, and the fiower-ftems rarely rife
above fix inches high. The roots creep in the ground*
whereby it multiplies exceedingly in a proper fituation.
As this fort grows naturally in lhady moift places, fo
whoever is defirous to have it thrive in a garden, muft
plant it in a north border and in a moift foil, where
it may be propagated in plenty, and be ufed for the
fame purpofes as the others.
The Alpine Sorrel is full as hardy as the common,
and as the leaves are much larger, fo they are better
for the ufes of the kitchen, having as pleafant an acid
tafte, and being much more fucculent. This may be
propagated either by feeds, or parting of their roots,
in the fame manner as the common fort; but the plants
require more room, for which reafon they ought not
to be nearer than a foot from each other, efpecially
in good ground.
ACETOSELLA. See Oxalis.
ACHILLEA, Milfoil Yarrow, or Nofe bleed.
The Characters are.
It hath a cotnpound radiated flower, coif fling of many
tubulous florets, which are hermaphrodite , and compofe
the diflz of the flower-, the female flowers are ranged round
the border -, thefe have their corolla ftretched out on one fide
like a tongue , which compofe the rays , all included in one
common fcaly empalement . The hermaphrodite flowers have
each five fhort fender flamina , accompanying a fmall germen,
which is fituated in the bottom, and refts upon a downy
bed -, the germen afterwards becomes a Jingle oval feed ,
having a down adhering to it.
The Species are,
1. Achillea ( Millefolium ) foliis bipinnatis nudis, laci-
niis linearibus dentatis. Hort. Cliff. 413. Commort.
Yarrow, called alfo Milfoil , Stratiotes, and Nofebleed.
Of this there is a variety with purple flowers, which
is often found growing naturally in England.
2. Achillea ( Santolina ) foliis fetaceis dentatis, denti-
culis fubintegris fubulatis reflexis. Hort. Cliff. 412.
Eaftern Sneezwortwith aLavender-cotion leaf, andalar ge
flower.
3. Achillea ( Tcmentofa ) foliis pinnatis hirfutis pinnis'
linearibus dentatis, Lin. Sp. Plant. 897. Woolly Yarrow
with yellow flowers.
4. Achillea ( Pubefcens ) foliis pinnatis, foliolis lanceo-
latis incifis ferratis fubtus lanigeris. Hort; Cliff. 413.
Eaflern Sneezwort with hoary Tanfey leaves, and the rays
of the flower of d pale yellow colour.
5. Achillea [Abrotanifoiia) foliis pinnatis ftipra decom-
pofitis, laciniis linearibus diftantibus. Fior. Leyd.
Prod. 1 75. Talkfl Eaflern Yarrow , with a Wormwood
leaf and yellow flowers. f
6. Achillea [ClavennY) foliis pinnatifidis planis obtufis
tomentofis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 898. Broad-leaved Alpine
umbelliferous Wormwood.
7. Achillea [Tanacetifolia) foliis pinnatis foliolis lineari
lanceolatis bafi furfum auctis. Flor. Leyd; Prod. 176.
Eaftern Sneezwort with hoary Tanfey leaves , and a golden
flower.
8. Achillea ( Ageratum ) foliis lanceolatis obtufis acute
ferratis. Hort. Cliff. 413. Commonly called Sweet Maud-
lin.
9. Achillea [ABgyptitica) 'foliis pinnatis foliolis obtuse
lanceolatis ferrato dentatis. Hort. Cliff. 413. Hoary
Sneezwort with crefled pinnula.
10. Achillea ( Pt arnica ) foliis lanceolatis acuminatis
argute ferratis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 898. Common Ptarmica
or Sneezwort \ Of this fort there is a variety with double
flowers which is preferved in gardens.
ri. Achillea [Macrophylla) foliis pinnatis planis incifo
ferratis extimis rnajoribus coadunads. Lin. Sp. Plant,
1265. Alpine Sneezwort with Feverfew leaves.,
12. Achillea
I
ir
12. Achillea {Nana) foliis pinnatis dentatis hirfutiffi-
mis floribus giomerato urnbeilatis. Lin. Sp. Plant.
2671. Hoary Alpine Milfoil , with a fipecicus fewer.
13. Achillea ( Nobilis ) foliis bipinnatis, inferioribus mi-
dis plants, fuperioribus obtufis tomentofis corymbis
convexis confertiffimis. Lin. Sp. 126S. Noble of Sweet
Milfoil.
14. Achillea {Alpina) foliis lanceolatis dentato-ferratis
dentiqulatis tenuiffime ferratis.- Hort. Cliff. 413. Al-
pifie Sneezwort with leaves deeply ferrated , commonly called
' White Maudlin.
The firft fort here enumerated, is the common Yar-
row or Milfoil, which grows naturally on banks and
by the Tides of foot-paths in moft parts of England,
fo is rarely allowed a place in gardens •, but being an
officinal plant, it is here mentioned to introduce the
others. Of this there is a variety with purple flowers,
which is frequently found wild in England; but the
plants feidom continue to produce purple flowers
long, when they are tranfplanted into gardens. The
Yarrow creeps greatly by its roots, and alfo multiplies
by feeds, fo that it becomes a troublefome weed, where
it is permitted to grow.
The third fort is often planted in gardens for the fake
of variety. This is of humble growth, feidom riling
more than eight or nine inches high. The leaves* are
finely cut, and are very hoary ; the flowers are of
a bright yellow colour, and continue long in beauty.
It grows naturally in the fouth of France, Spain, and
Italy, but will live in the open air in England. It is
. increafed by parting of the roots, the bell time for
which is in Obtober.
The fourth, fifth, feventh, and ninth forts, are na-
tives in the illands of the Archipelago. Thefe were
introduced into France by Dr. Tournefort. The ninth
fort hath very hoary leaves, which remain all the year;
and the plants growing clofe and low, make a pretty
appearance at all feafons. The flowers are produced
in umbels on the top of the ftalks, which are yel-
low; thefe appear in June, July, Auguft,' and Sep-
tember, and are of long duration, fo that frequently
fo'me of them continue the greater part of the winter.
This fort muft have a dry foil and a warm fituation,
where it will endure the cold of our ordinary winters
in the open air, but in very fevere froft they are often
deftroyed; a few plants therefore ought to be ffiel-
tered under a frame in winter, to preferve the kind.
It is propagated by flips, which may be taken off and
planted in a ffiady border, any time in fummer, when
they will take root in about fix weeks, and then may
be tranfplanted either into pots, or the borders where
they are to remain. This fort rarely perfebts its feeds
in England.
The fourth, fifth, and feventh forts, are of taller
growth, propagating by their roots, and ripening feeds
in England, fo that they may be obtained in plenty;
and as they require little care to cultivate them, being
hardy enough to live in the open air, they may be
allowed aplace in gardens, where, by their hoary leaves,
they will make a pretty diverfity; and their flowers
continuing long, though not the moft beautiful, yet
make a pretty contrail when intermixed with others.
The fixth fort is a very humble plant; the foot-ftalks
which fupport the umbels of its flowers, rarely rife
above fix inches high. As for the flowers themfelves,
they are near as large as thofe of the common Sneez-
wort, white, and growing in flat umbels; thefe
appear in June and July. The leaves of the plant
. hate forme likenefs to thofe of the common Worm-
wood, and arevery hoary, growing clofe to the ground,
decaying in autumn, fo that in winter they make
little appearance. This fpecies of Yarrow is propa-
gated by parting of the roots, either in fpring or au-
tumn, and fhould have a dry foil, for much wet in
winter will rot them. It never perfebts its feeds here,
and therefore can only be multiplied the other way.
This 1 fort is a native of the Alps.
The eighth fort is commonly known by the title of
Sweet Maudlin in the markets; it was formerly more
ufed in medicine than at prefent, fo that there is fcarce
A C H
any of it cultivated in the gardens for fale; and when
it is afked for, the people in the markets commonly
give the fourteenth fort for it, which being a very
hardy plant, and eafily propagated,, is now generally
fold for the other. For though the true Maudlin is
hardy in refpebt to cold, yet in wet winters the roots
are often killed by moifture, efpecially thofe which
are in good ground ; but when the plants grow out of
the joints of walls, or in rubbifh, they will live many
years without care. There are two other varieties of
this plant which are found growing naturally in Spain,
one of them having longer and more compact umbels
of flowers, and the other hath broader leaves and
fmaller flowers ; but thefe approaching fo near to the
common fort in every other particular, I thought it
would be needlefs to enumerate them as diftinbt fpe~
cies. The common Maudlin is propagated by parting
of the roots, either in fpring or autumn ; and as it
ripens feeds very well, fo it may be propagated by
lowing the feeds in April. It flowers in June and July,
and the feeds are ripe in September.
The tenth fort is the common Sneezwort; this- grows
wild in the woods and other fliady places, in many
parts of England, fo is not admitted into gardens ;
this creeps greatly by its roots, fo as to cover a large
fpot of ground fooh. It is fometimes ufed in medi-
cine, and in the fpring the young tender flioots are put
into fallads, to correbt the coldnefs of other herbs ;
and the roots are ufed for the tooth-ach, whence feme
have given the title of Field Pellitory to this plant.
There is a variety of this with double flowers, which
is preferved in gardens, and is commonly known by
the title of double Maudlin. When this is planted
in pots, fo as to confine the roots from creeping, the
ftalks will grow clofer together, and then they make
a tolerable appearance when in flower ; but where the
roots have full liberty to run, the ftalks grow farther
diftant from one another, in which cafe they make
but an indifferent appearance. It flowers in July and
Auguft.
The fourteenth fort has feme refemblance to the
tenth, but the leaves are longer, deeper cut on their
edges, and are of a darker green colour. This pro-
pagates fall enough by its creeping root, and is very
hardy.
The eleventh and twelfth forts are natives of the Alps,
and confequently very hardy; they multiply by feeds,
and alfo by parting of their roots, and will thrive in
almoft any foil, but love an open expofure. The ele-
venth produces many ftalks which rife near three feet
high, having loofe branching umbels of white flowers
on their top, refombling thofe of the common Sneez-
wort, but larger. The twelfth fort hath hoary leaves,
and the umbels of its flowers are more compabt ; the
ftalks of this do not rife more than a foot high. Both
thefe deferve a place in gardens.
The thirteenth fort approaches near the firft, but the
leaves are of a pale green, and not fo long, or fo
much cut .as thofe of the firft ; thefe have a ftrong
fweet feent when bruifed. It is equally hardy with the
firft, and therefore requires little culture.
AC HR AS. See Sapota.
ACHYRANTHES.
The Characters are,
'The empalement conffts of five pointed rigid leaves which
are permayient ; the flower hath no petals ; but in the cen-
ter of the empalement is fituated the point al, having a bifid
fiigma , attended by five fiamina, fupporting fimall fummits.
The point al afterward becomes a Jingle roundijh feed , in-
ch fed in the empalement .
The Species are,
1. Achyranthes {Afpera) caule erecto, calycibus re-
flexis fpicre adpreffis. FI. Zeyl. 105. Achyranthes with
an upright Jialk , and a reflexed flower-cup. Amaranthus
ficulus fpicatus radice perenni. Bocc. Rar. Plant. 16.
tab. 9.
2. Achyranthes ( Indica ) caule erecto, foliis obverse
ovatis undulatis floribus reflexis. Achyranthes with an
erett fialk^ obverfe oval waved leaves and reflexed flowers.
3. Achyranthes
ACO
3. Achyranthes ( Lappacea ) caule eredto, fpica intcr-
° rupta, floribus externe lanatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 204.
Achyranthes with an upright Jialk , a loofe fpike, and the
outfide of the flower woolly.
4. Achyranthes ( Lanata ) caule erecto, fpicis ovatis la-
teralibus calycibus lanatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 204. Achy-
ranthes with an eredt Jlalk y and oval fpikes oj flowers
produced from the wings of the leaves , which are covered
with a foft down .
The firft fort hath been long in the Englilh gardens,
where it hath been preferved more for the fake of va-
riety, than for its beauty or ufe. It grows near three
feet high, with oblong pointed leaves •, the flowers
come out in long fpikes from the extremity of the
branches, which are compofed of an empalement, with
a ftyle and five ftamina, but hath no petals, fo may
be ranged under the clafs of blink flowers. The plants
of this fort muft be raifed on a hot-bed, and when
they have acquired ftrength, they may be tranfplanted
into the full ground, where they will flower in July,
and their feeds ripen in September. If thefe are kept
in pots, and put into a warm green-houfe in winter,
they will live two or three years, where perfons are
inclined to keep them fo long. This fort grows na-
turally in the iflands of America, and alfo in India
and Sicily.
The feeds of the fecond fort I received from Malabar,
which have for fome years fiourifhed at Chelfea, and
annually produced ripe feeds, which have never va-
ried from the parent plant.
The third and fourth forts grow naturally at the Cape
of Good Hope, from whence I received their feeds.
Thefe are all preferved in botanic gardens for the fake
of variety, but have no great beauty to recommend
them, to thofe who do not cultivate plants for the im-
provement of that fcience.
They may all be propagated in the fame manner as
the firft, and will perfeft their feeds the fame year •,
but the plants of the three laft forts may be preferved
through the winter if placed in a ftove, for they are
too tender to be kept in a green-houfe where there is
not artificial heat.
A C I N O S. See Thymus.
A C I N U S, or A C I N I, by good authors is not ufed
for the grape ftone, but the grape itlelf, as appears
from the following paflage in Columella, Cum exprefl-
feris vinacea , qua acinis celantur. It is commonly ufed
for thofe {mall grains growing in bunches, alter the
manner of grapes, as Liguftrum, &c.
A C N I D A, Virginia Hemp.
This plant grows naturally in Virginia, and in fome
other parts of North America, but is rarely cultivated
in Europe, except in fome few botanic gardens, for
the fake of variety. It hath male and female flowers
growing upon different roots, £b is near of kin to the
Hemp, under which title it has been ranged by fome
former botanifts. But as it is a plant of little beauty,
and at prelent no ufe has been made of it, it is to
little purpofe to fay more of it here.
A C O N I T U M, Wolfsbane, or Monkfhood, [of «W,
or Ari, a dart, becaufe the Barbarians ufed to daub
their darts therewith •, others of sfxoveu, to accelerate,
becaufe it haftens death].
The Characters are,
T he flower hath no empalement , but conftfts of five unequal
petals , which vary in different fpecies the galea {or hood)
is tubulous , and covers the other parts of the flower like a
friar s cowl % the two lateral petals , which inclofe the
Jlantina and ftyle are equal: thefe are concave and jlightly
indented in the middle a ‘The two lower petals are narrow
and oblong : in the bottom of the flower are placed two,
nediarii , upon which are fituated the ftyles in fome there
are two , in others three , and fome have five : thefe are
forked , and ftretch out far beyond the ftamina , which are
numerous and irregular : after the flower is paft , the ger-
men become oblong feed-vejfels terminated in a point , and
■ coalefcing at their bafe-, thefe have but one cell , which is
filled with angular rough feeds.
This genus of plants is by Dr. Linnaeus ranged in the
third iedtion of his thirteenth clafs, entitled .Poiyan-
AGO
dria trigynia, from the flowers having many ftamina,
and three ftyles.
The Species are,
1. Aconitum ( Lycodlonmn ) folds palmatis mxiltifidis vil-
lofis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 532. Yellow Wolfsbane or Monk-
fhood , with palmated hairy leaves finely divided. Aconitum
lycodtonum- luteum. C. B. P. 183.
2. Aconitum (. Altiffimum ) foliis palmatis, nervofis gla-
bris. Great eft yellow Wolfsbane, with nervous, fmooth, pal-
mated leaves. Aconitum luteum rnajus arnpliore caule
amplioribufque foliis. Dod. p. 441.
3. Aconitum ( Variegatur/i ) foliis multifidis laciniis fe-
mipartitis fuperne latis. Hort. Cliff. 214. Leffer W olfs-
bane with blue flowers , whofe under leaves are cut into
many parts , and whofe upper have broader fegments. Aco-
nitum cseruleum minus, fivenapellus minor. C, B. P.
183.
4. Aconitum ( Author a ) floribus pentagynis foliorum
laciniis linearibus. Lin. Sp. Plant. 532. Wholefome
Wolfsbane with yellow flowers. Aconitum falutiferum
five anthora. C. B. P. 184.
5. Aconitum (. Napellus ) foliorum laciniis linearibus fu-
perne latioribus linea exaratis. Hort. Cliff. ny.W olfs-
bane , or Monkfhood , with large blue flowers. Aconitum
casruleum, five napellus. 1 C. B. Pin. 183.
6. AmoNiTUM {Pyramidale) foliis multipartitis, fpicis flo-
rum longiffimis feflilibus. The common blue Monkfhood ,
with a long flpike of flowers. Aconitum pyramidale mul-
tifiorum. H. R. Par.
7. Aconitum (. Alpinum ) foliorum laciniis pinnatifidis
fiore maxima. Large flowered Monkfhood , or W olfsbane ,
of a blue purple colour. Aconitum eaeruleo purpureum
fiore maxima, five napellus. 4 C. B. P. 183.
8. Aconitum (. Pyrenaicum ) foliis multipartitis laciniis li-
nearibus incumbentibus fquamofis. Hort. Upfal. 152.
Yellow Pyrenean Monkfhood , or Wolfsbane , with fine cut
leaves. Aconitum Pyrenaicum luteum foliorum feg-
rnentis fibi invicem incumbentibus. Raii Syll. 367.
9. Aconitum ( Cammarum ) floribus fubpentagynis, fo-
liorum laciniis cuneiformibus ineiiis acutis. Lin. Sp.
Plant. 751. Monkfhood with flowers , having commonly five
ftyles , and the fegments of the leaves awl-floaped.
10. Aconitum {Orient ah') elatius, foliis palmatis fiore
magno albo. Eaflern Monkfhood , with a tall Jialk and
a large white flower. Aconitum lycodtonum orientale
fiore magno albo. Tourn. Cor.
The flxth fort is the moft common in the Englifh
gardens •, this is cultivated for the beauty of its long
fpike of blue flowers, which are brought to the mar-
kets in London, towards the end of May, when it
commonly flowers-, fo that thefe being intermixed
with the Guelder Rofes and other flowers of the fame
feafon, make an agreeable variety, when properly
blended, to adorn halls and other apartments. But as
moft of the fpecies of Monkfhood are a deadly poifon,
not only to men but to brutes alfo, they ought not
therefore to be admitted into places where children or
ignorant perfons frequent, left by fmelling to thefe
flowers, they fhouid draw fome of the farina into
their noftrils, which may prove very hurtful to them,
as I can from experience aflert for fadt. We have an
account of a man who was poifonedin the year 1732,
by eating fome of this plant, which by an unfkilful
perfon was put into a fallad inftead of Celery. This
is particularly mentioned in the Tranfadlions of the
Royal Society, N° 432. Dodonasus alfo relates a ftory
of the bad effects of one fpecies of Monkfhood, which
was recent in his time. Some unfkilful perfons had
gathered the young fhoots of the blue Monkfhood to
eat in a fallad, and all that eat of them were leized
with terrible fymptorns, and foon died. Dr. Turner
alfo mentions, that fome Frenchmen at Antwerp eat
the fhoots of this plant for thofe of Mafterwort, and
all of them died in two days, except two players who
threw them up by vomit. I have known perfons who
by fmelling to the flowers, have been feized with
fwooning fits, and have loft their light for two or three
days.
The fourth fort is that which is made ufe of in me-
dicine, and is efteemed an antidote to thofe which -are
C poifoiiouso
i
AGO
poifonous* This is by feme writers titled' An thora,
and by others Antithora, as the poifonous kinds have
been tailed Thora. Whenever therefore any of the
fpecies of this genus is ordered in medicine, this is the
fort intended.
Moft, if not all the other forts are efteemed poifon-
ous , but thole with blue flowers are fuppofed to be of
a much ftronger quality, than the yellow or white
flowered kinds. It is confidently affirmed, that the
huntfmen on the Alps, who hunt the wolves and other
wild animals, dip their arrows into the juice of thefe
plants, which renders the wounds made by them deadly.
The fixth fort is the firft which flowers •, this grows
near four feet high, and the fpikes of flowers are up-
ward of two feet long, fo that when it is in flower, it
makes a pretty appearance •, and being very hardy,
growing in any foil or fituation, and multiplying
greatly by the root, has induced many perfons to al-
low it a place in their gardens, for the fake of its
flowers, who being ignorant of its dangerous quali-
ties, have permitted it to fpread and propagate greatly.
It flowers in May and June. The feeds are ripe in
September but as this fort multiplies fo greatly by
the root, it is rarely propagated the other way.
The firft and fecond forts are the next which flower ;
thefe come about the middle of June, and if the fea-
fon is not warm, will continue in flower till Auguft.
The firft grows upwards of three feet high, and the fe-
cond. above four, the fpikes of flowers too in this being
much longer than the former.
The third fort flowers a little later than either of thofe,
but feldom grows more than two feet high, and the
fpikes of flowers are much fhorter than either of the
two laft.
The wholefome Wolfsbane flowers in the middle of
Auguft, and often continues in beauty till the middle
of September ; the flowers are not fo large as thofe of
feme other forts, but being of a fulphur colour, make a
pretty appearance in the borders of the flower-garden.
This fort will not thrive fo well under the fhade of
trees as many of the other forts, and therefore muft
have an open expofure.
The ninth and tenth forts flower the beginning of
July. The ninth ufually grows about four feet high,
but the tenth I have feen upwards of fix. This fort is
atprefent very rare in Europe. It was found by Dr.
Tournefort in the Levant, who font the feeds to the
royal garden at Paris, where it was firft cultivated in
Europe, and from that garden, others have been fur-
niffied with the feeds.
The eighth fort flowers in July. This grows about
four feet high, having a long fpike of yellow flowers
of a middling fize, wherefore they may be allowed a
place among ihrubs, or in fuch parts of the garden as
are not frequented by children.
The fifth, fixth, and feventh forts flower in Auguft,
when they make a pretty appearance ; and were it not
for their noxious quality, would deferve a place in
every garden. There are two or three varieties of the
fifth fort, one with white, another with Rofe coloured,
and a third with variegated flowers •, but thefe are
only varieties which often change. TheNapellus mi-
nor is alfo apt to change in the colour of its flower •,
of this fort I have had feme plants with variegated
flowers, but they changed in two years and became
plain, nor did their feeds produce any plants with va-
riegated flowers. The feventh fort will grow to the
height of five feet in good ground •, the flowers are
very large, but not many upon each fpike. Thefe are
of a deep blue colour.
All the forts of Monkfhood may be propagated by
feeds, which fhould be fown in the autumn, in a fhady
fituation : the plants often, come up the firft year, if
the feeds are fown in autumn, otherwife it is the fe~
cond fpring before they appear ; therefore the ground
fhould be kept clean from weeds all the following
hammer, and when the plants come up, they fhould
be watered in dry weather until they are fit to tranf-
plant 5 when they are to be carefuljy taken up, and
planted in fhady borders, at the diftance of four
A C T
inches each way, obferving to water them until they
have taken good root in the ground; after which
time they will require no other care but to keep them
clean from Weeds, till the following autumn, when
they may be tranfplanted to die places where they are
to remain.
The common Monkfhood will grow under the fnade
of trees, in wilderneftes or woods, and will increafe
fail enough by means of its creeping roots ; but tho*
moft of the other forts delight in fhade, yet few of
them will thrive under trees', for which reafon they
fhould be planted in fhady borders which are not over-
hung by trees, where they will continue much longer
in flower, and thrive better than in an open expofure.
AGO N ITEM El YE MALE. See Helleborus.
A C O R U S, the Sweet Rufh.
The Characters are.
It hath a finvple cylindrical ftalk , which is clofely covered
with [mail flowers , fo as to form a fort of katkin ( or inks )„
‘Thefe flowers have no empalement , but are compofid of fix
concave obtufie petals. In the center of the flower is jituated
a [welling germen , attended by fix ftamina, which are ex-
tended beyond the petals , and are crowned with thick double
fummits the germen afterward turns to a Jhort triangular
capfiule , having three cells , in which are lodged oval oblong
feeds.
Dr. Linnaeus ranges this genus in his fixth clafs of
plants, entitled Alexandria monogynia, the flowers
having fix ftamina and one ftyle.
We have but one Species of this plant,
Acorus ( Calamus ) Roy. Leyd. 6. The fiweet fuelling Flag
or Calamus. Acorus verus, five calamus aromaticus.
C. B. P. 34.
This plant grows naturally in {landing waters which
are fhallow, and is found wild in fome parts of Eng-
land particularly in Norfolk, and alfo near Uxbridge
in Middlefex, and in feveral parts of the north. In
Holland this plant abounds in moft of their ditches
and {landing waters. The leaves of this plant, when
broken, fend forth a ftrong aromatic feent; the roots are
much ftronger, and have been long ufed in medicine.
This may be tranfplanted into a garden, where if the
ground is moift, it will grow very well ; but never
produces its fpike, unlefs it grows in the water. It
loves an open fituation, and will not thrive well un-
der the fhade of trees. The fpikes of flowers (which
are by many writers termed (Juli) appear toward the
latter end of June, and continue till Auguft. When
this plant is fixed in a proper fituation, it will multiply
by its creeping roots fall enough.
AC RI VI OLA. See Trophsolum.
A C T M A, Herb Chrifcopher.
The Characters are,
The empalement of the flower is compofed of four concave
obtufle leaves , which fall ofl\ the flower hath flour petals
which are much larger than the empalement. In the center
is placed the oval germen^ crowned with an oblique deprejfied
ftignia , attended by numerous J lender ftamina , crowned with
erect double roundijh fummits. After the flower is paft ,
the germen becomes an oval or globular berry , having ons
cell , in which are lodged four feeds , which are roundijh on
their outjide , but angular where they are joined.
Dr. Linnteus ranges this genus under his thirteenth
clafs of plants, entitled Polyandria monogynia, the
flowers having many ftamina and one germen.
The Species are,
1. Act^a ( Spicata ) racemo ovato fruftibufque baccatis.
Lin. Sp. Plant. 504. Common Herb Chriftopher , or Bane
Berries. Chriftophoriana vulgaris noftras racemofa &
ramofa. Mor. Hift. p. 2, 8,
2. Acthsa ( Alba ) racemo ovato baccis niveis, radicetu-
berofa. American Herb Chriftopher , with white berries.
Chriftophoriana Americana baccis niveis. Mor. Hift.
p. 28.
3. Acthsa ( Racemofa ) racemis longiffimis fruftibus uni-
capful aribus. Lin. Sp. PL 504. American black or wild.
Snakercot. Chriftophoriana Americana procerior & lon-
gius fpicata. Hort. Elth. 79 -
The firft fort grows naturally in feveral places in the
northern counties of England : I found it in pretty
great
great plenty in a wood near Kirby Lonfdale, as alfo
near Ingleborough Hill in \ orkfhirp. It grows two
feet and a half high, the foot-ftalks of the leaves arife
from the root ; thefe divide into three fmaller foot-
ftalks, each of which divide again into three, and
thefe have each three lobes, fo that each leaf is com-
pofed of twenty-feven lobes (or fmall leaves). The
flower-ftem which arifes from the root, is garnifhed
with leaves of the fame form, but are fmaller. On the
top of the ftalk appears the flowers, which grow in
ramofe fpikes, and are of a pure white ; thefe come
out in May, and are fucceeded by black Aiming ber-
ries about the fize of Peafe, which ripen in the autumn.
This is propagated by feeds, which ftiould be fown
foon after they are ripe ; for if they are kept out of
the ground till fpring, the plants will not come up
till tiie year after, fo that a whole year will be loft.
They ftiould be fown on a ftiady border, and kept dean
from weeds. As the feeds feldom come up all at the
fame time, the border in which they are fown ftiould
not be difturbed till the following autumn, to fee
what plants may appear ; when the plants ftiould be
tranfplanted into a ftiady border, where they may re-
main to flower. This plant hath a perennial root,
which lafts many years, but the ftalk is annual, and
perifties in autumn, foon after which is the belt time
to tranfplant them.
The fecond fort grows naturally in North America,
from whence I have received the ieeds the leaves of
this are fomewhat like thofe of the firft fort, but are
not fo deeply indented on their edges. The flowers
grow in a more compad fpike, and the berries are
very white and tranfparent when ripe ; the roots of
this is compofed of thick tubers, or knobs. This is
an abiding plant, and delights in a light moift foil,
• and a fhacly fituation •, it may be propagated in the
fame manner as the former.
The third fort is a native of North America, where
it is called Black Snakeroot, to diftinguilli it from the
common Snakeroot. This plant hath large compound
leaves, which rife immediately from the root, and are
branched after the fame manner as the firft fort, which
grow more than two feet high. The fiower-ftems fre-
quently rife to the height of four or five feet, being
terminated by a long fpike of white flowers, which is
reflexed at the top. This flowers in June, or be-
ginning of July, but does not perfect feeds in
England. During the time of its flowering, the plant
makes a good appearance in a garden, and therefore
deferves a place in the ftiady borders, or among fhrubs;
where, if it be not over-hung by them, it thrives very
well, and being hardy, will require no other care than
the fhrubs themfelves. It is generally propagated by
feeds, which are annually fent from North America-,
it loves a moift light foil, and a fhady fituation.
The root of this plant is greatly ufed by apothecaries
and phyficians in America, in many diforders, and is
fuppofed to be an antidote againft poifon, or the biting
of the rattle-fnakcx / p
ADANSONI Aj^^^miopian four Gourd, or Monkies
Bread.
This plant is fo named from one Mr. Adanfon, a
French furgeon, who refided fome years at Senegal,
in Africa, and during that time made feveral difco-
veries in natural hiftory, and brought home a curious
colleftion of feeds and plants.
The Characters are,
It hath a cup-fihaped empalement , divided into five fiegments
at the brim which turn backward , and the empalement
falls off: the flower has five roundijh petals, whofie brims
are reflexed at the tail of thefe are fituated many flamina
joined in a tube, which fipread horizontally above , and are
crowned by kidney-jhaped fiummiis. Ihe germen is oval , the
flyles are long, varioujiy intorted , having many hairy jligrna .
It hath a large ovalligenous capfule of ten cellsfidled with a
farinaceous four pulp, incloflng many kidney (hoped feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fifth feftion of
Linnsuus’s fixteenth clafs, intitled Monodelphia po~
lyandria, the flowers having many ftyles which coalefce
with the ftamina in one houfe.
7
There is known but one Species at prefent,
Adansonia. This is the Baobab. Alp. Egypt, c. 2 7. f. 28.
The young plants, and alfo moll of the new branches.,
have Angle fpear-fnaped leaves towards their lower
part, but at their extremities the leaves have fome
three, and others five lobes, of the fame fize and form
as the lower, which are difpofed like a hand ; thefe
are entire, ending in a point, and fall off in winter.
The ftems are large and woody, but of a foft texture,
and have generally a large fwelling near the root.
It is propagated by feeds, which muft be procured
from the country where it grows naturally (for it doth
not produce any in Europe)-, thefe muft be fown in
pots, and plunged into a hot-bed, where, in about fix
weeks, the plants will come ,up, and in a fhort time
after be fit to tranfplant when they ftiould be each
planted into a feparate pot, filled with light fandy
earth, and plunged into a frefh hot-bed, obferving
to ftiade them until they have taken new root ; after
which time they fhould have free air admitted to them
every day in warm weather, but muft be fparingly
watered •, for as their ftems are foft (efpecially when
young) too much wet will caufe them to rot. As the
plants advance in their growth, they are to be ftiifted
into larger pots, but muft conftantly be plunged into
the bark-bed, being too tender to thrive in this coun-
try without this artificial heat, therefore they muft
conftantly remain in the ftove with other tender exotic
plants : the plants when young make great progrefs
in their growth, where they are properly treated -, for
in three years many of them have been more than fix
feet high, and have put out feveral lateral branches,
their ftems were alfo proportionable -, but after four or
five years growth, they are almoft at a ftand, their
annual (hoots rarely exceeding two or. three inches.
The account which Monfieur .Adanfon gives of the
trees he faw at Senegal and other parts of Africa, in
regard to the fize of them is amazing, feveral of which
he meafured round their ftems from fixty-ftve to fe-
venty feet in circumference, but their height was not
extraordinary. The trunks of tilde trees were from
eight to twelve feet high, dividing into many hori-
zontal branches which touched the ground at their
extremities ; thefe were from forty-five to fifty-five
feet long, and were fo large in circumference, that
each branch was equal to a monftrous tree in Europe;
and where the water of a neighbouring river had
wafhed. away the earth, fo as to leave the roots of one
of thefe trees bare and open to fight, they meafured
one hundred and ten feet long, without including
thofe parts of the roots which remained covered with
earth or fand : for he deicribes the plains where the
trees grow to be a barren moveable fand, fo that from
its being continually ftiifted by the winds, there are
no trafts difcoverabie, whereby perfons can be guided
in travelling over them.
Profper Alpinus in his hiftory of Egyptian plants, de-
fcribes this tree, to which he gives the title of Baobab,
fo that it alfo grows in that country ; but he does not
mention any of them to be near the fize of thofe de-
fcribed by Monfieur Adanfon.
There were fome plants of this fort in feveral gardens,
which were raffed from feeds obtained from Grand
Cairo in the year 1724, by the late Dr. William She-
rard, fome of which were grown to the height of
eighteen feet ; but in the fevere winter 1 740, they
were all loft, and fince that time there has not been
any of the feeds brought to England, till the return
of Mr. A-danfon to Paris in 1754, who fent fome of
the feeds over here, which have fucceeded, and many
of the plants are now upwards of eight feet high.
A D E L I A, we have no Englifli title for this genus of
plants.
The Characters are,
It hath male and female flowers upon different roots : the
male flowers have an empalement of one leaf cut into five
concave fiegments, but no corolla ; it hath many J lender fta-
rnina the length of the -empalement, crowned by roundifh Jum-
mits. I he female flowers have a five leaved concave em-
palement which is permanent ; they have no corolla , but
6$
A D E
a rckndijh germen with three Jhort divaricated fiyles , and
torn Jligma . c fbe capfule hath three cells , each contain-
ing one roundiflo feed.
This genus of plants, is ranged by Dr. Linnaeus, in
the twelfth fecftion of his twenty-fecond clafs, which
includes thofe which have male flowers on diflincc
plants from the female, whole ftamina join at their bafe.
The Species are,
1. .Adelia ( Bernardia ) foliis oblongis tomentofis ferra-
tis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 1473. Adelia with oblong, woolly,
fawed leaves.
2. Adelia ( Ricinella ) foliis obovatis integerrimis. Lin.
Sp. Plant. 1473. Adelia, with oval entire leaves.
3. Adelia ( Acidoton ) ramis flexuofis, fpinis gemmaceis.
Amoen. Acad! 5. 41 1. Adelia with flexible branches
and prickly gems.
Thefe plants grow naturally in the ifland of Jamaica,
and are near a-kin to the Ricinus, or Croton, but
the male flowers growing upon different plants from
the female, has occafloned their being ranged in a
different clafs. Dr. Houftoun conftituted a genus of
them by the title of Bernardia, in honour ta Dr. Ber-
nard de Juflieu, demonftrator of plants in the royal
garden at Paris •, but Dr. Linnaeus has fixed the title
of Adelia to them. The plants are propagated by
feeds, when thefe can be procured from the countries
where they grow, for they do not produce good feeds -
in England. The feeds muff be fown upon a hot-
bed in the fpring, and when the plants are fit to re-
move, they fliould be each tranfplanted into a feparate
fmall pot, filled with light earth, and plunged into a
hot-bed of tan, treating them in the fame manner as
is hereafter directed for Croton. In the autumn, the
pots fhould be plunged into the tan-bed in the flove,
where, if they are kept in a temperate heat in winter,
and not over-watered during that feafon, the plants
may be preferved, and the fummer following will pro-
duce flowers *, but as thefe have little beauty, the
plants are feldom propag-ated except in botanic
gardens. 2_
ADENANTHERA. Prod. Leyd. 462. Baftard
Flower-fence. L\
The Characters are,
T'he empalement of the flower is of one leaf, Jlightly cut
into five at the top •, the flower is of the b ell -flo aped kind,
and is conipofed of five petals , which are reflexed and con-
cave on their under fide. In the center is fituated an oblong
germen, fuppcrting a fiyle crowned with a Jingle Jligma ■,
this is attended by ten erebl ftamina of the fame length ,
which are crowned with roundijh fummits after the flower
is pafl, the germen becomes a long comprejfed pod, con-
taining many convex finooth feeds, placed at a diftance from
each other.
Dr. Linnaeus ranges this genus of plants in the firfl
fePcion of his tenth clafs, entitled Decandria mono-
gynia, the flowers having ten ftamina and one ger-
men ; but he feparates it from the Poinciana, becaufe
the petals of the flower are equal, and the empale-
ment is of one leaf, whereas the Poinciana hath a five
leaved empalement, and the petals are unequal.
Adenanthera foliis decompofitis. Prod. Leyd. 462.
Baftard Flower-fence with decompounded leaves.
There is another fpecies, or at leaf! a variety of this
kind, with fcarlet feeds, which is at prefent rare in
this country. I received the feeds of it from India,
from which many plants have been railed, but they
are of very flow growth in England.
The fort here mentioned grows to a very large tree
in its native country, but it is fo tender as to require
a ftove to preferve it through the winter in England,
fo that there are no large plants in the Englifh gar-
dens at prefent ; the young plants which are not more
than two feet high, have large branching leaves, com-
pofed of many equal divifions, garnifhed with fmall
oval leaves, which are placed alternately on the mid-
rib, and are of a bright green colour. The Items of
the plants are woody, the bark of a brown colour, and
the leaves continue all the year-, but I have not feen
any flowers produced in England as yet, but by fome
dried famples which were brought from India, they
feem to be fmall, and of little beauty -, the fine branch-
ing leaves of the plant, however, make a very hand-
fome appearance in the ftove. The feeds are of a
fhining black colour, and are fomewhat larger than
thofe of the great Lentil, and nearly of the fame fhape.
This plant muft be raifed on a hot-bed, and after-
wards placed in the bark-ftove with other tender
exotics.
AD H AT O DA. See Justicia.
ADIANTHU M, i. e. Maidenhair.
The Characters are,
This genus is diftinguifhed from the other capillary plant 's
by the fructification, being confufedly joined in oval fpots ,
and the points of the leaves reflexed.
The Species are,
1. Ad 1 a nt hum ( Capillus Veneris') frondibus decompofi-
tis foliis alternis pinnis cuneiformibus lobatis pedi-
cellatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 1096. The true Maidenhair.
Adianthum foliis Coriandri. C. B. P. 356.
2. Adianthum (Pe datum) frondibus pedata foliolis pin-
natis pinnis antice gibbis incifis fruftificantibus. Lin.
Sp. Plant. 1095. American Maidenhair. Adianthum
Americanum. Corn. Canad. 7. tab. 6.
3. Adianthum ( Trapeziforme ) frondibus fupradecom-
pofitis foliolis alternis, pinnis rhombeis incifis utrinque
frudificationibus. Lin. Sp. Plant. 1097. The largeft
black American Maidenhair with branching ft alks, and
leaves Jhaped like the figure of a rhombus.
There are many fpecies of this genus, which are
natives of the Eaft and Weft-Indies, greatly dif-
fering in fize and form from each other. I have up-
wards of thirty diftmd fpecies in my collection of
dried plants, which to enumerate in this place, would
be fuperfluous, as they have not been introduced into
the Englifh gardens. The three forts here mention-
ed, are all that I have feen growing in England.
The firft fort is the true Maidenhair, which is direded
to be ufed in medicine ; but as it does not grow natu-
rally in England, fo the Trichomanes is ufually fub-
ftituted for it, which grows in great plenty in feveral
parts of England. The other is a native of the fouth
of France, Italy, and the Levant, from whence I
have received the plants. It ufually grows out of the
joints of walls, and 'the fiffures of rocks, fo that who-
ever is inclinable to keep this plant in their gardens,
fhould plant it in pots filled with gravel and lime
rubbifh, in which it wall thrive much better than in
good earth ; but the pots muft be fheltered under a
frame in winter, otherwife the plants are often killed
by the froft.
The fecond fort is often preferved in gardens for the
fake of variety ; this may be preferved in pots, and
treated in the fame manner as the former for altho*
it will live through the winter in the open air in mode-
rate feafons, yet in fevere froft it is fometimes de-
ftroyed. This grows naturally in Canada in fuch
quantities, that the French fend it from thence in
package for other goods, and the apothecaries at Paris
ufe it for the Maidenhair, in all their compofitions in
which that is ordered.
The third fort grows naturally in very warm coun-
tries ; I received it from Jamaica in a tub of earth
among other plants. This fort will not thrive in Eng-
land, unlefs it be preferved in a ftove, where its fhiri-
•ing black ftalks and odd fliaped leaves will afford
an agreeable variety among other exotic plants,
ADNATA, ADNESCENTIA, are thofe off-
fets, or fmall bulbs, which are produced from the
roots of bulbous plants, and are clofely connected to
the parent root -, of this fort is the Narcifius, Amaryl-
lis, Pancratium, &c.
ADOMIDIS HORTI, i. e. the gardens of Ado-
nis, are plants, flowers, &c. in pots or cafes, fet on
the outfide of windows, in balconies, &c.
ADONIS, or FLOS ADONIS, Bird’s-eye, or
Pheafant’s-eye.
The Characters are.
The empalement of the flower is compofed of Jive concave ,
obtufe, coloured leaves which fa.ll off ; the flower is com-
pofed in fome fpecies of five petals, and in others of twelve
■ ' q. or
A
ADO
or fourteen . In the center there are many germina time ft ed
in a head , which are attended by a great number of Jhort
ftamina , crowned by oblong inflex ed fummits after the
flower is pafl , the germina become fo many naked feeds ,
dofely adhering to the pedicle, and forming an obtufe fpike.
This genus is by Dr. Linnaeus ranged in die feventh
fection of his thirteenth clafs, entitled Polyandria
Polyginia, the flowers having many ftamina, and many
germina.
The Species are,
s. Adonis {Annua) floribus o&opetalis fru&ibus
fubcylindricis. Hort. Upfal. 156. The common Adonis,
or Flos Adonis, with fmall red flowers.
1. Adonis (. MftivaUs ) floribus pentapet-alis fruftibus
ovatis. Annual Adonis with pale yellow flowers. Ado-
nis Sylveftris fiore luteo folds longieribus. C. B. P.
178.
c. Adonis {V emails) flore dodecapetalo, fruftu ovato.
Lin. Sp. Plant. 771. Perennial Adonis with yellow
flozvers, by fame titled fennel-leaved black Hellebore. Ado-
nis Hellebori radice Buphthalmi fiore. H. L.
There is a variety of the firil fort, which hath been
long cultivated in the gardens ; the flowers of this
are larger, and the leaves fhorter, than thole of the
wild fort ; but, from many repeated trials of fowing
their feeds feparately, they appear to be only acci-
dental variations arifing from culture, and therefore
may be properly efteemed as fuch.
The feeond fort is undoubtedly a diftinct fpecies. I
have cultivated both thefe forts above thirty years, and
have never obferved the feeond to vary either in the
fhape of its leaves, colour, make of the flower, or
growth of the plants, which are much taller than the
firfh, the leaves thinner, fparingly fet on the ftalks,
and of a lighter colour.
Both thefe forts are annual, and if the feeds are fown
in autumn, the plants will come up the following
fpring •, but when the feeds are not fown till fpring,
they rarely come up the fame year : fo that when the
feeds are permitted to fall on the ground, they gene-
rally fucceed better than when fown by art. The firft
fort grows naturally in Kent, particularly by the fide
of the river Medway, between Rochefter and Maid-
ftone, where it is found in great plenty in the fields
which are fown with wheat •, but in the intermediate
years when the fields are fown with fpring corn, there
is rarely a plant of it to be found, which fhews the ne-
cefiity of fowing the feeds in autumn, for thole fields
of fpring corn, if fuffered to remain undifturbed after
the harveft, will abound with this plant the following
year. For fome years paft, great quantities of the
flowers of this plant have been brought to London,
and fold in the ftreets by the name of Red Morocco.
Both thefe annual forts flower in the beginning of June,
and the feeds ripen in Auguft and September •, this
muft be underftood of thofe plants which arife from
feeds fown in autumn, or fuch as have fallen to the
ground ; for when any plants come up from the feeds
fown in the fpring (which fometimes happen) they do
not flower till July or Auguft, and their feeds feldom
ripen before October.
Thefe plants will thrive beft in a light foil, but may
be fown in any fituation, fo that by fowing fome in a
warm fituation, and others in the fhade, they may be
continued longer in flower. The feeds ought to be
fown w r here the plants are to remain to flower, for
they do not bear tranfplanting, efpecially if they are
not removed while the plants are very young : there-
fore they ftiould be fown in fmall patches in the bor-
ders of the flower garden, and when the plants come
up, they fhould be thinned, leaving three or four in
each patch, which will make a better appearance than
where they grow Angle.
The third fort hath a perennial root, and an annual
ftalk. This grows naturally on the mountains of Bo-
hemia, Pruflia, and other parts of Germany, where
the root is often ufed as the true Black Hellebore,
though from the deferiptions given by the antients of
that plant, this by no means will agree with them:
this has been long cultivated in gardens. It produces
JE S C
its flowers the latter end of March, or the beginning
of April, according to the forwardnefs of the feaibn :
the ftalks rife about a foot and a half high, and when
the roots are large, and have ftood un removed lor
fome years, they will put out a great number of ftalks
from each : thefe are garnifhed with fine [lender leaves,
which are placed in clutters at intervals. - At the top
of each ftalk, is produced one large yellow flower,
compofed of an unequal number of petals, the center
of which is occupied by a great number of germen,
furrounded by many ftamina ; after the flowers drop,
the germen become naked feeds, clofely adhering to
the foot-ftalk, forming an obtufe fpike. Thefe ripen
in Auguft, and fhould be fown foon after, otherwife
they feldom fucceed.
When the plants come up, they muft be carefully
kept clean from weeds, and, in very dry weather, if
they are now and then refreflied with water, it will
promote their grov/th. They ftiould remain in the
place where they are fown until the feeond year, for
they make but flow progrefs while young. The beft
time to tranfplant them is in autumn, when they ought
to be planted where they are to remain, for if often
removed, they will not produce many flowers, nor
thofe flowers be fo ftrong as on the plants which are
unremoved.
AD OX A. Lin. Gen. 450. Mofchatellina. Toum.
Lift. Tuberous Mofchatel, or Hollow Root. This
is ranged in Linnaeus’s eighth clafs, entitled Odan-
dria Tetragynia, the flower having eight ftamina and
four ftyles.
The Characters are,
The empalement of the flower is bifid and permanent , upon
which refts the germen the flower is of one leaf which is
cut into four acute figments. The germen is Jituated in
the center, fupporting four erect ftyles, thefe are attended
by eight ftamina, crowned by roundijh fummits ; after the
flower is pafl, the germen becomes a round berry , refting
on the empalement , which hath four cells , each containing
a Jingle ccmpreffed feed.
There is but one'^ECrEs of this genus.
Adoxa. Hort. Cliff. 152. Bulbous Fumitory Hollow Root?
or tuberous Mofchatel. • Radix cava minima viridi flore
of Gerard.
This plant grows naturally in fliady woods in divers
parts of England : I have frequently gathered it on
the top of Hampftead among the buflies, near the
wood j it is a very low plant, feldom riflng more than
four or five inches high, the leaves refemble thofe of the
bulbous F umitory, the flower-ftalk arifes immediately
from the root, upon the top of which is placed four
or five fmall flowers of an herbaceous white colour ;
thefe appear the beginning of April, and the berries
ripen in May, foon after which the leaves decay.
There is little beauty in this plant, but as fome perfons
are fond of colleifting the fe vera-1 kinds of plants in
their gardens, which are not commonly found, it is
mentioned here. The roots may be tranfplanted any
time after the leaves are decayed, till winter •, thefe
are tuberous, and fliaped fomewhat like a tooth.
They muft be planted in the fhade, under fhjrubs ;
for if they are expofed to the open fun, they will not
thrive. The leaves and flowers fmell like Mullc, from
whence it has been by fome called M ufk-C rowfoot.
JE GILO PS, Wild Fefcuc, a fort of gtals which grows
naturally in many parts of Europe, fo is rarely culti-
vated except in botanic gardens.
JEGOPOD I U M, Small Wild. Angelica, or Goutwort ;
this plant grows naturally in feveral places near Eon-
don, but the roots run fo fail: in a. garden, as to ren-
der it a troublefome weed-
JE ; SCRYNO M E N E. Lin.. Gen. Plant. 7 69. Baf-
tard Senntive plant.
This genus of plants is ranged in the, third feflion of
Linnseus’s feventeenth. clafs, entitled Diadelphia de-
candria ; - the flowers of this clafs have ten ftamina.,
nine of which are united, and the other is feparate..
The Characters are,
The empalement of the f Lower conflfts of one leaf. \ cut
into two equal fegments, the upper being bifid, and the
D lower
IQ
\
JE S C
Bwer trifid the flower is of the butterfly kind , the ftan-
dard being large and Jheart-Jhaped •, the two wings are
oval , and floor ter than the flaiidard the keel is moon -
floaped , and as long as the flandard. In the bottom of the
flower is fltuated an oblong hairy germen , fupporting an
arched ftyle , attended by ten ftamina , of which coa-
lefce , the other is fcparated from them •,
fioiver is paft , the germen becomes a long , plain, jointed
pod , which feparates at the joints, in each of which is lodged
one kidney -floaped feed.
The Species are,
1. TEschynomene ( Aflpera ) caule fcabro leguminum ar-
ticulis medio fcabris. Lin. Sp. Plant. 713. Baflard
Senflitive plant with a rough ftalk, and a jointed pod.
Mimofa non fpinofa major Zelanica. Breyn. Cent. 51.
2. TEschynomene ( Americana ) caule herbaceo hifpido,
foliolis acuminatis, leguminum articulis femicordatis,
bradteis ciliatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 1061. Baflard Senfli-
tive plant with a flinging herbaceous ftalki pointed leaves,
and the joints of the pods heart-Jhaped. Hedyfarum caule
nirfuto mimofae foliis alatis, pinnis acutis minimis gra-
mineis. Sloan. Cat. Jam.
3. jEschynomene {Arboreal) caule laevi arboreo legu-
minum articulis femicordatis glabris. Prod. Leyd.
384. Baflard Senflitive plant with a flmooth tree-like ftalk,
and flmooth jointed pods. Sefban caule fimplici glabro,
folds pinnatis glabris. Monier.
4. TEschynomene ( Sefban ) caule herbaceo laevi, folio-
lis obtulis, leguminibus cylindricis aequalibus. Lin.
Sp. Plant. 1061. Baflard Senflitive plant with a flmooth
ftalk, obtufle leaves, and equal cylindrical pods. Galega
Egyptiaca filiquis articulatis. C. B. P. 352.
5. /Eschynomene ( Pumila ) caule herbaceo laevi, folio-
lis acuminatis, leguminibus hinc ferratis medio fca-
bris. Lin. Sp. Plant. 1061. Baflard Senflitive plant,
with a flmooth herbaceous ftalk, pointed leaves, and fler-
rated rough pods. Hedyfarum annuum minus Zeyla-
nicum mimofae foliis. Inft. R. H, 402.
6. TEschynomene ( Grandiflora ) caule arboreo, floribus
maximis, leguminibus filiformibus. Lin. Sp. Plant.
1060. Baflard Senflitive plant with a tree-like ftalk,
large flowers, and flender pods. Galegae a finis mala-
barica arborefeens, filiquis majoribus umbellatis. Raii
Hilt. 1734 -
The firft fort rifes to the height of four or five feet,
having a fingle herbaceous ftalk, which is in fome
parts rough. The leaves come out on every fide to-
ward the top, forming a fort of head ; thefe are
compofed of a great number of fmall leaves (or pin-
nae) which are fmooth, and of a glaucous colour.
The flowers come out from between the leaves, two
or three together upon long foot-ftalks ; they are
yellow, and fhaped like thofe of Peafe. After the
flower is paft, the germen becomes a flat jointed pod,
about four inches long, which, when ripe, parts at
the joints, and in each divifion is lodged a fingle kid-
ney-fhaped feed.
The fecond fort feldom rifes more than two feet high,
but fends but three or four lateral branches ; thefe are
clothed with narrow winged leaves, whofe pinnae are
placed alternate on the midrib. The flowers come
out from the leaves upon branching foot-ftalks, five
or fix together ; thefe are much lefs than thofe of the
firft fort, and of a paler yellow colour. After the
flowers are paft, the germen becomes a jointed pod,
having three or four fwelling divifions, in each of
which is lodged a fingle kidney-lhaped feed.
The third fort grows to the height of fix or feven feet,
with a fingle ftem the leaves are fmooth, and come
out towards the top of the ftalk, as in the firft fort
they are compofed of many pinnae, placed alternate
on the midrib. The flowers come out from the
wings of the leaves, two or three together, being of
a copper colour, and as large as thofe of the firft fort.
After the flowers are paft, the germen becomes a
fmooth jointed pod, each divifion being half heart-
fhaped, and inclofing a fingle kidney-lhaped feed.
The fourth fort grows naturally in Egypt, and alfo
on the coaft of Guinea, from whence I received the
feeds. This hath woody Items and branches, which
7
are garniftied with fmooth leaves, compofed of many
blunt pinn^, fet by oppofite pairs ; the flowers, which
are fmall, and of a deep yellow colour, come out
from the wings of the leaves in long fpikes, which
hang downward. After the flower is paft, the germen
becomes a taper-pointed fmooth pod, not jointed.
The fifth fort rifes about three feet high, with a An-
gle herbaceous ftalk, feldom putting out any fide
branches. The flowers come out from the wings of
the leaves, fometimes fingle, and other times two or
three upon each foot-ftalk •, thefe are fmall, and of a
pale yellow colour. After the flower is paft, the ger-
men becomes a long falcated pod, divided into eleven,
or thirteen partitions, each containing a fingle kidney-
lhaped feed.
The fixth fort rifes fix or eight feet high, with a
woody ftem, fending out branches towards the top,
garnilhed with obtufe leaves ; the flowers are large,
yellow, and fucceeded by large pods, including
kidney-lhaped feeds.
The firft, third, and fourth forts, will live through
the winter in England, if placed in a warm ftove ;
but as their ftalks are fucculent, they mult be kept
dry in winter, otherwife they are very fubjedt to rot.
They Ihould be plunged into the tan-bed, for when
put into a dry ftove, the fibres of their roots foon
grow dry, and their leaves hang and fade, which
ftiews their want of moifture •, but when they have
water given them, it caufes the tender fibres of their
roots to perifh, and the plants foon after decay.
The fifth fort is annual, therefore the feeds Ihould be
fown early in March on a hot-bed, and the plants
Ihould be brought forward in the fpring, and after-
wards placed in an airy glafs-cafe, or a ftove in fum-
mer, for if they are expofed to the open air, the feeds
rarely ripen in England.
The fixth fort grows to a large Ihrub in hot countries,
but is with difficulty preferved through the winter in
this country. The plants are propagated by feeds,
which muft be fown on a hot-bed in the fpring, and
the plants, when fit to remove, fhould be planted in
pots, and brought forward on a hot-bed, then Ihould
be plunged into the bark-bed in the ftove, where, if
they are tenderly treated, they will live through the
winter, and flower the fummer following.
Thefe are all propagated by feeds, which Ihould be
fown on a hot-bed early in the fpring, and when the
plants have ftrength enough to be removed, they
Ihould be put each into a feparate fmall pot, filled
with light earth, and plunged into a frefh hot-bed, to
bring them forward ; and as they advance in their
growth, they Ihould be Ihifted into large pots, but
great care Ihould be taken not to over-pot them, for
if the pots are too large, the plants will not thrive.
The firft, fecond, and fifth forts are annual, there-
fore muft be brought forward early in the year, other-
wife they will not perfect their feeds •, but the third,
fourth, and fixth forts may be preferved through the
winter, and will flower early the following fummer, and
their feeds will ripen in the autumn. The other forts
ufually flower in July, and their feeds ripen in October.
^ESCULUS. Lin. Gen. 420. The Horfe Cheftnut.
The Characters are.
The empalement of the flower conjifts of one leaf, flight ly
cut into five fegments. The flower is compofed of five
roundijh petals , folded at their border , and waved •, thefe
are narrow at their bafle, and are inferted in the empale-
ment. In the center is placed a roundijh germen , having
a Jingle ftyle , crowned with a pointed jligma, at-
tended by J even ftamina, 'which extend to the length of the
petals , and are declining, crowned with upright Jimmits.
When the flower is paft , the empalement becomes a thick ,
roundijh, echinated capflule, opening into three cells, in one
or two of which are lodged globular feeds.
This genus of plants, is, by Dr. Linnaeus, ranged in
his feventh clafs, entitled Heptandria Monogynia, the
flower having feven ftamina and one ftyle.
The Species are,
1. TEsculus (JRippocaftanum) floribus heptanclriis. Hort.
Upfal. 92. The common Hotfle Cheftnut. Hippocafta-
num
^ S G
num vulgare. Tourn. Inft. Caftanea equini. Cluf.
Hift. i. p. 7.
2. dSscuLus {Pavia) floribus oftandris. Lin. Sp. 488.
Scarlet Horfe Chefinut. Pavia. Boerh. Ind. Ait. 2. p. 260.
The Horfe Cheftnut was brought from the northern
parts of Afia about the year 1 5 50, and was lent to
Vienna about the year 1588. It was called Caftanea
from the fhape of its fruit, and the title of Equini was
added to it from its being a good food for hories
when ground.
This tree was in much greater efteem formerly than
at prefent, for fince it is become fo very common, few
perfons regard it. What has occafioned its being fo
feldom planted, is the decay of the leaves early in
fummer •, fo that where they are growing in gardens,
their leaves frequently begin to fail in July, and occa-
fion a litter from that time, until all the leaves
are fallen; but notwithftanding this inconvenience,
the tree has great merit, for it affords a noble fhade
in fummer; and during the time of its flowering, there
is no tree has greater beauty, for the extremity of the
branches are terminated by fine fpikes of flowers, fo
that every part of the tree leems covered with them ;
which are finely fpotted with a rofe colour, and thefe
being intermixed with the green leaves make a noble
O O
appearance.
The former method of planting thefe trees in avenues
and ftrait lines, has aifo been in fome mealure the
occafion of their prefent difrepute, becaufe in fuch
plantations great part of their beauty is loft ; for when
their branches are fo far extended as to nearly meet,
moft of the flowers which are produced are hid from
fight, and as the trees grow larger, their branches
will interfere with each other, and produce few flow-
ers ; the leaves will alfo decay much fooner in clofe
plantations, than on Angle trees : therefore the great
beauty of them is, to ftand finely at a diftance from
all other trees, upon lawns of grabs in parks, where
their fruit will be of great fervice to deer, who are
very fond of them. In fuch fituations, when the trees
are grown to a good fize, there is not a finer objed
than they will afford during their feafon of flowering,
which is in May, and when the weather is moderate,
they will continue in beauty near a month.
As this tree is quick in its growth, fo in a few years
they will arrive to a fize large enough to afford a good
fhade in fummer, as alfo to produce plenty of flowers.
I have known trees which were railed from nuts, in
twelve or fourteen years, large enough to fhade two
or three chairs under the fpread of their branches, and
have been covered with flowers in the feafon, fo that
few trees make greater progrefs than thefe. But as
their wood is of little value, the trees ihould not be
propagated in too great plenty : a few therefore of
them placed at proper diftances in parks for ornament
is as many as Ihould be preferved, the wood not being
fit even for burning, nor any other ufe that I know of.
Thefe trees are propagated by lowing the nuts ; the
bell time for doing this is early in the fpring ; but the
nuts Ihould be preferved in fand during the winter,
otherwife they are apt to grow mouldy and rot. They
may indeed be planted in autumn, but then they will
be in danger of rotting if the winter Ihould prove very
wet, as aifo of being removed or eaten by vermin.
When the nuts fucceed, and have a proper foil, the
plants will Ihoot near a foot the firft fummer ; fo that
where they grow pretty clofe together, it will be pro-
per to tranfpiant them the following autumn, when
they ought to be planted in rows at three feet diftance,
and one foot afunder in the rows : in this nurfery they
may remain two years, by which time they will be fit
to plant where they are defigned to be continued; for
the younger thefe trees are planted out, the larger
they will grow. But there are many who will objedl
to their being planted out young in parks, becaufe
they will require a fence to fecure them againft the
cattle ; which will alfo be neceffary, whatever fize
they are when planted ; and if large, they muft be
well ftaked to prevent their being difplaced by ftrong
winds : which is another expence, and when we con- j
fider how much falter a young tree will grow, than
thofe which are removed at a greater age, there can
be no excufe foiv planting large trees.
This tree is not very nice in its culture, for it requires
little care in the management, and will thrive in moft
foils and fituations, but in a fandy loam they make
the greateft progrefs ; and if the foil b'e inclining to
moifture, the leaves will continue in verdure much
longer, than in very dry ground.
When thefe trees are tranfplanted, their roots fhould
be preferved as entire as poflibie, tor they do not fuc-
ceed well, when torn or cut ; nor fhould any of the
branches be fhortened, for there is, fcarce- any tree,^
which will not bear amputation better than this ; fo"
that when any branches are by accident broken, they
fhould be cut off clofe to the Item, that the wound
may heal over.
There is fomething very Angular in the growth of
thefe trees, which is the whole flioot being performed
in iefs than three weeks, after the buds are opened ;
in which time I have meafured fhoots a foot and a half
long, with their leaves fully expanded : and no fooner
are the flowers fallen, than the buds for the fucceeding
year are formed, which continue fwelling till autumn ;
at which time the folding covers are fpread over with
a thick tenacious juice, which ferves as a pigment to
defend the tender buds from the froft and rain in
winter ; but upon the firft return of warmth in the
fpring, this melts and runs off. whereby the bud is at
full liberty to extend. And what is remarkable in
this pigment, it is never fo far hardened as to injure
the tender buds, which are always formed at the ex-
tremity of the former year’s fhoot ; a plain direction
not to lfiorten them, for by fo doing, the future fhoots
are entirely cut off.
In Turkey the nuts of this tree are ground, and mixed
with the provender for their horfes, efpecially thofe
which are troubled with coughs, or are broken winded;,
in both which diforders, they are accounted very
good. Deer are very fond of the fruit, and at the
time of their ripening will keep much about the trees,
but efpecially in ftrong winds, when the nuts are
blown down, which they carefully watch, and greedily
devour as they fall.
There are fome old trees now Handing, which were
planted Angle, at a great diftance from any other ;
thefe are grown to a very large fize, and their heads
form a natural parabola, and when their flowers are
in full beauty, there is not any tree yet known in
Europe, which makes fo fine an appearance. I have
meafured fome of thefe trees, whole branches have
extended more than thirty feet in diameter, and their
heads have been fo clofe, as to afford a perfect fhade
in the hotteft feafons. Thefe were planted in 1679,
as appears by fome writings which are in the poiTeflion
of the perfons, who have now the property of the
land where they grow fo that although they are of
quick growth, yet they are not of fhort duration.
The Scarlet Horfe Cheftnut grows naturally in North
America, where it rifes to the height of twenty feet,
but does not fpread its branches to any great extent,
the flowers are wholly red, which are much fmaller
than thofe of the common fort, they are tubulous,
but want brims to expand, fo make but an indifferent
appearance, when compared to the other : however
for variety this fhould have a*p^ ace ln gardens.
It may be propagated by the nuts, if they are pro-
cured from the country where the trees naturally
grow ; for the feafons are feldom favourable enough
to ripen them in England. The nuts fhould be fown
in pots early in the fpring, and the pots plunged into
a moderate hot-bed to forward their growth; toward
the end of May, the pot Ihould be plunged into the
ground in a fouth-eaft border, and in dry weather the
plants fhould be duly watered, whereby they will ac-
quire ftrength by the autumn ; when it will be very
proper to icreen the plants from early frofts which,
often pinch the top buds, and occafion their decay in
the winter, for while the plants are young they are
impatient of frofts, but when they have obtained
ftrength
Li
A G A
liTcngth it feldom hurts them : the fpring following
the plants fhould be carefully feparated and planted
a foot diftance from e'ach other in a fheltered fituation-,
and the following winter, if it proves cold, it will be
proper to cover the plants with feme light covering
to protect them ; after the fecond winter they will re-
quire no farther flickering.
The common method now pracdfed by the nurfery-
men, who propagate thefe trees for fale, is by graft-
ing or budding them upon flocks of the Horfe Cheft-
nut, but as the flocks greatly out-grow the buds or
grafts, they have a bad appearance ; nor do the
, trees laft long.
iETHER [of a'iSfiv, Gr. to burn or flame ; fome of
the antients having fuppofed it to be of the nature of
fire.] It is ufually underftood to be a thin fubtile
matter or medium, much finer and rarer than air it-
lelf, which commences from the limits of the at-
mofphere, and poffeffes the whole heavenly fpace.
See Atmosphere and Air.
AGAVE, Lin. Gen. 390. American Aloe.
The Characters are,
The flower has no empalement , is flunnel-fhaped , and ofl
one leaf , which is cut at the brim into fix equal ferments-,
the oblong germen is jituated below the flower , upon which
rejls the fender ftyle, which is extended a conjiderabk length
beyondt be petals, and is crowned by a three cornered flcigma.
This is attended by fix ere ft Jlamina $ ofl the flame length ,
crowned by narrow flummits af ter the flower is paft, the
germen becomes an oblong three cornered feed vefflel, having
three cells , which are filled with flat feeds .
Dr. Linnaeus has feparated the plants of this genus
from the Aloe, to which they had been joined by for-
mer botanifts, becaufe the ftamina and ftyle in thefe
flowers are extended much longer than the corolla,
and the corolla reft upon the germen, which in the
Aloe are not fo. We may alfo mention another diffe-
rence in the growth of the plants, by which they may
be diftinguiflied before they flower •, which is, all the
plants of this genus have their center 1 leaves clofely
folding over each other, and embracing the flower
Item which is formed in the center-, fo that thefe never
flower until all the leaves are expanded, to give the
Item its liberty to advance, and when the flower is
paid, the plants die. Whereas the flower-flem of the
Aloe, is produced on one flde of the heart or center
of the plant, fo they flower annually, and the leaves
are always more expanded, than thole of this genus.
The Species are,
1. Agave {Americana) foiiis dentato-fpinofis fcapo ra-
mofo. Gen. Nov. 1102. The Great American Alo'e,
with a branching flalk. Aloe Americano muricata.
J-B.
2. Agave ( Virginia ) folks dentato-fpinofis fcapo fim-
pliciflimo. Lin. Sp. Plant. 323. American Aloe with a
fimple flalk.
3. Agave {Fcetida) foiiis integerrimis. Gen. Nov. Sp.
PI. 323. American Aloe with ftiff whole leaves. Aloe
Americana viridi rigidifiimo & fcetido folio piet difta
inciigerfis. Plort. Amft. 2. p. 35.
4. Agave ( Tuberofla ) radice tuberosa foiiis longiflimis
marginibus fpinofis. American Aloe , with a tuberous root
and very long leaves , with flpmes on their edges. Aloe
Americana radice tuberosa minor. Pluk. Aim. 19.
5. Agave {Vivipara) foiiis reflexis, marginibus denta-
tis. American Aloe with reflexed leaves , whofle edges are
indented. This is by fome called the Childing Aloe,
from its producing young plants after the flowers.
Aloe Americana fobolifera. Herm. H. Ludg. 16.
6. Agave (Karatto) folks eredis lsete virentibus, mar-
ginibus fufcis minime ferratis. American Aloe with
long deep greed leaves , edged with brown , and very flight ly
flawed. This is called in America Karatto.
7. Agave ( VeraCruz ) foiiis oblongis marginibus fpino-
fiffimis nigricantibus. American Aloe with oblong leaves,
whole edges are clofely beflet with black flpines, commonly
called Broad-leaved Aloe from Vera Cruz. Aloe America-
na ex Vera Cruce foiiis latioribus & glaucis. H. L.
8. Agave (Rigida) folks lineari-lanceolads integerrimis
. rigidis aculeo terminatis. Narrow-leaved Aloe from
A G A
Gera Cruz. Aloe Americana ex Vera Cruce foiiis
anguftioribus minus glaucis. Hort. Beam.
The firft fort here mentioned, has been long pre-
ferved in the Englifh gardens, where of late years
there have been feveral of the plants in flower. The
fteiris of this when the plants are vigorous, generally
rife upward of twenty feet high, and branch out on
every fide, fo as to form a kind of pyramid, the {len-
der fhoots being garnifhed with greenifh yellow flow-
ers, which Hand ered, and come out in thick clufters
at every joint. Thefe have fix long ftamina, crown-
ed with yellow fummits' placed round the ftyle, which
is alfo extended to the fame length as the ftamina.
After the flowers fall away, the germen, which is fi-
tuated beneath the flower, becomes an oblong trian-
gular veffel, divided into three cells, filled with com-
preffed feeds ; but thefe do not come to maturity in
England.
___ c J
When thefe plants flower, they make a fine appear-
ance, and continue a long time in beauty, if they are
protected from the cold in autumn, as there will be a
iucceflion of new flowers produced, for near three
months, in favourable feafons. It has been generally
believed, that this plant doth not flower until it is a
hundred years old ; but this is a great miftake, for the
time of its flowering depends on the growth of the
plants ^ fo that in hot countries where tney grow faff,
and expand many leaves every fealon, they will flower
in a few years, but in colder climates, where their
growth is flow, it will be much longer before they
fhoot up their idem. There is a variety of tnis fort
with ftriped leaves, which is now pretty common in
the Englifh gardens.
The plants of the fecond fort are fo like thofe of the
firft, as not to be diftinguiflied from them, but by
good judges. The principal difference is, me leaves
of this are narrower toward their extremity, and of a
paler colour : the ftems of this fort do not rife io high
as the firft, nor do they branch in the fame manner,
but the flowers are collected into a clofe head at the
top, they are however of the fame fhape and colour.
There has been three or four plants of this fort, which
have lately flowered in England, one of which was in
the Chelfea garden a few years paft. This fort feldom
puts out fo many offsets as the common Aloe.
The feventh fort greatly refembles thefe, fo that many
perfons have fuppofed it to be the fame but the
leaves of this are much thinner, the indentures on
their edges abundantly cloler, and not fo deep, as in
either of the former ; the fpines too are blacker.
How this differs from the others in flower I know not,
having feen none of their flowers produced in England.
Thefe three forts are hardy. I have known plants of
the firft fort live in the open air for fome years in mild
feafons, but in fevere winters they are always killed,
if not fheltered. They are propagated by offsets,
which the firft fort fends out in plenty, but the third
feldom puts out any -, fo thefe may be increafed by
taking off fome of the larger roots, at the time when
the plants are fhifted, planting them in pots filled
with light fandy earth, which will fhoot out and be-
come good plants, as I have experienced. The fe-
cond fort generally puts out fuckers enough for pro-
pagation, though not in fo great plenty as the firft.
All thefe fhould be planted in pots filled with light
fandy earth, and hauled in winter with oranges, myr-
tles, &c. and during that feafon, fhould have but lit-
tle wet. In the fummer they muft be placed abroad
in the open air, where they may ' remain till toward
the end of October, when they fliould be houfed
again. The feventh fort being a little tenderer than the
Other two, fliould be put into the green-houfe before
them, and may flay there a little longer in the fpring.
The third fort hath long narrow ftirf leaves, of a pale
green colour, not indented on their edges, but fre-
quently a little waved : the fide leaves fpread open,
but thofe in the center fold clofely over each other,
and fcriCtly furround the bud. The plants of this fort
rarely grow more than three feet high, but the flower-
ftem riles near twenty, and branches out much like
A G A
that of the firft, but more horizontally ; the flowers
are of the fame fhape, but fmaller, and of a greener
colour. After the flowers are paft, inftead of ieed-
veffels, young plants fucceed to every flower, fo that
all the branches are clofely befet with them, i here
was a plant of this kind which flowered in the Chelfea
garden 1755, the ftem of which begun to (hoot the
beginning of Q&ober, and by the end of that month
was upwards of ten feet high, by the end of Novem-
ber it was near twenty, and the lower lateral branches
were upward of four feet long, the others decreafmg
gradually, fo as to form a regular pyramid., In De-
cember the ftalks were clofely garmfhed with flowers,
and in the fpring, when the flowers dropped off, they
were fucceeded by young plants, which as they fell
off and dropped into the pots which flood near, put
out roots and become good plants. This fort never
produces offsets from the root, fo that it cannot be in-
creafed but when it flowers, at which time there will
be plenty enough. The old plant prefen tly after
dies.
The fourth fort hatli leaves fomewhat like the third
in fhape and colour, but they are indented on their
edges, and each indenture terminates in a fpine ; the
root of this fort is thick, and fwells jufl above the fur-
face of the ground, in other refpefts it agrees with
the former. This fort hath not flowered in England,
therefore I cannot tell how it differs in its flowers from
the other. I have railed this from feeds which were
fent me from America, but the plants never put out
fuckers from the roots, fo that it can only be propa-
gated by feeds. Dr. Linnaeus fuppofes it to be the
fame with the third fpecies, but whoever fees the plants
will not doubt of their being different.
The fifth fort never grows to a large fize •, the leaves
of it are feldom more than a foot and a half long, and
about two inches and a half broad at their bafe •, thefe
end in a (lender lpine, being (lightly indented on their
edges •, they are alfo reflexed backward toward their
extremity, and are of a dark green colour. The
flower-ftem riles about twelve feet high, and branches
out toward the top in the fame manner as the third
fort ; the flowers are nearly of the fame fize and co-
lour as thofe of the third, and after they fall off, are
fucceeded by young plants in the fame manner. A
plant of this kind flowered in the garden at Chelfea,
in December 1 754. This never produces any fuckers
from the root, fo cannot be iacreafed until it flowers.
The leaves of the fixth fort are from two feet and a
half to three feet long, and about three inches broad,
being of a dark green colour, ending in a black fpine •,
the borders of the leaves are of a browr.ifh red colour,
and (lightly ferrated. Thefe fcand more erect than in
the other fpecies ; but as this fort hath not flowered
in England, fo I cannot fay how it differs from the
other. The plants of it were fent me from St. Chrif-
topher’s, by the title of Koratto, which I fuppofe is
given indifferently to other fpecies of this genus ^ for
I have frequently heard the inhabitants of America
call the common great Aloe by the fame name.
The eighth fort hath long, narrow, iliff leaves, which
are entire, and are terminated by a iliff black fpine.
Thefe leaves are feldom more than two feet long, arid
little more than an inch broad, being of a glaucous
colour. The fide leaves (land almofl horizontally,
but the center leaves are folded over each other, and
inclofe the flower-bud. This fort never puts out
fuckers from the root, nor have I feen any plants of
this kind in flower, although there are many of them
in the Engliili gardens, forne of which are of a con-
flderable age.
The third, fourth, fifth, fixth, and eighth forts, are
much tenderer than the others, fo cannot be preferved
through the winter in England, unlefs they are placed
in a warm flove ; nor will they thrive if fet abroad in
fummer, therefore they fhould conflantly remain in
the flove, obferving to let them enjoy a great fhare of
free air in warm weather. They require alight fandy
earth, and fhould have little wet in winter •, but in
warm weather, may be gently watered twice a week,
A G E
which is as often as is neceffary for if they have much
water given them, it rots their roots, and then their
leaves will decay and infefls infefc them. They fhould
be fhifted eyery fummer into frefh earth, but mud
not be put into large pots, for unlefs their roots are
confined, the plants will not thrive.
AGEE. AT UM. Lin. Gen. Plant. 842. Baflard
Hemp Agrimony.
The Characters are,
The flowers are included in one common oblong empale-
ment , which is compofied of many flcales. , 'Thefe are uni-
form , tubulous , and hermaphrodite , and little longer than
the empale ment, each being cut at their margin into five
fegments , which [pread open. 2 hefe have five fender fta-
mina , crowned with cylindrical jumndts : in the center of
the flower is fiituated an oblong germen , fiupporting a fen-
der ftyle , crowned by two fine ftigmas. The germen after-
ward becomes an oblong angidar feed, crowned with its
proper little cup , cut into five narrow fegments , which
fipread open. The receptacle of the feed is firnall , naked,
and convex.
This genus of plants is by Dr. Linnaeus ranged in
his feventeenth clafs, entitled Syngenefla polygamia se-
qualis, the flowers having their (lamina joined together
in a cylinder, and there being male, female, and her-
maphrodite florets included in the fame common em=
palement.
The Species are,
1. Ageratum ( [Conyzoides ) foliis ovatis caule pilofo. Lin.
Sp. Plant. 839. Baflard Hemp Agrimony , with oval
leaves and a hairy fialk. Eupatorium humile Africa-
num fenecionis facie folio lamii. Pieim. Pars 161.
2. Ageratum. ( Houftonianum ) foliis oppofitis petiolatis
crenatis, caule hirfuto. Baflard Hemp Agrimony, with
leaves having long ftoot-fla.lks placed oppojite, whofie edges
are bluntly indented , and a hairy fitalk. Eupatorium
herbaceum melifiae folio villofum flore coeruleo.
Houfl. MSS.
3. Ageratum {Altiflhnum) foliis ovato cordatis rugofis
floralibus alternis, caule glabro. Lin. Sp. Plant. 839.
Baflard Hemp Agrimony , with rough , oval , heart-Jhaped
leaves, flower branches growing alternate, and a fimooth
ftalk. Eupatorium urticae foliis Canadenfe flore albo.
H. L.
The two firft are annual plants. The feeds of thefe
muft be fown on a hot-bed in the fpring, and when
the plants are come up and are ftrong enough to re-
move, they fhould be tranfplanted into another mo-
derate hot-bed, obferving to water and fhade them
until they have taken root, after which time they muft
have a good fhare of air in warm weather. In June
they fhould be inured to bear the open air, toward
the middle of which month, they may be tranfplanted
into the full ground, where they will begin to flower
in July, and continue flowering till the frofts in au-
tumn "deftroy them. The feeds ripen in September
and Oflober, and when any of them icatter upon the
ground, and the fame earth happens to be put on a
hot-bed the following fpring, the plants will come up
in great plenty, as they frequently do in the open air ;
but thefe plants will be too late to produce good feeds,
unlefs the fummer proves warm. The firft fort grows
naturally in Africa, and alfo in the iflands of Ameri-
ca •, for in tubs of earth which I received with plants
from Jamaica, Barbadoes, and Antigua, I have had
plenty of the plants arife, from feeds which, were Pat-
tered on the ground. The fecorid fort was found
growing naturally at La Vera Cruz, by the late Dr.
William Houftoun, who fent the feeds to Europe,
which have fo well fucceeded in many gardens, as to
become a weed in the hot-beds. There is a variety
of this with white flowers, which arifes from the fame
feeds.
The third fort grows naturally in North America, but
has been many years an inhabitant of the Englifh gar-
dens. This hath a perennial root and an annual ftalk \
the ftalks will grow five cr fix feet high, and toward their
tops put out fide branches : the leaves are fhaped like
a heart. At the ends of the {hoots the flowers are pro-
duced in large tufts, which are of a pure white-, and
E thefe
11
I
Ikde appearing in October, at a feafon when there is a
fcarcity of other flowers, renders it more valuable.
This fort is propagated by feeds, as alfo by parting
of the roots •, the latter method is commonly practifed
in England, be'caufe there are few autumns fo favour-
able as to ripen the feeds : but the feeds are frequent-
■ ly brought from North America, where this plant is
very common ; for being light, they are eafily wafted
about to a great diftance, where they come to matu-
rity j fo that where there are any plants growing, all
the adjoining land is filled with the feeds of them.
The beft time for planting and tranfplanting the roots
of this plant, is in autumn, foon after their ftalks de-
cay, that they may have good root before the drying
winds come on, otherwife they will not flower ftrong,
or make a good increafe. The roots fliould be allowed
three feet room every way, for as they fpread and in-
creafe very much, fo when they are cramped for
room, the plants ftarve, and in dry feafons their leaves
1 Will hang. They delight in a rich moiftfoil and open
fituation,wheretheywillproduce manyftalks fromeach
root, whicn will grow fo large as to form aconiiderable
brulh. This plant will bear the fevereft cold in winter.
A G E R AT Li M, or MAUDLIN. See Achillea.
AGERATUM PURPUREUM. See Erinus.
AGNUS CASTUS. See Vitex.
AGRIFOLIUM. See Ilex.
AGRIMONI A. Lin. Gen. Plant. 534. Agrimony.
The Characters are.
The empalement of the flower is of one leaf which is cut
into five acute fegments , and reft s on the germen. The
flower has five petals , which are plain and indented at their
extremity , but are narrow at their bafe , where they are
inferted in the empalement. In the center arifes a double
ftyle , refling on the germen , which is attended by twelve
fender ftamina, which are crowned with double compreffed
fummits. After the flower is paft , the germen becomes two
roundifh feeds faftened to the empalement.
This genus of plants is ranged by Dr. Linnmus in
the fecond feftion of his eleventh clafs, entitled Do-
decandria digynia, the flowers having twelve ftamina
and two ftyles.
The Species are,
1 . Agrimonia ( Eupatoria ) foliis caulinis pinnatis impari
petiolato, frutfibus hifpidis. Hort. Cliff. The common
Agrimony. Agrimonia oflicinarum. Tourn.
2. Agrimonia {Minor) foliis caulinis pinnatis, foliolis
obtufis dentatis. The white Agrimony. Agrimonia
minor flore albo. Hort. Cath.
3. Agrimonia ( Odorata ) altiflima, foliis caulinis pin-
natis foliolis oblongis acutis ferratis. The fweet-fcented
Agrimony. Agrimonia odorata. Camer.
4. Agrimonia' {Repens) foliis caulinis pinnatis, impari
feflili, frudtibus hifpidis. Lin. Sp. 643. Eaftern Agri-
mony with pinnated leaves and a thick creeping root. A-
grimonia orientalis humilis radice craffiffima repente
frudtu in fpicam brevem & denfam congefto. Tourn.
Cor.
5. Agrimonia (. Agrimonoides ) foliis caulinis ternatis fruc-
tibus glabris. Hort. Cliff. 179. Three leaved Agrimony
with fmooth fruit. Agrimonoides Col. Echpr.
The firft fort grows naturally in feveral parts of Eng-
land, by the fides of hedges, and in woods. This
is the fort which is commonly ufed in medicine, and
is brought to the markets by thofe who gather herbs
in the fields.
The fecond fort is the fmalleft of all the fpecies •, the
leaves of this have not fo many pinnae as the common
fort, and the pinnae are rounder, and the indentures
on their edges blunter. The fpike of flowers is Ren-
der, and the flowers fmaller, and of a dirty white co-
lour. This fort grows naturally in Italy, from whence
I received the feeds, and have conftantly found that
the feeds of this when fown never vary.
The third fort grows near four feet high the leaves of
this have more pinns than either of the former, which
ai e longer and narrower, ending in acute points ; the
ferratures of the leaves are fharper than any of the
other, and’ when handled emit an agreeable odour.
The leaves of this fort make an agreeable cooling tea,
which is a very good beverage for perfons in a fever,
in which diforder I have known it often prefcribed by
good phyficians.
The fourth fort is of humble growth, feldom riling
above two feet high •, the pinna; of its leaves are
longer and narrower than either of the former, and
the fpikes of flowers very fhort and thick. The roots
of this are very thick, and fpread widely under ground,
by which it multiplies fatter than either of the other -
the feeds are alfo much larger and rougher than thofe
of the common fort. This was fent by Dr. Tourne-
fort to the royal garden at Paris, and from thence the
other botanic gardens have been fupplied with them.
The fifth fort greatly refembles the other in the fliape
of its pinnse (or fmaller leaves) but there are but three
upon each foot-ftalk the flower of this hath a double
empalement, the outer one being fringed. There
are but feven or eight ftamina in each flower, and the
feeds are fmooth, for which reafon Fabius Columna,
and other writers on botany, have feparated it from
the Agrimony, making it a diftincft genus.
All thefe forts are hardy perennial plants, which will
thrive in almoft any foil or fituation, and require no
other care but to keep them clear from weeds. They
may be propagated by parting of their roots, which
ftiould be done in autumn, when their leaves begin
to decay, that the plants may be well eftablifhed be-
fore the fpring. They fhould not be planted nearer
than two feet, that their root;s may have room to
fpread. They may alfo be propagated by feeds, which
fhould be fown in autumn, for if they are kept out of
the ground till fpring, they feldom come up the fame
feafon.
AGROSTEMMA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 516. Wild
Lychnis or Campion.
The Characters are.
The empalement of the flower is permanent , of one leaf
which is tubulous , thick , and cut into five narrow feg-
ments at the edge •, the floiver is compofed of five petals ,
which are the length of the tube , but fpread open at the
top. In the center is fituated an oval germen fupporting
five ftyles , which are /lender, ere A, and crowned with
fimple ftigma. Thefe are attended by ten ftamina , five of
which are inferted in the bafe of the petals , and the others
ft and alternately between : after the flower is paft, the ger-
men becomes an oval oblong capfule, having one cell open-
ing into five divifions , which is filled with angular feeds.
This genus of plants is by Dr. Linnteus ranged in
the fifth feflion of his tenth clafs, entitled Decandria
pentagynia, the flowers of this divifion having ten fta-
mina and five ftyles.
The Species are,
1. Agrostemma ( Githago ) hirfuta calycibus corollam
tequantibus petalis integris nudis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 435.
Hairy wild Lychnis, whofe empalement is equal with the
corolla , and the petals entire and naked, commonly called
Corn Campion. Lychnis fegetum major. C. B. P.
2. Agrostemma ( Celirofa ) glabra foliis linearirianceola-
tis petalis emarginatis coronatis. Hort. Upfal. 115.
Smooth wild Campion with narrow fpcar-fhaped leaves,
and the petals of the flowers indented at their brim. Lych-
nis foliis glabris calyce duriore. Bocc. Sic. 27.
3. Agrostemma {Coronaria) tomentofa foliis ovato-lan-
ceolatis, petalis integris coronatis. Hort. Upfal. 1 1 5.
The fingle Rofe Campion. Lychnis coronaria Diofcori-
dis fativa. C. B. P. 203.
4. Agrostemma {Flos Jovis) tomentofa petalis emargi-
natis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 436. Umbelliferous Mountain Cam-
pion. Lychnis umbellifera montana Helvetica. Zan.
Hift. 128.
The firft fort grows naturally in the com fields in moft
parts of England, fo is feldom admitted into gardens.
The fecond fort grows naturally in Sicily, and being
a plant of little beauty, is only preferved in botanic
gardens for the fake of variety.
The fingle Rofe Campion has been long an inhabitant
of the Englifh gardens, where, by its feed having
fcattered, it is become a kind of weed. There are
three varieties of this plant, one with deep red, another
with flefh-coloured, and a third with white flowers,
7 but
J
A I R
but thefe are of fmall efteem ; for the double Rofe
Campion being a fine flower, has turned the others
out of molt. fine gardens. The Angle forts propagate
fail enough by the feeds, where they are permitted to
fcatter, for the plants come up better from felf-fown
feeds, than when they are fown by hand, efpecially if
they are not fown in autumn.
The fort with double flowers, which is a variety of
the former, never produces any feeds, fo is only pro-
pagated by parting of the roots ; the belt time for this
is in autumn, after their flowers are paft ; in doing of
this, every head which can be flipped off with roots
fliould be parted. Thefe fliould be planted in a bor-
der of frefh undunged earth, at the diftance of fix
inches one from the other, obferving to water them
gently until they have taken root •, after which they
will require no more, for much wet is very injurious
to them, as is alfo dung. In this border they may re-
main till fp ring, when they fliould to be planted into the
borders of the flower-garden, where they will be very
ornamental during the time of their flowering, which
is July and Auguft.
The fifth fort grows naturally upon the Helvetian
mountains ; this is a low plant, with woolly leaves •,
the flower-ftem rifes near a foot high ; the flowers '
grow in umbels on the top of the ftalk, which are of
a bright red colour. It flowers in July, and the feeds
ripen in September. It muff have a fhady fituation,
and will thrive belt in a moift foil.
AIR [Jer, Lat. ’A vp, of A dsl feTv, becaufe it always
flows ; or as others, of ofapi, to breathe.] By air is
meant all that fluid expanded mafs of matter which
furrounds our earth, in which we live and walk, and
which we are continually receiving and calling out
again by refpiration.
The fubftance whereof air confifts, may be reduced
to two kinds, viz.
1. The matter of light or fire, which is continually
flowing into it from the heavenly bodies.
2. Thofe numberlefs particles, which is in form ei-
ther of vapours, or dry exhalations, are raifed from
the earth, water, minerals, vegetables, animals, &c.
either by the folar, fubterraneous, or culinary fire.
Elementary air, or air properly fo called, is a certain
fubtile, homogeneous, elaftic matter, the bafis or fun-
damental ingredient of the atmofpherical air, and that
which gives it the denomination.
Air therefore may be confidered in two refpe&s ; ei-
ther as it is an univerfal affemblage, or chaos, of all
kinds of bodies ^ or as it is a body endued with its
own proper qualities.
1. That there is fire contained in all air is demonftra-
ble, in that it is evident, that there is fire exifting in
all bodies, and to this fire it is that air feems to owe
all its fluidity ; and were the air totally divefted of
that fire, it is more than probable that it would coa-
lefce into a folid body] for it is found by many expe-
riments, that the air condenfes and contracts itfelf fo
much the more, the lefs degree of warmth it has ;
and, on the contrary, expands itfelf the more, accord-
ing as the heat is greater.
2. In refpeCt of exhalations, air may be faid to be a ge-
neral collection of all kinds of bodies •, for there are no
bodies but what fire will render volatile, and difperfe
into air ; even falts, fulphurs, and Hones, nay and
gold itfelf, though the heavieft and moll fixed of all
bodies, are convertible into vapours by a large burn-
ing-glafs, and are carried on high.
Thole floating particles, thus raifed from terreftrial
bodies, are moved and agitated by the fiery particles
divers ways, and are diffufed through the whole at-
mofphere.
Of the matters thus raifed in the atmofphere, thofe
which come from fluid bodies, are properly called va-
pours, and thofe from folid or dry ones, exhalations.
The caufe of this volatility and afcent is the fire,
without which all things would fall immediately dov/n
towards the’center of the earth, and remain in eternal
reft.
Thus, if the air be full of vapours, and the cold luc-
A l R
ceeds, thefe vapours before difperfed are congregated
and condenfed into clouds, and thus fall back again
into the form of water, rain, fnow, or hail.
From the time of the entrance of the fpring till au-
tumn, the evaporation is conftant ^ but then it begins
to fail, and in the winter ceafes, to lay up frefh mat-
ter for the coming feafon.
And thus it is that frofty winters, by congealing the
waters, and by covering the earth with a cruft, and
thus imprifoning the exhalations, make a fruitful
fummer.
And this feems to be the reafon why in fome coun-
tries, where the winter is feverer than ordinary, the
fpring is more than ordinary fruitful ; for in fuch
places the exhalations being pent up a long time, are
difeharged in the greater quantity, when the fun makes
them a paffage ; whereas, under a feebler cold, the
flux would have been continual, and confequently no
great flock referved for the next occajfion.
This vaporous matter then being at length received
into the atmofphere, is returned again in the form of
rain, a forerunner of a chearful crop.
As the fun retires, the cold fucceeds, and thus the
diverfity of the feafons of the year depends on a change
in the face of the cruft of the earth, the prefence of
the air, and the courfe of the fun. *
And hence we conceive the nature of meteors, which
are all either collections of fuch vapours and exhala-
tions, or difperfions thereof.
The fubtiler oils are always rifing into the air. Now
two clouds, partly formed of fuch oils, happening to
meet and mix, by the attrition, the oil frequently takes
fire, and hence proceed thunder, lightnings, and
other phenomena, which may be farther promoted
by the difpofition of the clouds to favour the exci-
tation.
And hence arife great and hidden alterations in the
air, infomuch that it fhall be now intenfely hot, and
raife the fpirits perhaps to eighty-eight degrees in a
thermometer •, and yet, after a clap of thunder with
a fhower, it fhall fall again in a few minutes no lefs
than twenty or thirty degrees.
It is therefore impoffible to pronounce what the de-
gree of heat will be in any givfen place at any time,
even though we know ever fo well the places and po-
fition of the fun and planets with refpeCt to us, fince
it depends fo much upon other variable things, no
ways capable of being afeertained.
The lower the place, the clofer, denfer, and heavier
is the air, till at length you arrive at a depth where
the fire goes out ; fo that miners, who go deep, to
remedy this inconvenience, are forced to have re-
courfe to an artificial wind, raifed by the fall of wa-
ters, to do the office of the other air.
Now, confidering the air as fuch a chaos, or affem-
blage of all kinds of bodies, and a chaos fo extremely
liable to change, it muff needs have a great influ-
ence on vegetable bodies.
3. Air confidered in itfelf, or that properly called air.
Betides the fire and exhalations contained in the cir-
cumambient atmofphere, there is a third matter,
which is what we properly mean by air.
To define the nature of it would be extremely diffi-
cult, inafmuch as its intimate affections are unknown
to us •, all we know is,
1. That air is naturally an homogeneous fimilar
body.
2. That it is fluid.
3. That it is heavy.
4. That it is elaftic.
5. That it rarefies by fire, and contracts by cold.
6. That it is compreflible by a weight laid thereon,
and rifes, and reftores itfelf upon a removal of the
fame : all which circumftances fliould incline it to
coalefce into a folid, if fire were wantihg.
1. Air is divided into real and permanent, and ap-
parent or tranfient.
Real air is not reducible by any compreflion or con-
denfation, or the like, into any fubftance befides air.
Tranfient air is the contrary of the former, and by
cold.
2 a
I
A I R
told, &c. may be condenfed into original water ; the
difference between permanent and tranfient air,
amounts to the fame as that between vapour and exha-
lation •, the one, e. g, being dry, and the other rnoift.
Hence, as Sir Ifaac Newton fays, it is, that as the
particles of permanent air are grofier, and arife from
denfer bodies, than thofe of tranfient air or vapour,
true air is more ponderous than vapour, and a moift
atmofphere lighter than a dry one.
But this real air no where confifts in its purity, but
that air which concerns us, and the properties and ef-
fects of which are chiefly to be confidered, is that
which has been before treated on and defcribed, which
Mr. Boyie acknowledges to be the moft heterogene-
ous body in the univerle •, and Dr. Boerhaave fhews
it to be 'an univerfal chaos and colluvies of all the
kinds of created bodies in the univerfe, and in which
may be found whatever fire can volatize.
2. That the air is fluid, appears from the eafy paf-
fage it affords to bodies through it ; as in the propa-
gation of founds, fmells, and other effluvia ; for thefe
things £hew it a body that gives way to any force im-
prejffed, and in yielding are eaiily moved among them-
felves, which are the properties of a fluid ; fo that
fcarce any body will call in queftion, whether air be
a fluid, and thence being always in motion, and al-
ways moving other bodies, for no furface of any li-
quor that is contiguous to the air, can be at reft.
3. As to the gravity or heavinefs of the air, that is
likewife eafily proved ; for that the air is heavy, fol-
lows from its being a body, weight being an eflential
property of matter.
Senfe and experiment fufficiently prove this : for, if
a perfon lay his hand upon an open veffel placed on
an air-pump, and the air be exhaufted, he will fenfi-
bly feel the load of the incumbent atmofphere to in-
creafe, and prefs upon the upper part of his hand, as
the air is exhaufting.
In like manner, a hollow lphere of five or fix inches
diameter, divided into two fegments exaftly fitting
each other, after the air is exhaufted out of them, are
prefted together with a force equal to a hundred
pounds weight, and require the ftrength of two ftrong
perfons to pull them afunder •, which, as foon as ever
the air is let into them again, will fall afunder by the
mere weight of the under hemifphere.
Mn Boyle found that a lamb’s bladder, containing
about two thirds of a pint, and blown up, and well
dried, loft about a grain and one eighth, when it was
pricked, and the air let out.
Mr. Gravefande found, that the air in a glafs ball of
about two hundred and eighty-three inches capacity,
weighed a hundred grains •, and according to Burcher
de Voider, a cubic foot of air is in weight one ounce,
and twenty-feven grains.
Mr. Boyle has computed, that the weight of any
quantity of air, near the furface of the earth, is to
water as 1 to 1000 ; and Dr. Halley, as 1 to 800 ;
and Mr. Hawkfbee, as 1 to 885 •, and the gravity of
the fame quantity of air to the fame quantity of mer-
cury, as 1 to. 10800.
Air therefore may be confidered as an univerfal oper-
culum, or cover, which by its weight keeps all ter-
reftrial bodies down, and hinders them from flying off.
4. The air is eiaftic. Elafticity is a quality whereby
a body yields to any external impreflions by contract-
ing itfelf into lefs compafs ; and upon removing or
diminilhing the inipreffive power, returns to its for-
mer fpace or figure. And by this quality, the air is
diftinguilhed from all other bodies in the atmofphere;
neither fire nor exhalations appearing to be eiaftic, at
leaft in any notable degree.
That there is fuch a quality in the air, is evident from
innumerable experiments ; and this property is infe-
p arable from it. A bladder full blown being fqueezed
in the hand, the included air may be fenfibly per-
ceived to refill the touch*, fo that upon ceafing to com-
prefs it, the cavities or impreflions, which were made
in its furface, are immediately expanded again, and
filled up.
A I R
Alfo thin glafs bubbles, or bladders full of air, arid
exaCtly doled, and put into the receiver of an air-
pump, the air being exhaufted out of the receiver,
the glafs bubbles fly in pieces by the force of the air
included in them.
From thefe experiments, and many others, it appears,
that the air we breathe near the furface of the earth
is comprefled by its own weight into at leaft 1679
parts of the fpace it would poflefs in vacuo ; and if the
fame air be condenfed by art, the fpace it will occupy,
when moft dilated, will be as 505000 ,to 1, to that
which it pofieftes when condenfed ; and Dr. Wallis
fuggefts, that we are far from knowing the utmoft it
is capable of.
Nor does this power appear capable by any means to
be deftroyed or diminifhed ; for Mr. Boyle made fe-
veral experiments to difeover how long air, brought
to the greateft degree of expanfion he could reduce it
to in his air-pump, would retain its fpring, and could
never obferve any fenfible diminution*, although the
air was clogged fome months with a weight that one
would admire how it Ihould fupport one moment.
It is, indeed, a wonderful property in air, that it
fhould be capable of being contracted and extended
infinitely*, but, as hath been laid, it does not appear,
by all the experiments yet tried, that there are any
limits ofiits compreffion or expanfion ; but ftill by the
addition of a new weight, it will contract farther; and
by taking the weight away, will expand farther.
5. Air rarefies by fire, and contracts by cold.
The colder the air is, the lefs fpace it takes up ; and,
on the contrary, the warmer the air is, it pofieftes the
larger fpace ; and fo cooling and compreffion have the
fame effeCts upon air ; and fo cold and compreffion
keep pace with one another.
The fame holds of warming and diminilhing of
weight, or heat and expanfion, which go hand in
hand.
And to the fame eiaftic power before-mentioned, and
its being expanded by heat, it is owing, that air in-
clofed in glafs veftels, at a time when it is much con-
denfed, when it afterwards comes to expand by a far-
ther degree of heat, frequently burfts the bottles.
6. Air iscompreflibleby a weight laid thereon, and rifes
and reftores itfelf upon a removal of the fame. This
property has been fufficiently fttewn by what has been
laid before, and efpecially under the head of elafticity;
wherefore, having confidered the properties of air, I
fhall take notice of fome of its operations and effeCls
as to the bulinefs of vegetation.
Air, by being heavy and fluid, invefts the whole earth,
and prefffes all the bodies thereon with a great force,
equal to what they would fuftain from the prefliire of
a column of 29 inches depth of mercury, or 32 feet
of water ; and conftringes and binds them down with
a force amounting, according to the computation of
Mr. Pafchal, to 2232 pounds weight upon every
fquare foot, or upwards of 1 5 pounds upon every
fquare inch. Hence it prevents, e. g. the arterial
veftels of plants and animals from being too much
diftended by the impetus of the circulating juices, or
by the eiaftic force of the air fo plentifully lodged in
the blood of one, and the lap of the other. For,
The air preftes equally every way, as is confirmed in
what we obferve of foft bodies fuftaining this prefliire
without any change of figure, and brittle bodies with-
out their breaking.
Air is a principal caufe of the vegetation of plants, an
inftance of which we have from Mr. Ray, in the Phi-
lofophical T ranfafrions of Lettuce-ieed, that was
lbwn in the glafs-receiver of the air-pump, which was
exhaufted and cleared from all air, which grew not
at all in eight days time ; whereas fome of the fame
feed that was fown at the fame time in the open air,
was rilen to the height of an inch and a half in that
time ; but the air being let into the empty receiver,
the feed grew up to the height of two or three inches
in the fpace of one week.
That a certain portion of air is neceffary to preferve
the growing quality of feeds is manifeft, from many
repeated
I
AIR
repeated experiments ; by putting up feeds into glafs
bottles, and fealing the bottles hermetically, and in
fix months thofe feeds have loft their growing quality;
whereas part of the fame feeds which were kept in
bags, grew at the age of two years ; therefore it fhould
caution perfons not to exclude the air from their leeds,
if they intend they fliould grow.
Another inftance of the ufefulnefs of the air in vege-
tation, is the Sedum, which will pufli out roots with-
out earth and water, and live for feveral months : and
fome forts of Aloes, if hung up in a room entirely
lecured from frofts, will remain frefh for fome years,
though they will fenfibly lofe in their weight.
Air is capable of penetrating the porous and fpongy
parts of plants, and being there contrafted, and di-
lating itfelf again.
The air operates alfo within the bov/els of the earth,
and by its fubtilty perfpiring through the pores, affifts
in the rarefaction of the crudities of the earth, and in
the diipelling all fuperfluous moifture, entering into
the very pores and veins of the trees, plants, herbs,
&c. carrying along with it thofe fairs contained either
in itfelf, or lodged in the earth •, which fairs or juices,
are altered according to the feveral figures or dimen-
fions of the different ftrainers or veffeis of thofe feve-
ral plants, which grow upon the fame fpot of earth,
which is fo impregnated with thefe fairs : and thence
thofe varieties in tafte and fmell proceed, notwith-
ftanding-they all receive their nourifhment from the
fame frock that is lodged in the earth.
The air alfo affects the branches, leaves, and flowers
of trees, plants, and herbs, entering and perfpiring
through them, and even through the bark and body
of the tree ; and by the fame kind of fubtilty it does,
by its refrefhing breezes, moderate the intenfenefs of
the fun-beams, cooling, cheating, blowing, opening
and extending all the offspring of nature.
The air fixes and infinuates its aerial fubftance into
the liquid fap of vegetables : and as all the agitations
in nature proceed from the contrariety of parts inha-
biting together, in this, aerial and liquid fubftances
being mixed, caufe this agitation and motion in ve-
getables, or, more properly, fet it all into a ferment
(whether it be in the roots, or in the Item) ; and it
rifes by co-operation of the fun (which is the third
agent in vegetation) up to the top of a tree, &c. as
liquids rife by fire to the top of the containing vefiel.
This air, we find, produces a vibratory motion in fe-
veral bodies •, and particularly in plants, the air vef-
feis thereof do the office of lungs : for the air con-
tained in them, fometimes contrafling, and fometimes
expanding, according as the heat is increafed or di-
mmifhed, preffes the veffeis, and eafe them again by
turns ; and thus promotes a circulation of their juices,
which could fcarce be otherwile effefted.
Air, fays the learned Dr. Hales, is a fine elaftic fluid,
with particles of very different natures floating in it,
whereby it is admirably fitted by the great Author of
nature to be the breath or life of vegetables as well
as animals, without which they can no more live nor
thrive than animals can.
As a proof of the great quantities of air in vegetables,
he refers to the third chapter of his excellent treatife
of Vegetable Statics, where he fays, in the experi-
ments on Vines, the great quantity of air was vifible,
which was continually afcending through the fap in
the tubes ; which manifeftly fhews what plenty of it
is taken in by vegetables, and is perlpired off with
the fap through the leaves.
He adds feveral experiments, as to an Apple branch,
Apricot branch, Birch, and other plants, to prove the
fame thing.
And Dr. Grew has obferved, that the poqfo are fo
large in the trunks of fome plants, as in the better
fort of thick walking-canes, that they are vifible to
a good eye without a glafs ; but with a glafs, the cane
feems as if ftuck at top full of holes with great pins,
fo large as very well to refemble the pores of the fkin
in the ends of the fingers and ball of the hand.
In the leaves of Pines, they are likewife through a
A I R
glafs a very elegant fhew. Handing almoft exa&ly in
rank and file through the length of the leaves.
Whence it may be thought probable, that the air
freely enters plants, not only with the principal fund
of nourilhment by the roots, but alfo through the
furface of their trunks and leaves, elpecially at night,
when they are changed from a perfpiring, to a ftrongly
imbibing ftate.
Dr. Hales likewife tells us, that in all thofe experi-
ments that he tried to this purpofe, he found that the
air entered very flowly at the bark of young ftioots
and branches, but much more freely through old
bark ; and that in different kinds of trees it had dif-
ferent degrees of more or lefs free entrance.
And likewife, that there is fome air both in an elaftic
and unelaftic ftate, mixed with the earth (which may
well enter the roots with the nourifhment), he found
by feveral experiments, which he gives in the before-
mentioned treatife.
The excellent Mr. Boyle, in making many experi-
ments on the air, among other difcoveries found, that
a good quantity of air was producible from vegetable^,
by putting Grapes, Plums, Goofberries, Peafe, and
feveral other forts of fruits and grains into exhaufted
and unexhaufted receivers, where they continued for
feveral days emitting great quantities of air.
This put the curious Dr. Hales upon farther re-
fearches to find out what proportion of air he could ob~
% tain out of the different vegetables, in which it was
lodged and incorporated, which he performed by di-
vers chymio-ftatical experiments, which he gives in
many inftances in his treatife of the analyfis of the air,
plainly fliewing in what manner he performed them,
and the events of them.
That from half a cubic inch, or 135 grains of heart
of Oak, freflh cut from a growing tree, there were 10S
cubic inches of air generated, which is a quantity
equal to 216 times the bulk of the piece of Oak ; that
the weight of it was above 30 grains, one quarter
part of the weight of 135 grains.
And he adds, that he took the like quantity of thin
ftiavings from the fame piece of Oak, and dried them
at fome diftance from a gentle fire for 24 hours •, in
which time they evaporated 44 grains of moifture ;
which 44 grains dedudled from 135 grains, there re-
mains 91 grains for the folid part of the Oak: then 30
grains will be one third of the weight of the folid part
of the Oak.
He gives another experiment of Indian Wheat, which
grew in his own garden, that he took 388 grains of
it when it was not come to its full maturity, and that
there were generated from it 270 cubic inches of air;
the weight of which air was 77 grains, viz. one fourth
of the weight of the Wheat.
And again, that a cubic inch, or 3 1 8 grains of Peafe
generated 396 cubic inches of air, or 113 grains, i. e.
fomething more than one third of the weight of the
Peafe.
And again, that from one ounce, or 437 grains of
Muftardfeed, 270 cubic inches of air were generated,
or 77 grains, which is more than one fixth part of the
ounce weight.
He likewife adds, that there is a great plenty of air
incorporated into the fubftance of vegetables, which,
by the adtion of fermentation, is routed into an elaftic
ftate, as is evident from thefe experiments following.
On the 2d day of March, he poured 42 cubic inches
of ale from the tun, which had been there fet to' fer-
ment 34 hours before into a bolt head; and from that
time to the 9th of June, it generated 639 cubic in-
ches of air, with a very unequal progreflion, more or
lefs, as the weather was warm, cool, or cold ; and
fometimes, upon a change from warm to cool, it re-
forbed air, in all 32 cubic inches.
From the 2d of March to the 16th of April, 12 cu-
bic inches of Malaga Raifins, with 1 8 cubic inches of
water, generated 41 1 cubic inches of air; and then
again, it reforbed 35 cubic inches in two or three cold
days.. From the 21ft of April to the 16th of May,
it generated 78 cubic inches ; after which, the 9th of
F June,
lA
ALA
A I R
June, it continued in a reforbing ftate, fo as to reforb
13 cubic inches : that there were at that feafon many
hot days, with much thunder and lightning, which
deftroys the elafticity of the air : there were generated
in all 489 cubic inches, of which 48 were abforbed.
The liquor was at laft vapid.
On the 10th of Align'd, 26 cubic inches of Apples
being mafhed, they generated 986 cubic incites of air
- in 13 days time, which is a quantity equal .to 48 times
their bulk ; after which they reforbed a quantity equal
to their bulk, in three or four days, notwithftanding
the weather was then very hot •, after which time they
were ftationary for many days, neither generating nor
abforbing.
From which before-mentioned experiments on Raifms
and ale, the ingenious author concludes, that wine
and ale do not turn vapid in warm weather by im-
bibing the air, but by fermenting and generating too
much ; by which means they are deprived of their
- enlivening principle the air : for which reafon, thtefe
liquors are belt preferved in cool cellars, whereby this
. shelve invigorating principle is kept within due
bounds •, which when they exceed, wines are upon
the fret, and are in danger of being fpoiled.
Upon thefe, and many other experiments, which the
learned author has given in his aforefaid treatife, he
obferves, that this air which arifes in fo great quan-
tities from fermenting and diffolving vegetables, is
true permanent air ; which is certain, by its continuing
in the fame expanded and elaftic ftate for many weeks
and months; which expanded watery vapours will not
do, but foon condenfe when cold. .
Upon the whole, he concludes, that air abounds in
vegetable fubftances, and bears a confiderable part in
them : and if all the parts of matter were only en-
dowed with a ftrongly attracting power, all nature
would then immediately become one un active co-
hering lump.
Wherefore it was abfolutely necefiary, in order to the
situating this vaft mafs of attracting matter, that there
iliould he every where mixed with it a due proportion
■ of ftrongly-repelling elaftic particles, which might
enliven the whole mals by the mediant aition between
them and the attracting particles.
And fmee thefe elaftic particles are continually in
great abundance reduced by the power of the ftrong
attracters, from an elaftic to a fixed ftate, it was there-
fore necefiary that thefe particles fhould be endued
with a property of refuming their elaftic ftate, when-
ever they were clifengaged from that mafs in which
they were fixed, that thereby this beautiful frame of
things might be maintained in a continual round of
the production and diffolution of vegetables as v. ell as
animal bodies.
The air is very inftrumental in the procluftion and
growth of vegetables, both by invigorating their fe-
veral juices, while in an elaftic adive ftate, and alfo
by greatly contributing in a fixed ftate, to the union
and firm connexion of the feveral conftituent parts of
. thofe bodies, viz. their water, fire, fait, and earth.
To conclude, by reafon of thofe properties of the air
before-mentioned, it is very ferviceable to vegetables,
in that it blows up and breaks open the clouds,
thofe treafures of rain, which fertilize the vegetable
kind.
The air alfo helps to waft or difperfe thofe foggy hu-
mid vapours which arife from the earth, and would
otherwise ftagnate, and poifon the whole face of the
earth.
The air, by the affiftance of the fun, affumes and
fublimates thofe vapours into the upper regions ; and
■ thefe foggy humid vapours are, by this fublimation,
- and the coercive power of the air and fun, rarefied
and made of fecond ufe in vegetation.
• And on the contrary, to the benign quality of the air,
which is fo many ways fUbfervient to vegetables, it
is alfo fometimes, and upon fome accounts, injurious
■ -and pernicious to them ; not only to the ligneous,
herbaceous, and flowery parts above, but alfo to the
■- roots- and fibres below : for in that the air penetrates
7
into the earth, it is eafy to be concluded; that a dry,
hufky, fcorching air, may be very prejudicial to the
tender fibres of new planted trees-.
It may be likewife fuppofed, that all bodies of earth
are more or lefs capable of imbibing the fluid air, and
of attracting fuch fa-lts as either the ai-r can give, or
the earth is capable of receiving.
A I Z O O N. Sempervive.
This name Dr. Linnaeus has given to a plant near of
kin to the Fieoides, which has been called Ficoidea,
by fome modern betanifts.
The Chabwcters are,
It hath a permanent empalement of one leaf which is cut
into five acute Segments at the top : there are no petals in
the flower , but the five-cornered germen refits on the em-
p dement , fupporting five fifes , which are crowned with
fimple- fiigma \ thefe are attended by many hairy ftaniina,
which are inf cried into the mp dement, and are crowned
with fimple fummits . The germen afterward becomes a
[welling five-cornered capfuls , having five cells , in which
are lodged many roundijh feeds.
This genus of plants is by Dr. Linnaeus ranged in
the fifth divifion of his twelfth clafs, entitled Icofandria
Pentagynia, the flowers of this clafs having more than
nineteen ftamina, and in this divifion they have five
llyles.
The Species are,
1. Aizoon ( Canarienfis ) foliis cuneiformi-ovatis fioribus
feflilibus. Flort. Upfal. 127. Sempervive with oval
wedge-fihaped leaves , and flowers without f 00 t-ftalks. Fi-
coidea procumbens portulacte folio. Nifibl. Ad. Par.
1 7 1 1 .
2. Aizoon ( Hifpanicum ) foliis lanceolatis fioribus feftiii-
bus. Lin. Sp. Plant. 488. Sempervive with fipear-
Jhaped leaves and flowers, having no foot-folks. Ficoidea
Hifpanica annua folio longiore. Hort. Elth. 143.
3. Aizoon fiP amculatum) foliis lanceolatis fioribus pani-
culatis. Lin. Sp. PI. 448. Sempervive with [pear -fib aped,
leaves and flowers growing in panicles. Aizoon foliis
lanceolatis fubtus hirfutis. Prod. Leyd. 221.
As we have no Englifh names for thefe plants, fo I
have adopted this of Sempervive, which hath been
applied to the Aloe and Sedum, both which have
been alfo titled Aizoon and Sempervivum.
The firft fort is a native of the Canary I Hands : this
is an annual plant, which mult be railed on a mode-
rate hot-bed in the fpring ; and when the plants are
fit to tranfplant, they fhould be carefully taken up,
and planted each into a fmall pot filled with frefti light
earth, and plunged into another moderate hot-bed,
obferving to fhade them from the fun until they have
taken freih root ; after which they muft be hardened
by degrees to bear the open air, into which they
fhould be removed in June, placing them in a ihel-'
tered fit nation, where they will flower, and ripen their
feeds in September, foon after which the plants will
perifh.
The fecond fort grows naturally in Spain •, this is alfo
an annual plant, v/fiofe branches trail on the ground;
the flowers have no beauty, fo thefe plants are only
preferved by thofe who are curious in collecting rare
plants for the lake of variety.
The third fort grows naturally at the Cape of Good
Hope, from whence the feeds were brought to Europe.
This is alfo of humble growth, and perifhes foon after
the feeds are ripe.
Thefe may be propagated in the fame manner as the
firft, and when the plants have acquired ftrength, they
may be planted in the full ground ; but they require
a poor Tandy foil, for in rich ground they will grow
very luxuriant in branches, but will not flower till late
in the feafon, fo rarely perfect their feeds ; but when
they are planted in dry fand, or lime rubbifh, they
Will be more produdive of flowers, and lefs vigorous
in their branches.
ALA is the hollow of a ftalk, which either the leaf,
or the pedicle of. the leaf, makes with the ftalk or
branches ; or it is that hollow firms placed between
the ftalk or branch and leaf, from whence a new off-
fpringris wont to put forth, which the French call,
Jljfielles
A L A
Jifelies des Plantes. Sometimes it is ufed for leaves
which confift of many lobes or wings.
Alse is alfo ufed to fignify thofe petala of papiliona- '
. ceous flowers placed between the Vexillum and the
Carina, which the French call, Les dales des Fleurs le-
gmnineufes.
Ake is alfo ufed for thofe extreme {lender membrana-
ceous parts of certain feeds ; as is the Bignonia Plu-
meria, the fruit of the Maple, &c. which the French
call Semences dilees. Again,
Alse is ufed for thofe foliaceous membranes which run
the whole length of the ftem ; whence it is called,
Caulis alatus , a winged ftalk ; in French, Pige ailee : but
modern writers have ftyled thefe foliis decurrentibus ,
or running leaves, becaufe thefe alse or wings are con-
nected with the leaves.
ALAB ASTRA, are thofe green herbaceous leaves
that encompafs flowers. Jungius explains Alabaf-
trum to be the globe, or roundifli bud, that is but
juft; peeping Out.
ALATERNOIDES. See Phylica, Clutia,
and Ceanothus.
ALATERNUS [called ’eaahoV/hjOs as though of
iXalu, an Olive, and zj-pkgp, an Ilex], or evergreen
. Privet.
The Characters are,
It hath male and female flowers in different plants in
forne fpedes , and in others both forts of flowers on the
fame. Phe male flowers are comp o fed of an empalement
of one leaf , which is funnel-floaped, and cut into five feg-
ments at their brim to the fides of the empalement are
fixed five finall petals ; at the bafe of thefe petals are faft-
ensd fo many Jiamina , which are crowned with round fum-
mits. Phe female flowers have a great refemblance to the
male , but have no Jiamina. In the center is placed the
germen , fupporting a trifid ftyk crowned by a round ftigma ,
the germen afterward becomes a foft round berry , contain-
ing three feeds.
Dr. Linnaeus has joined this genus to the Rhamnus,
to which he has alfo added the Frangula, Paliurus,
and Zizyphus, and ranges them in his fifth clafs of
plants, entitled Pentandria Monogynia.
The Species are,
1. Alaternus ( Phylica ) foliis ovatis marginibus crena-
tis glabris. Common Alaternus , with fnooth leaves in -
. dented on their edges. Alaternus, i Cluf. Hifp. 56.
2. Alaternus ( Glabra ) foliis lubcordatis ferratis gla-
bris. Alaternus with heart-Jhaped finovth leaves , which
are fawed on their edges. Alaternus minore folio.
Tourn. Inft. 595.
3. Alaternus ( Angufiifolia ) foliis lanceolatis profunde
ferratis glabris. Alaternus with fnooth fpear-fhaped
leaves , which are deeply fawed. Alaternus monfpeli-
aca foliis profundius incifls. FI. R. Par.
4. Alaternus ( Latifolia ) foliis ovato-lanceolatis inte-
gerrimis glabris. Alaternus, with fnooth oval fpear-
fhaped leaves , which are entire. Alaternus Hifpanica
latifolia. Tourn. Inft. 596.
The varieties of thefe plants are, the firft fort with
variegated leaves, which is commonly called Bloatch-
ed Phillyrea by the nurfery gardeners. And the third
fort with leaves ftriped with white, and another with
yellow ; thefe are known by the Silver and Gold ftrip-
ed Alaternus : but as thefe are accidental varieties,
I have omitted placing them among the number of
fpecies.
The common diftinflion of this genus from the
Phillyrea, is in the poiition of their leaves, which in
the plants of this are placed alternately on the branch-
, es, whereas thofe of Phillyrea are placed by pairs
oppoftte •, this is obvious at all feafons, but there are
more effential differences in their characters, as will
be explained under the article Phillyrea.
The firft fort has been long cultivated in the Englifti
gardens, but the plain fort is now uncommon here •,
for the bloatched-leaved fort has been generally cul-
. tivated in the nurferies, and the other has been almoft
totally negledted.
Thefe plants were much more in requeft formerly
than they are at prefent, . when they were planted
ALA
againft walls in court-yards to cover them, as alfo to
form evergreen hedges in gardens, for which purpoie
thefe were improper ; for their branches fhoot very
vigoroufly, and being very pliant, they are frequently
displaced' by the wind ; and in winter, when much
fnow falls in Hill weather, the weight ot that which
lodges on the hedges, frequently breaks them down,:
add to this the, trouble of keeping them in order,
which cannot be effected with lefs than three times
clipping in a feafon, which is not only expenftve,
but alfo occaflons a great litter in a garden : thefe in-
conveniencies have juftly brought tnefe hedges into
difefteem.
The third fort with filver-ftnped leaves, was alfo in
great requeft forne years ago, for planting againft
out-houfes, and other buildings, to hide the brick-
work ; but as thefe required to be often clipped, and
their branches frequently wanting to be fattened up
to the wall, which was troublefome and expenftve,
and this fort of wall hedges being great harbour ror
vermin, there has been of late but little demand for
thefe plants. The fort with gold-ftriped leaves is
pretty rare in the Englifti gardens, and is not fo hardy
as that with fllver ftripes, fo that in fevere winters
they are often killed,. But the tafte for thefe varie-
gated plants is almoft loft in England, there being
few perfons now, who do not prefer the plain green
leaves to thofe which are ftriped.
The fecond fort was formerly in the Engliffi gardens,
in much greater plenty than at prefent. This was. ge-
nerally called Celaftrus, or Staff-tree. The leaves of
this fort are placed at greater diftances than thofe of
the firft, fo that their branches appear thinly covered
with them, which may have occafioned their being
difefteemed. The leaves of this are ihorter than thofe
of the firft fort, and are rounded at their foot-ftalks
fomewhat like a heart-ftiaped leaf, the edges are alfo
fawed.
The thrid fort has been an old inhabitant in forne
gardens, but was not much propagated till of late
years •, the leaves of this are much longer and nar-
rower than thofe of either of the other forts, and the
ferratures on their edges are much deeper this flioots
its, branches more erect, and forms an handfomer buffi
than any .of the other, and is equally hardy, fo may
be allowed to have a place in all plantations of Ever-
greens. This grows naturally in the fouth ot France,
where the berries are gathered, and fold by the name
of Avignon berries, for the ufe of painters, &c. for
making a yellow pigment.
Thefe forts are by lome fuppofed to be only varieties
and not diftinct fpecies •, but from many repeated tri-
als, in railing them from feeds, I can affirm they do
not vary, the feeds constantly producing the fame Ipe-
cies as they were taken from.
The fecond fort grows naturally about Turin, from
whence I have been fupplied with the feeds.
All thefe forts are eafily propagated by laying their
branches down, as is praftifed for many other trees.
The beft time for this is in the autumn, and if pro-
perly performed, the layers will have made good
roots by the autumn following, when they may be
cut off from the old ftock, and planted either into the
nurfery, or in the places where they are defigned to
remain. When they are planted in a nurfery, they
flioukl not remain there longer than a year or two j
for as they fhoot their roots to a great diftance on
every fide, fo they cannot be removed after two or
three years growth, without cutting off great part of
them, which is very hurtful to the plants, and will
greatly retard their growth, if they furvive their re-
moval.-, but they are frequently killed by traniplant-
ing, when they have flood long in a place. They
may be transplanted either in the autumn or the fpring,
but in dry land the autumn planting is beft, whereas
in moift ground the fpring is to be preferred,
The plain forts may alio be propagated by Towing
their berries, which they produce in great plenty, but
the birds are greedy devourers of them:, fo that un-
lefs the berries are guarded from them, they will foon
be
5
ALB
be devoured when they begin to ripen. T he plants which,
arife from feeds, always grow more erect than thofe
which are propagated by layers, fo are fitter for large
plantations, as they may be trained up to items, and
formed more like trees •, whereas the layers are apt to
extend their lower branches, which retards their up-
right growth, and renders them more like fhrubs.
They will grow to the height of eighteen or twenty
feet, if their upright fhoots are encouraged •, but to
keep their heads from being broken by wind or fnow,
thofe branches which fhoot irregular fhould be fhort-
ened, w'hich will caufe their heads to be clofer, and
not in fo much danger.
All the forts thrive beft in a dry, gravelly, or fandy
foil, for in rich ground they are often injured by
froft, when the winters are levere, but in rocky dry
land they are feldom injured : and if in very hard
froft their leaves are killed, yet the branches will re-
main unhurt, and will put out new leaves in the fpring.
ALBUCA, Baftard Star of Bethlehem.
The Characters are,
The flower has no empalement •, it has fix oblong oval pe-
tals . , which are permanent •, the three outer Jpread open ,
and the three inner are connected : it hath fix three-cor-
nered flamina the length of the corolla , three of which are
fertile , crowned with moveable fummits , the other three ,
which are barren , have no fimmits. The neliarium is
fituated near the bafe of the three fertile flamina ; it has
an oblong three-cornered germen , with a broad triangular
fiyle , crowned by a pyramidal three-cornered fiigma •, the
capfule is three-cornered , having three cells filled with f mall
plain feeds.
This genus is ranged in the firft fe&ion of Linnaeus’s
fixth clafs of plants, the flower having, fix flamina
and one ftyle.
The Species are,
1. Albuca [Major) folks lanceolatis. Lin. Sp. 438.
Star flower with fpear-floaped leaves. Ornithogalum lu-
teo-virens. Indicum. Com. Canad.
2 . Albuca [Minor) foliis fubulatis. Lin. Sp. 438. Star-
flower with awl-Jhaped leaves. Ornithogalum Africa-
num, flore viridi altero a-lteri innato. Herm. Parad.
209. African Star-flower with a greenijh yellow flower.
Thefe plants have been generally ranged under the
genus of Ornithogalum, but as their flowers differ in
their form from the other fpecies of that genus, Dr.
Linn^us has conftituted this genus for them.
The firft fort grows naturally in Canada, and in fome
other parts of North America •, the root is bulbous,
from which flioot up eight or ten long narrow lpear-
ftiaped leaves. In the center of thefe arife a flower-
item a foot or more in height, garnifhed with a loofe
fpike (or thyrfe) of greenifh yellow flowers, each have
a long pedunculus, which turns downward, having
pretty large ftipulse at their bafe, which are erect, and
end in fharp points. After the flower is paid, the ger-
men fwells to a three-cornered capfule, having three
cells filled with flac feeds.
The fecond fort grows naturally at the Cape of Good
Hope ; this hath alfo a pretty large bulbous root,
from which arife four or five narrow awl-fhaped leaves,
of a deep green colour : the flower-ftem which comes
from the center of the root, is naked, and rarely rifes
more than eight or nine inches high, having five or
fix greenifh yellow flowers growing almoft in form of
an umbel at the top : thefe are rarely fucceeded by
feeds in England.
The Canada Albuca is hardy, fo the roots may be
planted about four inches deep in a border of light
earth, where they will thrive, and produce their flow-
ers late in the fummer ; but as the feeds rarely ripen
in England, and the bulbs do not put out many orf-
fets, the plants are not common in this country.
The African fort I raifed from feeds a few years paft •,
this generally flowers twice a year, the firft time in
March or April, and again in July or Auguft, but
has not produced any feeds. If the roots of this fort
are kept in pots, filled with light earth, and are fhel-
tered under a hot-bed frame in winter, they will thrive
and produce flowers j but the beft method is to have
A L C
a border in the front of a green-houfe, or ftove, where
the roots of moft of the bulbous flowers may be plant-
ed in the full ground, and fcreened in winter from
froft in fuch iituations they thrive much better, and
flower ftronger, than when kept in pots.
ALCEA. Lm. Gen. 750, The Hollyhock.
The Characters are.
The flower hath a double empalement , of which one is per-*
manent. The outer one is fpread open, and cut at the
top into fix fegments •, the inner is larger , and flightly cut
into jive. The flower is compofed of five petals , which
coalefce at their bafe , and fpread open at the top in form
of a rofe. In the center is placed the round germen, fup-
porting a floort cylindrical ftyle , crowned with numerous
ftigma , which is attended by many flamina joined below to
the pentagonal column , and fpread open at top •, thefe are
crowned with kidney- f aped fummits : after the flower is
paft, the germen becomes a round, deprejfed , articulated cap-
fule, having many cells, in each of which is lodged one
comprcjjed kidney-jhaped feed.
This genus is ranged by Dr. Linnmus in his fixteenth
clafs of plants, entitled Monadelphia Polyandria : in
this clafs the flamina and ftyle coalefce and form a fort
of column in the center of the flower, from whence
Dr. V an Royen has given to this clafs the title of Co-
lumnifera, and in this diviflon there are a great num-
ber of flamina.
The Species are,
1. Alcea [Rofea) foliis finuatis angulofis. Hort. Cliff.
348. Hollyhock with angular finuated leaves. Malva
rofea folio fubrotundo. C. B. P. 315.
2. Alcea (. Ficifolia ) foliis palmatis. Hort. Cliff. 348.
Hollyhock with handed leaves. Malva rofea folio ficusj
C. B. P. 315.
Thefe are diflinfl fpecies, whofe difference in the
form of their leaves always continues. The leaves of
the firft fort are roundifh, and cut at their extremity
into angles •, whereas thofe of the fecond are deeply
cut into fix or feven fegments, fo as to refembie a
hand.
The various colours of their flowers being accidental,
as alfo the double flowers being only varieties which
have rifen from culture, are not by botanifts deemed
diftinft fpecies. I have not enumerated them here,
therefore lhall only mention the various colours which
are commonly obferved in their flowers •, which are
white, pale, red, deep red, blackifh red, purple, yel-
low, and flefli colour. Befides thefe, I many years
ago faw fome plants with variegated flowers, in the
garden of the late Lord Burlington, in London, raifed
from feeds which came from China.
Although thefe varieties of double Hollyhocks are
not conflant, yet where the feeds are carefully laved
from the moft double flowers, the greateft number of
the plants will arife nearly the fame, as the plants from
which they were takem, both as to their colour and
the fulnefs of their flowers, provided no plants with
Angle or bad coloured flowers are permitted to grow
near them. Therefore fo foon as any fuch appear,
they fhould be removed from the good ones, that
their farina may not fpread into the other flowers,
which would caufe them to degenerate.
The firft fpecies grows naturally in China, from
whence I have often received the feeds. The fecond
fort I have received from Iftria, where it was gathered
in the fields, but thefe feeds produced Angle red
flowers only •, whereas from fome feeds of this fort,
which were given me by the late Charles Du Bois,
Efq-, of Mitcham, in 1^26, which he procured from
Madras, I raifed many double flowers of feveral co-
lours.
Thefe plants, although natives of warm countries,
yet are hardy enough to thrive in the open air in Eng-
land, and have for many years been fome of the
greateft ornaments in the garden, toward the latter
part of fummer ; but fince they have become very
common, have not been fo much regarded as they de-
ferve, partly from their growing too large for fmall
gardens, and their requiring tall flakes to fecure them
from being broken by ftrong winds. But in large
I
A L C
gardens, where they are properly difpofed, they make
a fine appearance; for as their fpikes of flowers
grow very tall, there will be a fucceflion of them on
the fame items, more than two months ; the flowers
on the lower part of the fpike appearing in July, and
as their italics advance, new flowers are produced till
near the end of September. When the plants are
planted in good ground, their italics often rife to
the height of eight or nine feet, fo that near fix feet
of eaclf will be garniihed with flowers ; which when
double, and of good colours, will make a fine appear-
ance, efpecially if the various colours are properly
intermixed.
They are propagated by feeds, which, as hath been
already obferved, fhould be carefully faved from thole
plants whofe flowers are the moit double, and of the
belt colours. If thefe are preferved in their capfules
until fpring, the feeds will be better, provided they
are gathered very dry, and care be taken that no
damp comes to them in winter, which will caufe their
covers to be mouldy, and thereby fpoil the feeds.
The feeds iliould be fown on a bed of light earth,
about the middle of April, which mull be covered
about half an inch deep, with the fame light earth ;
fome perfons fow them in ihallow drills, and others
fcatter the feeds thinly over the whole bed. When
they are fown in the former method, the plants gene-
rally come up thick, fo will require to be tranfplanted
fooner than thofe which are fown in the latter. By
thefirft, the feeds may be more equally covered, and
kept clean with lefs trouble, becaufe the ground be-
tween the drills may be hoed. When the plants have
put out fix or eight leaves, they iliould be tranfplant-
ed into nurfery-beds, at a foot diftance from each
other, obferving to water them until they have taken
good root ; after which they will require no farther
care, but to keep them clean from weeds till Otfto-
ber, when they fhould be tranfplanted where they are
to remain.
Some perfons let their plants remain a year longer in
the nurfery-beds to fee their flowers, before they re-
move them to the flower-garden •, but when this is
intended, the plants fhould be planted at a greater
diftance in the nurfery-beds, otherwife they will not
have room to grow. However, I have always chofen
to remove my plants the firft autumn, for young
plants more furely grow, than thofe which are older •,
and if the feeds are carefully faved, there will not be
one in ten of the plants come Angle or of bad colours.
ALCHEMILLA, Ladies Mantle.
The Characters are,
The flower hath a permanent empalement of one leaf \
which is fpread open at the brim , and cut into eight feg-
tnents. There are no petals to the flower , but the center
of the empalement is occupied by the oval germen , into
which is inferted a longfiyle , crowned with a globular flig-
ma : this is attended by four eredl ftamina refling on the
brim of the empalement , and crowned with rounddfh fum-
mits ; the germen afterwards turns to a fingle ccmprejfed
feed .
Dr. Linnseus ranges this genus in the firft fefllion of his
fourth clafs of plants, entitled Tetrandria monogy-
nia, the flowers having four ftamina and one ftyle.
The Species are,
1. Alchemilla ( Vulgaris ) foliis lobatis ferratis, feg-
mentis involucro acuto. The common Ladies Mantle .
C. B. P. 319.
2. Alchemilla foliis lobatis fericeis acute ferratis,
fegmentis involucro fubrotundis. Small filvery Ladies
Mantle with lobated leaves floarply ferrated , and the feg-
ments of the involucrum cut into roundifh fegments. Al-
chemilla Alpina pubefcens minor. Tourn, Inft. R.
H. 508.
3. Alchemilla ( Alpina ) foliis digitatis ferratis. Flor.
Lapp. 61. Silvery Alpine Ladies Mantle with handed
leaves . Alchemilla perennis incana argentea five fe-
ricea fatinurn provocans. Mor. Hift. 2. p. 195.
4. Alchemilla ( Pentaphylla ) foliis quinatis multifidis
glabris. Lin. Sp. Plant. 123. Smooth five-leaved Ladies
Mantle , cut into many fegments. Alchemilla Alpina
ALE
pentaphyllea minima lobis fimbriatis. Bocc. Mule. 1.
p. 18.
The firft fort grows naturally in moift meadows in
feveral parts of England, but is not ' very common
near London : the roots are compofed of many thick
fibres, which fpread greatly when they are in a pro-
per foil ; the leaves rife immediately from the root,
fuftained by long foot-ftalks ; they are roundifh, and
fcallopea round the borders into ieven or eight lobes,
fhaped fomewhat like the Ladies fcalloped Mantles,
from whence it had its name. The fiower-ftems arife
between the leaves about a foot high, which divide
into many branches, and are at each joint garniihed
with one frnail leaf, fiiaped like thofe below *, the
flowers are compofed of an herbaceous empalement,
in the center of which is the ftyle attended by four
ftamina, crowned with yellow fummits ; fo that the
only beauty of this plant is in the leases, which are
ufed in medicine, and are efteemed to be vulnerary,
drying and binding, and of great force to flop in-
ward bleeding.
The fecond fort is much fmaller than the firft, the
leaves are much whiter and appear fifky •, the fiower-
ftems do not branch out fo much, nor are the flowers
produced in fo large chillers : their empalement is
broader, and the fegments more obtufe than thofe of
the firft fort.
The third fort grows naturally on the mountains in
Yorkfhire, Weftmoreland, and Cumberland, gene-
rally upon moift boggy places. It is alfo a native of
Sweden and Denmark, the Alps, and other cold parts
of Europe, and is admitted into gardens for the fake
of variety. The leaves of this fort are very white,
and deeply cut into five parts like a hand ; the fiower-
ftems feldom rife more than fix inches high, nor do
the flowers make a better appearance than the other
forts.
The fourth fort grows naturally in Sweden, Lapland,
and other cold countries, fo is only to be foUnd in
fome few curious botanic gardens in this country.
Thefe are all abiding plants, which have perennial
roots and annual ftalks, which perifh in autumn.
They may be propagated by parting their roots -, the
belt time for doing this is in the autumn, that their
roots may be eftablifhed before the drying winds of
the fpring come on. They fhould have a moift foil
and a fhady fituation, otherwife they will not thrive
in the fouthern parts of England. When they are
propagated by feeds, they fhould be fown in the au-
tumn •, for when they are fown in the fpring, they
feldom grow the firft year. They fhould be fown on
a fhady moift border, and when the plants come up,
they will require no other care but to be kept clean
from weeds.
A L D E R-T R E E. See Alnus.
ALETRIS.
The Characters are.
The flower has no empalement , but hath one oblong oval
petal , cut into fix fegments at the brim , and are perma-
nent •, it hath fix awl-floaped ftamina the length of the co-
rolla , whofe bafe are inferted in the fegments \ thefe are
crowned by oblong ere A fummits , and, an oval germen flip-
porting an awl-fhaped ftyle the length of the ftamina , crown-
ed by a trifid ftigma. The germen afterward becomes an
oval three-cornered capflule with three cells , filled with an-
gular feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in Linnaeus’s firft flec-
tion of his fixth clafs, the flowers having fix ftamina
and one ftyle.
The Species are,
1. Aletris ( Farinofa ) acaulis, foliis lanceolatis mem-
branaceis, floribus alternis. Lin. Sp. 456. Aletris
without ftalks , fpear-Jhaped membranaceous leaves , and
flowers placed alternate. Hyacinthus cauie node, fo-
liis linguiformibus acumiriatis dentatis., Flor.Virg. 38.
2. Aletris (Capenfis) acaulis, foliis lanceolatis undula-
tis, fpica ovata, floribus nutantibus. Lin. Sp. 456.
Aletris without ftalks , waved fpear-fhaped leaves , and an
oval fpike of alternate flowers.
\
G
3. Aletris
Ois
. Aletris (Hyacinthoides) acaulis, foliis lanceolatis car-
nofis, floribus geminatis. Lin. Sp. 456. Aletris with-
out fidlks, fiejhy fpear-Jhaped leaves , and flowers fit by
pairs .
4. Aletris ( Zeylanica ) acaulis, foliis lanceolatis planis
erectis radicahbus. Aletris without flalks , and plain ,
fpear-Jhaped , rr&f/ leaves rifling from the root.
5. Aletris ( Fragrans ) caulefcens, foliis lanceolatis am-
plexicaulibus. Stalky Aletris , with fpear-Jhaped leaves
embracing it. Aloe Africana arboreicens, floribus al~
bis fragrantiflimis. Hort. Afnft. 2. tab. 4.
The firft fort grows naturally in North America ; it
hath a tuberofe root, from which arife feveral fpear-
Ihaped leaves, and a naked ftalk fupporting a fpike
of flowers placed alternate, of a greenifh white co-
lour ; thefe appear in June, but are rarely fucceeded
by feeds in England.
This plant is tolerably hardy, fo may be preferved
thro 5 the Winter, if flickered under a hot-bed frame ;
but as the feeds do not ripen here, and the roots in-
creafe but flowly, the plants are at prefent rare in
England.
The iecond fort grows naturally at the Cape of Good
Hope. This is a low plant, feldom rifing more than
a foot high •, the leaves are fpear-fhaped and undu-
lated the foot-ftalks of the flower arife from the
root, which fuftain feveral white nodding flowers, in
fhape fomewhat like thofe of the Hyacinth.
The roots of this fort mult be planted in pots filled
with light earth, that they may be fheltered in a dry
airy glafs-cafe in winter, being too tender to thrive
in the open air in England •, therefore the pots fhould
be removed into fhelter in October, and during the
winter feafon, they fhould be fparingly watered. In
May they fhould be placed abroad in a fheltered fi-
tuation, and in warm weather muft be frequently re-
frefhed with water ; with this management the plants
will flower ; but as they do not perfect their feeds
here, nor do they increafe faft by roots, the plants are
fcarce in England.
The third fort has been long preferved in the Englifh
gardens, and has been known by the title of Guinea
Aloe ; this hath thick flefhy roots like thofe of the
Flag Iris, which creep far where they have room.
The leaves arife fingly from the root, and are near
one foot and a half long, ftiff, waved, and have no
foot-ftalks, arifing immediately from the root, as do
alfo the foot-ftalks of the flowers, which when the
roots are ftrong, are often a foot and a half high, gar-
nifhed great part of their height with clear white
flowers, Ihaped like thofe of the Hyacinth, whofe
brims are cut into fix fegments, which are reflexed ;
thefe feldom continue in beauty more than two or three
days, and are never fucceeded by feeds here.
The fourth fort is alfo pretty common, in gardens
where there are conveniences for preferving exotic
plants. This hath flefhy creeping roots, which mul-
tiply greatly. The whole plant feldom rifes more than
fix inches high : the leaves are plain and upright,
arifing without foot-ftalks ; but as I have never leen
any flowers produced on the plants, I can give no de-
feription of them, but have followed Dr. Linnaeus in
ranging it, though I have great reafon to believe he
has not feen the flower •, for he fuppofes this to be a
variety of the third fort, which no perfon who is ac-
quainted with the tw r o plants can ever admit. This
has been always known by the title of Ceylon Aloe.
The fifth fort rifes with an herbaceous ftalk to the
height of eight or ten feet high, having many join
and is adorned toward the top with a head of fper
fhaped thin leaves, which are of a deep green colour
and reflexed at their ends, embracing the {talks with
their bafe. The foot-ftalks of the flower arife from
the center of the heads, which are generally two feet
high, branching out on each fide, and fully garnilhed
with white flowers, in fhape fomewhat like thofe of
the third fort ; but thefe open only in the evening,
when they emit a moft fragrant odour, but clofe again
in the morning, and are not of long duration *, but
thefe are fometimes fucceeded by feeds, which, al-
A L L
though fair to appearance, yet I could never raife
any plants from them •, but they are eafily propagated
from the fide heads, which they pi.it out after
flowering.
The {aft three forts are too tender to live through the
winter in England, unlefs they are placed in a "warm
ftove •, nor will the third and fifth forts produce their
flowers, if the plants are not plunged into a tan-bed ;
for although the plants may be preferved in a dry
ftove, yet thofe make but little progrefs there ; where-
as when they are in a tan-bed, they will advance as
much in one year as the other will in three or four ;
the leaves will alfo be much larger, and the whole
plant much ftronger. The third fort will fometimes
flower in a dry ftove, but the flower-ftems will be
weak, and do not produce half fo many flowers as
v/hen in tan ; but the fifth has not yet flowered here
when kept in the dry ftove.
The third and fourth forts propagate very fall by
their creeping roots, which fend up many heads ;
thefe may be cut off in June, and laid in the ftove
for a fortnight, that the part wounded may be healed
over ; then they fhould be planted in fmall pots, filled
with light fandy earth, and plunged into a moderate
hot-bed of tanners bark, giving them but little wa-
ter till they have put out good roots ; then they muft
be treated like other tender fucculent plants, never
fetting them abroad in fummer.
The heads of the fifth fort when taken from the ftems
fhould be laid in the ftove a week, for their wounds to
heal, then fhould be planted in pots and treated as
the other.
ALESANDER, or ALEXANDER. See
Smyrnium.
ALKEKENGI. See Phys alis.
ALLELUJAH. See Oxalis.
ALLIARIA. SeeHESPERis.
ALLIUM [of ’AaL, Gr. to avoid or fhun, becaufe
many fhun the frnell of it], Garlick.
The Characters are,
The flowers are included in one common fpaiha , which be-
comes dry \ the flower is compofed of flu oblong , ereef^ con-
cave petals, and fix awl-Jhaped ftamina, which extend the
length of the petals , and are crowned with oblong fwn-
mits. In the center is fltuated a floert three-cornered ger-
men , fupporting a Jingle fiyle , crowned by an acute ftigma.
Thegermen afterward becomes an obtufi three-cornered cap -
fule, opening into three parts , having three cells , filled
with roundifh feeds.
The Species are,
1. Allium ( Sativum ) caule planifolio bulbifero, bulbo
compofito, ftaminibus tricufpidatis. Hort. Upfal.
7 6 . Common manured Garlick. Allium fativum.
C. B. P.
2. Allium ( Scorodoprafmn ) caule planifolio bulbifero,
foliis crenulatis vaginis ancipkibus ftaminibus tricuf-
pidatis. Hort. Upfal. 77. The Rocambole. Allium
fativum alterum five allioprafum caulis fummo cir-
cumlocuto. C. B. P. 73.
3. Allium ( Urflnum ) fcapo nudo femicylindrico foliis
lanceolatis petiolatis umbella. faftigiata. Lin. Sp.
Plant. 300.' Broad-leaved wild Garlicky or Ramfons.
Allium fylveftre latifolium. C. B. P.
4. Allium {Linear e) caule planifolio umbellifero um-
bella. globosa ftaminibus tricufpidatis corolla duplo
longioribus. Lin. Sp. Plant.. 2 94. Great round-headed
Garlick of the Holm Iflands. Allium Holmenfe fphas-
rico capite. Raii Syn. 3 70.
5. Allium ( Moly ) fcapo nudo fubcylindrico foliis lan-
ceolatis feffilibus umbella faftigiata, Hort. Upfal. 76.
The yellow Moly. Allium latifolium luteum, Tourn.
Inft. 384.
6. Allium ( Magicum ) caule planifolio umbellifero ra-
mulo bulbifero ftaminibus fimplicibus. Lin. Sp.
Plant. 296. Great broad-leaved Moly with Lily flowers.
Allium latifolium lilifiorum. Tourn. Inft. 384.
7. Allium ( Obliauum ) caule planifolio umbellifero fta-
minibus filiformibus flore tripio longioribus foliis ob-
liquis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 296. Umbelliferous Garlick with
plain leaves , fender ftamina , which are three times the
5 length
A L L
ALL
length of the flower , /fe'U&f. Allium radice
tunicata foliis planis linearibus caulinis capitulo um-
bellato. Flor. Siber. i. p. 49.
8 . Allium ( Ramofum ) caule fubplanifolio umbellifero
ftaminibus fubulatis longioribus umbella globosa foliis
linearibus fubconvexis. Lin. Sp. PI. 296. Umbel-
liferous Garlick with half plain leaves , long aw'l-fhaped
fiamina , globular umbels , narrow convex leaves.
9. Allium ( Rofeum ) fcapo nudo umbellifero, pedicellis
brevibus, petalis ovalibus, ftaminibus breviffimis, fo-
liis linearibus. Lin. Sp. 432. Garlick with a naked
umbelliferous Jialk, Jhort foot-ftaJks, oval petals to the
flower , very Jhort fiamina , and linear leaves. Allium
fylveftre five moly minus, rofeo amplo flore. Mag-
nol. 11.
10. Allium ( Arenarium ) caule planifolio bulbifero va-
ginis teretibus fpatha mutica ftaminibus tricufpidatis.
H. Scan. 227. Bulb-bearing Garlicky with plain leaves ,
a taper vagina , and three pointed fiamina.
11. Allium ( Carinatum ) caule planifolio bulbifero fta-
minibus fubulatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 297. Bulb-bearing
garlick with plain leaves , and awl-Jhaped fiamina. Allium
montanum bicorne anguftifolium flore dilute purpu-
rafcente. C. B. P. 74.
12. Allium ( Spharocephalon ) caule terteifolio umbelli-
fero, foliis femiteretibus, ftaminibus tricufpidatis co-
rolla longioribus. Lin. Sp. 426. Umbelliferous Gar-
lick . , with taper leaves which are longer than the petals.
Allium five moly montanum purpureo flore. Cluf.
Hift. 1. p. 195.
13. Allium ( Flavum ) caule teretifolio umbellifero, flo-
ribus pendulis, petalis ovatis, ftaminibus corolla lon-
gioribus. Lin. Sp. 42 8 . Umbelliferous Garlick , with
taper leaves and pendulous flowers , having oval petals ,
and fiamina longer than the corolla. Allium montanum
bicorne flore pallido odore. C. B. P- 75 -
14. Allium ( Senefcens ) fcapo nudo ancipiti foliis li-
nearibus fubtus convexis laevibus umbella fubrotunda
ftaminibus fubulatis. Hort. Upfal. 79. Greater
Mountain Garlick with leaves like Narciffus . Allium
montanum foliis Narcifll majus. C. B. P. 75.
35. Allium ( Angulofum ) fcapo nudo ancipiti foliis li-
nearibus canaliculatis fubtus fubangulatisumbeliafafti-
giata. Hort. Upfal. 79. Garlick with a naked jialk ,
narrow hollow leaves , which are angular on their lower fide ,
and a compact umbel. Allium montanum foliis Nar-
cifll minus. C. B. P. 75.
16. Allium ( Subhirfutum ) caule planifolio umbellifero
foliis inferioribus hirfutis ftaminibus fubulatis. Lin.
Sp. Plant. 295. Umbelliferous Garlick with hairy under
leaves , and awl-Jhaped fiamina , commonly called Diof-
coridis Moly. Moly anguftifolium umbellatum. C. B.
P. 75.
17. Allium (, Vtilioralis ) umbella rotundata, ftaminibus
lanceolatis corolla longioribus, foliis ellipticis. Lin.
Mat. Med. 163. Umbelliferous Garlick with round um-
bels, fpear-floaped fiamina longer than the corolla , and el-
liptical leaves . Allium montanum latifolium macu-
latum. C. B. P. 74.
18. Allium ( Defcendsns ) caule fubteretifolio umbellifero,
pedunculis exterioribus brevioribus, ftaminibus tri-
cufpidatis. Lin. Sp. 427. Umbelliferous Garlick with
a half taper leaf and three pointed fiamina. Allium
moly latifolium, capite fphasrico, flore purpureo.
Rudb.
19. Allium ( Canadenfe ) fcapo nudo tereti, foliis linea-
ribus capitulo bulbifero. Kalm. It. Canada Garlick with
a naked taper (talk, linear leaves , and heads bearing bulbs.
Allium bulbiferum Virginianum. Boerh. Ind. Alt. 2.
146.
20. Allium (Triquetrum) fcapo nudo foliis triquetris,
ftaminibus firrtplicibus. Lin. Sp. 431. Garlick with
a naked Jialk , triangular leaves , and fimple fiamina.
Moly parvum caule triangulo. C. B. P. 75.
We fliall not bring under this genus the Cepa and
Porrum, as is done by Dr. Linnaeus, left by too
clofely adopting his fyftem, we may render this work
lefs intelligible to the practical gardener, and fuch
other perfons who may delight themfelyes in the cul-
ture of a kitchen-garden; but not having ftudied the
fcienoe of botany, may not fo readily turn to thofe
articles, therefore- we lhall infert their culture under
their former titles.
The twofirft fpecies are eafily propagated by planting
the cloves, or fmall bulbs, in the fpring, in beefs
about four or five inches diftance from each other,
keeping them clean from weeds. About the beginning
of June, the leaves of the firft fort ftiould be tied in
knots, to prevent their fpindling, or running to feed,
which will greatly enlarge the bulb. In the middle
of July, the leaves will begin to wither and decay,
at which time they ftiould be taken out of the ground,
and hanged up in a dry room, to prevent their rotting, 4 '
and may be thus preferved for winter ufe.
The roots of the lecond fort may remain in the ground
till the leaves are decayed, when their bulbs may be
taken up and dried, to be preferved for ufe during
the winter feafon ; but fame of the roots may be at
the fame time planted again for the fucceeding year ;
for this fort requires to be planted in autumn, eh
peciaiiy on dry ground, otherwife their bulbs will not
be large.
The third fort was formerly in greater efteem than
at prefent, it being rarely cultivated in gardens, but
is found wild in moift Ihady places in many parts of
England; and may be cultivated by planting the roots
in a moift fhady border, at altnoft any time of the year ;
but the belt feafon is in July, juft as the green leaves
are decaying.
The fourth fort grows naturally in the Holm Iflands,
from whence it has been t-ranfplanted into feveral gar-
dens, where it is preferved more for the fake of va- ,
riety than ufe.
The eleventh and thirteenth forts grow wild in the
northern parts of England, but are by the curious in
botany preferved in their gardens. Thefe are very
hardy, and may be removed in July or Auguft, when
their leaves begin to decay, and will thrive in almoft
any foil or fltuation.
The fifth fort was formerly preferved in gardens for
the fake of its yellow flowers, but having a very ftrong
Garlick feent, moft people have rooted it out of their
gardens.
The fixth fort is alfo preferved by many perfons in
their gardens for the fake of variety, but as this hath
a very ftrong feent, fo it is not often admitted to the
flower-garden.
The ninth and twelfth forts are fometimes permitted
to have a place in gardens for the fake of variety.
The feventh, eighth, and tenth forts grow naturally
in T artary and Siberia, from whence their feeds were
lent to Peterfburgh, and from thence feme of the bo-
tanic gardens have been fupplied with feeds ; thefe are
only preferved for the fake of variety.
The fourteenth, fifteenth, and fifteenth forts, have
been planted in gardens for the variety of their flowers,
but of late years moft people have turned them out,
to make room for better forts. But the fifteenth
multiplies fo fall by offsets, as to render it difficult
to extirpate them, when they have remained any time
in a garden.
This produces large umbels of white flowers, growing
on ftalks about ten inches high; the time of flowering
is in April and May.
The nineteenth fort was brought from Virginia, and
is preferved in botanic gardens for variety’s fake, but
has no great beauty ; it is very hardy, and will thrive
in the open air very well ; and is propagated by its
bulbs, which are produced in plenty on the top of
the ftalks.
They are all of them very hardy, and will thrive in
almoft any foil or fltuation, and are eafily propagated
either by their roots, or from feeds : if from the roots,
the belt time is in autumn, that they may take good
root in the ground before the fpring, which is necef-
fary, in order to have them flower ftrong the following
fummer. If they are propagated by feeds, they may
be fcwn on a border of common earth, either in au-
tumn, foon after the feeds are ripe, or in the fpring
following, and will require no farther care, but to
\
A L O
keep them clear from weeds-, in the following autumn,
the plants may be tranfplanted into the borders where
they are to remain for good.
The greateft part of thefe plants produce their flowers
in May, June, and July.
The yellow Moly will grow about a foot high; and
having fome beauty in the flowers, is worthy of a
place in fuch borders of the flower-garden, where few
better things will thrive. Thefe increafe plentifully
both by roots and feeds.
The fixth and feventeenth forts grow upwards of two
feet high, and when they are in flower, make a pretty
appearance ; and as they are not troublelome to keep,
may be allowed a place in the borders of the flower-
garden.
All the other forts are equally hardy, and will grow
in any foil or fituation but as they have little beauty,
they are rarely preferved, except in botanic gardens
for the fake of var’ety.
ALMON D-T REE. See Amygdalus.
A L M O N D-D W A R F. See Persica.
ALNUS. See Betula.
ALNUS NIGRA BACCIFERA. See Fran-
gula.
ALOE [Gr. ’AAoij].
The Characters are.
The flower is naked , having no empalement ; it is of one
leaf having a long fmooth tube , which is divided at the
top into fix parts , fpreading open ; it hath fix awl-
jhaped ftamina , which are inferted at their bafe to the
germen , and are extended the length of the tube ; thefe are
crowned with oblong fummits ; in the center is fituated the
oval germen , fupporting a Jingle flyle, which is of the fame
length with the ftamina, crowned with a trifid ftigma.
The germen afterward becomes an oblong cap fide , having
three furrows , which is divided into three cells opening in
three parts , and filled with angular feeds.
This genus of plants is by Dr. Linnaeus ranged in
the firft fedlion of his flxth cafs, titled Hexandria
monogynia, from the flowers having fix ftamina
and one ftyle.
The Species are,
1. Aloe (Mitriformis) floribus pedunculatis cernuis co-
rymbofis fub-cylindricis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 319. i. e.
'Aloe with dependent flowers , having foot-fialks which are
ranged in a cylindrical corymbus. Aloe Africana mitri-
formis fpinofa. Hort. Elth, 1. p. 21. Mitre-fhaped
Aloe.
2. Aloe ( Barbadenfis ) foliis dentatis eredtis fucculentibus
fubulatis, floribus luteis in thyrfo dependentibus.
Aloe with erebl , fucculent , awl-Jhaped leaves , and yellow
flowers growing in a loofe fpike, hanging downward. Aloe
vulgaris. C. B. P. 386.
3. Aloe ( Arbor efcens ) foliis amplexicaulibus reflexis,
margine dentatis, floribus cylindricis caule fruticola.
Aloe with leaves embracing the ftalks , which are reflexed
and indented on their edges , flowers growing cylindrical ,
and a Jhrubby ftalk. Aloe Africana caulefcens foliis
glaucis caulem ampledtantibus. H. Arnft. Com-
monly called Sword Aloe.
4. Aloe ( Africana ) foliis latioribus amplexicaulibus,
margine & dorfo fpinofls, floribus fpicatis, caule fru-
ticoio. Aloe with broader leaves embracing the ftalks,
whofe edges and back are fit with fpines, flowers growing
in fpikes , and a Jhrubby ftalk. Aloe Africana caulef-
cens foliis minus glaucis dorfl parte fuprema fpinofa.
Com. Prael. 68.
5. Aloe ( Difticha ) foliis latiffimis amplexicaulibus ma-
culatis, margine fpinofls floribus umbellatis. Aloe
with very broad fpotted leaves embracing the ftalk , whofe
edges are fit with fpines and flowers, growing in an um-
bel. Aloe Africana caulefcens foliis fpinofls maculis
ab utraque parte albicantibus notatis. Hort. Amftel.
2. p. 9. by fome called the Sope Aloe, and by others
Carolina Aloe.
6. Aloe ( Obfiura ) foliis latioribus amplexicaulibus ma-
culatis margine fpinofls floribus fpicatis. Aloe with
broad fpotted leaves embracing the ftalks, whofe edges have
fpines, and flowers growing in a fpike. Aloe Africana
caulefcens foliis fpinofls maculis ab utraque parte al-
A L O
bicantibus obfcurioribus mag's glaucis qtiam praece-
dens. Boerh. Ind.
7. Aloe {Plicatilis) foliis enfiformibus inermis ancipi-
tibus floribus laxe fpicatis caule fruticofo. Aloe with
fword-jhapedfinooih leaves, ft anding two ways, the flowers
growing in loofe fpikes, and a florubby ftalk. Aloe Afri-
cana arborefoens montana non fpinofa folio longiflimo
plicatili flore rubro. Com. Hort. Amft. 2. p. 5.
8. Aloe ( Brevioribus ) foliis amplexicaulibus utraque
fpinofls, floribus fpicatis. Aloe with leaves embracing
the ftalks, which are prickly on every fide , and flowers
growing in fpikes. Aloe Africana caulefcens foliis glau-
cis breviflimis foliorum parte interna & externa non-
nihil fpinofa. Com. Prad. 71.
9. Aloe ( Variegata ) floribus pedunculatis cernuis race-
mofis prifmaticis ore patulo aequali. Lin. Sp. Plant.
321. Aloe with hanging flowers, having foot-Jlalks, and
fpreading equally at the brim. Aloe Africana humilis
foliis ex albo & viridi variegatis. Com. Prael. 79.
commonly called Partridge-breaft Aloe.
10. Aloe foliis eredtis fubulatis radicatis undique in-
erme fpinofls. Hort. Cliff. 13 1. Aloe with ere hi
awl-Jhaped leaves, fit with fift fpines on every part. Aloe
Africana humilis fpinis inermibus & verrucofls obfita.
Com. Prael. 77. commonly called Hedge-hog Aloe.
11. Aloe (fiifiofa) floribus fefiilibus infundibuli for.mi-
bus bilabiatis laciniis quinque revolutis fumma eredta.
Lin. Sp. Plant. 322. Aloe with fitnnel-Jh aped flowers,
without foot-ftalks, opening in two lips, and cut into five
fegments, vfhich turn backward, and are erebl at the top.
Aloe Africana e reft a triangularis & triangulari folio
vifcolo. Com. Prcel. 82.
12. Aloe ( Spiralis ) floribus feflilibus ovatis crenatisfeg-
mentis interioribus conniventibus. Lin. Sp. Plant.
322. Aloe with oval crenatcd flowers, without fleet -ftalks,
and the interior figments cloflng together. Aloe Africana
eredta rotunda folio parvo & in acumen acutifllmuin
exeunte. Com. Prael. 83.
13. Aloe {Linguiforme ) feflilis foliis lingui formibus ma-
culatis floribus pedunculatis cernuis. Aloe with dwarf,
tongue-Jhaped, fpotted leaves, and hanging flowers, which
have fcot-Jlalks. Aloe Africana flore rubro folio ma-
culis albicantibus ab utraque parte notato. H. Amft.
2. p. 15. commonly called Tongue Aloe.
14. Aloe [Mar gar it if era) floribus feflilibus bilabiatis
labio luperiore eredto inferiore patente. Lin. Sp. Plant.
322. Aloe with fiejfde flowers , gaping with two lips,
the upper being eredt , and the under fpreading. Aloe Af-
ricana folio in fummitate triangulari margaritifera flo-
re fubviridi. Com. Hort. Amft. 2. p. 19. commonly
called large Pearl Aloe.
15. Aloe {Vera) foliis longiffimis & anguftiffimis mar-
ginibus fpinofls, floribus fpicatis. Aloe with very long
narrow leaves , having fpines on their hedges , and flowers
growing in fpikes. Aloe Indite Orientalis, Errata fuc-
cotrina vera flore Phccnicio. Hort. Beaumont. The
Succotrine Aloe.
16. Aloe ( Glauca ) caule brevi, foliis amplexicaulibus
bifariam verfis foinis marginibus ereftis floribus ca-
pitatis. Aloe with a fh or t ftalk, leaves ft anding two ways ,
which embrace the ftalk ; the fpines on the edges ere hi , and
flowers growing in a head. Aloe Africana caulefcens
folds glaucis brevioribus foliorum parte interna & ex-
terna' nonnihil fpinofa. Com. Prael. 71.
17. Aloe {Arachnoidea) feflilis foliis brevioribus plaids
carnofts apice triquetris marginibus inerme fpinofls.
Low Aloe with floort, plain, flefhy leaves, triangular at their
ends, and borders fet with fift fpines. Aloe Africana
humilis arachnoidea. Com. Prsel. 72. commonly called
Cobweb Aloe.
18. Aloe {Herbacea) foliis ovato-lanceolatis carnofls apice
triquetris angulis inerme dentatis. Hort. Cliff. 131.
Aloe with oval, fpear-Jhaped , flejhly leaves, having three
angles at their extremities , which are indented and fet with
[oft j pines . Aloe Africana minima atro-viridis fpinis
herbaceis nurnerofls ornata. Boerh. Ind. Alt. 2. p.
1 3 1.
19. Aloe ( Retufa ) floribus feflilibus triquetris bilabiatis
labio inferiore revoluto. Lin. Sp. Plant. 322. Aloe
with flowers divided into three parts, the under lip being
turned
ALO
turned back. Aloe Africana breviffimo cra&flimoque
folio flore fubviridi. Hort. Amft. 2. p. n. commonly
called Culbion Aloe.
20. Aloe ( ' V errucofa ) feffilis foliis carinatis utraque ver-
rucofis bifariam verbs. Low Aloe with keel-fhaped
leaves , war ted on every part , and /landing two ways.
Aloe Africana foliis longis conjugates fupra cavis mar-
garitiferis flore rubro elegantiffimo. Boerh. Ind. Alt.
p. 2, 13 1. commonly called Pearl-tongue Aloe.
21. Aloe ( Carinata ) feflilis foliis carinatis verrucofis apice
triquetris carnofis. Low Aloe with fle/hy , keel-fhaped,
j potted leaves , which are triangidar at their extremities.
This is the Aloe Africana flore rubro folio triangulari
verrucis & ab utraque parte albicantibus notato. Hort.
Amft. 2. p. 17.
22. Aloe (. Ferox ) foliis amplexicaulibus nigricantibus
undique fpinofis. Aloe with dark green leaves embracing
the /talks, which are befet with fpines on every fide. Aloe
vera cofta fpinofa. Munt. Phyt. commonly called
Aloe ferox.
23. Aloe (Uvaria) "floribus feffilibus reflexis imbricatis
prifmaticis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 323. Aloe with reflexed
flowers growing clofe to the Jlalk , in form of a prifm , lying
over each other like tiles on a houfe. Aloe Africana fo-
lio triangulari longiflimo & anguftiffimo floribus luteis
foetidis. Hort. Amft. 2. p. 29. commonly called Iris
Uvaria.
The firft fort of Aloe grows with an upright ftalk, to
the height of five or fix feet, the leaves clofely em-
brace the ftalks ; they are thick, fucculent, broad at
their bafe, growing narrower, and ending in a point,
of a dark green colour, and have fpines on the edges,
as alfo a few on their upper furface; the leaves ftand
ered, and draw together towards the top, where they
form the refemblan.ce of a mitre, from whence it is
called the Mitre Aloe. The flower-ftem rifes about
three feet high, on the top of which the flowers come
out in a fort of globular fpike, but afterwards is
formed into a cylindrical fpike : thefe have long foot-
ftalks, which come out horizontally, and the flowers
hang downward-, they are tubulous, and cut into fix
unequal fegments to the bottom, three being alter-
nately broader than the others. There are fix ftami-
na, three of which are as long as the tube of the
flower, the other three are fhorter. Thefe are crowned
with flat oblong fummits of a gold colour. The
three-cornered germen is fituated in the bottom of
the flower, fupporting a Angle ftyle, which is fhorter
than the ftamina, having no ftigma on the top. The
tube of the flower is of a fine red colour, and the brim
is of a pale green, fo that it makes a pretty appear-
ance when the fpikes of flowers are large.
This fort will live in a warm dry green-houfe in
winter, and may be placed in the open air in fummer,
in a fheltered fituation •, but the plants ftiould not
have much wet, left it fhould rot their Items. With
this management the plants will not grow fo faft, as
when they are placed in a ftove, but they will be
ftronger, and their Items will fupport their heads
much better.
The fecond fort is very common in the Hands of
America, where the plants are propagated upon the
pooreft land, to obtain the Hepatic Aloes, which
are brought to England, and ufed chiefly for horfes,
being too coarfe for medicine.
The leaves of this fort are about four inches broad at
their bafe, where they are near two inches thick, and
diminifh gradually to a point, having a few inden-
tures on their edges; the leaves are of a fea-green co-
lour, and when young are fpotted with white. The
flower-ftem riles near three feet high, and the flowers
ftand in a {lender loofe fpike, with very fhort foot-
ftalks, hanging downwards. They are tubulous, and
cut into fix parts, of a bright yellow colour, and the
ftamina ftand out beyond the tube. This never pro-
duces feed in England, and is too tender to live
through the -winter in our climate, in a common green-
houfe, therefore it fhould be placed in a moderate
degree of warmth in that feafon. I have known plants
of this kind, which have had an oiled cloth tied about
A L O
their roots, and hung up in a warm room more than
two years, and afterwards planted in pots, which have
grown very -well, from whence the plant has been
called Sempervivum by the inhabitants of America.
The third fort will grow to the height of ten or twelve
feet, with a ftrong naked fterii, the leaves growing
at the top, which clofely embrace the ftalk ; they are
about two inches broad at their bafe, growing nar-
rower to a point, and are reflexed, and indented
on their edges, each being armed with a ftrong
crooked fpine. The leaves are of a fea-green colour,
and very fucculent. The flowers grow in a pyra-
midal fpike, are tubulous, and of a bright red colour.
Thefe are in beauty in November and December.
This fort will live through the winter in a good green-
houfe, but they will not flower unlefs they have a
moderate fhare of warmth, therefore the pots fhould''
be removed into a ftove in Qftober, which fhould not
be kept above temperate heat, in which fituation they
feldom fail to flower.
The fourth fort is fomewhat like the third, but tile
leaves are broader, and have feyerai fpines on their
backfide toward their extremities. The flowers of this
grow in a loofer fpike, and the plants never put out
any fuckers, fo that it is Very difficult to increafe.
The fifth fort feldom rifes much above two feet high,
the leaves are very broad at their bafe, where they
clofely embrace the ftalk, and gradually decreafe to
a point. The edges are fet with fharp fpines, and
the undfer leaves fpread open horizontally every way;
thefe are of a dark green colour fpotted with white,
fomewhat refembling the colour of foft fope, from
whence fome have given it the title of Sope Aloe. The
flowers grow in umbels on the tops of the ftalks, which
are of a beautiful red colour, and appear in Auguft
and September. This fort is hardy, fo may be kept
in a common green-houfe in winter, and in the fum-
mer placed in the open air.
The fixth fort is fomewhat like the fifth in its manner
of growth, but the leaves are broader, of a lighter
green colour ; the edges and alfo the fpines are of a
copper colour, and the flowers grow in loofe fpikes.
This is as hardy as the former, fo may be treated in
the fame manner. It flowers in September.
The feventh fort grows to the height of fix or feven
feet, with a ftrong ftem, toward the upper part of
which are produced two, three, or four heads, com-
pofed of long, comprefled, pliable leaves, of a fea-
green colour, entire, and ending in obtufe points ;
thefe are placed tv/o ways, lying over each other with
their edges the fame way. The flowers are produced
in fhort loofe fpikes, which are of a red colour, and
appear at different times of the year.
The eighth fort is an humble plant, feldom rifling
more than a foot high ; the leaves grow near the
ground, which are broad at their bafe, where they
embrace the ftalk, and gradually diminiih to a point ;
they are of a fea-green colour, with fome white
fpots ; their edges, and alfo their upper parts below
and above, are befet with pretty fharp fpines ; the
flowers grow in loofe fpikes, the tubulous part being
red, and the brim of a light green colour.
The ninth fort is a low plant, feldom rifling above
eight inches high. The leaves of this are triangular,
and turn back at their extremity ; they are flefhy and
entire, their edges being very flightly fawed. Thefe
are curioufly veined and fpotted, fomewhat like the
feathers on a partridge’s breaft, from whence it had
the name. The flowers grow in very loofe fpikes,
upon ftalks about one foot high ; they are of a fine red
colour tipped with green. This will live in a good
green-houfe through the winter.
I have raifed a variety of this from feeds which I re-
ceived from the Cape of Good Elope, with broader
triangular leaves, v/hich fpread much more than thofe
of the former, and are not fo beautifully fpotted; the
flower-ftalks alfo grow much taller.
The tenth fort is alfo a very low plant, never rifling
to have ftalks ; the leaves are broad at their bafe, but
are tapering to a point where they are triangular ;
H they
if
I
A L O
they are befet on their edges, and both furfaees, with
foft fpines, very clofely, from whence this plant had
the name of Hedgehog Aloe. The flowers grow in
a loofe head, on the top of the ftalk, which is very
thick* but feldom a foot nigh : they are of a fine red
colour below, but of a pale green above. This fort
may be preferred through the winter in a good green-
houfe, and placed in the open air in lumrncr.
The eleventh fort grows near a foot high, and is fur-
riiflied with triangular leaves, from the ground up-
ward ; thefe are of a dark green colour, and are placed
in form of a triangle ; the flowers grow thinly upon
very (lender foot-lialks, and are of an herbaceous co-
lour, and their upper part turns backward. This fort
requires a moderate warmth in winter, fo fhould be
placed in a cool part of the (love.
The twelfth fort grows fomewhat like the former,,
being befet with leaves from the bottom, but thefe
are rounder, and end in (harp points •, the flowers
grow upon taller (talks, which branch out and grow
in long dole (pikes. There is a variety of this fort
which has been raifed from feeds, which is much
larger, the leaves thicker, and the flowers grow upon
taller (talks, but this is only a feminal variety.
This fort may be preferved through the winter in a
good green-houfe, but muft have very little water
given it during the cold weather.
The thirteenth fort grows with its leaves near the
ground, which are about fix inches in length, and
fhaped like a tongue, from whence it had the title of
Tongue Aloe. The flowers grow in (lender loofe
fpikes, each hanging downward, of a red colour below,
and green at the top. This is pretty hardy, fo may
be kept in a common green-houfe in winter, and fet
abroad in fummer. There is a variety of this fort,
with leaves much more fpotted.
The fourteenth fort is of humble growth •, the leaves
come out on every fide without order near the ground,
they are thick, triangular at their ends, and clofely
ftudded with white protuberances, from whence it was
called Pearl Aloe. There is a fmaller fort of this
which hath been long preferved in the Eriglifh gar-
dens, but the manner of its flowering being the fame,
I fufpeft it to be only a variety. This may be pre-
ferved through the winter in a common green-houfe.
It flowers at different feafons of the year.
The fifteenth fort is the true Succotrine Aloe, from
whence the bed fort of Aloe for ufe in medicine is
produced. This hath long, narrow, fucculent leaves,
which come out without any order, and form large
heads. The (talks grow three or four feet high, and
have two, three, and fometimes four of thefe heads,
branching out from it : the lower leaves fpread out
on every fide, but the upper leaves turn inward to-
ward the center ; the flowers grow in long fpikes,
upon (talks about two feet high, each (landing on a
pretty long foot-ftalk; they are of a bright red colour
tipped with green: thefe generally appear in the winter
feafon. This fort may be preferved through the
winter in a warm green-houfe, but the plants fo ma-
naged will not dower fo frequently, as thofe which
have a moderate degree of warmth in winter.
The fixteenth fort refembles the eighth in fome par-
ticulars, but the leaves are much broader, and fpread
wide on every fide ; whereas thofe of the eighth are
ranged only two ways, and are narrow. This flowers
but feldom, whereas the fixteenth flowers annually in
the fpring, and may be kept through the winter in a
common green-houfe.
The feventeenth fort never rifes from the ground, but
the leaves fpread flat on the furface ; thefe are plain,
fucculent, and triangular toward their end. The
borders of the leaves, and alfo the ridge of the angle
on their under fide, are clofely befet with foft white
fpines. The fiower-ftalk rifes about a foot high, is
very (lender, and hath three or four fmall herbaceous
flowers (landing at a diftance from each other. Thefe
are tubulous, and cut into fix parts at the brim, which
turn backward. This fort is tender, fo fhould be
placed in winter in a moderate degree of heat, and
2
A L O
midi have little water. It feldom puts out offsets; fo
is generally increafed by planting the leaves.
The eighteenth fort is alfo a fmall plant growing near
the ground ; the leaves of this fort are almoft cylin-
drical toward their bafe, but angular near their ends,
and are fet with, (hort foft fpines at the angles : thefe
leaves are Alerter and of a darker green colour than
thofe of the former fort, and the plants produce many
fuckers on every fide. I have raifed a variety of this
from feeds, which hath fliorter, whiter, and lfnoother
leaves, but this hath not yet flowered. This will live
in a common green-houfe in winter.
The nineteenth fort hath very (hort, thick, fucculent
leaves, which are compreffed on their upper fide like
a cushion, from whence it had the name. This grows
very clofe to the ground, and puts out fuckers on
every fide : the flowers grow on (lender (talks, and
are of an herbaceous colour. This may be preferved
through the winter in a good green-houfe, but fhould
have very little water during that feafon, efpecially
when it hath no artificial heat.
The twentieth fort hath long narrow tongue-fliaped
leaves, which are hollowed on their upper fide, but
keel-fhaped below : thefe are clofely ftudded on every
fide, with fmall white protuberances, from whence
the plant hath had the title of Pearl Tongue Aloe.
The flowers of this kind grow on pretty tall ftalks,
and form loofe fpikes, each hanging downward : they
are of a beautiful red colour, tipped with green. This
fort produces offsets in plenty, and is fo hardy as to
live in a common green-houfe through the winter. It
flowers at different feafons of the year.
The twenty-firft fort hath fome refemblance to the laft,
but the leaves are much broader and thicker ; thefe
fpread out every way, and are not fo concave on their
upper furface, nor are the protuberances fo large as
thofe of the former; the flowers are of a paler colour,
and the fpikes are (horter. I have raifed plants from
the feeds of this fort, which have varied from the
original, but none of them approached near the twen-
tieth fort. This is as hardy as the former fort.
The twenty-fecond fort rifes to the height of eight
or ten feet, with a ftrong item ; the leaves grow on
the top, which clofely embrace the ftalk ; thefe come
out irregularly, and fpread every way ; they are near
four inches broad at their bafe, and diminifh. gradually
to the top, where they end in a (pine. They are of
a dark green colour, and clofely befet with (hort thick
(pines on every fide. This fort hath not as yet flowered
in England, nor does it put out fuckers, fo that it is
difficult to increafe. It muft have a warm green-
houfe in winter, and very little water.
The twenty-third fort hath very long, narrow, trian-
gular leaves, (haped like thofe of the Bull-rufh ; the
flowers are produced in clofe thick fpikes, upon ftalks
near three feet high. They are of an Orange colour,
having fix yellow (lamina, which come out beyond
the tube of the flower ; fo that when the plants are
ftrong, and produce large fpikes, they make a fine
appearance. It flowers in Auguft and September.
There is a variety of this with narrower leaves, and
longer fpikes of flowers.
The foil in which thefe plants thrive bed, is one half
frefh light earth from a common (and if the turf is
taken with it and rotted, it is much better) ; the reft
fhould be white fea fand and lifted lime rubbifh, of
each of thefe two, a fourth part ; mix thefe together
fix or eight months at lead before it is uled, obferving
to turn it over often in the time.
The middle of July is a very proper feafon to drift
thefe plants ; at which time you may take them out
of the pots, and with your fingers open the roots, and
fhake out as much of the earth as poflible, taking off
all dead or mouldy roots, but do not wound or break
the young frefh ones : then fill the pot about three
parts full of the above-mentioned earth, putting a
few (tones in the bottom of the pot, to drain off the
moifture ; and after placing the roots of the plant in
fuch a manner as to prevent their interfering too much
with each other, put in as much of the fame earth, as
to
to fill the pot almoft to the rim, and obferve to fhake
the plant, fo as to let the earth in between the roots ;
and then with your hand fettle it clofe to the roots of
the plant, co keep it fteady in the pot ; then water
them gently, and let them abroad in a fhady place,
where they may remain for three weeks, giving them
gentle waterings, if the weather fhould prove hot
and dry.
Toward the latter end of September, in a dry day,
remove them into the houfe again, obferving to give
them as much free open air as poffible, while the
weather is warm ; but, if the nights are cool, you
mult {hut up the glaffes, and give them air only in
the day; and, as the cold increafes, you muft not
open the glaffes, but obferve to give them gentle
waterings often, till the middle of October, when you
muft abate watering according to the heat of the houfe
in which they are kept. For thofe plants which are
placed in a ftove, will require to be watered at leaft
once a week, moft part of the winter ; whereas thofe
which are kept in a green-houfe without artificial heat,
fhould not be watered oftener in winter than once a
month.
When thefe hardier forts of Aloes are placed abroad
in fummer, they fhould have but little water given
them ; and if much rain fhould fall during the time
they are abroad, they fhould be fcreened from it : for
when they imbibe much wet in fummer, they fre-
quently rot the following winter, efpecialiy if they are
not kept in a moderate warm air. Therefore, thofe
who choofe to treat thefe plants hardily, fhould be
cautious of their receiving too much moifture.
The tender forts fhould conftantly remain in the ftove,
or be removed in fummer to an airy glafs-cafe, where
they may have free air in warm weather, but be pro-
tected from rain and cold. With this management
the plants will thrive and increafe, and fuch of them
as ufually flower, may be expected to produce them
in beauty at their feafons.
The hardier forts thrive much better when they are
expofed in fummer, and fecured from the cold and
rain in winter, than if they are treated more tenderly.'
For when they are placed in a ftove, they are kept
growing all the winter, whereby they are drawn up
weak ; and although they will flower oftener when
they have a moderate fhare of heat, yet in two or three
years, the plants will not appear fo lightly as thofe
which are more hardily treated.
The. twenty-third fort is hardy enough to live abroad
in mild winters, if they are planted. in a warm border
and a dry foil ; but as they are often deftroyed in fe-
vere winters, it is proper to keep fome plants in
pots, which may be fheltered in Winter under a frame,
to preferve the fort. This is propagated by feeds,
which the plants generally produce in plenty : the
feeds muft be fown in pots foon after they are ripe,
and in winter fhould be fheltered under a common
hot-bed frame : in the fpring the plants will come up,
when they fhould be inured to bear the open air by
degrees ; and when they are large enough to remove,
fome of them fhould be planted in pots, and the other
in a warm border, where they will require to be fhel-
tered the following winter, as they will not have ob-
tained fufficient ftrength to refill the cold.
Moft of thefe Aloes are increafed by offsets, which
fhould be taken from the mother plant, at the time
when they are fhifted, and muft be planted in very
fmall pots, filled with the fame earth as was directed
for the old plants •, but if, in taking the fuckers off,
you obferve that part which joined to the mother root
to be moift, you muft let them lie out of the ground
in a fhady dry place fix or eight days to dry before
they are planted, other wife they are very fubjeCl to rot.
After planting, let them remain in a fhady place (as
was before directed in fhifting the old plants) fora
fortnight, when you fhould remove the tender kinds
to a very moderate hot-bed, plunging the pots there-
in, which will greatly facilitate their taking new root;
but obferve to (hade the glaffes in the middle of the
day, and to give them a great fhare of air.
Toward the middle of Auguft, begin to harden tfiefd
young plants, by taking off the glaffes in good wea-
ther, and By railing them at other times with props;
that the. air may freely enter tile bed, which is ab~
folutely lieceffary for their growth, and to prepare
them to be removed into the houfe, which muft be
done toward the end of September, and managed as
before directed for the old plants.
The African Aloes, for the moft part, afford plenty
of fuckers, by which they are increafed ; but thofe
few that do not, may be moft of them propagated,
by taking off fome of the under leaves, laying them
to dry for ten days or a fortnight, as was directed for
the offsets ; then plant them in the fame foil as was
directed for them, putting that part of the leaf which
adhered to the old plant, about an inch, or an inch
and a half (according to the fize of the leaf) into the
earth, giving them a little water to fettle the earth
about them ; then plunge the pots into a moderate
hot-bed, obferving to fcreen them from the violence
of the fun, and give them gentle refrdhings with
water once a week : the beft feafon for this is in June,
that they may pufli out heads before winter.
The fecond fort produces the Aloes commonly fold
in the fhops for horfes, and is called Aloe Hepatica *
But it is from the fifteenth fort, the Succotrine, of
beft fort of Aloes, is produced ; which is done by
cutting their leaves tranfverfly, and placing earthen
veflels under them to receive the juice which drops
from thefe cut leaves ; which juice, when infpiiTated,
becomes the Aloe which is ufed in medicine. But I
believe in making the coarfer fort of Aloes, they prefs
the leaves, whereby a greater quantity of juice is ob-
tained : but this is not near fo fine as the other.
ALOE AMERICANA MURICATA. See
Agave.
A L O I D E S. See Stratiotes.
ALOPECUROS [Gr. ’AAotjA^©-’], Fox-tail, a kind
of grafs.
ALPINIA.
This plant is fo called after Profper Alpinus, who
was a famous botanift in his time, and travelled into
Greece and Egypt, and has written two books in
quarto of the plants of thofe countries.
The Characters are,
It hath a trifid empakment , upon which refs the germen i
I' he flower is of one leaf \ which is unequally divided at the
top into four parts , and refembles a perfonated flower ;
the upper fegment which refembles the helmet , and alflo the
two fide fegments , are indented in the middle , and the lower
one is divided into three parts at the brim ; in the center
is placed the round germen, fupporting a Jingle Jiyle crowned
with a three cornered ftigma : this is attended by a Jingle
ftamina fixed to the tube of the flower , which is crowned
with a very narrow fiummit. After the flower is pafl , the
germen becomes an oval flejhy fruit, divided into three part
inclofing fever al oval feeds , which have tails.
This genus of plants, is by Dr. Linnaeus ranged in
his firft clafs, which is entitled Monandria Monogy-
nia, the flowers of which have but one ftamina and
one ftyle.
We know but one Species of this genus, viz.
Alpinia. Royen. Prod. 12. This is by father Plunder
titled, Alpina racemofa alba Cannacori foliis. Nov.
Gen. 26. i. e. White branching Alpina , with leaves like
the flowering Reed.
This plant is a native of the Weft-Indies, from whence
it has been brought into fome of the curious gardens
of Europe, where it muft be. preferved in a good
green-houfe, and the pots plunged into a tub of water,
otherwife it will not thrive in this country. The leaves
decay every winter, and are pufhed out from the roots
every fpring, like the Maranta; fo may /be propa-
gated by parting of the roots when the leaves decay.
A L S I N E [Gr. ’AA Chick-weed.
Thefe plants are fo well known to moft perfons, it
will be needlefs to mention them in this place, unlds
it be to caution perfons from permitting them to grow
either in their gardens, or on dunghills,, where they
will foon fired their feeds, and become troubiefhme
weeds ;
ALT
'Weeds •, but as they are annual, they rn&y with little j
trouble be destroyed, if they do not hand to produce
feed.
A L T H f£ A [’AxSaA, fo called from d\Qmoo<, Gr . to
heal], Marflim allow.
The Characters are,
The flower hath a double empalement ; the outer is
of one leaf and is unequally divided into nine narrow fer-
ments at the brim •, the inner one is alfo of one leaf cut
into five broad acute fegments at the top *, thefe are loth
permanent. The flower hath five petals which c'oalefce
at their hafe , but fpread open above and are Jhaped like
a heart. There are many Jiamina joined below , and form
a kind of cylinder , but are loofe above , and inferted
in the column. In the center is placed the orbicular ger-
men, fupporting a fhort cylindrical ftyle , crowned with nu-
merous ftigma , which are of equal length with the fta-
mina. The empalement afterward becomes an orbicular
deprejfed cap file ,• divided into feveral cells , each contain-
ing one comprejfed kidney-Jhaped feed.
This genus of plants is ranged by Dn Linnaeus in
the third feftion of his fixteenth clafs, which is titled
Monodelphia Polyandria, the ftamina being joined
together to form a fort of column.
The Species are,
1. Althaea foliis fimplicibus acuminatis acute den-
tatis tomentofis. Marfhmallow with Jingle woolly leaves ,
which are indented in Jharp fegments. Althaea Diofco-
ridis & Plinii. C, B. P. 315. Common Marfhmallow.
2. Alth/ea ( Officinalis ) foliis fimplicibus angulato-ro-
tundioribus tomentofis. Marfhmallow with angular ,
woolly , round-pointed leaves. Althaea folio rotundiori
aut minus acuminato. Sutherl. Edinb.
3. Althaea (. Hirfuta ) foliis trifidis pilofo-hifpidis fupra
glabris. Hort. Cliff. 349. Marfhmallow with trifid ,
hairy , pungent leaves. Alcea villofa. Dalechamp. Hift.
594 -
4. Althea ( Cannabina ) foliis inferioribus palmatis fu-
perioribus digitatis. Hort. Cliff. 205. Marfhmallow
with the under leaves jhaped like a hand , and the upper
leaves more divided. Alcea fruticofo cannabino folio.
Cluf. Hift. p. 2. pag. 25.
The firft fort is the common Marfhmallow, which
grows naturally in moift places in divers parts of Eng-
land, and is frequently ufed in medicine. It hath a
perennial root and an annual ftalk. The plant grows
eredt, to the height of four or five feet, and puts out
a few lateral branches on the fide of the ftalks, gar-
nifhed with leaves which are hoary and foft to the
touch •, they are angular, and placed alternately on
the branches •, the flowers come out from the wings
of the leaves, which are fhaped like thofe of the Mal-
low, but are fmaller and of a pale colour. Thefe ap-
pear in June or July, and the feeds ripen in Septem-
ber. It may be propagated faft enough, either by
feeds or parting their 1 roots. When it is propa-
gated by feeds they fhould be fown in the fpring, but
if by parting their roots, the beft time is in autumn,
when the ftalks decay. It will thrive in any foil or
fituation, but in moift places will grow larger than
in dry land. The plants fhould not be nearer toge-
ther than two feet, for their roots fpread wide on
every fide.
The fecond fort is fomewhat like the firft, but the
leaves are not fo long, nor do they end in a fharp
point, but are angular, and rounder than thofe of the
firft. I have cultivated this in the Chelfea garden
many years, and find it retains its difference.
The third fort grows naturally in Spain and Portu-
gal ; from both thefe countries I have received the
feeds. This is a low plant, whofe branches trail on
the ground, uniefs they are fupported by flakes. The
leaves and ftalks are befet with ftrong hairs ; the
flowers come out at the wings of the ftalks, and fire
fmaller than , thofe of the common fort, having pur-
plifh bottoms. The leaves are deeply cut into three
parts, and have long foot-ftalks ; the ftalks are wood-
dy, but feldorn laft more than two years.
If the feeds of this fort are fown in April, the plants
will flower in July, and the feeds ripen in Septem-
ber. They fhould be fowh in the places .where they
are to remain, for as the roots fhoot deep into the
ground, uniefs the plants are removed very young,
they feldom furvive tranfplanting.
The fourth fort has a woody ftern, which rifes to the
height of four or five feet, and puts out many fide
branches. Thefe are garnifhed with leaves of dif-
ferent fhapes •, thofe which are on the lower part of
the ftalks are like a hand, very {lightly cut toward
their outfide, but thofe which are placed on the upper
part of the branches, are deeply cut into feveral parts ;
thefe are hairy, and grow alternately on the branches
the flowers come out from the wings of the ftalks in
the fame manner as the other forts, but are not fo
large as thofe of the common Marfhmallow ; they are
of a deeper red colour, and the empalement is much
larger. This fort feldom flowers the firft year, uniefs
the fummer proves warm ; but when the plants live
through the winter, they will flower early the follow-
ing fummer, and produce good feeds. This grows
naturally in Hungary and Iftria, from both which
places I have received the feeds.
It is propagated by feeds, which fhould be fown in
the fpring in the place where the plants are to re-
main ; or if otherwife, the plants muft be tranfplanted
young, elfe they will not fucceed. They fhould have
a fheltered fituation and a dry foil, otherwife they will
not live through the winter in England. When thele
plants grow in a ftony foil, or in lime rubbifh, they
will be Hinted in their growth, but they will have lefs
flap in their branches, fo will better endure the cold of
this climate. This fort feldom continues longer than
two years in England, but as the feeds ripen here, the
plants may be had in plenty.
ALTHiEA FRUTEX. See Hibiscus and La-
VATERA.
A L Y S S O I D E S. See Alyssum and Lunaria.
ALYSSON ALPINUM LUTEUM. See Draba.
ALYSSON SEGETUM. SeeMYAGRUM.
ALYSSON SERPILLI FOLIO. See Clypeola.
ALYSSON VERONICA FOLIO. See Draba.
ALYSSON YULGARE. See Draba.
ALYSSUM, jjAAui t<tov, of aAuWw, Gr. to be mad ;
fo called, becaufe it was believed to have the virtue
of curing madnefs.] Mad wort.
The Characters are.
The flower hath an oblong four-leaved empalement , which
falls away. It hath four petals in form of a crofs , which
fpread open above the empalement. It hath fix ftamina ,
two of which are foorter than the other four , crowned
with broad fummits ■, in the center of the fewer is fitu-
ated the oval ger men, fupporting a Jingle ftyle, cr owner'
with an obtufe ftigma. After the flower is p aft, the gr ~
men becomes a globular or comprejfed feed-veffel , in ~ itch
are lodged feveral comprejfed feeds.
This genus is ranged in the fifteenth clafs of Lin*
nteus, entitled Tetradynamia Siliculofa the flowers
of this clafs have fix ftamina, four of ' inch are longer
than the other two, and the feed - effels are fhort, in
fome globular, and in others th ey are compreffed.
The Species are,
1. Alyssum {Sax at He) caulibo; frutefeentibus panicula-
tis foliis knceolatis me liffimis undulatis integris.
Prod. Leyd. '31. Mod-wort with fhrubby ftalks, flow-
ers growing inpanicles, and whole, foft, fpear-Jhaped waved
leaves. Alyffon dreticum faxatile foliis undulatis in-
canis. Tourn. Cor. 15.
2. Alyssum ( Halimifolium ) foliis lanceolato-linearibus
acutis integerrimis caulibus procumbentibus peren-
n antibus. Hort. Cliff. 333. Madwort with whole ,
fpear-Jhaped , pointed leaves , and trailing perennial ftalks.
Alyffon halimi folio fempervirens. Tourn. Inft.
3. Alyssum ( Spinofum ) ramis floreis fenilibus fpinifor-
mibus nudis. Hort. Cliff. 332. Madwort, whofe
older branches have naked fpines. Thlafpi fruticofum
fpinofum. C. B. P. 108.
4. Alyssum {Montanum) ramulis fuffruticofis diffufis fo-
liis pundlato-echinatis. Hort. Upfal. 185. Madwort
with florubby diffufed branches and leaves, having prickly
■punctures. Thlafpi montanuin luteum. J. B. 2. p. 928.
5. Alyssum
/
A L Y
5. Alyssum ( Incanum ) caule eredo foliis lahceoktis in-
canis integerrimis floribus corymbofis. Hort. Cliff.
332. Madwort with an erehl fialk , hoary fpear-fhaped
leaves which are entire , and flowers collehied into round
heads. Alyffon fruticofum incanum. Tourn. Inft.
R. H.
6. Alyssum {Clyp eat um) caule eredo herbaceo filiculis
feflilibus ovalibus compreffo-planis petalis acumina-
tis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 651. Madwort with an erehl her-
baceous fialk, pods growing clofe to the ft oiks, which are
oval and comprejfed, and the flower leaves pointed. Lu-
naria leucoii folio filiqua oblonga majo'ri. Tourn.
Inft. 218.
7. Alyssum ( Sinuatum ) caule herbaceo foliis lanceola-
tis dentatis filiculis infiatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 651.
Madwort with an herbaceous fialk , fpear-fhaped indented
leaves , and fwollen feed-veffels. Alyffoides incanum
foliis finuatis. Tourn. Inft. 213.
8. Alyssum ( Creticum ) caule herbaceo erecto foliis in-
canis lanceolatis integerrimis filiculis inflatis. Lin.
Sp. Plant. 651. Madwort with an ere hi herbaceous
fialk , hoary , fpear-fhaped , entire leaves , and a fwelling feed-
vefifel. Alyffoides fruticofum Creticum leucoii folio
incano. Tourn. Cor. 15.
9. Alyssum ( Veficaria ) foliis linearibus dentatis, filicu-
lis inflatis angulatis acutis. Lin. Sp. 910. Madwort
with linear indented leaves and fwollen pods , which are
angular and acute ' pointed. Veficaria Orientalis, foliis
dentatis. Tourn. Cor. 49.
10. Alyssum {Deltoideum) caulibus fuffrutefeentibus
proftratis, foliis lanceolato-deltoidibus, filiculis hirtis.
Lin. Sp. 908. Madwort with trailing Jhrubby ftalks ,
deltoide fpear-fhaped leaves, and hairy pods. Alyffon Cre-
ticum foliis angulatis, fiore violaceo. Tourn. Cor. 15.
11. Alyssum ( Calycinum ) caulibus herbaceus, ftamini-
bus omnibus dentatis, calycibus perftftentibus. Jacq.
Vind. 1 1 4. Madwort with herbaceous ftalks , all the
fiamina indented, and a permanent flower-cup. Thlafpi
Alyffon didum campeftre majus. C. B. P. 107.
12. Alyssum ( Campeftre ) caule herbaceo, ftaminibus
ftipatis pari letarum, calycibus deciduis. Lin. Sp.
909. Madwort with an herbaceous fialk , and the
ficwer-cup deciduous. Alyffon incanum, ferpylli folio,
frudu nudo. Tourn. Inft. 217.
The firft fort is a low perennial plant, with a flefhy
ftalk, which feldom rifes more than one foot high,
but divides into many lels branches which grow near
the ground, fo that a Angle plant will fp read to a con-
fiderable diftance. The branches are garnilhed with
long fpear-fhaped leaves, which are hoary and waved
on their edges, placed on without any order. The
flowers are produced in loofe panicles, at the extre-
mity of every branch, and are of a bright yellow co-
lour, confifting of four petals, placed in form of a
crofs : thefe being numerous, make a fine appear-
ance during their continuance. They appear the lat-
ter end of April, or the beginning of May, and if
the feafon is moderate, will continue three weeks in
beauty. The feeds ripen in July, but it is only from
young plants that feeds can be expeded j for the old
plants, or thofe which are railed from flips or cut-
tings, rarely produce feeds in England.
This plant is hardy, and although brought from a
more foutherly climate, yet, if planted in a dry, lean,
or rubbifhy foil, will endure our fevereft winters
abroad. It is increafed by lowing the feeds in March
in a light fandy foil, or by planting cuttings in A_pril
or May ; which are very apt to take root, iff kept
fhaded in the heat of the day, and gently refrelhed
with water.
The fecond fort feldom continues above two or three
years with us, and muft therefore be often fown to
preferve it ; or if the feeds are fuffered to fall, and
remain upon the ground, the plants will rife without
any trouble. This plant fpreads itfelf upon the
grourtd, and never rifes to any height. It produces,
at the extremity of its branches, very pretty tufts, of
fmali white flowers j of which the plant Is feldom de-
ftitute for fix or feven months fucceffivoly, for which
reafon it deferves a place in the gardens of the curi-
ous. This will grow from feeds, and alfo frdhrctit-
tings, if planted and managed as the former.
The third fort hath ligneous branches which rife about
two feet high •, thefe are armed with fmali fpines ; the
leaves are hoary, fpear-ihaped, and thinly placed on
the ftalks without any order. The flowers are white,
crofs-lhaped, and grow in fmali clufters at the extre-
mity of the branches* After the flowers are paft, the
germen turns to an oblong feed-veffel, containing fe-
veral round feeds.
This may be propagated in the fame manner as the
firft fort, either by feeds or flips , and when the plants
grow in rubbifh, or on old walls, they will laft much
longer, and endure the cold of our winters better than
thofe which are in a good foil. It grows naturally in
Spain, Italy, and the fouth of France.
The fourth fort hath trailing branches, which lie on
the ground j thefe are garnilhed with oblong hoary
leaves, which are rough to the touch, and are placed
alternately on every fide of the branches ; the flowers
are produced in fmali clufters at the extremity of the
branches, which are of a dark yellow colour, and are
fucceeded by feed-veffels fnaped like thofe of the third
fort. This grows naturally upon rocks and ruins,- in
Burgundy, and fome other parts of France, as alfo
about Bafil. It may be propagated in the fame man-
ner as the former forts, and when it grows in rubbifh,
the plants will continue fome years •, but in rich
ground, they feldom live through the winter in
England.
The fifth fort grows to the height of two feet, hav-
ing ligneous ftalks, which divide into feveral branches
toward the top. Thefe are garnilhed with hoary
fpear-ihaped leaves, which are placed alternately on
the branches : at the extremity of every Ihoot, the
flowers are produced in round bunches, which are
fmali, ‘white, and crofs-lhaped ; thefe are fucceeded
by oval feed-veffels, which are full of brown feeds.
It groves naturally in the fouth of France, Spain, and
Italy, chiefly on rocky or gravelly foils. When this
is fown in a rich foil, it feldom furvives the winter - 9
but in lime rubbifh, or upon old wails, it will con-
tinue feveral years. It flowers in June, July, Au-
guft, and September, and the feeds ripen foon after
which if permitted to Latter, the plants will come
up, and require little care.'
The fixth fort is a biennial plant with, an herbaceous
ftalk, which is garnilhed with oblong hoary leaves,
placed alternately ; the flowers come out from the
wings of the ftalks Angle, and are fucceeded by oval
comprefied feed-veffels, fnaped like thofe of the Lu-
naria, which contain many flat feeds. It grows natu-
rally in Spain and Portugal, from whence I have re-
ceived the feeds. It is propagated by feeds, which,
muft be fown upon dry ground, or lime rubbifh ;
for in rich land the plants will grow too vigorous in
fummer, fo that in autumn they generally rot off and
decay.
The feventh fort is a low fpreading plant, which di-
vides into fmali branches •, thefe fpr^adnear the ground#
and are garnifhed with oblong hoary leaves which
continue through the year : the flowers are produced
in fmali clufters at the extremity of the branches ;
they are of a bright yellow colour, confifting of four
petals placed in form of a crofs. After the flower is
paft, the germen becomes an oval fwelling feed-vef-
fel, which is filled with roundifn feeds. This grows
naturally in the illands of the Archipelago, but is
hardy enough to live In the open air in England, in
a dry foil „ and a warm fituation. It is propagated by
feeds, and feldom lafts longer than two or three years.
The eighth fort grows more ereft, having an herba-
ceous ftalk, which fends out a few lateral branches
toward the top, garnifhed with oblong hoary leaves.
The flowers grow, in fmali clufters at the extremity
of the branches, which are fucceeded by oval fwelling
feed-veflels like the former. This feldbm continues
longer than two years In England ; It muft have a
warm dry fituation, otherwife It will not live in the
open air, and is propagated by feeds, which fhould
I be
A M A
oe fown in Auguft, foon after they are ripe •, and if
a few of them are potted in October, and fheitered
under a frame in winter, they will flower the follow-
ing June, fb good feeds may be obtained the fame
year •, for thole plants which arife early in the year,
grow luxuriantly in fummer, fb do not often live
through the winter, or ripen feeds.
The ninth and tenth forts have trailing {talks, which
fpread on the furface of the ground ; the plants pro-
duce their flowers toward the extremity of the ftalks
in loofe fpikes, which are formed like thole of the
other forts, having four petals in each in form of a
crofs ; thofe of the ninth fort are fucceeded by fwollen
feed-veffels, but the tenth, which flowers early in the
fpring, are rarely fucceeded by feed-veffels in this
country. This is an abiding plant, which may be
propagated from its trailing branches, which, if
planted in April, will take root and become good
plants by the following autumn, when two or three
plants may be placed in a common frame for fhelter
in winter, to preferve the fpecies •, for in hard win-
ters, thole which are expofed are fometimes deftroyed.
The eleventh and twelfth are both annual plants, lb
are propagated by feeds, which Ihould be l'own in a
border of light earth in April, in fuch places where
the plants are to remain ; if thefe are thinned and
kept clean from weeds, they will flower in July, and
perfed their feeds in autumn.
AMARANTHOIDES. See Gomphrena.
AM ARANTHUS of a privative, and
pxpatm, Gr. to wither •, fo called, becaufe the flower
of this plant being cropped, does not foon wither ;
but being dried, keeps the beauty of its colour a
great while,] Flower-gentle.
The Characters are,
It hath male and female flowers in the fame plant. 'The
flower hath no petals , but the empalement confifts of three
or five pointed Jpear-Jhaped leaves which are coloured and
permanent •, this is common to both flexes. The male flow-
ers have in flome fpecies three , and in others five fender
flamina , which are of the fame length with the empale -
ment , crowned with oblong fummits. The female flowers
have an oval ger men, fupporting three flsort awl-Jhaped
flyles , which are crowned with Jimple ftigma. The em-
palement afterward becomes an oval coloured feed-vejfel
having one cell , in which is lodged a Jingle globular feed.
This genus of plants is by Dr. Linnaeus ranged in the
fifth divifion of his twenty-firft clafs, entitled Monae-
cia Pentandria, from their having male and female
flowers on the fame plant, and the male flowers hav-
ing five flamina.
The Species are,
1. Amaranthus ( Tricolor ) glomerulis triandris axilla-
ribus fubrotundis amplexicaulibus foliis lanceolato-
ovatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 1403. Flower-gentle with
roundijh heads , placed at the wings of the ftalks embracing
them , whofe flotvers have three flamina , and the leaves
are oval and Jpear-Jhaped. Amaranthus tricolor.. Lob.
Icon. 252. i. e. Three coloured Amaranthus.
2. Amaranthus. {Melancholiacs) glomerulis triandris ax-
illaribus fubrotundis feffilibus foliis lanceolatis acu-
minatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 1403. Flower-gentle with
three flamina , roundijh heads growing clofe to the ftalk ,
and acute-pointed Jpear-Jhaped leaves. Amaranthus co-
lore obfcuriori five mas. Tourn. Inft. 236. Ama-
ranthus bicolor.
3. Amaranthus (Triflis) glomerulis triandris rotunda-
tis fubfpicatis, foliis ovato-cordatis emarginatis petiolo
brevioribus. Lin. Sp. 1404. Flower-gentle with three
flamina , roundiflo heads growing from the wings of the
f folks in fpikes , and oval heart-Jhaped leaves with floort
footrftalks.
4. Amaranthus ( Caudatus ) race mis pentandris decom-
pofitis cylindricis pendulus longiffimis. Hort. Cliff
443. Flower-gentle with five flamina, and very Iqng, hang -
ing, cylindrical fpikes. Amaranthus maximus paniciifa
longa pendula femine rubello. Rail Hift.
5. Amaranthus ( Maximus ) racemis fubcylindricis pen-
dulis, caule credo arboreo. Flower-gentle with hang-
ing almofl cylindrical fpikes , and' an ere A tree-like ftalk. s
■A M A
Amaranthus maximus. C. B. P. 120. 1 Commonly
called Tree-like Amaranthus.
6 . Amaranthus ( Lividus ) glomerulis triandris .fubfpi-
catis rotundatis, foliis rotundo-ovatis retufts. Lin. Sp.
1404. Flower-gentle with roundiflo fpikes of flower shav-
ing three flamina , and roundijh, oval , blunt leaves. Bli-
tum pulchrum redrum magnum rubfumJ J. B. 2.
p. 966.
7. Amaranthus (. Flavus ) racemis pentandris cbmpofi-
tis, fummo infimifque nutantibus, foliis ovatis mu-
cronatis. Lin. Sp. 1406. Flower-gentle with a com-
pound J pike of flowers having five jmmina, and oval
pointed leaves.
8. Amaranthus ( Blitum ) glomeratis lateralibus trifidis
foliis ovatis retufis, caule diffuib. Lin. Sp. Plant. 990.
Flower-gentle with roundiflo heads at the joints of the
ftalks, oval blunt leaves , and dijf ufed ftalks. Blitum al-
bum minus. C. B. P. 118. The fmalley white Elite.
9. Amaranthus {Gracizans) glomerulis triandris axil-
laribus foliis lanceolatis obtufis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 1405.
Flower-gentle with flowers having three flamina, which
grow in clufters from the wings of the ftalks, and blunt
Jpear-Jhaped leaves. Amaranthus fioribus lateralibus
congeftis foliis lanceolatis obtufis. Flor. Virg. .116.
Commonly called Pettit ory -leaved Elite.
10. Amaranthus ( Hybridus ) racemis pentandris decom-
pofitis congeftis nudis, fpiculis conjugatis. Flor. Virg.
148. Flower -gentle with five flamina, decompounded
fpikes having double j picul#. Amaranthus fylveftris
maximus Nova; Angliae fpicis viridibus. Raii Hift.
201 . Or JVild New England Elite with green fpikes.
11. Amaranthus (jFFpocondriacus). racemis pentandris
compofitis eonfertis eredis, foliis ovatis mucronatis.
Flort. Cliff. 444. Flower-gentle with five flamina, ere A
cluftered fpikes, and oval-pointed leaves. This is the
Amaranthus fylveftris maximus Novte Angliae fpicis
purpureis. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 235. Commonly called
Purple Flower-gentle.
1 2 . Amaranthus ( Spinofus ) racemis pentandris cylindricis
eredis axillis fpinofis. Hort. Cliff. 444. Flower-gentle
with five flamina , upright cylindrical fpikes, and fpines
at the joints of the ftalks. Amaranthus Indicus fpino-
fus fpica herbacea. H. L. 31.
13. Amaranthus {Sanguineus) racemis pentandris com-
pofitis eredis, lateralibus patentiffimis, foliis ovato-
oblongis. Lin. Sp. 1407. Flower-gentle with com-
pound fpikes, whofe lateral fpikes fpread out , the upper
are ereffi, and oblong oval leaves. Amaranthus racemis
cylindricis lateralibus terminalibufque cruciatim poft-
tis. Fig. Plant. 22.
14. Amaranthus {Retroflexus) racemis pentandris late-
ralibus terminalibufque caule flexuofo villofo ramis
retrocurvatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 991. Flower-gentle
with five flamina , fpikes proceeding from the wings of the
ftalks, and alflo at their extremities , and flexible, hairy , re-
curved branches.
1 5. Amaranthus { Oleraceous ) glomeribus triandris pen-
tandrifque, foliis ovatis obtufiffimis emarginatis ru-
gofis. Lin. Sp. 1403. Flower-gentle whofe globes have
flowers with three and five flamina , and rough, obtufle , in-
dented leaves. Blitum album majus. C. B. P. 118.
16. Amaranthus {Viridis) glomerulis triandris, flori-
bus mafeulis trifidis, foliis ovatis emarginatis, caule
eredo. Lin. Sp. 1405. Flower-gentle with globular
heads whofe flowers have three flamina the male are tri-
fid, oval, indented leaves, and an upright ftalk.
17. Amaranthus {Cruentus) racemis pentandris decom-
pofitis remotis patulo nutantibus, foliis lanceolate- '
ovatis. Lin. Sp. PI. 1406. Flower-gentle with de-
compounded fpikes of flowers with five flamina, the outer
fpr ending afunder, and oval fpear-Jhaped leaves. Ama-
ranthus finenfis foliis varus, panicula fpeciofa patula.
Cent. tab. 6.
The firft fort has been long cultivated in gardens for
the beauty of its variegated leaves, which are of three'
colours, viz. green, yellow, and red ; thefe are very
elegantly mixed : and when the plants are in full vi-
gour, the leaves are large, and clofely fet from the
bottom to the top of the ftalks, and the branches
form a fort of pyramid j fo that there is not a more
5-' " , beau-
AM A
beautiful plant than this, when it is in full luirre.
From the leaves of this plant being partly coloured
like the feathers of parrots, feme botanifts have fe-
parated this fpecies from the others, and conftituted
a genus of it by the title of Pfittacus.
The fecond fort hath been introduced into the Eng-
lish gardens much later than the former. This grows
to the fame height, and in the manner of its growth
greatly refembles it ; but the leaves have only two
colours, which are an obfcure purple, and a bright
crimfon ; thefe are fo blended as to fet off each other,
and when the plants are vigorous, they make a fine
appearance^
The third fort hath no great beauty •, it grows about
three feet high with an upright ftalk, which fends out
fome lateral branches toward the top ; thefe are gar-
niiliecl with oval heart-fhaped leaves. The flowers
are produced at the wings of the ftalks in roundifn
fpikes, as alfo at the extremity of the branches, but
have very little beauty, fo do not delerve a place in
the flower-garden. The young plants of this fort are
gathered to boil inftead of Spinach by the inhabitants
of India, where it grows naturally, and from thence
I received the feeds of it as an efculent plant.
The fourth fort grows naturally in America. This
hath an upright Item, three feet high ; the leaves and
ftalks are of a pale green colour ; the fpikes of flow-
ers are produced from the wings of the ftalks, and
alfo in clutters at the extremity of the branches :
they are very long and hang downward, being of a
bright purple colour. I have meafured fome of thefe
fpikes, which were two feet and a half long, fo that
many of them have reached the ground.
The fifth fort hath a ftrong ftem, which rifes to the
height of feven or eight feet, fending forth many ho-
rizontal branches toward the top, garniihed with ob-
long, rough, green leaves. At the extremity of every
fhoot, the cylindrical fpikes of a purple colour are
produced, which hang downward ; but thefe , are fel-
dom half the length of thofe of the former fort, and
are much thicker. This is the fort of Amaranth,
which is directed by the college to be tiled in me-
dicine.
The fixth fort grows near three feet high, putting
out feveral fide branches, which are garnifhed with
oval blunt leaves ; at the ends of the branches the
Ipikes are produced in clutters and grow creed, thefe
are of a deep purple colour.
The feventh fort grows near four feet high; the
ftalks are inclined to red ; the leaves are of an oval
fpear-fhaped figure, green colour, marked with pur-
ple fpots, and have very long foot-ftalks. The fpikes
come out at the extremity of the branches in clutters,
as alfo from the wings of the ftalks •, thefe are of a
pale green colour, and grow erect. I have received
the feeds of this fort from Portugal, by the title of
Bredos, recommending it to be cultivated as a culi-
nary herb.
The eighth fort grows naturally in moft of the warm
parts of Europe, and alfo in America; for wherever
it is permitted to fcatter its feeds, the plants will come
up the following fummer, and become troublefome 1
weeds, as will alfo the ninth fort ; fo thefe are feldom
cultivated, as they are only preferred in botanic gar-
dens for the fake of variety. The ftalks of both thefe
forts fpread on the ground.
The tenth fort grows upward of three feet high, and
fends out many fide branches, which are hairy, and
garnifhed with oblong rough leaves. The fpikes are
produced from the wings of the ftalks, as alfo at the
extremity of the branches, growing horizontally, and
are of a green colour. There is little beauty in this
plant, therefore is feldom admitted to gardens, unlefs
for the fake of variety.
The eleventh fort has been long in England, and was
formerly propagated in flower-gardens, but is now
become a common weed, frequently growing upon
dunghills : for as the plants abound with feeds, fo
where they are permitted to fcatter, there will be
plenty of the plants co'me up the following fummer.
And thefe feeds will remain in the ground feveral.
years, and as often as they are turned up to the fur-
face, they will produce plants ; fo that when plants
are flittered to ftand till their feeds fall, there will
be every fummer frefh crops of the plants for feveral
years.
The twelfth fort grows about two feet high, putting
out many fide brandies, fo as to form a bufliy plant ;
the leaves are oblong, and the fpikes come out at
every joint, where the ftalks are armed with fnarp
prickles, and at the extremity of the branches, die
ipikes are longer than thole of the fide : thefe are
(lender, and are inclining to a brown colour, fo make
no great figure, therefore is rarely allowed to have
a place, except in botanic gardens.
The feeds of the thirteenth fort were fent me from
the Bahama lilarids, as an efculent plant, bearing fine
flowers. This grows three feet high, with purple
ftalks and leaves ;• the fpikes are ftiort and cylindri-
cal ; thefe are frequently produced from the wings of
the ftalks, but at the extremity of the ftalk arifes a
large clutter of fpikes which are placed croflwife, with
one upright ftalk in the middle. Thefe are of a
bright purple colour at firft, but afterward fade to a
darker colour, as the feeds ripen.
The fourteenth fort is a native of North America,
from whence the feeds were fent to Europe, but is
now become a common weed in many gardens near
London, fo is feldom allowed a place, except in bo-
tanic gardens.
The fifteenth fort has no beauty, therefore not wor-
thy of a place in gardens : this and the fixteenth fort
are efteemed in fome parts of India as efculent herbs ;
the inhabitants of thofe warm countries, gather the
herbs while young, and drefs them inftead of Spi-
nach, but being much inferior to it, they are feldom
ufed in thofe countries where Spinach will thrive.
Thefe plants grow from two> to three feet high, and
when they have room, will fend out many fide
branches ; but if their feeds are permitted to fcatter,
there will be a plentiful fupply of plants the follow-
ing fummer.
I he feeds of the feventeenth fort were brought from
China, and the two firft years , they were fown m Eng-
land, produced beautiful heads of flowers, which
made a gay appearance ; but afterward the feeds de-
generated, and the plants which were produced from
them had little beauty ; which is the cafe with fome
others of this genus, fo fhould not be efteemed as
diftindt fpecies.
1 he forts which are worthy of a place in the plea-
i’ure-garden, are particularly the firft and fecond :
thefe are tender, and require fome art and care to
bring them to perfection in England, therefore
their management will be hereafter more particularly
inferred.
Next to thefe are the fourth, fifth, and thirteenth
forts. T. he feeds of thefe fhould be fown upon a mo-
derate hot- bed toward the end of March, , and wheii
i the plants come up, they fhould have a large fhare
of air admitted to them in mild weather, to prevent
their drawing up weak. When they are large enough
to tranfplant, there fhould be another moderate hot-
bed provided, to which they fhould be removed,
placing them at fix inches diftance every way, obferv-
ing to water them, as alio to jhade them from the
fun until they have taken new root ; after which the
air ihould be freely admitted to them, at all times
when the weather is favourable ; their waterings ihould
be frequent, but not given in great quantities. As
the plants advance, and the warmth of the feafon in-
creafes, they fhould' have a greater fhare of air, that
by degrees they , may be hardened to bear the open
air. The beginning of June they may be taken up
with large balls of earth to their roots, and planted
fome into pots, and others into the borders of the
pleafiire-garden, obferving to fhade them until they
have taken good root ; after which they mutt be. fre-
quently watered in dry weather, efpecially thofe in
the pots, which Will require watering every evening-
in
/
A M A
liwarift Hr y weather. The fifth, fort will not thrive
in pots, fo fhould be planted in a rich light foil,
where, if it is allowed room, and plentifully watered
in dry weather, the plants will grow to a very large
fize, and make a fine appearance.
The twelfth fort is alio tender, fo whoever is inclina-
able to cultivate that plant, fhould treat it in the
fame manner as is directed for the former.
The other forts are hardy enough to grow in the open
air, fo may be fown on a bed of light earth in the
fpring, and when the plants are fit to remove, they
may be tranfplanted into any part of the garden,
where they will thrive, and produce plenty of feeds,
which, if permitted to Latter, will ftock the garden
with plants.
The two firft forts muff be fown on a good hot-bed
in February, or the beginning of March at fartheft ;
and in about a fortnight’s time, if the bed is in good
temper, the plants will rife ; foon after which you
muft ' prepare another hot-bed, covered with good,
rich, light earth, about four inches thick •, then raife
up the young plants with your finger, fo as not to
break off the tender roots, and prick them into your
new hot-bed about four inches diftance every way,
giving them a gentle watering to fettle the earth to
their roots ; but in doing this, be very cautious not
to hear the young plants down to the ground by hafty
watering, which rarely rife again, or at leaft fo as to
recover their former ftrength in a long time, but very
often rot in the flems, and die quite away.
In the middle of the day keep them fcreened with
mats from the heat of the fun, and give them air by
tailing up the glaffes •, and if the glaffes are wet, it
will be proper to turn them every day, in good wea-
ther, that they may dry •, for the moifture which is
occafioned by the fermentation of the dung, and the
perfpiration of the plants, is of a noxious quality, and
very unkindly to plants 5 fo that if the weather hap-
pens to prove bad, that you cannot turn your glaffes,
it will be of great fervice to the plants to wipe off all
moifture two or three times a day with a woollen cloth
to prevent its dropping upon the plants. When the
plants are firmly rooted, and begin to grow, you muft
obferve to give them air every day, more or lefs, as
the weather is cold or hot, to prevent their drawing
up too fall, which greatly weakens their Items.
In about three weeks or a month’s time, thefe plants
will have grown fo as to meet, and will Hand in need
of another hot-bed, which fhould be of a moderate
temper, and covered with the fame rich earth about
fix inches thick, in which they fhould be removed,
obferving to take them up with as much earth about
their roots as poffible, and plant them fix or feven
inches diftance every way, giving them fome water to
fettle the earth about their roots ; but be very careful
not to water them heavily, fo as to bear down the
plants, as was before directed ; and keep them
fnadOd in the heat of the day, until they have taken
frefn roots j and be fure to refrefh them often gently
with water, and give them air in proportion to the
heat of the weather, covering the glaffes with mats
every night, left the cold chill your beds, and ftop
the growth of the plants.
The middle of May you muft provide another hot-
bed, which fhould 'be covered with a deep frame,
that the plants may have room to grow. Upon this
hot-bed you muft let as many three-penny pots as can
ftand within the compafs of the frame •, thefe pots
muft be filled with good rich earth, and the cavities
between each pot filled up with any common earth,
to prevent the heat of the bed from evaporating, and
filling the frame with noxious ‘fleams : when the bed
is in good order to receive the plants, they fhould be
carefully taken up with a trowql, or fome fuch in-
ftrament, obferving to preferve as much earth to
their roots as poffible : then place each fingle plant
in the middle of one of the pots, filling the pot up
with the earth before defcribed, and fettle it clofe to
the root of the plant with your hands ; water them
gently, as before, and (hade them in the heat of the
A M A
clay from the violence of the fun, by covering fee
glaffes with mats.
lit about three weeks more thefe plants will hive
grown to a -eonfiderable fize and ftrength, fo that you
muft now raife the glaffes very much in the day-time * y
and when the air is Toft, and the fun is- clouded, draw
off the glaffes, and expole them to the open air ; and
repeat this as often as the weather will permit, which
will harden them by degrees to be removed abroad
into the places where they are to remain the whole
fealon ^ but it is not adviieable to fet thefe plants in
the open air till after the firft week in July, obierv-
ing to do it when the air is perfectly loft, and, if
poffible, in a gentle fhower of rain.
Let them at firft be fet in fhelter for two or three
days, where they may be fcreened from the violence
of the fun, and ftrong winds, to which they muft be
inured by degrees. Thefe plants, when grown to a
good ftature, perfpire very freely,, and muft be every
day refrefned with water, if the weather proyes hot
and dry ; otherwife they will flint, and never pro-
duce fo large leaves, as thofe which are fkilfully
treated.
"This is the proper management, in order to have
fine Amaranths, which, if rightly followed, and the
kinds are good, in a favourable feafon, will produce
large fine leaves, and are the greateft ornament to a
good garden for upwards of two months in the latter
part' of fummer.
Where perfons are curious in having thefe annual
plants in great perfection, there fhould be a glafs-
cafe ereclecl with upright and Hoping glaffes on every
fide, with a pit in the bottom for tan, in which the
pots fhould be plunged j if this is raifed eight or nine
feet to the ridge, and the upright glaffes are five
feet, there will be room and height enough to raife
thefe and other annual plants to great perfection, and
in fuch a building, many of thofe tender annual
plants, which rarely perfect feeds in this climate with-
out fuch contrivance, may be every year brought fo
forward as to ripen their feeds.
AMARANTHUS CRISTATUS. See Celosta.
AMARYLLIS, Lily Daffodil.
The Characters are.
It hath an oblong compreffed [path a, (or fheath ) which
inclofes the flower-buds , and open fide ways , becomes dry ,
and is permanent ; the flower hath fix fpear-foaped pe-
tals. In the center is ftuated the roundifh furrowed ger-
men , fuppopting a fender ftyle , crowned with a three-cor-
. nered ftigma •, this, is attended by fix awl-floapcd ftamina ,
which are crowned with incumbent fummits. After the
flozver is pafl , the germen becomes an oval capfuls, opening
in three parts , having three cells , which contain round
feeds.
This genus is ranged by Dr. Linnaeus in the firft fec-
tion .of his fixth clafs of plants, entitled Hexandria
Monogynia, from the flower having fix ftamina and
one ftyle.
The Species are,
1. Amaryllis (. Lutea ) fpatha uni Bora, corolla aequali,
ftaminibus declinatis. Lin. Sp. 420. Lily Daffodil
with a fingle flower in each fpatha , which is eogaal , and
the ftamna declined. Lilio Narciffus luteus autumna-
lis major. Tourn. Inft. 386. Commonly called autum-
nal Narciffus.
2. Amaryllis (. Atamafeo ) fpatha uniflora, corolla aequa-
li, piftillo declinato. Hort. Cliff. 135. Lily Daffo-
dil with a fingle flower in each fheath , which has equal
petals , and the pointal declining. Lilio Narciffus Indi-
cus pumilus monanthos albus. Mor. Hift. 2. 266.
Commonly called Atamufco Lily.
3. Amaryllis (Formoffflma) fpatha uniflora, corolla in-
asquali, petalis tribus genitalibufque declinatis. Hort.
Cliff. 135. Lily Dafl'odil with one flower in each co-
ver , which has unequal petals , and the ftamina and ftyle
are declined. Lilio Narciffus Jacobaeus flOre fangtii-
neo nutante. Hort. Elth. 195. Commonly called Ja -
cob^ea Lily.
4. Amaryllis ( Sarnienfls ) fpatha multiflora, corollis. re-
volutis genitalibus. Hort. UpfeL 75. Lily Daffodil
s ' with
A M A
with many flowers in one cover ■, the petals equal, flpvead j
open, and turned backward , with broken Jlamina , com-
monly called Guernfey Lily.
5. Amaryllis ( Regina ) fpatha multiflora, corollis cam-
panulatis squall bus, genkalibus declinatis. Hort.
Cliff. 135. Lily Daffodil with many -flowers in one cover,
the petals equal and bell-Jhaped , and the Jlamina declined.
Lilio N arciffus polvanthos flore incarnato, fundo ex
luteo albefcente. Sloan. Cat. Jam. 1 15. commonly called
Belladonna Lily.
6. Amaryllis {Belladonna) fpatha multiflora corollis cam-
panulatis marginibus reflexis genitalibus declinatis.
Lily Daffodil with many flowers in one cover , the petals
equal and bell-Jhaped, their borders turning backward, and
declining Jlamina. Lilium Americanum puniceo flore,
Belladonna dictum. Par. Bat. 194. commonly called
Mexican Lily.
y. Amaryllis (, Longifolia ) fpatha imiltifloru, corollis
campanulatis tequalibus,. fcapo compreffo longitudini
umbellse. Flor. Leyd. 36. Lily Daffodil with many
flowers in one cover, the petals equal, and the cover com-
preffed the length of the umbel. Lilium Africanum bu-
ndle longiftimis folds polyanthos laturato colore pur-
purafcens. Par. Bat. 195.
8. Amaryllis ( Zeylanica ) fpatha multiflora corollis cam-
panulatis asqualibus, genitalibus declinatis fcapo te-
reti ancipiti. Flor. Leyd. 36. Lily Daffodil zvith many
flowers in one cover , the petals equal, and the cover
opening two zvays. Lilio Narciffus Zeylanicus latifolius
flore niveo ext'erne linea purpurea ftriato. Hort.
Amft. 1. 73. commonly called the Ceylon Lily.
9. Amaryllis ( Ciliaris ) fpatha multiflora, folds ciliatis.
Flor. Leyd. 37. Lily Daffodil with many flowers in one
cover , and the edges of the leaves hairy. Lilio Narciffus
fphtericus iEthiopicus foliis guttatis & cilii inftar pi-
lofis. Pluk. Aim. 220. commonly called the African
Scarlet Lily.
10. Amaryllis ( Vernalis ) fpatha uniflora, corolla asquali,
ftaminibus eredtis. Lily Daffodil zvith one flower in a
cover, with equal petals, and eredl Jlamina. Lilio Nar-
ciffus luteus vernus. Tourn. inft. 386. commonly called
„ Spring yellow Lily Narciffus.
11. Amaryllis ( Orientalis ) fpatha multiflora corollis
inaequalibus foliis linguiformibus. Buttn. Lily Daffodil
zvith many flowers in a cover , whcfe petals are unequal,
and leaves /leaped like a tongue. Lilio Narciffus Indians
maximus iphsericus floribus plurimis rubris liiiaceis.
Mor. Plift. 2. 268. Brunfwigia of Dr, Heifter.
12. Amaryllis (Capenfts) fpatha triflora corollis campa-
nulatis aequalibus gentialibus declinatis. Lily Daffodil
with three flozvers in each cover, whofle petals are equal
and bell-Jhaped , with declining Jlamina.
The firft fort is very hardy, and increafes very faff by
offsets. The feafon for tranfplanting thefe roots is
any time from May to the end of July, when their
leaves are decayed, after which it will be too late to
remove them ; for they will begin to pufli out new
fibres by the middle of Auguff, or fooner if the feafon
be modi, and many times they flower the beginning
of September ; fo that if they are tranfplanted, it will
fpoil their flowering. This plant will grow in any foil
or fituation ; but it will thrive belt in a frefh, light, dry
foil, and in an open fituation ; i. e. not under the
dripping of trees, nor too near walls. It is com-
monly called by the gardeners, the Yellow Autumnal
Narciffus, &c. and is ufually fold by them with Col-
chicums, for autumnal ornaments to gardens ; for
which purpofe this is a pretty plant, as it will fre-
quently keep flowering from the beginning of Sep-
tember to the middle of November, provided the
froft is not fo fevere as to deftroy the flowers •, for al-
though there is but one flower in each cover, yet
there is a fucceflion of flowers from the fame root,
efpecially when they are fufiered to remain three or
four years unremoved. The flowers feldom rife above
three or four inches high ; they are fliaped fomewhat
like the flowers of the large yellow Crocus ; the green
leaves come up at the fame time, like the Saffron, and
after the flowers are pair, the leaves increafe all the
winter. The roots are bulbous, and fliaped like thofe
A
Af
-L VI
A
f.
of the Narciffiis, fo are proper ornaments ' for fttdi.
borders as are planted with Cyclamens. Saffron, Au-
tumnal Crocus, Colchicums, and rack low autumnal
finwPR ' '
The, tenth fort is more rare in England than any of
the other, at prefent. It was formerly in feveral curi-
ous gardens, but as it flowers at a feafon when there
are lb many finer forts in beauty, it was neglected
arid caff out of the gardens, whereby it is aimoft loft
in England : it grows naturally in Spain and Portu-
gal, where it flowers early in January. Tins is as
hardy as the firft fort, and may be planted in the open
borders, and treated in the fame manner, excepting
that this will not lofe its leaves fo loon, fo fhould not
be taken out of the ground to tranfplant, till the end
of July, or beginning of Auguft. It flowers in April
or the beginning of May, but is not of long duration.
The fecond fort is a native of Virginia and Carolina,
in which countries it grows very plentifully in the fields
and woods, where it makes a beautiful appearance
when it is in flower. The flowers of this fort are pro-
duced Angle, and at their firft appearance have a fine
Carnation colour on their outfide j but fades away to
a pale, or aimoft white, before the flowers decay.
This plant is fo hardy, as to thrive in the open air in
England, provided the roots are planted in a warm
fituation, and on a dry foil , it may be propagated by
offsets from the roots. The flowers of this fort are
aimoft as large as thofe of the fmall Orange Lily, but
do not grow above fix or eight inches high •, they ap-
pear the latter end of May, or beginning of June, and
fometimes it flowers in Auguft in this country.
The third fort, which is commonly called Jacobsea
Lily, is now become pretty common in the curious
gardens in England, the roots fending forth plenty of
offsets, efpecially when they are kept in a moderate
warmth in winter : for the roots of this kind will live
in a good green-houfe, or may be preferved through
the winter under a common hot-bed frame but then
they will not flower fo often, nor fend out fo many
offsets^ as when they are placed in a moderate ftove
in winter. This will produce its flowers two or three
times in a year, and is not regular to any feafon ; but
from March to the beginning of September, the flow-
ers will be produced when the roots are in vigour.
The ftems of thefe flowers are produced from the Tides
of the bulbs, fo that after the flowers produced on
one fide are decayed, there is another ftaik arifes from
the other fide of the bulb •, but there is no more thaii
one flower produced on the fame (talk. The flowers
are large, and of a very deep red ; the under petals,
or flower-leaves, are very large, and the whole flower
Hands nodding; on one fide of the ftaik, making a
beautiful appearance.
It is propagated by offsets, which may be taken off
every year ; the belt time to fhift and part thefe roots
is in Auguft, that they may take good root before
winter •, in doing of this, there fhould be care taken
not to break off the fibres from their roots. They
fhould be planted in pots of a middling fize, filled
with light kitchen-garden earth •, and if they are kept
in a moderate degree of warmth, they will produce
their flowers in plenty, and the roots will make great
increafe.
The fixth fort, which is commonly called the Mexican
Lily, is not fo hardy as the former fort, fo muft be
placed in a warm ftove j and if the pots are plunged
into a hot-bed of tanners bark, the roots will thrive
better, and the flowers will be ftrong. This is in-
creafed by offsets, as the others of this tribe ; and
flowers ufually the beginning of fpring, when it makes
a fine appearance in the ftove : the flower-ftems of
this fort, feldom rife more than one foot high, each
ftem fupports two, three, or four flowers, rarely
more than that number. The. flowers are large, and
of a bright copper colour, inclining to red; the fpatha,.
or fheath, which covers the buds before they open,
divides into two parts to the bottom, (landing- on
each fide the umbel of flowers, joined to the Email
foot-ftalks.
K The
\
AM A
fhe eighth fort is alio tender, and iiuift be treated
in the lame manner as thefixth; this is more common
in the gardens in Holland than in this country, and
as it is a plant which increafes but (lowly, will not be
very common here. This flowers ufualiy in June and
July, and fometimes the fame root will flower again
in autumn •, for if the pots are plunged into a bed of
tanners bark, the roots generally flower twice every
year, but the flowers are not of long duration. This
grows naturally in the Weft-Indies, from whence I
have received roots and feeds.
The feventh and ninth forts are more hardy, and may
be treated in the fame manner as the Jacobtea Lily-,
thefe will increafe pretty fail by offsets, when they
are properly managed, efpecially the ninth, which
fends out nyany offsets, fo as to fill the pots with roots,
but it feldom flowers in England. The leaves of this
are long and narrow, not much unlike thofe of the
Snowdrop. The petals of the flower turn back like
thofe of the Guernfey Lily, but are of a lighter co-
lour, rather inclining to fcariet ; the roots of this are
fmall. The feventh fort ufualiy flowers in winter, if
the pots are placed in a moderate ftove ; and as at
that feafon there are few flowers in the open air,
thefe are more valuable on that account.
I received roots of both thefe forts from the Cape of
Good Hope, which have fucceeded in the Chelfea
garden. The feventh fort produces a great number
of flowers in each umbel, which are of a deep purple
colour, but the (talk which fupports them, rarely rifes
more than three or four inches high ; thefe flowers
appear in December. The roots of this fort are very
large, and the leaves are long, but narrow.
The eleventh fort is figured byFerrarius in his Garden
of Flowers, as alfo by Morrifon in his Hiftory of
Plants ; but Dr. Heifter has feparated this from the
genus, and has conftituted a new genus by the title
of Brunfwigia, in honour to the duke of Brunfwic.
But although the fhape of the flowers in this plant are
different from moft of the others of this genus, yet
as there is a unformity in the characfteriftic notes of
the genus, it fhould not be feparated; for the Ja-
cobasa Lily differs in the form of its flowers, from
the other fpecies, full as much as this, therefore might
for the fame reafon be feparated from this genus.
This grows naturally at the Cape of Good Hope,
from whence I have received the roots, which have
fucceeded in the Chelfea garden. The bulbs of this
fort are large and almoft round, the leaves are long,
broad, and rounded at their extremities ; thefe fpread
two ways on the furface of the ground ; and do not
come up till after the flower-ftem appears, which is
generally in November; and after the flowers are pad,
the leaves increafe till fpring, and in May they begin
to decay, fo that from the middle of June to Otftober,
the roots are entirely naked of leaves.
The twelfth fort is alfo a native of Africa, I received
the roots of this from the Cape of Good Hope with
the former. This produces its flowers in February
and March. The items of this rife near two feet
high, and have commonly but three flowers inclofed
in each (heath, or cover. The flowers are as large as
thofe of the Belladonna Lily, and are of the fame
form, growing erect, but of a deeper red colour;
the leaves are long and narrow, and have a hollow
furrow on their upper fide, where there is a pale ftripe
running the length of the leaves, and are very like
thofe of the American Pancratium. Thefe leaves de-
cay in fummer, about the fame time as thofe of the
former, and appear again at the fame feafon.
Both thefe forts may be treated in the fame manner,
as hath been diredted for the Jacobaea Lily, with this
difference only, of placing thefe in winter in a ftove,
where there is a moderate (hare of warmth, for the
roots of thefe will not endure fo much cold as thofe,
nor fhould they have fo much water given them.
The belt time to tranfplant thefe roots is about the
beginning of Auguft, when their leaves are quite de-
cayed, before they put out new fibres, for it will be
very improper to remove them afterwards.
All thefe bulbous-rooted flowers delight in a ioafe
fandy earth, mixed with good kitchen-garden mould;
and in the culture of them there Ihould be but little
water given them at thofe times when their leaves de-
cay, and the roots are not in a growing (late, for
much moifture at that time will often caufe them to
rot; but when they are growing, and putting out their
fiower-ftems, they ihould be frequently refrefhed with
water, but .not given in too great quantities^ at a time.
The pots, with the tender forts, Ihould conftantly be
kept in the ftove ; and in fummer they fhould have
as much free air as poffible ; for although fome of
thefe forts may be kept abroad in fummer, yet thofe
do not thrive fo well, nor flower fo conftantly, as
thofe which are treated in the manner here de-
fcribed.
The fifth fort, which is called the Belladonna Lily,
was brought to England from Portugal, where the
gardens fome years ago abounded with thefe flowers;
for the roots increafe very faft, efpecially in fuck
countries where they live in the open air. The gar-
dens in Italy have alio great quantities of thefe flowers,
efpecially about Florence ; where, at the feafon of
their flowering, they are commonly fold in the mar-
kets to adorn their rooms ; the Italians call it Nar-
ciffus Belladonna. This plant thrives fo well in Italy,
as to need no other culture than the common Lily ;
and although it does not flower until Auguft, yet. it
commonly produces good feeds in that country, from
which they propagate them in great plenty ; but with
us they require more care, othenyife they cannot be
preferved. The roots of this fort were generally
planted in pots, and placed under a hot-bed frame,
to fcreen them from the froft in winter ; for as their
green leaves come out in autumn, and continue grow-
ing all the winter, fo when they are expoied to the
froft, whereby their leaves are killed, the roots will
be in danger of per idling; but if they fliould furvive,
they will be greatly weakened by it. With this cul-
ture the roots were preferved, but they did not con-
ftantly flower, nor put out many offsets, fo that few
gardens were furnifhed with this plant ; and of late
years the roots have been fcarce in Portugal, for the
Jacobaea Lily having been introduced into that coun-
try, has fupplanted the other, in moft of their gar-
dens, fo that the roots which have been brought from
thence of late years for the Belladonna Lily, have
proved the Jacobaea Lily.
The method in which I have cultivated this plant for
fome years paft, with great fuccefs, is as follows. I
prepared a border clofe to a fouth-weft afpected wall,
of about fix feet wide, in the following manner, viz.
I removed all the earth to the depth of three feet,
then I put fome very rotten dung in the bottom, fix
inches thick, upon which I laid light garden mould
about twenty inches deep ; after making this level, I
placed the roots at fix inches diftance every way, and
then covered them over with light fandy earth, to
the height of the border, whereby the upper part of
the roots were five or fix inches buried, and in the
winter I covered the border all over with rotten tan-
ners bark, three inches deep, to prevent the froft from
penetrating the ground ; and when the froft was very
fevere, I laid fome mats or draw over the leaves to
protect them from being killed. With this manage-
ment the roots have greatly increafed, and have con-
ftantly flowered every year ; fome of them have put
out two or three fcems, which grew near three feet
high, and produced many flowers in each umbel,
which have made a fine appearance during the month
of Oftober. The green leaves come up foon after,
and abide all the winter and fpring until June, at
which time they decay ; foon after which the roots
fliould be transplanted, for if they are let (land till
July, they will have lent forth new fibres, when it
will greatly injure the roots, if they are difturbed. If
fome of thefe roots are planted in a warm border,
clofe to a fouth wall, and on a dry foil, they will
thrive very well, efpecially if they are covered in fe-
vere froft ; and thefe roots will flower much (Longer
■than
A M A
A M fi
than thofe which are kept in pots, . and will multiply
fafter.
The fourth fort is fuppofed to come originally from
Japan, but has been many years cultivated in the
gardens of Guernfey and Jerfey 5 in both which places,
they feem to thrive as well as if it was their native
country ; and from thofe iflands their roots are fent
annually to the curious in moil parts of Europe, and
are commonly called Guernfey Lilies. The roots of
this plant are generally brought over in June and
July ; but the fooner they are taken out of the ground
after their leaves decay, they are the better : for al-
though the roots which are taken up when their fiower-
ftems begin to appear, will flower, yet their flowers
will not be fo large, nor will their roots be near fo
good after, as thofe which were removed before they
had fent out frelh fibres.
When thefe roots come over, they fhould be planted
in pots filled with frelh, light, fandy earth, mixed with
a little very rotten dung, and placed in a warm fitua-
tion, obferving now and then to refrelh the earth with
water : but by no means let them have too much wet,
which would rot their roots, efpecially before they
come up. About the middle of September, fuch of
the roots as are ftrong enough to flower, will begin
tq fhew the bud of their fiower-ftem (which is com-
monly of a red colour) ; therefore you fhould remove
thefe pots into a fituation where they may have the
full benefit of the fun, and may be fheltered from
ftrong winds : but by no means place them too near
a wall, nor under glafles, which would draw them up
weak, and render them lefs beautiful. At this feafon
they fhould be gently refrelhed with water, if the
weather be warm and dry, but if it fhould prove very
wet, they fhould be fcreened from it.
When the flowers begin to open, the pots fhould be
removed under fhelter, to prevent the flowers from
being injured by too much wet : but they muft not
be kept too clofe, nor placed in a fituation too warm,
which would occafion their colour to be lefs lively,
and haften their decay. The flowers of this plant
will continue in beauty (if rightly managed) a full
month •, and though they have no fcent, yet, for the
richnefs of their colour, they are juftly efteemed in
the firft rank of the flowery tribe.
After the flowers are decayed, the green leaves will
begin to fhoot forth in length, and if fheltered from
fevere cold, will continue growing all, the winter ;
but they muft have as much free air as poflible in
mild weather, and covered only in great rains or
frofts ; for which purpofe, a common hot-bed frame
is the propereft fhelter for them ; under which if they
are placed, the glafles may be taken off conftantly
every day in dry open weather, which will encourage
the leaves to grow ftrong and broad ; whereas when
they 'are placed in a green-houfe, or not expofed to
the’ open air, they will grow long and flender, and
have a pale weak afped, whereby the roots will be-
come v/eak, fo that it feldom happens that they pro-
duce flowers under fuch management.
Thefe roost fhould be tranfplanted every fourth or
fifth year toward the latter end of June, or beginning
of July, and planted into frelh earth (but they fhould
not be oftener removed, for that would retard their
flowering.) The offsets fhould alfo be taken off, and
planted into feveral pots, which, in three years time,
wall produce flowers ; fo that after a perfon is once
flocked with thele roots, they may increafe them, fo
as to have a fupply of blowing roots, without being
at the trouble or expence of fending to Guernfey every
year for frefh roots ; and the roots preferved here will
flower ftronger than thofe which are ufually brought
from thence, for the inhabitants of thofe iflands are
not very curious in cultivating them. Their ufual
method is -to plant them at a great diftance in a bed
of common earth., where they let them remain for
many years : in which time they produce fuch a num-
ber of offsets, that many times one Angle clufter has
contained above a hundred roots •, by which means,
thofe which grow on the infide arefo much comp re fled
by the outer roots, that they are., perfectly flatted [
and from the number of roots growing-in each duffer,
they are all rendered weak, and unfit to produce
fuch large ferns of flowers, as thofe which have grown
fingle, and are of a fpherica! figure.
But when a perfon is pofleffed of a large number of
thefe roots, it will be troublefome to preferve them
in pots, therefore there fhould be a bed prepared of
the following earth, in feme well fheltered part of the
garden, viz. Take a third part of frefh virgin earth
from a pafture ground, which is light, then put near
an equal part of fea fand, to which you fhould add
rotten dung, and fifted lime rubbifh, of each an equal
quantity. With this earth (when well mixed and in-
corporated) you fnould make your bed about two feet
thick, railing it about four or five inches above the
furface of the ground, if the fituation be dry ; but if
the ground be wet, it fhould be railed eight or nine
inches higher, in this bed, about the beginning of
July (as was before directed), you fhould plant the
roots about fix or eight inches afunder each way; and
in the winter, when the froft begins, you fnould either
cover the bed with a frame, or arch it over, and cover
it with mats and ftraw, to prevent their leaves from
being pinched with cold ; but in the fpring the co-
vering may be entirely removed, and the bed kept
conftantly clear from weeds, during the fummer, ob-
ferving to ftir the furface of the earth now and then j
and every year, when the leaves are decayed, you
fhould fhift a little frefh earth over the beds, to en-
courage the roots. In this bed the roots may remain
until they are ftrong enough to produce flowers, when
they may be taken up and planted in pots, as was
before directed, or fuffered to remain in the fame bed
to flower.
The roots of thefe plants do not flower again the fuc-
ceeding year (as in many other forts of bulbs ;) but
if their bulbs contain two buds in their center, as is
often the cafe, they very often flower twice within the
compafs of three years ; after which, the fame indi-
vidual root does not flower again in feveral years, but
only the offsets from it.
AMBROSIA [fo called from d privative and
(3 goroi; mortal,] becaufe feigned by the poets to be the
food of the gods.
The Characters are,
It hath male and female flowers on the flame plant. The
male flowers are compcfled of many florets , which are in-
cluded in one common empalement of one leaf. \ which is plain ,
and extended the length of the florets : each floret is of one
leaf \ funnel-jhaped , and cut into five parts at the brim ;
in the center is fituated the five flmall ftamina , which are
crowned with pointed erebi flummits. The female florets
are placed under the male in the flame flpike-, thefe have an
empalement of one leaf. which is pointed and permanent t
they have no petals, but an oval germen placed in the bottom
of the empalement , flupporting a fender fiyle , crowned
with two long hairy fiigma. The germen afterward be-
comes an oval hard capfuls with one cell , crowned with the
acute flegtnents of the empalement , and inclbfing one round-
ijh feed.
This genus of plants, is by Dr. Linnaeus ranged in
the fifth divifion of his twenty-fin t- clafs, entitled Mo-
noecia Pentandria, Lorn their having male and female
flowers in the fame plant, and the male flowers having
five ftamina.
The Species are,
1. Ambrosia {Maritime!) folds multifidis racemes foli-
taris pilofls. Lin. Sp. Plant. 988. Ambrojid zvith
leaves divided into many farts , and fingle hairy fpikes of
flowers. Ambrofia maritima. C. B. P. Sea Ambro-
fia.
2. Ambrosia ( Elatior ) folds bipinnatifidis, racemis pa-
niculatis terminalibus glabris. Hort. Upfal. 284.
Ambrofia with double winged leaves , a frnooth loofle flpike
cfl flowers growing at the extremity of the branches. Am-
brofia maritima folds artemiflse inodoris elatior. H.
L- 32.
3. Ambrosia {Trifida) foliis trilobis &quinquelobis ferra-
tis. Lin. Sp. 9 8 8 . Ambrofiawith leaves havingthree and five
lobes ,
A M B
lobes ^ which are flawed ontheir edges. AmbrofiaVirginiana
maxima, platan i orientalis folio. Mor.HIft. i. p. 4,
4. Ambrosia {Artemy if olio) foliis bipinnatifidis prirno-
ribus ramulorum iridivifis integerrimis. Lin. Sp.
Plant. 988. Ambrofia with double winged leaves, and
the younger branches having entire leaves. .Ambrofia
.maxima inodora marmbii aquatici foliis tenuker la-
cimatis Virginiana. Pluk. Aim. 27. tab. 10.
5. Ambrosia ( Arborefcens ) foliis pinnatiiidis hirfutis ra-
cemis Mitariis terminalibus, caule fruticofo perenne.
Ambrofia 'with hairy winged leaves , Jingle /pikes of
fiowcrs growing at the extremity of the branches , and a
fhrubby -perennial ftalk.
The hr.lt fort grows naturally In Cappadocia, &c. near
the fea fhore ; this rifes about two feet and a half high,
fending out branches, garnifhed with leaves divided
into many parts, and upon being handled emit a ftrong
odour. The fpikes of flowers are produced from the
•wings of the Italics, which are long, Angle, and hairy;
the upper part being furnilhed with many male flow-
ers, and the lower part with female flowers ; thefe
grow dole to the ftaik. After the flowers are pail,
the female flowers are fucceeded by hard leafy cap-
fules having one cell, in which is included a Angle
round feed. This is an annual plant, which leldom
' perfects its feeds in England, unlefs the plants are
brought forward in the fpring ; therefore the feeds
ihouid be Town in the autumn in a warm border, and
when the plants come up in the fpring, they fliould
be tranfplanted into another warm border of poor
ground •, for wdien theie plants are put into rich moift
land, they grow very luxuriantly, fo do not flower
till late in the feafon. Therefore the befr method to
obtain good feeds, is to plant feme of the plants in
lime rubbiih, to prevent their luxuriant growth, which
will caufe them to flower early, whereby good feeds
may be obtained.
It the feeds ripen and are permitted to fcatter, the
plants will come up the following fpring without care-,
for when the feeds are fown in the fpring, the plants
feldom come up the fame year, but will remain in the
ground a year before they vegetate. There is not
much beauty in this plant, fo it is not often admitted
to have a place in gardens, except in thofe where a
variety of plants are preferved.
The fecond fort grows naturally in the iflands of
America, as alfo in Carolina and Virginia from the
two latter countries I have frequently received the
feeds, and in the tubs of earth which came with plants
from the former, the plants have come up in plenty,
fo is undoubtedly a common weed there. This grows
more than three feet high, dividing into many branches;
garnifhed with winged leaves in fhape like thofe
* of Mugwort ; at the extremity of each branch, the
loofe fpikes of flowers are produced, compofed of one
long fpike in the middle, and three or four fhorter
lateral fpikes : thefe are fmooth, and have male and
female flowers ranged in the fame manner as the
former ; the female flowers are fucceeded by feeds of
the fanle lhape.
This fort will come up and thrive in the open air in
England, but the plants fo raifed v/ill not produce
good feeds, unlefs the feafon is warm ; therefore fo
obtain them every year, it is neceffary to cultivate
them in the following manner.
The feeds of this plant fliould be fown on a moderate
hot-bed in March, and when the plants are come up
two inches high, they muft be tranfplanted into ano-
ther moderate hot-bed, allowing each plant three or
four inches fquare ; obferving to water them pretty
well, and fnade them until they have taken new root;
afterward they muft have a large fhare of frefli air
every day, when the weather is warm, and frequent
.waterings, for they are very thirfty plants. When the
plants are grown pretty ftrong, they muft be taken
up with balls of earth to their roots, and planted in
large pots filled with light earth ; and if they are
placed on a very moderate hot-bed until they are -well
rooted, it will greatly forward their flowering. Toward
the latter end of May they fliould be placed abroad
A M E
with other hardy annual plants, among which they
will make a variety. Thefe will flower In July, and
their feeds ripen in September.
The third fort is a native of North America, where
it is a very common weed. This often grows eight
or ten feet high ; and if it is planted in a rich moift
foil, or is often watered, It will grow much higher,
and fpread out into many branches. The feeds of
this plant, when fown in the fpring, feldom come up
the firft year, but frequently remain in the ground
until the following fpring ; lb that when the plants do
not come up, the ground muft not be difturbed till
after the fpring following. When the plants come
up, fome of them may be tranfplanted into a moift
rich foil, allowing them at lea ft four or five feet room
every way ; If they are frequently watered in dry
weather, they will grow to a large fize ; but their
branches muft be fupported by flakes, otherwlfe they
are very fubjeft to break with ftrong winds. The
flowers of this plant are not more confpicuous than
thofe of the Hemp, to which thefe are near akin ;
therefore are only preferved. by fuch perfons as are
curious in botany, for the fake of variety. If the
feeds of this fort ripen and are buffered to fcatter, the
plants v/ill come up the following fpring, provided
the ground is not difturbed ; or if the feeds are fown
in autumn, the plants will come up the following
fpring, and may be treated as above.
The fourth fort grows naturally In North America,
from whence I have frequently received the feeds.
This divides into many branches, the lower part of
which are garnifhed with whole leaves, but the upper
part hath compound leaves refembling thofe of the
fecond fort ; the fpikes of flowers are produced from
the wings of the ftalks, in which this differs from the
fecond. This may be treated in the fame manner as
the fecond fort.
The fifth fort is a native of Peru, from whence the
younger Juflieu fent the feeds to the royal garden at
Paris, and by the generofity of his brother Dr. Bar-
nard de Juffieu, I was favoured with this plant, which
has fucceeded in the Chelfea garden, where it annually
perfe£ts its feeds.
This grows to the height of ten or twelve feet, with
a woody Item, dividing into feveral branches, gar-
nifhed with hairy leaves, compofed of feveral winged
lobes, and are placed alternately upon the branches ;
the fpikes of flowers are Angle, hairy, and are pro-
duced at the extremity of the branches. The female
flowers (which are fituated below the male, on the
fame fpikes) grow in fmall duffers, at feparate dif-
tances, each having two long narrow fegments of the
empalement, which rife above the capflile or feed
veffel.
This is a perennial plant, and may be propagated by
cuttings or feeds ; it’ by the former, they fhould be
planted in a ftiady border, in either of the ftimmer
months ; thefe will require to be frequently watered :
in a month or five, weeks they will have good roots,
therefore fhould then be taken up and potted ; for
when they are left longer in the full ground, they
will grow very luxuriant, and not fo foon recover
their removal, as thofe which are tranfplanted earlier,
Thefe plants are hardy, fo may be expofed to the
open air in furnmer ; and in the winter, If they are
flickered in a common green-houfe, with Myrtles and
other hardy exotic plants, they will live feveral years.
In mild winters, the roots of this plant have lived in
the full ground in a warm border, without any co-
vering, but hard froft will kill them.
The feeds of this fort feldom come up the fame year,
when they are fown in fpring, but thofe which have
fallen in the autumn, have grown the following year,
and fo have thofe which have been fown at the fame
feafon.
AMELANCHIER. See Chionanthus.
AMELLU S, Star-flower.
The Characters are,
! The common flower -cup is round and flealy ; the flower is
of the compound radiated kind ; the hermaphrodite flowers
compoje
r\
compofe the difk , and the female the raps : the hermaphro-
dite are fabulous, with five fegments ; the female are
tongue-Jhaped, divided into two or three fegmsnts •>- the
firfi have five Jhort ftamina , an oval gemen with a fie n-
- der fiyle , and two ftigmas ; the female are like them.
c The flower-cup afterward contains one oval feed , crowned
with haiiy down.
This genus of plants is ranged by Dr. Linnaeus in
the fecund fefition of his ninteenth clafs •, the flowers
of this feflion are compofed of hermaphrodite florets
in the center, and female in the circumference.
The Species are,
1. Am e ll us ( Lychnitis ) foliis oppofitis lanceolatis obtu-
fis, pedunculis unifloris. Lin. Sp. 1276. Star-flower
with fipear-jhaped obtufe leaves placed oppofite , and one
flower on each foot-ftalk.
2. Amellus {Umbellatus) foliis oppofitis triplinerviis fub-
tus tomentofis, fioribus umbellatus. Am oca. Acad.
5. p. 407. Star-flower with oppofite leaves having three
veins , and flowers in umbels.
The firlt fort grows naturally at the Cape of Good
Hope. It rifes from two to three feet high, fending
out branches on every fide, garnifned with fpear-
fhaped leaves placed oppofite, terminated by fiower-
ftaiks, each fupporting one Violet-coloured flower,
with a yellow difk, fhaped like thofe of the After,
which appear in July or Auguft.
This is a perennial plant, which is eafily propagated
by cuttings, wfliich, if planted in ftiade during any
of the fummer months, and duly watered, will put
out roots ; thefe fhould be taken up with bails of
earth to their roots, and planted in pots, that they
may be fheltered in winter, either under a common
frame, or in a green-houfe, where they may have
plenty of air in mild v/eather, otherwife they will
draw up weak and have little beauty.
The fecond fort grows naturally in Jamaica ; this
hath hoary ftalks which rife two feet high, fending
out fide branches, which are garnifhed with oval
leaves placed oppofite •, the flowers which terminate
the branches grow in fmall umbels, but thefe have
little beauty. It may be propagated by feeds, which
fhould be fown on a hot-bed in the fpring •, when the
plants are fit to remove, two or three of them fhould
be planted in pots, then plunged into a hot-bed of
tan, to bring them forward to get ripe feeds in the
autumn, otherwife the plants will require a ftove in
winter.
AMENTACEOUS flowers [of Amentum , hat. a
firing, thong, or latchet] are fuch as have an aggre-
gate of fummits, hanging down in form of a rope,
or cat’s tail, which is alfo called an lulus ; as in Wil-
lows, Walnuts, Poplars, &c.
A M E T H Y S T E A. Lin. Gen. 32. Amethyftina.
Amman. Haller. Amethyft.
The Characters are.
The flower hath a permanent bell-jhaped empalement of
one leaf ", cut into five equal pointed fegments at the
brim ■, the flower is of one leaf , of the lip kind , divided
into five unequal parts at the top •, the upper leaf is eredl ,
rovmdifh , concave , and cut into two the lower lip is cut
into three parts , the middle fegment being concave, and of
the fame length with the upper lip , but the two fide feg-
menps are f sorter and eredt. It hath two fender ftamina,
which ftand under the upper lip , but are longer •, thefe are
crowned with romdijh fummits. In the center is fituated
a quadrifid germen , fupporting a fingle fiyle , crowned with
two acute fiigma : af ter the flower is paft, the germen be-
comes four naked feeds , flout up in the empalement.
This genus of plants is by Dr. Linnaeus ranged in
his fecond clafs of plants, entitled Diandria Mono-
gynia, the flower having two ftamina and one
ftyle.
We know but one Species of this genus, viz.
Amethystea. Hort. Upfal. 9. Amethyftina montana
erefta foliis exiguis digitatis trifidis ferratis, flofeulis
cum coma e cceruleo-janthinis. Amman. Ruth. 4.
i. e. Mountain upright Amethyft , with ' fmall , trifid , flawed
leaves , and the heads and flowers of a jacinth blue.
This plant is a native of the mountains in Siberia,
from whence the feeds were lent to the imperial gar-
den at Peterfburgh, where the plants flouriflied and
perfected their feeds, part of which were fent.me by
the late Dr. Amman, which grew in the Cheifea gar-
den, where the plants annually produce feeds. ' >
It is an annual plant with an upright ftalk, which
rifes about a foot high toward the top it puts out
two or three fmall lateral . branches, garnifhed with
fmall trifid leaves, fawed on their edges, of a very
dark green colour ; at the extremity of the branches
the flowers are produced in fmall umbels ; they are
of a fine blue colour, as are alfo the upper part
of the branches, and the leaves immediately under the
umbel j fo that although the flowers are fmall, yet
from their colour with thofe of the upper part of the
ftalks, the plants make a pretty appearance, during
their continuance in flower. If the feeds of this plant
are fown in the autumn, or are permitted to fcatter,
the plants will come up early the following fpring,
and thefe will flower the beginning of j one ; but
thofe which are fown in the fpring, will not flower till
July ; and in dry feafons, the feeds will remain in the
- ground a whole year, fo that the beft time for fow-
ing them is in the autumn.
When the plants come up, they will require no other
care but to keep them clean from weeds, and where
they are too clofe to thin them-, for they do not thrive
when tranfplanted, therefore the feeds fhould be fown
where they are to remain.
AM MANN I A. Houft. Nov. Gen. Lin. Gen.
Plant. 144.
The Characters are.
It hath a bell-jhaped , oblong , erehl, permanent empale-
ment., having four angles , and divided at the brim into
eight fender parts. I he flovoer hath no petals , but four
fender ftamina which are as long as the empalement in
which they are inferted. 'Thefe are crowned with double
fummits. In the center is fituated a large round germen,
fupporting a floor t fly Is crowned with a ftigrna the em-
palement afterward becomes a round cap fule with four cells ,
which are filled with fmall feeds.
This genus is by Dr. Linnaeus ranged in his fourth
clafs of plants, entitled Tetrandria Monogynia, the
flower having four ftamina and one ftyle.
The Species are,
1. Ammannia ( Latifolia ) foliis femiarnplexicaulibus,
cauie tetragono. Hort. Cliff. 344. Ammannia with
a fquare ftalk , and leaves embracing it half round. Am-
mannia paluftris, cauie quadrangulari foliis anguftis.
Houft. MSS.
2. Ammannia ( Ramoftor ) foliis fubpetioiatis cauie ramo-
fa. Lin. Sp. Plant. 120. Ammannia with leaves hav-
ing floort foot-ftalks and a branching ftalk. Ludvigia
aquatica erefta cauie rubente, foliis ad genicula bi-
nis longis angtiftis hyffopi inftar flore tetrapetalo ai-
bo. Clayt.
3. Ammannia ( Baccifera ) foliis fubpetioiatis capfulis ca-
lyce majoribus coloratis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 120. Am-
mania whofe leaves have floort foot-ftalks, and a coloured
feed-vejfel larger than the flower -cup.
Thefirft fort grows naturally in moift places in Jamai-
ca, from whence Dr. Hotifton fent the feeds to Eng-
land, which fucceeded at Cheifea, and have Lorn
thence been diftributed to rnoft of the botanic gar-
dens in Europe.
It grows about a foot and a half high, with an upright
fquare ftalk, and long narrow leaves fet in form of a tri-
angle, whofe bafe half furrounds it thefe grow the
whole length of the Item. They are of a pale green,
and of the confluence of thofe of Purflane ; the ftalks
are alfo fucculent, and of the fame colour with thofe
of that plant. The flowers come out in whorles round
the ftalks, at the joints where the leaves adhere, in
clufters : thefe have no petals, fo make no great ap-
pearance, and are fbon fueceeded by round feed-vef-
fels, which are full of fmall feeds.
The plant mtift be raifed on a hot-bed in the fpring,
and afterward rf moved to another hot-bed to bring
it forward. When the plants have acquired ftrength,
they fhould be tranfplanted into pots filled with rich
L ' light
A M M
light earth, and placed under a frame, observing to
ihade them till they have taken freih root •, then they
fhpuld be placed in a glafs-cafe or ftove to ripen then-
feeds, for the plants are too tender to thrive in the
open air in this country, unlefs the fummer proves
very warm.
The fecond fort grows naturally in Virginia and Ca-
rolina •, this is an annual plant, which rifes about a
foot high, with red fucculent ftalks, putting out fide
branches, which grow oppofite : the ilowers are pro-
duced fingle from the wings on the lower part of the
branches, but toward the top they are in drifters •,
tliefe have no beauty, fo are only preferved in botanic
gardens for the fake of variety. This fort will per-
fect its feeds in the open air, if the plants are raifed
on a hot-bed in the lpring, and planted in a warm
border.
The third fort grows naturally in China •, this is a
very love plant, feldom rifing more than three inches
high •, the leaves are placed oppofite on the branches,
and the flowers grow in whorles from the wings of
the (talk. As this plant has little beauty, it is rarely
preferved in gardens. It muft be raifed on a hot-bed
in the fpring, and treated in the fame manner as the
firft fort, with which management the feeds will ripen
in England.
AMMI [Vyap, Gr.] Bifhops-weed.
The Characters are,
It is an umbelliferous plant ; the great umbel is comp of ed
of many fnaller , which are difpofed like rays. The outer
involucruni is compofed of many narrow-pointed leaves,
which are almoft the length of the umbel. The fmall um-
bels have a floor t many-leaved involucrum. The flowers
are differ m, each having five petals , which are heart-
fhaped thofle in the outer rays being large and unequal in
ftze , but thofe in the center , which compofe the dijk , are
nearly equal. The flowers have five fender ft amina, which
are crowned with roundifh fummits. In the center of the
empalement is fituated the germen , fupporting two re-
flexed ftyles , crowned with obtufe fligma. The germen
afterward becomes a fmall , round, ftriated fruit, compofed
of two feeds, which are plain within and convex on their
outjide.
This genus of plants is by Dr. Linnaeus ranged in
the fecond fedion of his fifth clafs, entitled Pentan-
dria Digynia, the flowers having five ftamina and two
ftyles.
The Species are,
1. Ammi ( Majus ) foliis inferioribus pinnatis lanceolatis
ferratis, fuperioribus multifidis linearibus. Hort.
Upfal. 59. Bifhops-weed with under leaves, which are
winged, fpear-jhaped, and fawed, and the upper leaves
are divided into many narrow fegment s. This is the
Ammi majus. C. B. P. 159. And the Ammi vulgare.
Dod. p. 415. Common Bifhops-weed.
2. Ammi ( Glaucifolium ) foliorum omnium lacinulis lan-
ceolatis." Guett. 2. p. 433. i. e. Bifhops-weed with all
its leaves cut in floape of a fpear. Ammi petrasum
glaucifolium perenne, Mor. Hill:. 3. p. 295.
The firft fort is annual-, of this there is a variety,
which is mentioned by John Bauhin as a diftind fpe-
cies, under the title of Ammi majus foliis plurimurn
Incifis & nonnihil crifpis ; but I have frequently had
this variety arife from the feeds of the former, fo I
have not enumerated it as a different fort.
This plant is propagated by feeds, which fhould be
flown in the autumn in the place where it is to re-
main ; and in the fpring, the ground fhould be hoed
to cut up the weeds, and alfo to thin the plants in
the fame manner as is pradifed for Carrots, leaving
them four or five inches alunder ; or if the ground is
good where they grow, they muft be left at leaft fix
inches, for they will grow large and cover the ground ;
after this they will require no farther care, but to
keep them clean from weeds. In June they will flow-
er, and their feeds will ripen in Auguft, which fhould
be gathered as it ripens, otherwife it will foon fcatter.
'■' Thefe feeds are ufed in medicine, fo may be had in
. plenty with this management ; for it will grow in any
fituation that is open, but thrives beft on light fandy
A MO'.
land. When the feeds are fawn in the fpring, they
feldom come up the fame year •, and if they fhould,
thofe plants will be weak and produce few feeds.
The fecond fort is a perennial plant, which is pre-
ferved in botanic gardens for variety, but having lit-
tle beauty, is rarely admitted into other gardens. It
may be propagated by feeds, which fiiouid be fown
in the autumn, becaufe thofe fown in the fpring, fel-
dom come up the fame year. It will grow in any open
fituation, is very hardy, and thrives beft on a moift
foil.
AMMI PERENNE. See Sium.
A M O M U M. Lin. Gen. Plant. 4. Zinziber. C. B. P.
35. Ginger.
The Characters are.
The flowers are collected into a fcaly flpike, each having a
double ( fpatha ) or [heath ■, the outer /heath looflely covers
the fcale , and the inner encompaffes the tube of the flower
with the parts of generation : the flower is of one leaf,
tubulous below, but divided into three parts at the brim,
the middle fegment being longer and broader than the others .
In the bofom of the flower is fituated an oblong thick nec-
tar him. From the tube of the flower arifes two j lender
ftamina, which are crowned with thick floort fummits.
Under the receptacle of the flower is placed the round ger-
men, fupporting a fingle ftyle , which is as long as the
tube of the flower, crowned with a hairy fligma. The
germen afterward becomes an oval three-cornered feed-vef-
fel , opening in three parts, containing fever al feeds.
This genus of plants is by Dr. Linnaeus ranged in
his firft clafs, entitled Monandria Monogynia ; but
it more properly belongs to his fecond, for the
flowers of this have two ftamina, one of which is
joined to the upper fegment of the flower, and this
foon lofes it fummits, fo appears to be only a feg-
ment. This I have conftantiy found in all the flow-
ers which I have examined ; the flowers have but
one ftyle.
The Species are,
1. Amomum fcapo nudo fpica ovato. Hort. Cliff. 3.
Amomum with a naked ftalk and oval fpike of flowers.
Zinziber. C. B. P. 35. Ginger.
2. Amomum fcapo nudo fpica oblonga obtusa. Hort.
Cliff. 3. Amomum with a naked ftalk and an oblong blunt
flower-fpike. Zinziber latifolium fylveftre. Hort.
Lugd. 636. Broad-leaved wild Ginger, called Zerumbet.
3. Amomum fcapo brafteis alternis laxis, caule folio-
rum altiflimo. Amomum with flower-ftalks loofely branch-
ing alternately, and very tall leaf-ftalks.
The firft, which is the common Ginger, is cultivated
for fale in moft of the iflands of America, but is a
native of the Eaft-Indies, and alfo of feme parts of
the Weft-Indies, where it is found growing naturally
without culture. The dried roots of this fort furnifh
a conflderable export from the Britifh colonies in
America. The roots are of great ufe in the kitchen,
as alfo in medicine ; and the green roots preferved as
a fweatmeat, are preferable to every other fort.
The roots of this fort are jointed, and lpread in the
ground thefe put out many green reed-like ftalks in
the fpring, which rile to the height of two feet and a
half, garnifhed with long narrow leaves, clofely em-
bracing the ftalks at their bafe. The flower-ftems
afterward arife by the fide of thefe, immediately from
the root ; thefe are naked, ending with an oblong
fcaly fpike from each of thefe feales is produced a
fingle blue flower, whofe petals are but little longer
than the fquamofe covering. The flowers appear in
September, and in about a month after the ftalks en-
tirely decay, fo that the roots remain inadive three or
four months.
The fecond fort grows naturally in India •, the roots
of this are much larger than thofe of the firft,. but are
jointed in the fame manner. The ftalks grow from
three, to near four feet high, garnifhed with: oblong,
leaves, placed alternately, and embrace the ftalks at
their bafe. The flower-ftems arife immediately from
the root •, thefe are terminated by oblong, blunt,
fcaly heads •, out of each fcale is produced a fingle
white flower, wjiofe petals extend a coniiderable length
beyond
I
A M O
beyond their fcaly covering. Thde appear in Sep-
tember, and in November all the Italics perifh in the
fame manner as the Ginger.
The third fort hath thick fiefhy roots, refembling
thole of the large Flag Iris ; in the fpring thefe fend
forth many green reed-like ftalks, which rife to the
height of feven or eight feet, garnifhed with very long
narrow leaves, fet alternately, clofely embracing them
at their bale. The ftalks decay entirely in autumn,
and new arife from the roots in the fpring, but it
hath not produced any flowers as yet in England,
though the roots thrive and increafe greatly where
they are properly managed.
All thefe forts are tender, and require a warm ftove
to preferve them in this country. They are eafily
propagated by parting of their roots *, the belt time
for doing this is in the fpring, before they put out
new fhoots ■, for they flhould not be tranfplanted in
fummer when they are in full vigour, nor do they
fucceed fo well when they are removed in autumn,
becaufe they remain long after in an inactive ftate ;
and during that time, if wet comes to the roots, it
often caufes them to rot. When the roots are parted,
they fnould not be divided into fmall pieces, efpecially
if they are defigned to have flowers ; for Until the
roots have fpread to the fide of the pots, they rarely
put out flower-ftems, for which reafon they fhould
not be planted in very large pots.
Thefe plants thrive belt in a light rich earth, fuch as
may be found in the kitchen-garden ; with this the
pots Ihould be filled within two inches of the top,
then the roots ihould be placed in the middle of the
pots, obferving that their crowns are upwards, and
the pots filled up with the fame rich earth •, after this
the pots fhould be plunged into a hot-bed of tanners
bark, and muft be fparingly watered, until their ftalks
appear above ground, when they will require a greater
fhare of moifture, efpecially during the warm fum-
mer months ; but in autumn the waterings muft not
be often, nor in great plenty ; and during the winter
feafon, when the roots are inafitive, very little water
ihould be given them. The pots with thefe roots
Ihould conftantly remain plunged in the tan-bed, for
if they are taken out and placed on ihelves in the
ftove, their fibres frequently ihrink, which often oc-
cafions the roots to decay.
With this management all thefe forts have multiplied
greatly with me, and the common Ginger has pro-
duced roots which have weighed five or fix ounces,
but the others have been near a pound weight.
AMOMUM PLINII. See Solanum.
AMORIS POMUM. See Lycopersicon.
A MORPH A. Lin. Gen. Plant. 768. Baftard
Indigo.
The Characters are.
The flotver hath a permanent emp'alement of one leaf
which is tubulons , cylindrical , and cut into five j: mall ob-
tufie parts at the brim. The flower is of the butterfly
kind •, the upper petal , or Jlandard , is fmall , concave , and
ereti ; this is inferted between the two upper fegments of
the empalement. It hath ten Jtamina , joined at their bafle ,
of unequal lengths , and crowned with fummits in the
center is fituatecl a roundifo germen , fupporting an awl-
fhaped flyle , which is the length of the famine , and
crowned with a fingle fiigma % the germen afterward be-
comes a reflexed moon-fhaped pod , having one cell , in
which are lodged two kidney-fhaped feeds.
This genus is by Dr. , Linnaeus ranged in his feven-
teenth clafs of plants, entitled Diadelphia Decandria •,
the flowers of this clafs have ten ftamina, nine of
which are joined, and one ftands off.
We know but one Species of this genus, viz.
Amorpha (Fruticofa). Hort. Cliff. 353. Baftard Indi-
go. Barba jovis Americana pfeudoacaciae foliis flof-
culis purpureis minimis. Cat. Hort. Chelf. ix.
This fhrub grows naturally in Carolina, where for-
merly the inhabitants made a coarfe fort of Indigo
from the young fhoots, which occafioned their giving
it the title of Baftard Indigo.
It rifes with many irregular Items, to the height of
twelve or fourteen feet, garnifhed with very long
winged leaves, in ihape like thole of the common
Acacia. At the extremity of the fame year’s fhoots,
the flowers are produced in long Binder fpikes, which
are fmall, and of a deep purple colour ,; the ftamina
ftarid out beyond 'the petals, and are crowned with
yellow fummits ; after the flowers are pair, the germen
turns to a fliort pod, having two kidney-fhaped feeds,
but thefe do not ripen in England.
The feeds of this plant were lent to England from
Carolina, by Mr. Mark Catefby, F. R. S. in 1724,
from which many plants were railed in the gardens
near London ; thefe were of quick growth, and many
of the plants produced flowers in three years. At
prefent it is become very common in all the gardens
and nurferies, where it is propagated as a flowering
fhrub, for ; the ornament of the. fhrubbery. It is ge-
nerally propagated by feeds, which are annually fent
to England from different parts of America ; for it is
found in many of the northern colonies there, and it
may alfo be propagated by laying down of the
young branches, which in one year will make good
roots, and may then be taken off and planted either
in the nurfery, or the places where they are defigned
to remain. If they are put into a nurfery, they fhould
not remain there more than one year ; for as the plants
make large fhoots, they do not remove well when
they have remained long in a place : they muft have
a Iheltered fltuation, otherwife their branches will be
broken by the winds. As thefe fhoots are large and
foft, their upper parts are generally killed by froft in
winter, but they put out fhoots again in plenty below
the dead part the fpring following.
A M PHITHE AT R E [ , A ( w^i3'Ll^ov of by.tp], around,
and &soIo[mx,i, to view, Gr.] or temples of view erefited
on a double rifing, were efteemed great ornaments to
a large and noble garden. If this hill, or rifing
ground, is of a femicircular figure, it will be ftill the
better.
Thefe amphitheatres are fometimes formed of Ever-
greens, as Hollies, Phillyreas, Lauruftinufes, Bays,
&c. obferving to plant the fhorteft growing fhrubs in
the front, and the tailed: trees behind, as Pines, Firs,
Cedars of Lebanon, &c.
They are alfo formed of Hopes on the Aides of hills,
and covered with turf, but are now generally excluded
by all perfons of true tafte ; for the natural eafy Hope
of fuch hills, is infinitely more beautiful than the ftiff
angular Hopes into which thefe amphitheatres are
commonly cut.
AMYGDALUS. Lin. Gen. Plant. 545,, [’AfGy-
<La© j , Gr. ] The Almond-tree.
The Characters are,
It hath a tubulous empalement of one leaf which is cut
at the brim into five obtufe fegments •, the flower hath five
oval, obtufe , concave petals, which are inferted in the em-
palement • in the center of the outer flower is ftuated d
roundifo hairy germen, fupporting a fingle flyle the length
of the ftamina , which is crowned by a round ftigma ; this
is attended by a great number of fender ere hi ftamina ,
which in many fpecies are not fo long as the petals of the
flower , . thefe are crowned with fender fummits. After
the flower is paft, the germen becomes an oval, compreft'ed,
large fruit, with a thin, tough , hairy covering , having
a longitudinal furrow ; this opens and falls away, leaving
an oval compreffed nut , which is furrowed and netted, in-
clofing a fingle feed of the fame form.
Dr. Linnaeus has joined to this genus the Perfica, or
Peach-tree, making them only different fpecies, rang-
ing . it in his twelfth clafs, entitled Icofandria Mono-
gynia •, the flowers having from twenty to thirty fta-
mina, which are inferted to the empalement.
i he Species are,
x. Amygdalus ( Communis ) foliis petiolatis ferratis pe^
talis florum emarginatis. Almond-tree with flawed
leaves , having foot-jlalks , and the petals of the flower in-
dented. Amygdalus fativa. C. B. P. 441. Common
Almond-tree .
2. Amygdalus (Lulcis) foliis petiolatis marginibus cre-
natis, eorollis calyce vix longioribtis.. ^Almond-tree
with
\
3 $
I
A M Y
with crenated leaves , having foci -daiks , and the petals of
the flowers no longer than the empalement. Amygdalus
dulcis putamine molliori. C. B. JP. 441. Commonly
called Jordan Almond.
3. Amygdalus ( Sativus ) foiiis lineari-laneeolatis acu-
minatis, marginibus crenatis. Almond-tree with point-
ed , narrow,, [pear-jhaped leaves , crenated on their edges.
Amygdalus fativa [lore albo.
4. Amygdalus ( Orientalis ) foiiis lanceolatis integerri-
mis, argenteis perennantibus petiolo breviore. Al-
mond-tree with fpear-Jhaped fihery leaves , which are en-
tire , continue all winter , wry fhort foot-folks.
Amygdalus Orientalis foiiis argenteis fplendendbus.
Du Hamel.
5. Amygdalus {Nana) foiiis petiolatis ferratis bafi at-
tenuates . Almond with Jawed leaves , which arc nar-
rowed at the foot-fialk. Amygdalus Indica nana. Pluk.
Aim. 28. tab. 11. Dwarf Almond with fingle flowers.
The [lift is the common Almond, which is cultivated
more for the beauty of its flowers, than for its fruit.
There are two varieties of this, one with fweet, the
other bitter kernels, which often arife from the fruit
of the fame tree.
The fecohd fort is commonly known by the title of
Jordan Almonds •, the nuts of this kind are frequently
brought to England ; thefe have a tender [hell, and
a large fweet "kernel. The leaves of this tree are
broader, fhorter, and grow much clofer than thofe of
the common fort, and their edges are crenated. The
flowers are very fm ail, and of a pale colour, inclining
to white. I have leveral times raifed thefe trees from
the Almonds which came from abroad, and always
found the plants to maintain their difference from the
common Almond.
The third fort hath narrow [harp-pointed leaves,
which are fawed on their edges i the flowers are much
frhaller than thofe of the common Almond, and are
white ; the [hoots of this tree are fmaller, and the
joints clofer than thofe of the common fort, nor is the
tree fo hardy, therefore fhould have the advantage
of a warmiituation, otherwife it will not thrive. Tnis
fort flowers early in the fpring, and rarely produces
fruit in England. But from an old tree which grew
again A: a fouth-weft afpefoed wall, I have fome years
had the fruit ripe, which were well flavoured, but
their kernels were fmall.
The fourth fort was found growing near Aleppo, from
whence the fruit was fent to the duke D’Ayen in
France, who raifed feveral of the plants in his curi-
ous garden at St. Germains, and was fo good as to
fend me a [hare of them, which are fiourifhing in the
Chelfea garden, where they have endured the open
air for fome years, againft a wall, without any cover-
ing. The leaves of this tree are fllvery, and very
like thofe of the Sea Purflane. Thefe continue moft
of the year •, the flowers are very fmall, and have not
been fucceeded by fruit yet in England. I can give
no farther account of its difference from the other
forts.
The fifth fort is very common in the nurferies about
London, and is ufually fold with other flowering
fhrubs to adorn gardens : this feldom r xics more than
three feet high, fending out many fide branches. T he
roots of this are very fubjebt to put out kickers, by
which it may be increaled in plenty, but if thefe are
not annually taken away, they will ftarve the old plants.
As thefe fuckers are very apt to creep at the root, and
put out fuckers again, thofe plants which are propa-
gated by layers are much preferable. This fnrub
flowers in April, at which time all the young [hoots
are covered with flowers, which are of a Peach biof-
fom, and make a fine appearance when intermixed
with fhrubs of the fame growth.
The combion Almond is cultivated in all the nurfe-
ries, and the trees are generally planted for the beau-
ty of their flowers. Thefe often appear in February,
when the fpring is, forward, but it troll comes alter,
the flowers are foon deftroyed, lo that their beauty is
of fhort duration, and in iuch [batons there are few
of the Almonds which bear fruit ; whereas, when the
ANA-
trees do not flower till March, they feldom fail to bear
plenty of fruit,' many of which will be very fweet,
and fit for the table when green, but they will not
keep long.
They are propagated by inoculating a bud of thefe
trees into a Plumb, Almond, or Peach frock, in the
month of July (the manner of this operation fee un-
der the article of Inoculation). The next fpring,
when the buds (hoot, you may train them up either
tor ftandards, or fuller them to grow for half ftand-
ards, according to your own fancy , though the ufual
method is to bud them to the height the ferns are in-
tended to be ^ and the feconcl year after budding,
they may be removed to the places where they are to
remain. The beft feafon for transplanting thefe trees,
if for dry ground, is in Qdtober, as foon as the leaves
begin to decay •, but for a wet foil, February is much
preferable, and obferve always to bud upon Plumb
flocks for wet ground, and Almonds and Peaches
for dry.
ALMOND, the Dwarf, with double flowers. See
pE’RSIC A.
A M Y R I S. See Toxicodendron.
A NACAMPSE R O S. See Sedum.
AN A C A R D I U M. Lin. Gen. Plant. 467. Acajou.
Tourn. Iiaft. R. H. 658. tab. 435. The Cafhew-nut,
or Acajou.
The Characters are,
It hath an empalement of one leaf , which is ere hi , and
cut into five acute fegmsnts at the brim. The fewer is
of one leaf \ having a fhort tube , cut into five parts at the
top , which are r flexed , and are longer them the empale-
ment the flower hath ten fender Jlamina , which are as
long as the petal , crowned with fmall Jummits. In
the center is placed a round germen, fufporting an awl-
fijaped ftyle , crowned with an acute fiigr.ia. The germen
afterward becomes a large , oval, fief hy fruit, having a
large kidney-Jhaped nut growing to its apex.
This genus of plants is by Dr. Linnaeus ranged in
the firil fedion of his tenth clafs, entitled Decandria
Monogynia •, the flowers of this having ten [lami-
na and a Angle ftyle.
We nave but one Species of this genus, viz.
Anacardium {Occident ale) Llort. Cliff. 161. the occiden-
tal Anacardium , or Cafioew. Acajou. Pif. Hift. Bral. 58.
This tree grows to the height of twenty feet or more,
in its native country, which is both Indies, but in
England the plants are with great difficulty preferred ;
though by their firft [hoot from the feeds, they appear
fo ftrong and vigorous, as to promife a much greater
progrefs than they are ever feen to make.
They are eafliy raifed from the nuts, which are an-
nually brought from America in great plenty ; each
of thefe ftiould be planted in a fmall pot filled with
light fandy earth, and plunged into a good hot-bed
of tanners bark, being careful to prevent their hav-
ing wet, till the plants come up, for the nuts fre-
quently rot with moifture. The reafon of my advifing
the nuts to be each put into a feparate pot, is, be-
caufe the plants feldom live when they are tranfplant-
ed. If the nuts are frefti, the plants will come up
in about a month after planting, and in two months
more they will be four four or five inches high, with
large leaves •, from this quick growth, many per-
fons have been deceived by fuppoung them hardy,
and that they would continue the like progrefs, whereas
they feldom advance much farther the fame year.
The plants mull be conftandy kept in the ftove, for
they are too tender to live abroad in England, in the
warmeft feafon of the year, nor will they thrive in a
common green-houfe in fummer. As thefe plants
abound with a milky acrid juice, they ftiould have
but little water, even in fummer ; and in winter, if
they are [paringly v/atered once in a fortnight, it will
be [Efficient, for their roots are tender and foon perifti
with moifture.
When thefe plants are tranfplanted, it foil be the
beft method to break the pots, for the roots do not
put out many fibres to hold the earth about them, fo
that in (baking them out of die pots, moft of the earth
6 will
* A
A N A
will fall away from their roots, and when this hap-
pens, the plants feldom furvive it ; therefore in break-
ing of the” pots, the fame caution mufl be had not to
difturb the earth more than can be avoided •, then the
plant, with the ball of earth to its roots, fhould be
put into a pot one lize larger than that in which it
had before grown, filling up the pot with light fandy
earth, and plunge the pots again into the hot-bed.
Thefe plants Ihould not be removed oftener than once
a year, nor Ihould they be put into large pots, for
unlefs their roots are confined, they will not thrive.
With this management I have kept thefe plants fe-
veral years, but they are of flow growth after the firfl
feafon, fo that I have not raifed any of them more
than two feet and a half high, and it is very rare to
fee them in England more than half that height,
though I have feen two of them, in flower, one in the
late Sir Charles Wager’s garden at Parfons-green, and
the other in Chelfea garden.
The pulpy fruit, to whofe apex this nut grows, is
as large as an Orange, and is full of an acid juice,
which is frequently mixed in the making of punch in
America. Many of thefe fruit have been brought to
England, in calks of rum for the fame purpofe.
The nut is of the fize and fhape of a hare’s kidney,
but is much larger at the end which is next the fruit,
than at the other. The outer Ihell is of an Afh colour,
and very fmooth •, under this is another which covers
the kernel, between thefe there is a thick black in-
flammable oil, which is very cauftic ; this will raife
blifters on the Ikin, and has often been very trouble-
fome to thofe who have incautioufly put the nuts into
their mouths to break the Ihell.
The milky juice of this tree will flain linen of a deep
black, which cannot be wafhed out again ; but whether
this has the fame property with that of the eaftern
Anacardium, has not yet been fully experimented ;
for the in fpifiated juice of that tree is the bell fort of
lac, which is ufed for flaining of black in China and
Japan.
Dr. Grew mentions the juice being ufed for ftaining
of cottons, but it is doubtful which of the fpecies he
means ; though Sir Elans Sloane fuppofes it to be of
the Acajou here mentioned. However, it may be very
well worth the trial ; if the inhabitants of the Britifh
Hands in America would tap a few of the trees in
the bleeding feafon, and collefl the juice in earthen
pots, keeping it in a place free from duft, or covering
the pots over with a linen cloth, to prevent duft from
mixing with it, and when it is of a proper confiftence,
fome trials may be made with it, to fee if it has the
fame property with the Japan lac, which if it has,
may prove a valuable commodity.
ANACYCLUS. Lin. Gen. Plant. 869. Santoli-
noides. Vail. Acad. Scien.
The Characters are.
It hath compound flowers , conflfting of female and her-
maphrodite florets , included in one common fcaly empale-
ment •, the rays or borders being formed of the female florets ,
which are tubulous , and ftretched out in the form of a
tongue beyond the empalement. 'The hermaphrodite florets
which compofe the difk , are funnel- flo aped, quinquefid , and
fpread open ; thefe have each five fender ftamina , which
are crowned with cylindrical fummits in the center is
placed an oblong comprejfed germen , fupporting a fender
flyle , crowned with bifid ftigma. The female florets have
an oblong membraneous germen , fupporting a fender flyle ,
crowned with two fender reflexed ftigma the hermaphro-
dite florets are fucceeded by one oblong comprejfed feed . The
female florets are fucceeded by a Jingle oblong feed with broad
borders or wings , which are indented at the top-, thefe are
placed on a convex receptacle.
This genus of plants is ranged by Dr. Linnsus in the
third leftion of his nineteenth clafs, entitled Synge-
nefia Polygarnia fuperfl.ua. The plants of this divifion
have female and hermaphrodite flowers included in
the fame common empalement.
The Species are,
i. Anacyclus ( Creticus ) foliis decompofitis linearibus
laciniis divifis planis. Hort. Cliff 417, Anacyclus
ANA
with narrow decompounded leaves , whofe diviflons are
plain. Cotula cretica minima ehamasmeli folio capite
infiexo. Tourn. Cor. 37.
2. Anacyclus ( Orient alis ) foliis compofitis fetaceis acu-
tis reft is. Hort. Cliff. 417. Anacyclus with compound ,
briftly , upright, pointed leaves. Chamtemelum Orientals
foliis pinnatis. Tourn. Cor. 37.
3. Anacyclus ( Valentinus ) foliis decompofitis linearibus
laciniis divifis tretiufculis acutis floribus flofculofis.
Hort. Cliff. 417. Anacyclus with decompounded narrow
leaves , whofe diviflons are taper and pointed, and flofcidar
flowers. Chryfanthemum Valentinum. Gluf. Hilt. 1 *
P- 33 2 -
The two firfl: forts grow naturally in the Hands of
the Archipelago, from whence Dr. Tournefort fent
their feeds to the royal garden at Paris. I have alfo
received the feeds of both thefe plants from Portugal^
fo that it may alfo grow naturally there, as do many
of thofe plants which were difcovered by Tournefort
in the Levant. Thefe are low plants, whofe branches
trail on the ground. The firfl: fort has fine cut leaves
like thofe of Chamomile ; the flowers are fmall, white,
and grow Angle, with their heads declining ^ thefe
are like thofe of the common Mayweed. The fecond
hath winged leaves like thofe of the Ox-eye ; the flow-
ers are white, and like thofe of Chamomile.
The third fort grows naturally in Spain, from whence
I have received the feeds. This grows a foot and
half high, fending out many fide branches ; the leaves
are finely divided like thofe of Chamomile, and are
hairy : the flowers grow fingle at the extremity of the
branches, and are of a bright yellow colour, with a
filvery fcaly empalement. Thefe are as large as thofe
of the Ox-eye.
All thefe plants are annual : the feeds fliould be fowrt
early in the fpring in a border of light earth, where
they are defigned to remain, and require no other
care but to keep them clean from weeds, and thin
the plants where they are too clofe. As thefe have
no great beauty, a few plants only may be left for
the fake of variety. They flower in July and Auguft,
and their feeds ripen in September.
ANAG ALLIS. Lin. Sp. Plant. 189. Pimpernel.
The Characters are,
The empalement is permanent , cut into five fharp fegments,
which are hollow. The flower is of one leaf fpread open , and
cut into five parts at the brim it hath five erect ftamina
which are floor ter than the petals , and are crowned with
fingle fummits. In the center is placed the globular ger-
men, fupporting a fender inclining flyle crowned with a
blunt ftigma. The germen afterward becomes a globular
vejfel with one cell, opening horizontally, in which are lodged
fever al angular feeds*
This genus of plants is by Dr. Linnaeus ranged in the
firfl: divifion of his fifth clafs, entitled Pentandria
Monogynia, the flowers having five ftamina and one
flyle.
The Species are,
1. Anagallis (_ Arvenfis ) foliis indivifis caule procum-
bente. Lin. Gen. Plant. 148. Pimpernel with un-
divided leaves and a trailing ftalk. Anagallis Phoenicia
fiore. C. B. P. 252.
2. Anagallis ( Fcemina ) foliis indivifis glands caule
procumbente fiore caeruleo. Pimpernel with undivided
glaucous leaves , a trailing ftalk , and blue flower . Ana-
gallis caeruleo fiore. C. B. P. 252.
3. Anagallis ( Monelli ) foliis indivifis caule eredlo. Lin;
Sp. Plant. 148. Pimpernel with an undivided leaf and
upright ftalk. Anagallis tenuifolia Monelli. Clufi
A PP-
4. Anagallis ( Latifolia ) foliis cordatis amplexicaulibus,
caulibus compreffis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 149. Pimpernel
with heart-fhaped leaves, embracing the ftalks which are
comprejfed. Anagallis Hifpanica latifolio flore caeruleo.
Horteg.
The firfl fort is very common in fields, and other
cultivated places, in moft parts of England. The
fecond fort is fometirnes found wild in the fields, but
is lefs common than the fir ft in England. This is
fuppofed to be only a variety of the firfl, but from
M thirty
V
ANA
thirty years cultivating it, I can affirm it never alters-,
and the plants before they fhew their flowers are io
different, as to be eafily difting'uifhed from the firft.
There is a variety of this with a deeper blue flower,
whole feeds I received from Nice, and this hath re-
• tained its colour for three years, during which time I
have fown it in the Chelfea garden.
Thefe ate all annual plants which arife from feeds, and,
if fullered to remain till their feeds' fcatter, will become
weeds in the place fo that they are never cultivated,
except in botanic gardens for variety. The firft and
fecond forts are directed by the College of Phyficians
for medicinal ufe.
The third fort is a very beautiful, ffnall, perennial plant,
producing great numbers of fine blue flowers, in
April and May : this may be propagated by feeds,
which fliould be fown foon after they are ripe *, for if
they are kept till fpring, they do not always fucceed :
this plant requires to be flickered from extreme cold,
which will fometimes deftroy it in winter.
The fourth fort was lent me from Spain by Mr. Hor-
, tega, intenclant of the royal gardens at Madrid. This
is a trading annual plant, with broad leaves and blue
flowers. It will eafily rife from feeds, and requires
no other care but to keep the plants clean from
weeds.
There are two varieties of the firft fort, one with a
white, and the other a flefh-coloured flowery but as
they are not conftant, I have not inferted them as
different fpecies. There is alfo another with a worn-
out purple flower, which has feveral years continued
the fame in the Chelfea garden •, but as there is little
difference in the leaves of this and the firft, I have
not enumerated it.
ANAGYRIS, Stinking Bean-trefoil.
The Characters are.
It hath a bell-japed empalement , which is cut into five
parts at the brim , the upper fegment being much deeper
cut than the others. I he flower is of the butterfly kind ,
the ftandard is heart-japed , upright , broad , and indented.
This is- much longer than the empalement the wings are
oblong , plain , and longer than the ftandard -, the keel is
long and upright : it hath ten ftamina , which rifle diftinbl ,
and are equal , crowned with Jingle fummits. In the center
is placed an oblong germen, fupporting a Jingle fiyle , having
a hairy ftigrna. The germen afterward becomes a large
oblong pod , which is reflexed at the point , in which is
lodged feveral kidney -/leaped feeds.
Dr. Linn sens ranges this genus in his tenth clafs of
plants, entitled Decandria Monogynia, the flower
having ten ftamina, and one ftyle.
The Species are,
1. Anagyris ( Pcetida ) folds ovatis floribus lateralibus.
Stinking Bean-trefoil with oval leaves , and flowers pro-
ceeding from the wings of the /talks. Anagyris feetida.
C. B. I 3 . 391.
2. Anagyris ( Cretica ) foliis oblongis racemis longiori-
bus. Stinking Bean-trefoil with oblong leaves , and longer
j pikes of flowers. Anagyris feetida Cretica oblongis fo-
liis luteis floribus. Barrel. Icon.
The firft fort grows wild in the fouth of France, in
Spain and Italy : this is a fhrub which ufually rifes
to the height of eight or ten feet, and produces its
flowers in April and May, which are of a bright yel-
low colour, growing in ipikes, fomewhat like thofe
of the Laburnum : the feeds are never perfected in
this country, which is the reafon of its prefent fcarcity
in England.
The other fort is a native of Candia, and feme of the
iflands of the Archipelago, and at prefent very rare
in the Englifh gardens. This fort hath longer leaves
than the former, and flowers later in the fummer, fo
tha£ it never produces feeds.
Thefe may be both propagated by laying down their
tender' branches' in the fpring, obferving to tongue
' them in the fame manner the layers of Carnations,
being careful in dry, weather to iupply them with
water; which if duly performed, the layers will have
taken root by the following fpring, when they fliould
be cut off from the old plants, a little time before
ANA
they begin to put out their leaves, and planted in a
warm fituation ; for if they are too much expofed to
cold winds, they will be in danger of being deftroyed
in a hard winter. This method of propagating thefe
plants, is to iupply their defedt in not producing ripe
feeds in this country -, for the plants which are pro-
duced from feeds, will be much handfomer, and will
rife to a much greater height.
If you propagate thefe plants from feeds, you fliould
fow them on a moderate hot-bed the beginning of
March. If the feeds are good, the plants will appear
in a month after the feeds are fown ; when they fliould
be inured by degrees to the open air, into which they
fliould be removed toward the end of May, placing
them in a flickered fituation ; for this purpofe the
feeds fliould be fowed in pots, and plunged into a
hot-bed, becaufe the plants do not bear tranfplanting
well till the fpring following : and as they are impa-
tient of cold while young, fo the two firft winters it
will be proper to flieher them under a common frame,
where the glaffes may be drawn off every day in mild
weather, that the plants may enjoy the open air,
which will prepare them for planting abroad when
they have acquired proper ftrength: it will be very
proper to keep thefe plants in pots three years, in
which time they will have advanced to be in proper
condition for planting them into the places where they
are intended to remain the beft time for this is about
the beginning of April, juft before the plants begin
to put out new leaves : at which time they ftiould be
turned out of the pots, preferving good balls of earth
to their roots, planting fome of them againft warm
afpefled walls, where they will not be in danger of
fuffering by froft ; and the others may be planted in
warm fituations, where, if they are protected in fevere
winters, by covering the furface of the ground about
their roots with tanners bark, and fereening their
heads with mats, they may be preferved feveral years.
The fourth year from feeds thefe plants will begin to
produce their flowers, and will continue flowering
every year after, fo will be very proper to intermix
with other flowering fhrubs of the fame growth in
warm fituations.
ANANAS, the Pine-apple.
The Characters are,
The flower confi/is of three oval petals , which are pro-
duced from the protuberances of the pyramidal fruit , and
are Jiretched out beyond the empalement. Thefe have fix
awl-Jhaped J lamina , which /land within the flower , crovJned
with fpear-Jhaped fummits : the germen is fituated below
the flower , flupporting a fender ftyle , crowned with a trifid
ftigma. The germen afterward becomes a cell, in which
is lodged feveral angular feeds.
Dr. Linnaeus has joined this to the Bromelia of father
Plumier, to which he has alfo added the Karatas of
the fame author, fuppofing them to be of the fame
genus ; which miftake he may have been led into by
Plumier’s figures, for he has joined the fruit of the
Caraguata to the flowers of the Karatas, and vice verfa .
The other differences will be exhibited under the ar-
ticle Karatas.
The Varieties of this are,
1. Ananas ( Ovatus ) aculeatus, fru&u ovato, carne al-
bida. Plum. Oval-Japed Pine-apple , with a whiti/h
fle/h.
2. Ananas ( Pyramidalis ) aculeatus, frudeu pyramidato,
carne aurea. Plum. Pyramidal Pine-apple , with a
yellowi/h fle/h, called the Sugar-loaf Pine.
3. Ananas ( Glabra ) folio vix ferrato. Boerh. Ind. Alt.
2. 83. Pine-apple with flmooth leaves. '
4. Ananas ( Lucidus ) lucide virens, folio vix ferrato.
Hort. Elth. Pine-apple with Joining green leaves , and
fcarce any fpines on their edges.
5. Ananas ( Serotinus ) fruftu pyramidato olivae colore,
intus aureo. Pyramidal Olive-coloured Pine-apple , with
a yellow fliejh.
6 . Ananas ( Viridis ) aculeatus, fruAu pyramidato ex
viridi fiavefeente. The green Pine-apple.
There are feveral other varieties of this fruit, fome of
which may have been obtained from feeds-, and I
dou bt
ANA
>■
doubt not but if the feeds were Town frequently, in
the countries where they are in plenty, there may be
as great variety of thefe fruit, as there are of Apples or
Pears in Europe. And this I have found- true by
\fome trials which I have made by lowing the feeds,
which have always .produced a variety of forts from
thole of the fame fruit.
This fruit (which is juftly efteemed for the richnefs of
its flavour, as it furpaffes all the known fruits in the
world), is produced from an herbaceous plant, which
hath leaves fomewhat refembling thofe of Aloe, and
are, for the moft part, fawed on their edges, but are
much thinner, and not fo juicy as the Aloe : the fruit
refembles the cones of the Pine-tree, from whence it
is luppofed to have its name.
Where this plant is a native, I believe is hard to de-
termine ; but it is probably an indigenous plant in
Africa, where, I have been informed, they grow in
uncultivated places in great plenty. They have been
long cultivated in the hotteft iflands of the Weft-In-
dies, where they are in great plenty, and extraordinary
goodnefs ; but they have not been many years in the
European gardens, fo as to produce fruit : the firft
perfon who fucceeded in this affair, was Monfieur Le
Cour of Leyden in Holland, who, after a great many
trials, with little or no fuccefs, did at length hit upon
a proper degree of heat and management, fo as to pro-
duce fruit equally good (though not fo large) as thofe
which are produced in the Weft-Indies, as hath been
often affirmed by perfons who have lived many years
there : and it is to this worthy cultivator of gardening,
who did not fpare any pains or expence to accomplifh
it, that all the lovers thereof are obliged, for intro-
ducing this king of fruits amongft them ; and it was
from him that our gardens in England were firft fup-
plied, though we have flnce had large quantities
brought from America. I cannot here avoid taking
notice of a common error which prevails amongft
many people, which is, that the plants brought from
America are not fo good as thole which came from
M. Le Lour; which is a great miftake, for were
the people who fend over thefe plants from America
careful to fend the belt kinds, there would be found
many better than thofe cultivated by M. Le Cour,
who had his from thence at firft, as his gardener af-
fured me •, and I have feen as good fruit produced
from American plants, as any I have yet feen, and
fome three times larger than any I faw in M. Le
Co Ur’s garden.
The firft fort is the moft common in Europe ; but
the fecond fort is much preferable to it, the fruit of
this being larger, and much better flavoured : the
juice of this fort is not fo aftringent as that of the firft,
fo that this fruit may be eaten in greater quantity
with lefs danger. This frequently produces fuckers
immediately under the fruit, whereby it may be in-
creafed much falter than the common fort ; fo that in
a few years, it may be the moft common fort in
England.
The third fort is preferved by fome curious perfons
for the fake of variety, but the fruit is not worth any
thing. The fixth fort is at p refen t the moft rare in
Europe, there being very few of the plants at prefent.
This has been efteemed the belt fort known, by fome
of the moft curious perfons in America, many of
whom have thrown out all the other forts from their
gardens, and cultivate only this kind. The plants of
this fort may be procured from Barbadoes and Mont-
ferrat, in both which places it is cultivated.
The fort with very frnooth grafs-green leaves, was
railed from feeds taken out of a rotten fruit, which
came from the Weft-Indies to the late Henry Heath-
cote, Efq; from whom I received one plant, which
hath produced large fruit : this, I am told, is what
the people of America call the King Pine. I have
fince railed fome plants of this kind from feeds, which
were brought me from Jamaica.
Thefe plants are propagated by planting the crowns
which grow on the fruit, or the fuckers which are
produced either from the fides of the plants, or under
ANA
the fruit, both which I have found to be equally
good; although by fome perfons the crown is thought
preferable to the fuckers, as ftippofing it v/ill produce
fruit fooner than the flackers, which is certainly a mif-
take; for by conftant experience I find the fuckers
(if equally ftrong) will fruit as foon, and produce as
large fruit as the crowns.
.The fuckers and crov/ns muft be laid to dry in a warm
place for four or five days, or more (according to the
moifture of the part which adhered to the old fruit ;)
for if they are immediately planted, they will rot, ef-
pecially the crowns. The certain rule of judging
when they are fit to plant, is by obferving if the
bottom is healed over and become hard ; for if the
fuckers are drawn off carefully from the old plants,
they will have a hard fkin over the lower part, fo need
not lie fo long as the crowns, or thofe whofe bottoms
are moift. But whenever a crown is taken from the
fruit, or the fuckers from old plants, they fhould be
immediately divefted of their bottom leaves, fo high
as to allow depth for their planting ; fo that they may
be thoroughly dry and healed in every part, left when
they receiye heat and moifture, they fhould perifh,
which often happens when this method is not ob-
ferved. If thefe fuckers or crowns are taken off late
in the autumn, or during the winter, or early in the
fpring, they fhould be laid in a dry place in the ftove,
for a fortnight or three weeks before they are planted,
but in the fummer feafon they will be fit for planting
in' a few days.
As to the earth in which thefe fhould be planted, if
you have a rich good kitchen-garden mould, not too
heavy, fo as to detain the moifture too long, nor over
light and Tandy, it will be very proper for them with-
out any mixture : but where this is wanting, you
fhould procure fome frefh earth from a good pafture ;
which fhould be mixed with about a third part of
rotten neats dung, or the dung of an old Melon or
Cucumber-bed, which is well confumed. Thefe fhould
be mixed fix or eight months at leaft before they are
ufed, but if it be a year, it will be the better ; and
fhould be often turned, that their parts may be the
better united, as alio the clods well broken. This
earth fhould not be fcreened very fine, for if you only
clear it of the great ftones, it will be better for the
plants than when it is made too fine. You fhould
always avoid mixing any fand with the earth, unlefs
it be extremely ftiff, and then it v/ill be neceffary to
have it mixed at leaft fix months or a year before it is
ufed ; and it muft be frequently turned, that the fand
may be incorporated in the earth, fo as to divide its
parts : but you fhould not put more than a fixth part
of fand, for too much fand is very injurious to thefe
plants.
In the fummer feafon, when the weather is warm,
thefe plants muft be frequently watered, but you
fhould not give them large quantities at a time : you
muft alfo be very careful, that the moifture is not
detained in the pots, by the holes being flopped, for
that will foon dellroy the plants. In very warm weather
they fhould be watered twice or three times a week ;
but in a cool feafon, once a week will he often enough:
and during the fummer feafon, you fhould once a
week water them gently all over their leaves, which
will wafh the filth from off them, and thereby greatly
promote the growth of the plants.
There are fome perfons who frequently fhift thefe
plants from pot to pot, but this is by no means to be
prabtifed by thofe who propofe to have large well fla-
voured fruit ; for unlefs the pots be filled with the
roots, by the time the plants begin to fhew their fruit,
they commonly produce fin aft fruit, which have ge-
nerally large crowns on them, therefore the plants
will not require to be potted oftener than twice in a
feafon: the firft time fhould be about the end of
April, when the fuckers and crowns of the former
year’s fruit (which remained all the winter in thofe
pots in which they were firft planted) fhould 'be drifted
into larger pots, i. e. thofe which were in halfpenny,
or three-farthing pots, fhould be put into penny, or
. at
J
3 ^
A N A
it moft three-halfpenny pots, according to the frze of
the plants ; for you muft be very careful not to over-
pot them, nothing being more prejudicial to thefe
plants. The fecpnd time for drifting of them is in
the beginning of Auguft, when you fnould fliift thofe
plants which are of a proper fize for fruiting the fol-
lowing fpring, into two-penny pots, which are full
large enough for any of thefe plants. At each of
thefe times of drifting the plants, the bark-bed Ihould
be llirred up, and forne new bark added, to raife the
bed up to the height it was at firft made •, and when
the pots are plunged again into the bark-bed, the
plants Ihould be watered gently all over their leaves,
to wadi off the filth, and to fettle the earth to the
roots of the plants. If the bark-bed be well ftirred,
and a quantity of good frefir bark added to the bed,
at this latter drifting, it will be of great fervice to the
plants •, and they may remain in the fame tan until
the beginning of November, or fometimes later, ac-
cording to the mildnefs of the feafon, and will require
but. little fire before that time. During the winter
feafon thefe plants will not require to be watered
oftener than once a week, according as you find the
earth in the pots to dry : nor fhould you give them
too much at each time, for it is much better to give
them a little water often, than to over-water them,
efpecially at this feafon.
You muff obferve never to drift thofe plants which
drew' their fruit, into other pots ; for if they are re-
moved after the fruit appears, it will flop their
growth, and thereby caufe the fruit to be fmailer, and
retard its ripening, fo that many times it will be Oc-
tober or November before the fruit is ripe •, therefore
you fhould be very careful to keep the plants in a
vigorous growing ftate, from the firft appearance of
the fruit, becaufe upon this depends the gcodnels and
fize of the fruit •, for if they receive a check after this,
the fruit is generally fmall and ill tailed.
When you have cut off the fruit from the plants,
whofe kind you are defirous to propagate, you fhould
trim the leaves, and plunge the pots into a moderate
hot- bed, obferving to refrefh them frequently with
water, winch will caufe them to put out fuckers in
plenty ; fo that a perfon may be foon fupplied with
plants enough of any of the kinds, who will but ob-
ferve to keep the plants in health.
There is not any thing which can happen to thefe
plants of a more dangerous nature, than to have them
attacked by fmall white infedts, which appear at firft
like a white mildew, but foon after have the appear-
ance of lice : thefe attack both root and leaves at the
fame time, and if they are not foon deftroyed, will
fpread over a whole ftove in a fhort time ; and in a
few weeks will entirely flop the growth of the plants,
by fucking out the nutritious juice, fo that the leaves
will appear yellow and ficlcly, and have generally a
great number of yellow tranfparent fpots all over
them. Thefe infedts, after they are fully grown, ap-
pear like bugs, and adhere fo clofely to the leaves, as
not to be eafily wafhed off, and feem as if they, had
no life in them. They were originally brought from
America upon the plants which were imported from
thence, and I believe they are the fame infedts which
have deftroyed the fugar canes of late years in fome
of the Leeward iflands. Since they have been in
England, they have fpread greatly in fuch ftoves,
where there has not been more than ordinary care
taken to deftroy them. They have alfo attacked the
Orange-trees in many gardens near London, and have
done them incredible damage •, but I do not find they
will endure the cold of our climate in winter, fo that
they are never found on fuch plants as live in the open
air. The only method I have been yet able to dis-
cover for deftroying thefe infects, is by waffling the
leaves, branches, and items, of fuch plants as they
attack, frequently with water, in which there has
been a .flrong infufion of Tobacco-ftalks, which I find
will deftroy the infects, and not prejudice the plants.
But this method cannot be praftifed on the Ananas
plants, becaufe- the infects will fallen themfelves fo
ANA
low between the leaves, that it is impoffible to coins
at them with a fponge to wafh them off ; fo that if
all thofe which appear to fight are cleared off, they
will loon be fucceeded by a frefh fupply from below,
and the roots will be alfo equally infilled with them.
Therefore, wherever thefe infects appear on the plants,
the fafeft method will be, to take the plants out of
the pots, and clear the earth from the roots ; then
prepare a large tub, which fnould be filled with water,
in which there has been a flrong' infufion of Tobacco-
ftalks ; into this tub you fhould put the plants, placing
fome flicks acrofs the tub, to keep the plants im-
merfed in water. In this water they fhould remain
twenty-four hours-, then take them out, and with a
fponge wafh off all the infects from the leaves and
roots, which may be eafily effedted when the infedts
are killed by the infufion ; then cut off all the fmall
fibres of the roots, and dip the plants into a tub of
fair water, wafhing them therein, which is the moft
effectual way to clear them from the infedts. Then
you fhould pot them in frefh earth, and having ftirred
up the bark-bed, and added fome new tan to give a
frefh heat to the bed, the pots fhould be plunged
again, obferving to water them all over the leaves (as
was before diredted) and this fhould be repeated once
a week during the fummer feafon ; for I obferve thefe
infedts always multiply much fafter where the plants
are kept dry, than in fuch places where the plants are
lbmetimes fprinkled over with water, and kept in a
growing ftate. And the fame is alfo obferved in
America, for it is in long droughts that the infedts
make fuch deftrubtion in the fugar canes. And in
thofe iflands where they have had feveral very dry
feafons of late, they have increafed to fuch a degree,
as to deftroy the greateft part of the canes in the
iflands, rendering them not only unfit for fugar, but
poifon the juice of the plant, fo as to difqualify it for
making rum, whereby mapy planters have been
ruined.
As thefe infects are frequently brought over from
America on the Ananas plants which come from
thence, thofe perfons who procure their plants from
thence, fhould look carefully over them when they
receive them, to fee they have none of thefe infedts
on them ; for if they have, they will foon be propa-
gated over all the plants in the ftove where thefe are
placed : therefore, whenever they are obferved, the
plants fhould be foaked (as was before diredted) be-
fore they are planted into pots.
It was formerly the common pradlice of thofe perfons,
who cultivated this fruit in Europe, to build dry
ftoves, in which they kept their plants in winter, pla-
cing the pots on fcaffolds (after the manner in which
Orange-trees are placed in a green-houfe), and in the
fummer to place them in hot-beds of tanners bark
under frames. This was the method pradlifed in Hol-
land for railing this fruit, which by Monfieur Le
Cour’s gardener was firft taught thofe perfons,
whom his mailer was fo kind as to fend the plants.
But as the culture of thefe plants have lince become
general in England, there has been great improve-
ments made, not only in the contrivances of the
ftoves, but alfo in the culture of the plants. For by
the former method, the plants were kept upon Ihelves
at leaft four or five months, whereby the extreme
fibres of their roots became dry and hard ; for if the
plants were too often watered, it occalioned their rot-
ting; fo that during the winter feafon, when the plants
Ihould be preparing their fruit for the next fummer,
they were at a Hand, making little or no progrefs,
whereby the fruit did not appear early enough in the
fpring to ripen in fummer, nor were the fruit fo
large.
Therefore, to remedy this inconvenience, it is now
the pradlice of thofe perfons who are defirous to pro-
pagate the fruit, to eredl low ftoves, with pits therein
for the hot-bed, in the manner hereafter defcribed and
figured; thefe are built in different ways, according
to the fancy of the contriver. Some perfons build
them with upright giaffes in front, about four feet
high.
\
ANA
high, fo that there is juft height enough for per-
fons to walk upright on the back-fide of the bark-
bed. Others make but one Hope of glafles, from the
top of the ftove down to the plate, which lies about
fix or eight inches above the bark-pit, fo that in the
front of this ftove, there is no walk made between the
bark-pit and the glaffes ; but the inconveniency of
watering the plants, as alfo of coming near thofe
plants which are placed in the front of the ftove to
clean them, has, in fome meafure, brought them into
difefteem, fo that few perfons now build them, tho’
the expence is much lefs than of the other kind of
ftoves ; but of both thefe ftoves the figures and de-
fcriptions which are hereafter exhibited under the ar-
ticle of ftove, will be fufficient for any perfon to build
either of the forts. One of thefe ftoves about thirty-
five feet long in the clear, with the pit or the tan
reaching from end to end, and fix feet and a half
wide, will contain about fourfcoure fruiting plants •,
fo that whoever is defirous to have this fruit, may
eafily proportion their ftove to the quantity of fruit
which they are willing to have.
But it will be alfo neceffary to have a bark-pit under
a deep frame, in order to raife the young plants ; in
which you fhould plunge the fuckers, when they are
taken from the old plants, as alfo the crowns which
come from the fruit, fo that this frame will be as a
nurfery to raife the young plants to fupply the ftove :
but thefe plants fhould not remain in thefe frames
longer than till the beginning of November, unlefs
the frame is built with brick-work with flues in it to
warm the air (in the manner hereafter defcribed and
figured), which are very ufeful, as nurferies, to keep
the young plants till they are of a proper fize to pro-
duce fruit , fo that you may keep thefe either warmer
or cooler than the ftove, according as the plants may
require, fo that the ftove may be every autumn filled
only with bearing plants, whereby a much greater
quantity of fruit may be annually produced, than can
be where young and old plants mult be crowded into
the fame ftove. But where there are no conveniences
of this kind, the young plants, about the middle or
latter end of Odtober, mult be removed into the ftove,
and being fmall, may be crowded in among the larger
plants •, for as they will not grow much during the
winter feafon, they may be placed very clofe together.
The beginning of March, where there is no nurfery
for the young plants, they mult be removed out into
the hot-bed again, which fhould be prepared a fort-
night before, that the tan may have acquired a proper
heat : but you fhould be careful that the tan be not
too hot, for that might fcakl the fibres of the plants,
if they are fuddenly plunged therein. Therefore if
you find the bark too hot, you fhould not plunge the
pots above two or three inches into the tan, letting
them remain fo until the heat of the tan is a little
abated, when you fhould plunge the pots down to
their rims in the bed. ' If the nights fhould continue
cold after thefe plants are removed into the bed, you
muft carefully cover the glafles with mats ; otherwife
by coming out of a warm ftove, they may receive a
fudden check, which will greatly retard their growth,
therefore muft be carefully avoided; became the fooner
the plants are fet growing 1 in the fpring, the more
time they will have to gain ftrength, in order to pro-
duce large fruit the following feafon.
You fhould not plunge the pots too clofe together in
this frame, but allow them a proper diftance, that the
lower part of the plants may increafe in bulk, for it
is on this that the magnitude of the fruit depends ;
becaufe when the plants are placed too clofe, they
draw up very tall, but do not obtain ftrength ; fo that
when they are taken out of the bed, the leaves are
not able to fupport themfelves ; but alt the outward
long leaves will fall down, leaving the fmaller middle
leaves naked, and this fometimes will caufe them to
rot in the center. You muft alfo obferve, when the
fun is very warm, to raife the glafles of the hot-bed,
in order to let out the fleam of the bed, and to admit
frefh air ; for one negled of this kind, in a very hot
ANA , w
day, may deftroy all the plants, or at leaft fo fcald
them, that they will not get over it in feveral months.
It will be alfo very proper, in extreme hot weather,
to fhade the glafles in the middle of the day with
mats f for the glafles, lying fo near to the leaves of the
plants, will occafion a prodigious heat at fuch times.
During the fummer feafon thefe plants muft be. fre-
quently watered, giving them but little each time ;
and in hot weather, they muft have free air admitted
to them every day, from ten o’clock till four ; for
if they are kept too clofe, or have too much wet,
they will receive a check in their growth, when the
infects will immediately fpread over them ; for there
are generally fome of thefe infedts on all thefe plants,
which do not much injury to them while they are in
a growing ftate ; but whenever they are unhealthy,
the info its multiply greatly, and contribute to their
decay. There are fome perfons who regulate the heat
of their ftoves by thermometers in fummer, but at
that feafon tills is unneceffary, for the outward air in
hot weather is frequently greater than the Ananas heat
marked on the thermometers, fo that the heat of the
ftoves at that feafon will be much greater. The ufe
of the thermometer is only in the winter, -during the
time the fires are continued, by which it is eafy to
judge when to increafe or diminifh the fires ; for at
that feafon, the ftoves fhould not be kept to a greater
warmth than five or fix divifions above Ananas, nor
fufrered to be more than as many divifions below it.
In winter the plants muft have lefs water, but they
will require to have it repeated once a Week, giving
them but little each time : when the plants are placed
into the tan for the winter feafon (which fhould be
done about the beginning of Qdtober) the tan-bed
fhould be renewed, adding two thirds of new tan, to
one third of the old. If this be well mixed, and the
new tan is good, the bed will maintain a proper de-
gree of warmth till February, at which time it will
be proper to ftir up the bed, and add a load or two
of new tan, fo as to raife the bed as much as it funk
fince the autumn ; this will give a frefh heat to the
bed, and keep the plants growing ; and as the fruit
will now begin to appear, it will be abfclutely neceft
fary to keep the plants in a growing ftate, otherwife
the fruit will not be large.
In Aprii it will be proper to ftir up the tan again,
and if the bed has funk fince the laft ftirring, it will
be proper to add fome frefh tan to it ; this will renew
the warmth of the bed, and forward the fruit. At
this time it will be proper to fliift the young plants,
which are defigned to produce fruit the following
year ; the tan-bed into which there are plunged muft;
be renewed, in order to forward their growth, that
they may have ftrength enough in autumn to pro-
duce good fruit, for in this is the principal care re-
quired.
Thofe plants which fhew their fruit early in Febru-
ary, will ripen about June ; fome forts are at leaft a
month or five weeks longer In ripening their fruit than
others, from the time of the appearance of the fruit :
but the feafon in which the fruit is in greateft perfec-
tion, is from the beginning of July, to the end of
September ; though in March, April, and Odtober,
I have frequently eaten this fruit in pretty good per-
fedtion ; but then the plants have be’en in perfedt
health, otherwife they feidom are well flavoured.
The method of judging when the fruit is ripe, is by
the fmell, and from obfervation ; for as the feveral
forts differ from each other in die colour of their
fruit, that will not be any direction when to cut them ;
nor fhould they remain fo long as to become fo ft to
the touch before they are cut, for then they become
fiat and dead, as they do alfo when they are cut long
before they are eaten, therefore the fureft way to have
this fruit in perfection, is to cut it the fame day it is
eaten ; but it muft be cut early in the morning, be-
fore the fun has heated the fruit, otherwife it will be
hot, obferving to cut the italic as long to the fruit as
poflible, and lay it in a cool, but dry place, preferr-
ing the Italic and crown unto It, until it is eaten.
N That
3°o
i
ANA
’That fort with green fruit, if {offered to ripen well,
is of an Olive colour ; but there are fome perfons who
cut them before they are ripe, when they are not fit
to be eaten, for no other reafon but to have them
green : and although many perfons have much recom-
mended this fort for its excellent flavour, yet I think
the Sugar-loaf fort is much to be preferred to it.
This Sugar-loaf fort is eafily diftinguifhed from all
the other, by its leaves having purple ftripes on their
infide the whole length. The fruit is of a paler co-
lour than the others when ripe, inclining to a ftraw
colour. This fort was brought from Brafil to Ja-
maica, where it is efteemed far beyond the other
kinds.
The next in goodnefs to this, is what the inhabitants
of. the iflands in America call the Montferrat Pine *,
the leaves of this are of a dark brown, inclining to
purple on their infide •, the protuberances of the fruit
are longer and flatter than thofe of the common fort.
I raifed feveral plants of this fort from feeds which
I received from the ifland of St. Thomas, where this
fruit is in greater perfection than in any of the Britifti
iflands.
As fome of the fruit produce feeds in England, when
the greater number have no appearance of any, I
doubt not whether there are not fome with male, and
others with hermaphrodite flowers •, becaufe thofe
fruit which have feeds, are remarkably different from
the others, when cut through the cells in which the
feeds are lodged, lying nearer to the center of the
fruit than the abortive cells, which are chiefly clofe
to the rind •, but not having diftinguifhed this dif-
ference till the fruit was cut, I had no opportunity of
examining their flowers.
I have continued this title of Ananas to the genus,
being the moft generally known and ufed, left by al-
tering it, the practical gardeners fhould be rather con-
fufed than inftruded : and I was the rather inclined
to this, as Dr. Linnaeus has miftaken the characters
of the three genera, which he has joined in one. The
different varieties are alfo “enumerated, for the fake
of thofe who cultivate the fruit, though they are not
diftinCt fpecies, but vary in their fhape, colour, and
flavour, the fame as other fruits. Therefore, as this
work is intended to inftruCt the practical gardener,
the mentioning thefe varieties is more excufable here,
than in thofe books which are only intended for the
improvement of botany.
AN APODOPHYLLON. See Podophyllum.
ANAS TAT I C A, Rofe of Jericho.
The Characters are.
It hath a four leaved empalement , which falls of ; the
flower has four petals placed cr cjj- wife , which fpread open ,
whofe tails are the length of the tube of the empalement ,
and fix awl- f aped Jlamina , two of which are floor ter than
the other four , crcwned with roundifh fummits , and a
fmall bifid germen, fupporting an awl-fhaped ftyls the length
of the Jlamina , and is permanent , crowned by a headed
fummit. The germen afterward becomes a fort bilocular
pod) having an awl-f aped partition placed obliquely to the
pod , and is longer.
We have but one Species of this genus in the Eng-
lifh gardens, viz.
Anastatica ( Hierocuntica ) foliis obtufis, fpicis axillari-
bus breviflimis, filiculis ungulatis fpinofls. Lin. Sp.
895. Rofe of Jericho with obtufe leaves , fort fpikes of
flowers at the wings of the fialks , and prickly pods.
This plant grows naturally in Paleftine and Cairo, in
fandy places near the fea. The ftaiks are ligneous
though the plant is annual ; it rifes five or fix inches
high, dividing into many irregular branches the
flowers which are fmall and white, are difpofed in
Ihort fpikes at the wings of the ftaiks, and have little
beauty ; thefe are fucceeded by fnort prickly pods,
having two cells, in each of which are two feeds.
It is preferved in botanic gardens for the variety, and
in fome curious gardens for the oddnefs of the plant,
which, if taken up before it is withered, and preferved
entire in a dry room, may be long preferved ; and
after being many years kept in this fituation, if the
A' N A ' -
root is placed in a glafs of water a few hours, the buds
of flowers will fwell, open, and appear, as if newly
taken out of the ground, to the great furprife of moft
people.
The plant is annual, fo can only be propagated by
feeds, which rarely ripen in England, uniefs the feeds
are fown upon a hot-bed in the fpring, and the plants
afterward put into pots, which fhould be plunged
into another hot-bed to bring them forward ; for al-
though the feeds will come up in the full ground
where the foil is dry, yet the plants rarely rife to any
flze, nor do they perfed feeds uniefs the fummer is
very hot and dry : but if the plants are kept in a
frame, giving them free air in warm weather, they
will flower in June, and the- feeds will ripen in Sep-
tember.
A N A I OMY [’A vdlofix,) of ’Ai idlfvcO) Gr. to difledj,
a difiedion.
Anatomy of plants is a cutting, dividing, or feparat-
ing the parts or members of plants, in order to dif-
cover the flze, form, ftrudure, and ufes of their fe-
veral veflfels, for the better promoting their culture.
Anatomifts have obferved a great fimilitude betwixt
the mechanic frame of plants and animals : the parts
of plants feeming to bear a conftant analogy to thofe
of animals ; and the ceconomy, both vegetable and
animal, feem to be formed on the fame model.
The parts of a plant are the root, the wood, the bark,
and the pith.
1. The roots of the plants are fpongeous bodies,
whofe parts are difpofed for the eafy admittance of
certain humid particles, which are prepared in the
ground. The quality of the root is found much to
depend upon the flze of its veflels and pores.
Monfieur Renaume fuppofes the root of a plant to do
the office of all the parts in the abdomen of animals,
which ferve to nutrition, as the ftomach, inteftines,
&c.
Dr. Boerhaave confiders the roots of plants to be
compofed of a number of abforbent veflels, which are
analogous to the ladeals in animals.
The root, according to Dr. Van Royen, is that part
of the plant by which the nutriment is taken in, or
that by which the aliment is attracted, as Theophraf-
tus has defined it : but it is not all that part, which is
committed to the earth, to be nourifhed by the mat-
ter which is about it, which is properly to be called
the trunk of the root ; this is to be referred rather to
the ftalk or ftem, than to the root, in that it confifts
of the fame implicated kinds of veflels •, but that part
which is by its furface contiguous to the exterior ma-
trix, which, being perforated with infinite little
mouths, promotes the received moiftures, that they
may be afterwards carried, by veflels not unlike to
ladeal ones, into the very body of the plant ; this is
properly to be called the root.
Which definition, although it may feem too ftrid,
is the moft general, and applicable to all plants ; for
it agrees as well with them which have no root, as
the vulgar opinion is, as to thofe which have a mani-
fell root ; of the former kind there are but very few
plants, but of the latter a great many.
As to thofe that want a manifeft root, the fuperficies
of them is found to be perforated on all fldes with
very fmall holes, by which they take in their nutri-
ment, as in the Porno Aurantio, called Meptuni, or
Pila Marina by fifhermen, and many other fubmarine
plants ; and in thefe the whole fuperficies ferves for
roots, as is plainly feen in fome ftony plants that
grow under the fea, and may be in lbrhe fort proved
to be deduced from the analogy of animals ; for thefe
being become fui generis , take in aliment, not only
by the mouth, but alfo the whole furface, expofed to
the moift air, feems to ferve to the fame defign. But
although thefe fubmarine bodies have, by moft natu-
ralifts, been ranged with vegetables,; yet, by later
difeoveries, many of them have been found to con fill:
of beds of infeds, inclofed in fmall cavities of thefe
incrufted bodies, therefore fhould rather be ranged
with minerals.
But
ANA
But thofe plants that are endued with a confpicuous
root, and more obvious to the fenfes, differ among
themfelves very much in this part : for feme are bul-
bous, fome are fquamous, or tuberous, others gru-
mous, others fibrous, and laftly, others nodous ;
which, as it will be fufficient to have taken notice of
the primary differences of roots, I flaall omit their
particular definition in this place, and refer them to their
feveral heads, where each of them fliall be particu-
larly defcribed.
The firft part of the root, which is called the Epi-
dermis, or cuticle, is, for the moft part, of a brown
or dufky colour, very thin, and eahly peeled off from
the under fkin (if it be firft foaked in warm water) ;
which being viewed by a microfcope, fhews its moft
tender ftrudture much like a net pierced through with
many fmall hoies. And thefe little orifices of the
epidermis being dilated, and filled with the received
moifture, refembling veiicles, which, being exhaufted
yearly by the mutation of the air, become confoli-
dated, and perifh •, to wit, this being driven out by
a new cuticle growing under it, after the fame man-
ner as fquammigerous animals annually caft the old
epidermis, a new cuticle coming under it ; fo that
thefe little veffels, fibrils, or by what name fbever they
are called, may not unfitly be compared to the veins
of animals.
But the other part, which on the outfide conftitutes
the cortex, or outer bark, and on the infide the li-
ber, or inner bark, is called cutis •, in which there
are parts to be confidered of a four-fold kind.
1 . Certain ftrong fibres, cohering and elaftic, ftretched
out vertically with the lateral fibres communicating
among themfelves, and compacting, or thrufting in
the former, they form a hollow cylinder* or zone,
under the epidermis * and this hath another under it,
which alfo includes a third * and fo of the reft, to the
moft inward of all, which luxuriates near the wood,
and is by a peculiar name called liber, or inward bark.
And thefe zones, or girdles, although they are moft
innumerable, may all be peeled off as the lamellae of
bulbs, when the lap flows through them * and inaf-
much as thofe fibres in the harder roots of trees are
almoft of a bony nature, they procure a firmnefs to
the cortex or outward bark * and thefe fibres are in
all plants, and appear as well in grafs as in the Cedar
tree, although they are more compaft in trees, than
in plants of a tenderer ftru&ure, which are more eafily
fuftained.
2. In the areas, or fpaces, which are between the fi-
bres and their anaftomofes, there are every where
membranaceous veffels full of moifture, or little utri-
cles, which, in the arete, or intercepted fpaces that
are of a different figure, are found to be various, and
accommodated to all the fpaces ; but all thefe utri-
cles communicate among themfelves, as is beft feen
in the greater celandine, when we fqueeze out that
golden coloured liquor with which it is filled * and
the middle fpaces betwixt thefe zones have like utri-
cles, and all the fibres conftitute hollow canals •, but
the utricles have receptacles communicating among
themfelves.
3. Aereal veffels, or tracheae, are open from the
lower to the upper part of the plant, and are twifted
or curled after an admirable manner, and dilpofed
round about with fibres and utricles in form almoft of
a fpital line, which in their cavities contain an elaftic
air * which being affeded by the external air, firft ex-
panded, and afterwards condenfed, will be changed
after a like manner, and feel the fame viciffitudes of
cold and heat, and will undergo a reciprocal motion
of cold and heat. This adion is exerted in the vef-
fels filled with moifture, which when they cannot be
condenfed, give place, and are driven to thofe that
are higher, and are moved forward.
4. Laftly, befides fibres, utricles, and tracheae, a
peculiar kind of veffels appear, containing the moi-
ftures, as it feems fecreted by the organical difpofi-
tion of the plant itfelf, which water, or molften not
only the cortex, but the wood, and the reft of the
ANA
parts of vegetables, and are turgid with a conceded
juice, which feems far more elaborate than is the
moifture contained in the fibres or utricles * and the
mouths of thefe veffels being of a different figure,
pour forth fometimes a various liquor, according to
its. peculiar nature, chiefly near the outward region of
the cortex; fo the Tithymalus and Cichory com-
monly diftil a milky humour, and the Cyprefs, Fir,
and Pine, a certain fpecies of turpentine.
And by how much thefe circles are more outward,
by fo much the middle fpaces between the two zones
are greater ; and are leffened always towards the more
inward in a certain, proportion, which feems to de-
pend on this, viz. the outward air ading on all fides
with an equal preffure, and by a certain power preffes
the fecond ; and this alfo by this means, is preffed by
its own condenfed air, and prefies together thofe
which are more inward, becaufe it cannot exert its
force upon the external air ; therefore the fecond cir-
cle is neceffarily more compreffed than the firft, and
the third more than the fecond, and fo of the reft.
And the utricles placed between the circles are preffed
by the fame proportion ; which, by degrees, are more
and more exhaufted; thence the inner circle lofes
moft of all the compreffed and condenfated utricles,
and by degrees grows folid.
And this is properly called Liber (the inward bark),
and is that circle, which, being middlemoft by place
and nature, between the cortex, or outward bark,
and the wood, comes neareft to the nature of the
wood, and in time paffes into it ; for the cortex lofes
every year one fuch circle, and becomes wood, which
may be diftinguifhed from the former circles of the
root, flock, or trunk ; and if they are cut horizon-
tally, will fhew the number of fuch circles, and how
many years the tree is old.
And this fucceflive mutation of the cortex into li-
ber, and of liber into wood, is like to that we ob-
ferve in the human body in the beginning of a cal-
lus ; for a callus confifts of fkin, but fo compreffed,'
that all the veffels are loft ; and that fkin, being be-
come folid, is increafed, and grows to a greater bulk.
But befides thefe hitherto defcribed, there occur cer-
tain peculiar veffels (of which mention has been made
in deferibing the cortex), which are found full of
turpentine, gum, or a certain concreted juice proper
to them ; the conllant progrefs of which is not very
confpicuous in all of them, by reafon of the tranfpa-
rency of the moifture.
5. The fifth and laft part is the moft inward, the
medulla or pith, difpofed in the middle center of the
root ; and as it feems different from the former, fee-
ing this is fometimes wafted, and that never, this ap-
pears more fungous, that more durable.
As to the manner of the root’s performing its func-
tion, it may be obferved, that the root having im-
bibed the faline and aqueous juices of the earth, and
faturated itfelf with them, for the nourifhment of the
tree, thofe juices are put into motion by heat ; -which
having entered the mouths of the arterial veffels from
the root, they mount to the top with a force anfwer-
able to what lets them in motion ; and, by this means,
they gradually open the minute veffels rolled up, and
expand them into leaves.
2. The wood ; this is confidered as confifting of ca-
pillary tubes, running parallel from the root through-
out the ftalk. Some call the capillary tubes arterial
veffels, becaufe the fap rifes from the root through
thefe. The aperture of thefe tubes are, for the moft
part, too minute to be perceived by the bare eye, un~
lefs in a piece of charcoal, cane, or the like.
Wood, lays Dr. Grew, by microfeopical obfervati-
ons, appears to be only an affemblage of infinitely
minute canals, or hollow fibres, fome of which arife
from the root upwards, and are difpofed in form of
a circle ; and the others, which are called infertions,
tend horizontally from the furface to the center, fo
that they croft each other, and. are interwoven: like the,
threads of a weaver’s web.
Befides
3 9
A K A
Sefides the capillary tubes, &c. Ibefore-mentiohed,
there are other larger veffels, which fqme call venal
veffels, which are difpofed on the outfide of the arte-
rial veffels, between the wood and the inner bark, and
lead down to the covering of the inward root. Thefe
veffels are fuppofed to contain the liquid fap found in
plants in the fpring, &c.
The Rev. Dr. Hales tells us in his excellent treatife
on Vegetable Statics, that, in order to find whether
there was any lateral communication of the fap and
fap-veffels, as there is of the blood in animals, by
means of the ramifications and lateral communica-
tions of them veffels •, he took a young oak-branch,
feven or eight inches diameter, at its tranfverfe cut, fix
feet high, and full of leaves ; and having cut a large
gap to the pith, feven inches from the bottom, and
of an equal depth the whole length, and alfo cut an-
other gap four inches above that on the oppofite fide,
he fet the end of the ftem in water, and in two nights
and two days time it imbibed and perfpired thirteen
ounces; while another like oak-branch, fomewhat
bigger than that, but with no notches cut in its ftem,
imbibed twenty-five ounces.
From this and many other experiments he there men-
tions, he fays, we fee a moft free lateral communi-
cation of the fap and fap-veffels, thofe great quanti-
ties of liquor having paffed laterally by the gaps ; in
that, by feveral experiments on cylinders of wood,
little evaporated by. the gaps.
The bark is the exterior part of trees, ferving them
for a fkin or covering : it is generally of a fpongy tex-
ture, and communicates with the pith by a multipli-
city of fmall fibres paffmg through the capillary tubes,
of which the wood confifts : fo that the roots having
imbibed the proper nutriment of the tree, it is carried
up by the warmth of the fun, through the fine arte-
rial veffel of the tree, to the top of it •, and being
there condenled by the cold, it does, by its own gra-
vity, return down by the veffels which lie between
the wood and the inner bark, which perform the of-
fice of veins •, and as it pafles by, leaves fuch parts
of its juice as the texture of the bark will receive,
and requires for its fupport.
Some are of opinion, that that foft whitilh rind, or
fubftance, which lies between the inner bark and the
wood, does the office of veins : and fome call this a
third bark, and fuppofe it to differ from the other in
nothing but having clofer fibres, and that it contains
the liquid fap, gums, &c. which are found in the
plants in the fpring and fummer months, which har-
dens by degrees, by means of the fap it tranfmits, and
is imperceptibly conveyed into the woody part of the
'tree.
The bark ferves for divers purpofes for it not only
tranfmits the nutritious juices of the plants, but alfo
contains divers fat oily humours, to defend the inner
parts from the injuries of the weather. As animals
are furnifhedwith a panniculus adipolus, ulually re-
plete with fat, which invefts and covers all the flefby
parts, and fereens them from external cold ; lo are
plants encompaffed with a bark, replete with fat juices,
by means whereof the cold is kept out, and, in win-
ter-time, the fpicuise of ice prevented from fixing
and freezing the juices in their veffels ; whence it is,
that fome forts of trees remain ever-green throughout
the year, by reafon their barks are more compadt,
and contain a larger quantity of oil than can be ipent
and exhaled by the fun.
The pith is the inward central part of a tree or plant,
anfwering to the medulla, or marrow of an animal.
As for its fubftance, it confifts of little transparent
globules, ' chained or linked together, fomewhat like
the bubbles that compofe the froth of liquor.
Some fuppofe, that the circulation of the fap is ef-
feded by means of the pith, others by the bark, and
others by the wood.
Borelli, in his book De Motu Animalium, fuppofes
the tender growing (hoot to be diftended like foft wax,
by the expanfion of the moifture in the fpongy pith ;
which dilating moifture, he concludes, is hindered
A N A
from returning back, while it expands by the fpongb
nefs of the pith without the help of valves.
And the Rev. Dr. Hales is of opinion, that it is very
probable, that the particles of water that immediately
adhere to, and a re ftrongly imbibed into, and attrad-
ed by, every fibre of the fpongy pith, will fuffer fome
degree of expanfion before they can be detached by
the warmth of the fun from each attrading fibre ; and,
confequently, the mafs of fpongy fibres, of which the
pith confifts, muft therefore be extended.
And that the pith may be the more ferviceable for
this purpofe, nature has provided in moft {hoots a
ftrong partition at every knot, which partitions ferve
not only as plinths or abutments for the dilating pith
to exert its force on, but alfo to prevent the too free
retreat of the rarefied fap from the pith.
But a dilating fpongy fubftance, by equally expand-
ing itfelf every way, would not produce an oblong
fhoot, but rather a globous one, like an apple ; to
prevent which inconvenience it is obfervable, that
nature has provided feveral diaphragms, befides thofe
at each knot, which are placed at fmall diftances acrofs
the pith, thereby preventing its too great lateral dila-
tation.
Thefe are very plain to be feen in the fhoots of the
Walnut-tree, and the fame may be obferved in the
pith of the branches of the Sun-flower, and feveral
other plants, where thofe diaphragms are not to be
diftinguifhed while the pith is full and replete with
moifture ; yet when it dries up, they are often plain
to be feen. And it is farther to be obferved, that
where the pith confifts of diftindl veficles, the fibres
of thofe veficles are often found to run horizontally,
whereby they can the better refill: the too great lateral
relaxation of the root.
The trunk and branches of a tree, bear a refemblance
to the exterior members and limbs of an animal,
which it may fubfift without, though the rotting and
mortification of them oftentimes occafion a total de-
ltrucftion of it. Accordingly the like eftedts are found
from the wounding or lopping of a tree, as from the
wounding or cutting off a limb, an extravafation, cal-
lus, or the like.
A leaf is part of a plant extended into length and
breadth in fuch a manner, as to have one fide diftin-
guiihable from the other. The leaves, according to
Malpighius, confift of fo many interwoven utricles,
as to be not much unlike a pulmonary net, and ferve
inftead of lungs to the plant. As the perfpiration
and refpiration are chiefly performed thereby, thofe
veffels are very confpicuous when the leaves are dif-
fered. In the day-time, when the heat hath rarefied
the mounting juices, fo as to become fpecifically
lighter than the air, they flow out through the pores
of the leaves, and evaporate, which is the occafion of
the leaves becoming fo flaccid in very hot weather ;
but in the night, when by the cold the juices are
more condenfed, then the leaves are eredted again, and
draw in a great fhare of nourifliment from the air.
Thefe leaves we may obferve to be of different tex-
tures on each fide, the upper flirface being for the
moft part fmooih, the better to fhoot off the redun-
dant moifture, while the under furface is many times
of a rough and cottony texture, by which it is capa-
ble of retaining the moifture ; for which reafon we
find, if by bad management, &c. the fhoots of trees
are nailed to a wall, &c. fo as to turn the flirfaces of
the leaves the wrong fide upwards, the fhoots will be
at a Hand, until the leaves have obtained their proper
difpofition. Thefe leaves, as the learned Dr. Hales
obferves, are carefully diftributed at fmall diftances
throughout the whole length of the fhoots, and ferve
as fo many jointly- adting powers, placed at different
ftations, thereby with more eafe to draw plenty of fap
to the extending root,
A flower is the more tender part of a plant, remark-
able for its colour, or form, or both, cohering with
the rudiment of the fruit, and contains the organs of
generation ; fome of thefe flowers contain the male
organs, as the ftamina and apices, which are loaded
7 with
A N A
with the farina fecundans, which, when ripe, is
fcattered into thofe flowers which are female, and con-
flit only of the ovarium, with the ftyle and ftigma,
which areiurrounded with the petals, Other flowers
there are, which have both fexes contained in the
fame flower ; thefe are called hermaphrodite flowers.
A fruit, K xpirog, is not that part of a plant which is
eatable, but rather the feeds, with their covering,
fhould be called the fruit. This covering cherifties
the feeds until they come to maturity, and defends them
from the injuries of the weather, as that they are not
hurt thereby •, and alfo prepares the juices deflgned
for their nourifiiment, that it may with eafe enter their
imall bodies in a juft proportion.
The motion of the nutritious juices of plants is pro-
duced much like that of the blood in animals, by the
a&ion of the air j and, in effedt, there feems to be
fomething equivalent to refpiration throughout the
whole plant.
Malpighius was the firft who obferved, that vegeta-
bles confided of two feries, or orders, of vefiels.
1 . Thofe which have been treated of before, which
receive and convey the alimental juices, and which an-
fwer to the arteries, lafteal veffels, veins, &c. of ani-
mals and,
2. The tracheae, or air-veflels, which are long hol-
low pipes, in which the air is continually received and
expelled, i. e. infpired and expired, within which tra-
cheae all the former veflfels are contained.
Hence it follows, that the heat of the year, nay, of
a Angle day, hour, or minute, muft have an effedt
on the air included in thefe tracheae, i. e. it muft ra-
refy it, and, of confequence, dilate the tracheae •,
and hence alfo a perpetual fpring or fource of ac-
tion muft arife, to promote the motion of the lap in
plants.
For when the tracheae are expanded, the veflels which
contain the juices, are, by that expanfion, prefled ;
and, by that means, the juice contained is continu-
ally propelled and accelerated ; and, by this propul-
Aon, the juice is continually comminuted, and ren-
dered more and more fubtil, and adapted to enter
into veflels ftill finer and finer ; the thickeft part of it
being at the fame time lecre'ted, and deposited into
the lateral cells, or loculi of the bark, to defend the
plant from cold, and other external injuries.
The vefiels, or containing parts of plants, confift of
mere earth, bound or connected together by oil, as a
gluten, or glue •, which being exhaufted by fire, air,
age, or the like, the plant moulders, or returns again
into its earth or duft.
Thus vegetables being burnt by the moft intenfe
fire, the matter of the veflels is left entire and indif-
loluble, notwithftanding its utmoft force ; and, of
confequence, is neither water, nor air, nor fait, nor
lulphur, but earth alone.
Juice is a liquid fubftance, which makes part of the
compofition of plants, and communicates itfelf to all
the other parts, and ferves to feed and increafe them •,
and is that to plants that blood is to animals. Thefe
juices are of divers forts •, aqueous, grumous, bitu-
minous, oleaginous, refinous, vinous ; of all taftes
and colours.
This juice or fap of plants, is a humour furniflied by
the earth, and changed in the plant ; it confifts of
feme foffil, or other parts, which are derived from
the air or rain ; and others, from putrefied animals,
plants, &c. fo that, conlequently, in vegetables are
contained all kinds of falts, oil, water, earth, and,
probably, all kinds of metals too, inafmuch as the
allies of vegetables always yield fomewhat which is
attracted by the load-ftone.
The juice enters plants in the form of a fine fubtil
water, which by how much the nearer it is to the root,
fo much the .more it retains of its proper nature ; and
the farther it is from the root, the more adtion it has
undergone, and approaches the nearer to the nature
of the vegetable ; and, of confequence, when the
juice enters the root, the bark of which is furniflied
with excretory veflels, fitted to difcharge the excre-
A N C
mentitious part, it is earthy, watry, poor, acid, and
fcarce oily at all.
It is further prepared in the trunk and branches,
though it continue acid ftill ; as is perceived by the
tapping or perforating of a tree in the month of Fe-
bruary, when it diftils a watry juice that is fenfibly
acid.
The juice being carried hence to the germs, or buds,
is more connected ; and when it has here unfolded the
leaves, thefe come to ferve as lungs for the circula-
tion and further preparation of the juice; for when
thofe tender leaves are expofed to the alternate addon
of heat and cold, moift nights, and hot fcorching
days, they are expanded and contradted alternately ;
and the more, by reafon of their net-like texture.
By fuch means, the juice is farther altered and di~
gelled, as it is farther yet in the petala, or leaves of
the flowers, which tranfmit the juice now brought to
a further fubtilty to the flamina ; the ftamina com-
municate it to the farina, or that duft which appears
on the apices, where it undergoes a further matura-
tion, and fheds into the piftil ; and there acquiring its
laft perfection, it becomes the original of a new fruit
or plant.
AN C HUS A. Lin. Gen. 167. Bugloflum. Tourn.
Inft. R. H. 133. tab. 53.
The Characters are,
The empalement is oblong, taper , and permanent, cut into
jive acute flegments which are eredi. The jiower is of one
leaf \ having a cylindrical tube the length of the empale-
ment \ at the brim it is cut into five upright fegments ,
which fpread open , but the chaps are clofed, and have five
prominent little fcales. There are five fhort ftamina in
the chaps of the flower , which are crowned with oblong
fummits. In the bottom of the flower are fituated flour
germen , having a /lender ftyle , crowned with an obtufle
Jligma. The germen afterward becomes four oblong blunt
feeds flout up in the empalement. ■
Dr. Linnmus ranges this genus of plants in the firft
feftion of his fifth clafs of plants, entitled Pentari-
dria Monogynia, the flowers having five ftamina and
a Angle ftyle.
The Species are, .
1. Anchusa ( Officinalis ) foliis lanceolatis fpicis imbri-
catis fecundis. Flort. Cliff. 46. Alkanet with fpear-
fhaped leaves , and fruitful imbricated fpikes , or greater
Garden Buglofs. Blugoflum anguftifolium majus.
C. B. P. 256.
2. Anchusa ( Anguftifolia ) racemis fubnudis conjugatis.
Prod. Leyd. '408. Alkanet with conjugated half naked
fpikes. Borago fylveftris perennis fiore rufo kerrne-
fino. Zan. Hill. 49.
3. Anchusa ( Undulata ) ftrigofa foliis linearibus dentatis
pedicellis bradtea minoribus calycibus fruftiferis in-
flatis. Laefl. Lin. Sp. Plant. 133. Alkanet with narrow
indented leaves , frnall foot-ftalks to the branches , and a
fwelling empalement over the feeds. Bugloflum Lufita-
nicum echii folio undulato. Tourn. Inft. 134.
4. Anchusa ( Orientals ) villofa-tomentofa, ramis fiori-
bufque alternis axillaribus, bradleis ovatis. Lin. Sp.
191. Alkanet with branches and flowers growing alter-
nately from the wings of the ftalks , and oval bradtea or
floral leaves. Bugloflum Orientaie fiore iuteo. Tourn.
Cor. 6.
5. Anchusa ( [Virginiana ) ficribus fparfis caule glabro.
Lin, Sp. Plant. 133. Alkanet with flowers growing
thinly , and a fmooth ftalk. Anchufa minor lu tea Vir-
giniana Puccoon indigens dicta qua fe pingunt Ante-
ricani. Piuk. Aim. 30. Called by the inhabitants of Vir-
ginia, Puccoon.
6 . Anchusa ( Sempervirens ) pedunculis diphyllis capita-
tis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 134. Alkanet with foot-ftalks hav-
ing two leaves. Bugloflum latifolium ferpervirens*
C. B. P.
7. Anchusa ( Cretica ) foliis lanceolatis verrucofis ferni-
amplexicaulibus, floribus capitatis, caule procum-
bente. Alkanet with warted and fpear-floaped leaves em-
bracing the Jlalk half round , flowers growing in a head ,
and a trailing ftalk. Bugloflum Creticum verrucofum
perlatum quibufdam. FI. R. Pan
Q
v.
8. Anchusa
A N C
% Anchusa (Tiniforia) tomentofa, foliis lanceolatis ob- '
tufis, ftaminibus corolla brevioribus. Lin. Sp. 192.
Anchufa with woolly , [pear-Jhaped , blunt leaves , and the
flamina of the flower j her ter than the corolla , or true Al-
kanel of the Jhops.
g. Anchus a {Azure a) foliis longishirfutis, floribus capitatis
refiexis, pedunculis iongifiimis. Alkanet with long hairy
leaves , and "flowers colic Aed into heads which are reflexed ,
and very long foot-ftalks. Borago fylveftre Cretica fiore
azureo. Zan. Hilt. 51.
The firft fort is the Buglofs, whofe flowers are or-
dered to be 11 fed in medicine. This fends up (talks
about two feet high, having oblong rough leaves,
placed alternately, at the extremity of the (hoots. The
flowers are produced in clutters, which are of a fine
blue colour ; thefe come out with foot-ftalks from the
wings of the leaves, and are collefted into fmall heads.
The flowers are of one leaf, having a long tube, fpread
open at the top in (hape of a funnel. After the flower
is paft, it is fucceeded by four naked feeds, fituated
at the bottom of the empalement, which drop out as
they ripen.
The roots of this fort feldom continue longer than two
years, efpecially in good ground, for they are fub-
je£t to rot in winter, unlefs when they happen to grow
in rubbifh, or out of an old wall, where they will live
feveral years j for in fuch places the plants are (tinted
in their growth, fo their branches are firmer and not
fo full of juice as thofe which grow in better foil.
The plants may be eafily propagated by feeds, which
may be (own in the autumn, upon a bed of light fandy
earth ; and in the fpring, when the plants are ftrong
enough to remove, they (hould be planted in beds at
two feet diftance, obferving, if the feafon proves dry,
to water them till they have taken root, after which
they will require no farther care but to keep them
clean from weeds. If the feeds of this plant are per-
mitted to fcatter, the plants will rife in plenty, which
may be managed in the manner before directed. There
is a variety of this with white flowers, but this will
not retain its difference from feeds.
The fecond fort grows to the height of two feet when
cultivated in gardens, but in the places where it grows
wild, is rarely more than a foot. The leaves of this
are narrow, and lefs hairy than thofe of the firft ; the
fpikes of flowers come out double, and have no leaves
about them ; the flowers are fmall, and of a red co-
lour. The roots will continue three or four years in
poor land.
The third fort is a biennial plant, which perilhes foon
after the feeds are ripe. This grows two feet high,
and fends out many lateral branches, which are gar-
ndhed with long, narrow, roughleaves, which are waved
on their edges: the flowers are of a bright blue colour,
and grow in an imbricated fpike ; and after thefe fall,
the empalement turns to a fwollen veffel inclofmg the
feeds.
The fourth fort is a perennial plant, with long trailing
branches which lie on the ground ; the under leaves
are long, broad, and hairy, but thefe diminifh as they
are nearer the top, and thofe which come out on the
(pikes between the flowers are (liort and roundifh.
The flowers are yellow, and about the (ize of thofe of
the common Buglofs •, there is a fucceffion of thefe on
the fame plants great part of the year, which renders
them more valuable. This, though a native of the
Levant, is hardy enough to live in the open air in
England, if it hath a dry fandy foil. It may be pro-
pagated by feeds in the fame manner as the firft fort,
and if the feeds are permitted to fcatter, the plants
will rife without care.
The fifth fort is a native of North America, where it
grows naturally in the woods, and being an early plant,
generally flowers before, the new leaves come out on
the trees ; fo that in fome of the woods, where this
plant abounds, the furface of the ground feems covered
with bright yellow flowers. It is known in that country
by the title Puccoon. It is a perennial plant which
feldom rifes a foot high in good ground, but not
above half that height, where the foil is poor ; the
flowers grow in loofe fpikes, upon a fmooth ftalk.
This is propagated by feeds, which, if fown in the
fpring, feldom grow the firft year.
The fixth fort is a very hardy perennial plant, with
weak trailing branches, garnilhed with broad, rough,
deep green leaves •, the flowers are blue, and come
out between the leaves on the fpike, like the fourth
fort ; the plants frequently grow out of the joints of
old walls, in thofe places where any of the plants have
been near; for when the feeds are permitted to fcatter,
there will be an abundant fupply of the plants. Thefe
flower great part of the year.
The feventh fort is a low, trailing, annual plant, whole
branches feldom extend more than fix inches ; thefe
lie on the furface of the ground, and are thinly fet
with fpear-fliaped, fmall, warted leaves, which half
furround the (talk at their bafe. The flowers are
fmall, of a bright blue colour, and are collefted into
fmall bunches at the extremity of the branches. The
plants perifh foon after their feeds are ripe, which if
permitted to fcatter, the plants will come up better
than when they are fown. Thefe do not bear tranf-
planting, fo (hould remain in the places where they
come up.
The eighth fort rifes near as high as the firft, to which
it bears great refemblance in its leaves and branches;
but the leaves and branches are more woolly, and the
(lamina of the flowers are fliorter than the corolla;
the root alfo is red. This plant grows naturally in
the fouth of France and Spain, but is equally hardy
with the firft fpecies, and may be cultivated in the
fame manner.
The ninth fort is a perennial plant, with broad rough
leaves, like thole of the fixth ; the branches grow
more erect, and the flowers which are of a bright
azure colour, are collefled into fpikes, coming out
fingly from between the leaves. This is a hardy plant,
and may be propagated in the fame manner as the
former.
ANDRACHNE, Baftard Orpine.
The Characters are.
It hath male and female flowers on the fame plant. The
male flower hath a five-leaved empalement , which is equal
and withers. The flower is compofed of five fender leaves
indented at the top , which are floor ter than the empalement.
At the bottom of each petal is fituated an herbaceous nec-
tarium , to which the five fender Jlamina are joined ; thefe
are crowned with fmgle fummits. The female flowers co?ne
out from the wings of the ftalk near the male. Thefe have
a permanent five-leaved empalement , but no petals ; there
are five ne A arums as in the male , and a globular germen
fupporting three fender ftyles which are bifid , crowned
with a round ftigma. The germen afterward turns to a
three cornered globular capfule , having three cells , in each
of which are lodged two triangular obtufe feeds.
The Species are,
1. Andrachne ( Telephioides ) procumbens herbacea. Lin,
Sp. Plant. 1014. Herbaceous trailing Andrachne. Te-
lephioides Gr tecum humifufum fiore albo. Tourn.
Cor. 50.
2. Andrachne (. Fruticofa ) erefta arborea. Ofo. It. 228,
Shrubby tree-like Baftard Orpine.
3. Andrachne ( Arborea ) foliis ovatis obtufis, fubtus
incanis, caule arboreo. Baftard Orpine with oval blunt
leaves , hoary on their under fide , and a treelike ftalk.
The firft fort is a low plant, whofe branches trail upon
the ground. The leaves are fmall, of an oval (hape,
fmooth, and of a lea-green colour. It is found wild
in fome parts of Italy," and in the Archipelago, from
whence Dr. Tournefort fent the feeds to the royal
garden at Paris: but being a plant of no great beauty,
it is feldom cultivated, except in botanic gardens for
variety. If the feeds of this plant are fown on a mode-
rate hot-bed in March, the plants will arife in about
a month after, when they may be tranfplanted each
into a fmall pot, and plunged into another very mo-
derate hot-bed to bring the plants forward, but m
mild weather they (hould have plenty of air admitted
to them, and often refrefhed with water: in June
they will produce flowers, and the feeds will ripen in
7 r : ' Auguft
AND
Atiguft and September, foon after which the plants
will decay.
The fecond fort grows naturally in China, and alfo at
La Vera Cruz in New Spain, where it rifes twelve or
fourteen feet high; the branches are garnifhed with
fpear-fhaped, pointed, fmooth leaves, under which the
foot-ftalk of the flowers are produced ; thefe are pretty
long and hang downward: the flowers are fmall, of an
herbaceous white colour, fome of which are male, and
others female, but when the latter are fltuated at too
great diftance from the former, there is rarely any
feeds within their covers •, though they feem very fair
to fight, yet upon being opened there will no feeds
be found in them ; whereby feveral perfons have been
deceived, who have fown them, without raiflng a
Angle plant.
The third fort was difcovered by the late Dr. William
Houfton, growing naturally at Campeachy ; this has
a ftrong woody item, which rifes more than twenty
feet high, fending out branches on every fide, which
are garnifhed with oval blunt leaves, hoary on their
under-flde, and having pretty deep furrows on their
upper, placed alternately on the branches : the flow-
ers I have not feen, for the plant which rofe from the
feeds in the phyflc garden did not produce any, tho’
it grew upward of fourteen feet high ; nor were there
any flowers upon the trees at Campeachy, at the time
Dr. Houfton was there, the feeds being then ripe ; of
thefe the doftor fent many to Europe which appeared
very fair, but on being opened, no kernels were found
within them, fo that but one plant was raifed from
all the feeds.
Thefe two forts are very tender plants, fo that when
good feeds can be obtained, they fhould be planted
in pots, plunging them into a hot-bed of tanners bark,
obferving to water them as the earth becomes dry in
the pots ; and when the plants come up, and are fit
to remove, they fhould be each planted in a fmall
pot, plunged into a tan-bed, fhading them until they
have taken frefh root, after which they fhould have
free air admitted to them in warm weather, but muft
be conitantly kept in the bark-ftove.
There is alfo another fort which I have raifed from
feeds, fent me from Jamaica •, the whole form of the
feeds agree with thole of the third fort, as do alfo
the plants, but the leaves are fomewhat like thofe of
the Laurel, but are much larger ; this hath not as yet
flowered in Europe.
ANDROMEDA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 48 5. We have
no Englifh name for this plant.
The Characters are,
! The empalement is cut into five fmall acute fegments ; this
is coloured and permanent. The flower is of one leaf , ovaf
bell-fid aped, and divided into five parts at the brim , which
are reflexed. It hath ten awl-fhaped Jlamina , which are
fhorter than the petals to which they are fixed ; thefe are
crowned with nodding fummits having two horns. In the
center of the flower is fituated a round germen , fupporting
a cylindrical ftyle , which is longer than the fiamina , and
crowned with a blunt fltigma. The germen afterward turns
to a round pentagonal vefflel having five cells , which are
filled with fmall round feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged by Dr. Linnseus in the
firft divifton of his tenth clafs, entitled Decandria
Monogynia, the flowers having ten ftamina and one
germen.
The Species are,
1. Andromeda ( Polifolia ) pedunculis aggregatis, co-
rollis ovatis, foliis alternis lanceolatis revolutis. Lin.
Sp. Plant. 393. Andromeda with aggregate foot-filalks ,
oval petals , and fpear-fhaped leaves growing alternately.
Polifolia. Buxb. Act. 2. p. 345.
2. Andromeda ( Mariana ) pedunculis aggregatis corol-
lis cyliildricis foliis alternis ovatis integerrimis. Lin.
Sp. Plant. 393. Andromeda with aggregate foot-ftalks,
cylindrical flowers , and oval entire leaves placed alter-
nately.
3. Andromeda ( Paniculata ) racemis fecundis midis pa-
niculatis, corollis fubcylindricis foliis alternis oblongis
crenulatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 394. Andromeda with naked ,
6
AND
fruitful loofe /pikes , cylindrical 'flowers, and oblong ere -
nated leaves placed alternately. Vitis idasa Americana,
longiori mucronato & crenato folio, fioribus urceolatis
racemofis. Pluk. Aim. 391.
4. Andromeda (Arboreal) racemis fecundis nudis, co-
roliis rotundo-ovatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 394. Andromeda
with naked fruitful J pikes , and oval roundifh flowers .
Frutex foliis oblongis acuminatis fioribus lpicatis uno
verfu difpofitis. Catefb, Carolin. 1. p. 71. commonly
called Sorrel-tree in Carolina.
5. Andromeda ( Caliculata ) racemis fecundis foliaceis
corollis fubcylindricis, foliis alternis lanceolatis obtufis
punftatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 394. Andromeda with leafy
fruitful fpikes , cylindrical flowers , and obtufe fpear-fhaped
leaves , with punAures placed alternately. Chamredaphne;
Buxb. Ad. 1. p. 241.
The firft fort is a low plaftt which grows naturally on
bogs in the northern countries, but is with difficulty
preierved in gardens ; and having little beauty, is
feldom cultivated except in botanic gardens. I re-
ceived the feeds from Peterfburgh, which came up in
the Chelfea garden, but did not continue more than
one year.
The fecond fort grows naturally in North America :
this is a low fhrub, which fends out many woody
ftalks from the root, garnillied with oval leaves placed
alternately; the flowers are colleded in fmall bunches:
thefe are fhaped like thofe of the Strawberry-tree,
and are of an herbaceous colour. They appear in
June and July, and fometimes arefucceeded by fruit,
which feldom ripen in England.-
The third fort is alfo a native of North America.
This fhrub grows about four feet high, fending out
feveral branches, which are clothed with oblong leaves
placed alternately ; the flowers grow in loofe fpikes
from the ends of the branches; they are of the pitcher
fliape, like thofe of the Arbutus, but are a little
longer, and appear in July, but do not produce feeds
in this country.
The fourth fort grows naturally in Virginia and Ca-
rolina ; in the latter it is much larger than- in the for-
mer, the climate being warmer ; fo many of the trees
and fhrubs grow to a much greater height there. In
Virginia, it is a fhrub growing ten or twelve feet
high, but in Carolina it rifes twenty feet. The branches
are very fiender, bending downward ; thefe are gar-
nifhed with leaves placed alternately, which are oblong
and pointed : the flowers grow in long naked fpikes,
corning out from the hides of the branches, which are
of an herbaceous colour, and are ranged on one
fide of the ftalk ; they are oval, and fhaped like a
pitcher.
The fifth fort grows naturally in Siberia, and alfo in
North America ; it is a low fhrub which grows on
mofiy land, fo is very difficult to keep in gardens.
The leaves are fhaped like thofe of the Box-tree, and
are of the like confidence, having feveral fmall punc-
tures on them ; tire flowers grow in fnort fpikes from
the extremity of the branches : thefe are produced
Angle between two leaves, they are white and of a
cylindrical pitcher fliape.
All the forts, except the fourth, are very hardy plants,
which delight in moift ground ; they increafe by their
creeping roots, which put up fuckers at a diftance,
and may be taken off with roots, and tranfplanted
where they are defigned to remain, for they do not
bear to be often removed.
The fourth fort requires to be fheltered from hard
froft in winter, but in the fummer fhould be fre-
quently watered. It is a difficult plant to keep in gar-
dens, as it grows naturally on boggy places, and re-
quires a greater heat than that of this climate. It may
be propagated by feeds, which fhould be procured
from America, where it is known by the name of
Sorrel-free.
AND ROSACE. We have no Englifh name for
this plant.
The Characters are.
The flowers grow in an umbel ; they have a many-leaved
general involuermn. Each flower hath a five-cornered em-
palement
A N D
falefnent of one leaf, Jlightly indented at the top in five
acute points, this is permanent : the flower is of one leaf ,
having an oval tube, inclofed by the empalement , but is
plain at the, brim, where it is divided into five parts. It
hath five f: mall fiamina within the tubs , which are crowned
with oblong erekl fummits. In the center is Jituated a round
gerrnen , fupporting T a jhort Jlender.. ftyle , crozvnedby a glo-
■ bular Jiigtna the empalement afterward becomes a round
capfuls, of one cell opening in five parts , which is full of
round feeds".
Dr. Linns us ranges this genus of plants in the firft
lection of his fifth clafs, entitled Pentandria Mono-
gynia, the flower having five ftamina and one ftyle.
The Species are,
1. Andros ace ( Maxima ) perianthiis fruftuum maximise
Hort. Upfal. 3 6 . Affdroface with the largeft eynpalement
to the fruit. Androface vulgaris latifolia annua. Tourn.
Inft. R. H. 123.
2. Andros ace ( S-eptentrionalis ) folds lanceolatis dentatis
glabris perianthiis angulatis corolla brevioribus. Flor.
Suec. 160. Andre face with fmooth, indented, fpear-Jhaped
leaves , and an angular empalement fhorter than the petals.
Alftne verna Androfaces capitulis. C. B. P. 2 51.
3. Androsace ( Villofa ) foliis pilofts perianthiis hiriutis.
Lin. Sp. Plant. 142. Androfiace with hairy leaves and
■empalement. Sedum Alpinum hiriutum iacteo flore.
C. B. P. 284.
4. Androsace ( Carnea ) foliis fuhulatis glabris, umbella
involucrum squante. Lin. Sp. 204. Andiroface with
fimooth awl-jhaped leaves , and the umbel of fiozvers equal
to the involucrum.
5. Androsace fLaritea) foliis linearibus glabris, um-
bella invoiucris multoties longiore. Lin. Sp. Plant.
142. Androfiace with narrow fimooth leaves , and the umbel
much longer than the involucrum. Androface, Alpma pe-
rennis anguftifolia glabra flore fmgulari. Tourn. Inft.
R. H.
The firft fort grows naturally, in Auftria and Bohenua
arnongft the corn : this hath broad leaves which fpread
near the ground, from the center of thefe the foot-
ftalks arife, which are terminated by the umbel of
flowers, like tliofe of the Auricula ; under the umbel
of flowers is a large empalement, which is permanent;
the flowers are compofed of five fmall white petals ;
thefe appear in April and May, the feeds ripen in
June, and the plants loon after perifh.
The other forts are much fmaller than this, fome of
them feldom growing more than three inches high,
having very fmall flowers, fo make little appearance.
They grow naturally on the Alps and Helvetian
mountains, as aifo in Siberia, from whence I have
received the feeds of three or four fpecies. Thefe' are
only preferved in botanic gardens for the fake of va-
. riety, and all the forts except the firft fhould have a
fhady fituation.
The feeds of all the forts fhould be fown foon after
they are ripe, otherwife they feldom grow the fame
year. They flower ufually the beginning of April,
and their feeds are ripe the end of May ; which, if
permitted to flatter, will come up, and 'often fucceed
better than- thofe which are fown. The annual forts
perifh as foon as the feeds are ripe, but the others
will live in an -open border for feveral years, and re-
quire no other care, but to keep them clean from
weeds.
ANDROS At MUM. See Hypericum.
A N D R Y A L A. Lin. Gen. Plant. 820. Downy Sow-
thiftlc.
The Characters are,
It hath a Jhort , round , hairy empalement , cut into many
equal 'figments ; the flowers are compofed of many herma-
phrodite florets of one leaf \ which are uniform , and lie
over each other , ft retched out like a tongue on one fide.
‘There are Jive fiamina in the flowers ; thefe are crowned
by cylindrical fummits , which are tubvdous. The germen
is Jituated at the bottom of each floret , with a Jlender
ftyle, crowned by two refiexed fttgma. The germen after-
ward becomes h Jingle oval feed , crowned with down.
This genus of plants' is by Dr. Linnaeus ranged in
the firft fedion of -his nineteenth, clafs, entitled Syn-
A N E
genefta Pol'ygamia equalis, there being many her-
maphrodite flowers included in one common empale-
ment.
The Species are,
1 .< Andryala ( Integrifolia ) foliis integris ovato oblongis
tomentofis. Guett. Stamp. 2. p. 384. Downy Sowthflle
with oval , oblong , entire , downy leaves. Sonchus lanatus.
Dalech. Hift. 1 1 1 6.
2.. Andryala ( Ragnfina } foliis lanceolatis indivifis den-
ticulatis acutis tomentofis, floribus folitariis. Lin. Sp.
Plant. 1136.. Downy Sowthijlle with indented , fpear-
Jhaped , woolly leaves. Sonchus villofus luteus minor.
C. B. P. 124.
3. Andryala ( Sinuata ) foliis runcinatis. Lin. Sp. 1137.
Downy Sowthflle with plain-fhaped leaves.
4. AndKyala JLanata) foliis oblongo-ovatis fubdentatL
lanatis, pedunculis ramofts. Amcen. Acad. 4. p. 288.
Downy Sowthijlle with woolly , oblong , oval leaves , and
branching foot-ftalks, Hieracium montanium tomen-
tofum. Hort. Elth. tab. 150.
The firft is an annual plant, which grows naturally
in the fouth of France, Spain, and Italy, and is pre-
ferved in botanic gardens for the fake of variety. This
grows a foot and a half high, with woolly branching
llalks, having leaves flatteringly fet on them, which
are oblong and downy. The flowers are produced in
fmall clutters at the top of the ftalks, which are yellow,
and like thofe of the Sowthiftle, fo do not make any
great appearance. It is eafily raifed by feeds, which
fhould be fown in, the Ipring, in the place where the
plants are to remain, and will require no other culture
but to thin them where they are too clofe, and keep
them clean from weeds. It flowers in July, and the
feeds ripen in September.
The fecond is a perennial plant, which grov/s natu-
rally in Spain, from whence I received the feeds, as
I have aifo from the Cape of Good Flope. The leaves
of this plant are extremely white, and are much in-
dented on their edges ; the flower-ftalks grow about
a foot high, having fmall clutters of yellow flowers,
which appear in July; the feeds fometimes ripen in
England, but not every year. The roots creep, by
which the plants may be propagated. They love a
light dry foil, in which they will live in the open air
in this country.
The third fort grows naturally in Sicily, and aHb
near Montpelier; the lower leaves of this fort are in-
dented and woolly, but thofe upon the ftalks are en-
tire; this feldom riles more than a foot high, fupport-
ing a few yellow flowers at the top.
The fourth fort grows in Spain and Portugal; the
leaves of this are broader, longer, and more downy,
than either of the other forts, the flower-ftalks rife
more than a foot high, branching into feveral foot-
ftalks, each fuftaining one large yellow flower, fhaped
like thofe of Hawkweed, which are fucceeded by
oblong black feeds crowned with down.
Thefe two plants are propagated ’by feeds, in the
fame manner as the former, which fhould be fown in
autumn, for when they are fown in the fpring, the
plants feldom rife the fame year.
ANEMONE [AK^Vfi, offtA^, Gr. the wind ; fo
called, becaufe the flower is fuppofed not to open,
except the wind blows.] Wind-flower.
I'lie Characters are,
The fiower is naked having no empalement , and confijh
of two or three orders of leaves or petals, which are oblong ,
and dijpofed in three feries over each other. It hath a
greaJ number of fender ftamina zvhich are fhorter than the
petals , and are crowned by double fummits which are erebi ;
between thefe are Jituated many germen, which are collebted
into a head , fupporting a pointed ftyle crowned with a blunt
ftigma. The germen afterward become fo many feeds in-
clofed with a down which adheres to the foot-ftalk , and
forms an obtufe cone.
Dr. Linn$us ranges this genus of plants in the fixth
febtion of his thirteenth clafs, entitled Polyandria Po-
lygynia, from the flowers having many ftamina and
germen.
• ■ - - The
A N E
• ' ' i
The Species are,
1. Anemone (Sylveflris) pedunculo nudo ferninibus fub-
rotuiidis hirfutis. Lin. 5 p. Plant. 540. Anemone with
a naked ftalk and a round head of hairy feeds. Anemone
fylveftris alba major, C. B. P. 176.
2 . Anemone ffNemorofla') ferninibus acutis foliolis incins
caule unifioro. Hort. Cliff. 224. Anemone with pointed
feeds , cut leaves , and a fingle- flower. Anemone nemo-
rofa flore majore. C. B. P. 176.
3. Anemone ( Apennina ) ferninibus acutis foliolis incifis
petalis lanceolatis numerofis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 541.
Anemone with pointed feeds , cut leaves , and many fpear-
Jhaped flower leaves. Ranunculus nemorofus flore pur-
pureo-cseruleo. Park. Theat. 325.
4. - Anemone ( Virginiana ) pedunculis alterms longiflimis
fruftibus cylindricis ferninibus hirfutis muticis. Lin. Sp.
Plant. 540. Anemone with very long alternate foot-ftalks ,
and cylindrical fpikes of chaffy feeds. Anemone Virginiana
tertise Matthioli fimilis flore parvo. Hi L, 645.
Anemone ( Coronaria ) foliis radicalibus ternato-de-
compofitis, involucro foliofo. Lin. Sp. Plant. 539.
Anemone w,ith lower leaves decompounded , and a. leafy
involucrum. Anemone tenuifolia flrnplici flore. C. B.
P-174-
6 . Anemone ( Hor-tenfis ) foliis digitatis. Lin. Sp. Plant,
540. Anemone with hand-floaped leaves. Anemone hor-
tenfis latifolia. 3 Cluf. Hilt. 1. p. 249.
y. Anemome ( 'Dichotoma ) caule dichotoma, foliis feffili-
bus Dppofitis amplexicaulibus trifidis incifis. Amaen.
Acad. 1. p. 155. Anemone with a forked flalk, and trifid
cut leaves growing oppofite , which embrace the ftalks.
8. Anemone (fThaliktroides) foliis caulinis fimplicibus
verticillatis, radicalibus duplicato ternatis. Lin. Sp.
763. Anemone with fimple leaves oyi the flalk, growing in
whorles , and thofe at the root double ternate.
The firft fort grows naturally in many parts of Ger-
many -, this approaches near to our Wood Anemone,
but the feeds of it are round and hairy ; the flower is
large and white, but having little beauty, is feldom
planted in gardens.
The fecond fort grows wild in the woods in many parts
of England, where it flowers in April and May,
making a pretty appearance in thofe places where
they are in plenty. The roots of this may be taken
up when their leaves decay, and tranfplanted in wil-
derneffes, where they will thrive and increaie greatly,
if they are not difturbed ; and in the fpring, before
the trees are covered with leaves, they will have a
very good efleft, in covering of the ground and
making a pleafing variety at that feafon.
The third fort is found growing naturally in fome
parts of England, but particularly at Wimbledon in
Surry, in a wood near the manfion-houfe, in great
plenty ; but it is not certain that they were not origi-
nally planted there, as they are not found in any other
place in that neighbourhood. This fort flowers at the
fame time with the former, and when intermixed with
them, make a fine variety. This may be tranfplanted
from the woods as the former.
There are of thefe two forts, fome with double flow-
ers, which have been obtained from feeds. Thefe
make a finer appearance, and continue longer in flower
than the fingle, but are only to be procured from the
gardens, where they are cultivated. As thefe are only
feminal varieties, I have not enumerated them with
the others.
The fourth fort grows naturally in North America,
from whence the feeds are frequently fent to England.
This is a very hardy plant, and produces plenty of
feeds in England, but having little beauty, fcarce
deferves a place in gardens, unlefs for the fake of
variety.
The fifth and fixth forts are natives of the eaft, from
whence their roots were brought originally but have
been fo greatly improved by culture, as to render
them fome of the chief ornaments to our gardens in
the fpring. The principal colours of thefe flowers are
red, white, purple, and blue, and fome are finely
variegated with red, white, and purple. There are
many intermediate lhades of thefe colours 5 the flowers
7
A N E
are large and very double, and, when properly ina-
naged, are extremely beautiful. I lhail therefore pro-
ceed to give ample directions for their culture, which,
if duly obferved,. every perfoii may have thefe flowers,
in perfection.
Take a quantity of frefh untried earth (from a com-
mon, or fome other pafture land) that is of a light
fandy loam, or hazel mould, obferving not to take it
above ten inches deep below the furface -, and if the
turf be taken with it the better, provided it hath
time to rot thoroughly before it is ufed : mix this with
a third part of rotten cow dung, and lay it in a heap,
keeping it turned over at lead: once a month for eight
or ten months, the better to mix it, and rot the dung
and turf, and to let it have the advantages of the free
air : in doing this be careful to rake out all great
ftones, and break the clods (blit by no means fife
or fereen the earth, which is found very hurtful ro
many forts of roots) f for when the earth is made very
fine, upon the firft great rains of winter or fpring,
the fmall particles thereof join clofely together, and
form one iolid mafs, fo that the roots often perifli for
want of fome fmall ftones to keep the particles afundejr,
and make way for thfe tender fibres to draw nourifh-
ment for the iupport of the root.
This earth fliould be mixed twelve months before it
is ufed, if’poflible ; but if you are conftrained to ufe
it fooner, you muft turn it over the oftener, to mellow
and break tjie clods ; and obferve to rake out all the
parts of the green fward, that are not quite rotten,
before you ufe it, which would be prejudicial to your
roots, if fuffered to remain. The beginning of Sep-
tember is a proper feafon to prepare the beds for
planting (which, if in a wet foil, fliould be raifed with
this fort of earth fix or eight inches above the furface
of the ground, laying at the bottom fome of the
takings of your heap to drain off the moifture j but
in a dry foil, three inches above the furface will be
fufficient): this compoft fliould be laid at leaf! tv/o feet
and a half thick, and in the bottom there fliould be
about four or five inches of rotten neats dung, or the
rotten dung of an old Melon or Cucumber-bed, fo
that you muft take out the former foil of the beds to
make room for it.
And obferve in preparing your beds, to lay them (if
in a wet foil) a little round, to flioot off the water j
but in a dry one, let it be nearer to a level ; in wet
land, where the beds are raifed above the furface, it
will be proper to fill up the paths between them in
winter, either with rotten tan or dung, to prevent the
froft from penetrating into the flues of the beds, which
often deftrqy their roots. The earth fliould be laid
in the beds at leaft a fortnight or three weeks before
you plant the roots, that it may fettle ; and when you
plant them, far the upper part of the foil about fix
inches deep, with a fpade ; then rake it even and
fmooth, and with a flick draw lines each way of the
bed at fix inches diftance, fo that the whole may be
in fquares, that the roots may be planted regularly :
then with your three fingers make a hole in the cen-
ter of each fquare, about three inches deep, laying
therein a root with the eye uppermoft •„ and when you
have ii milled your bed, with the head of a rake draw
the earth fmooth, fo as to cover the crown of the roots
about two inches.
The beft feafon for planting thefe roots, if for for-
ward flowers, is about the latter end of September ;
and for thofe of a middle feafon, any time in Odcober;
but obferve to perform this work, if .poffible, at or
near the time of fome gentle {bowers -, for if the roots
are planted when the ground is perfectly dry, and
there fliould no rain fall for three weeks or a month
after, they will be very apt to grow mouldy upon the 1
crown, and if they once get this diftemper, they feldom 1
come to good after.
You may alfo referee fome of your Anemone roots
till after Chriftmas, ' before you plant them, left by
the feverity of the winter your early planted roots
fliould be deftroyed, which fometimes happens in
very hard winters, especially in thofe places where
P they
:■
i
A N E
they are not covered, to protect them from froft : thefe
late planted roots will flower a fortnight or three
weeks after thofe which were planted in autumn, and
many times blow equally as fair, efpecially if it prove
a moift fpring, or that care be taken to refreih them
gently with water.
But then, the increafe of thefe roots will not be near
lo great as thole of your firft planting, provided they
were not hurt in winter ; and it is for this reafon all
thofe who make fale of thefe roots, are forward in
planting •, for although it may happen, by lharp
pinching trolls in the fpring, that their flowers are not
lo double and fair as thofe planted a little later, yet
if they can preferve the green leaves of the plants from
being injured, the roots will greatly increafe in bulk-,
„ but in fuch gardens where thefe flowers are preferved
with care, there is always provifion made to cover
them from the injuries of the weather, by arching
the beds over with hoops, or frames of wood, and
covering them with garden-mats or cloths, in frofty
nights, .and bad weather, efpecially in the fpring of
the year, when their buds begin to appear ; for other-
wife, if you plant the beft and molt double flowers,
the black frofts and cutting winds in March will caufe
them to blow Angle, by deflroying the thrum that is
in the middle of the flower ; and this many times
hath occafioned many people who have bouglit the
roots, to think they were cheated in the purchafe of
them, when it was, wholly owing to their neglect of
covering them, that their flowers were Angle.
In the beginning of April your Arft planted roots will
begin to flower, which will continue for three weeks
or more, according to the heat of the weather, or
the care taken in covering them, during the heat of
the day, with mats or cloths : after thefe are paft
flowering, the fecond planted forts will come to fuc-
ceed them, and thefe will be followed by thofe planted
in the fpring ; fo that you may have thefe beauties
continued for near two months together, or fometimes
longer, if the feafon prove favourable, or proper care
is taken to fliade them in the heat of the day.
The beginning of June, the leaves of your firft blown
roots will begin to decay ; foon after which time you
muft take them out of the ground, clearing them from
decayed ftalks, and wafhing them, to take the earth
clean from the root ; then fpread them on a mat in a
dry fhady place till they are perfectly dried, when
you may put them up in bags, and hang them out
of the reach of mice, or other vermin, which will
deftrov many of the roots if they can come at them.
Gbferve alfo to take up the latter planted roots as
foon as their leaves decay for if they are i offered to
remain long after in the ground, and there fhould fall
fome fhowers of rain, they would foon put forth frefh
fibres, and make new {hoots, when it would be too
late to remove them : at the time when you take up
the roots, is the proper feafon for breaking or parting
them, which may be done by feparating thofe that
you would clioofe to make all poflible increafe from,
into as many parts as you can conveniently, provided
each one of them have a good eye or bud ; but thofe
you intend to blow ftrong, fhould by no means be
parted too fmall, which greatly weakens their flow-
ering.
The principal colours in Anemonies are, white, red,
blue, and purple and thefe in fome of them, are cu-
riouflv intermixed ; but the molt prevailing colours
amongft our Engliih raifed Anemonie's, are white and
red though of late we have received from France
great varieties of blues and purples, which are ex-
' ceedinsr fine flowers, and being intermixed with the
Engliih flowers, make a fine variety : we fhould there-
fore obferve, in planting the roots, to diftribute the
different colours, fo as to make an agreeable mixture
of each in every bed, which will greatly add to their
beauty.
But Ance all the fine varieties of thefe flowers were
firft obtained from feeds, no good florid, that hath
garden room, fhould negleft to fow them : in order
to which, we fnouid orovide ourielves with a quantity
, 6
A N E
of good Angle (or what the gardeners call Poppy
Anemoniesj of the beft colours, and fuch as have
more leaves than common, and have other good pro-
perties ; thefe fhould be planted early, that they may
have ftrength to produce good feeds, which will be
ripe in three weeks or a month’s time, after the flow-
ers are paft when you muft carefully gather ip other-
wile it will be blown away in a ftiort time, it bein®
inclofed in a downy fubftance. You muft preferve
this feed till the beginning of Auguft, when you may
either fow it in pots, tubs, or a well prepared bed of
light earth : in the doing of it you muft be careful not
to let your feeds be in heaps, to avoid which is a thing
little underftood, and is what I have been informed of
by the late Mr. Gbadiah Lowe, gardener at Batterfea,
who for feveral years raifed large quantities of thefe
flowers from feeds. His manner was thus :
After having levelled his bed of earth, in which he
intended to fow his feeds, he rubbed the feeds well
between his hands, with a little dry fand, in order to
make them feparate the better ; then he fowed them
as regularly as poffihle over the bed; but as thefe feeds
will ftill adhere clofely together by their down, he
took a ftrong hair bruih, wich which he gently fwept
over the whole bed, obferving not to brufh off the
feeds ; this bruih will fo feparate the feeds, if care-
fully managed, as not to leave any entire lumps ; then
gently lift fome light earth, about a quarter of an
inch thick over the feeds ; and, if it fhould prove hot
dry weather, it will be advifahle to lay fome mats
hollow upon the bed in the heat of the day, and now
and then give them a little water ; but this muff be
given gently, left by haftily watering you wafh the
feeds out of the ground ; but be fure to uncover the
bed at all times when there are gentle fliowers, and
every night, that the feeds may have the benefit of
the dews ; and as the heat of the weather decreafes,
you may begin to uncover your bed in the day time
alfo.
In about ten weeks after fowing, the plants will be-
gin to appear, if the feafon has proved favourable, or
your care in management hath not been wanting,
otherwife they many times remain a whole year in the
ground. The firft winter after their appearing above
ground, they are fubicct to injuries from hard frofts,
or too much wet, againft both of which you muft
equally defend them ; for the froft is very apt to loofen
the earth, fo that the young plants are often turned
out of the ground, after which a fmall froft will de-
ftroy them ; and too much wet often rots their tender
roots, fo that all your former trouble may be loft in
a fliort time for want of care in this particular ; nor
do I know of any thing more deftruclive to thefe ten-
der plants, than the cold black frofts and winds of
February and March, from which you muft be careful
to defend them, by placing a low reed fence on the
north and eaft hides of the bed, which may be move-
able, and only fattened to a few ftakes to fupport it for
the prefent, and may be taken quite away as the feafon
advances, or removed to the fouth and weft Tides of
the bed, to fcreen it from the violence of the fun,
which often impairs thefe plants when young.
As the fpring advances, if the weather fhould prove
dry, you muft gently refreih them with water, which
will greatly {Lengthen your roots ; and when the green
leaves are decayed, if your roots are not too thick to
remain in the fame bed another year, you muft clear
off all the weeds and decayed leaves from the bed,
and Aft a little more of the lame prepared good earth,
about a quarter of an inch thick over the furface, and
obferve to keep them clear from weeds during the
hummer feafon, and at Michaelmas repeat the fame
earthing ; but as thefe roots fo left in the ground,
will come up early in the autumn, the beds fhould be
carefully covered in frofty weather; otherwife their
leaves will be injured, whereby the roots will be
weakened, if not deftroyed. If your roots fucceed
well, many of them will flower the fecond year, when
you may leiect all fuch as you like, by marking them
with a flick; but you fnouid not deftroy any of them
until
AN E
tintil after the third year, when you have feen them
blow ftrong, at which time you will be capable to
judge of their goodnefs ; for until the roots have ac-
quired ftrength, the flowers will not Drew themfelves
to advantage.
By this time your roots will be too thick in the feed-
bed to remain, therefore you muft, as foon as their
green leaves are decayed, fift the earth of your bed
through a very fine fieve, in order to get out the
roots, which can be no otherwife found, as being
fmall, and fo nearly the colour of the ground ; but
in doing this, obferve not to difturb the ground too
deep, fo as to endanger the burying any of the roots ;
for, notwithftanding all your care, many fmall roots
will be left behind, therefore as foon as you have lift-
ed your whole bed, and taken out all the roots you
can find, you muff level the earth of your bed again,
and let it remain till next year, when you will find a
plentiful crop of roots come up again •, the young
roots which you take up muff be dried, as was diredted
for the old ones, but fhould be planted again three
weeks before them, that they may increafe in ftrength,
fo as to flower ftrongly the fucceeding year.
The Angle (or Poppy) Aneriionies will flower moft
part of the winter and fpring, when the feafons are
favourable, if they are planted in a warm fltuation,
at which time they make a fine appearance, therefore
deferve a place in every flower-garden, efpecially as
they require little culture •, for if thefe roots are taken
up every other year, it will be often enough ; and
when they are taken up, they fhould be planted again
very early in the autumn, otherwife they will not
flower till the fpring. There are fome fine blue co-
lours amongft thefe Angle Anemonies, which, with
the Scarlets and Reds, make a beautiful mixture of
colours •, and as thefe begin flowering in January or
February, when the weather is cold, they will conti-
nue a long time in beauty, provided the froft is not
too fevere. The feeds of thefe are ripe by the mid-
dle or end of May, and muft be gathered daily as it
ripens, otherwife it will foon be blown away by the
winds.
The Anemone grows naturally in the Levant, parti-
cularly in the iflands of the Archipelago, where the
borders of the fields are covered with them of all the
colours, but the flowers are Angle, and have been
greatly improved by culture. In France they were
long cultivated before they were much known in Hol-
land or England. Tournefort mentions two French
gentlemen, Meflrs. Malaval and Bachelier, who con-
tributed greatly to the improvement of thefe flowers ;
and of the latter he relates a pleafant ftory, as fol-
lows : There was a certain lawyer to whom Mr. Ba-
chelier had refufed to communicate the feeds of his
fine Anemonies, and finding he could not obtain any
cither by friendfhip or money, a fancy came into his
head, to make a vifit to Mr. Bachelier, with fome of
his friends who were in the fecret • he ordered his
lacquey who fupported- the train of his gown, to let
it drop on a bed where the Anemonies grew, which
he wanted, whofe feeds were then ripe.- They walked
a confiderable time talking on various fubjedts, and
when they came to the fpot where the Anemonies
grew, a merry gentleman of the company began a
ftory, which engaged the attention of Mr. Bachelier ;
at which time the lacquey, who was no fool, let fall
his mafter’s train over the bed, and the feeds having
a downy covering, ftuck to the gown, which the boy
afterwards took up again, and the company went for-
ward. The virtuofb took leave of Mr. Bachelier, and
went diredtly home, where he carefully picked off the
feeds which had ftuck to his robes, and fowed them,
which produced veiy beautiful flowers.
The feventh fort grows naturally in Canada and Si-
beria ; the roots of this creep and multiply greatly
in the ground, the lower leaves are deeply cut ; the
ftalks rife two feet high, garni fired with leaves placed
oppofite, which embrace the ftalks, and the flowers
are produced from the forks of the ftalks upon (len-
der foot-ftalks ; thefe flowers are white, and being
A N 6
fmall, make little appearance, fo the plant is rarely
preferved, except in botanic gardens for variety : it
is a very hardy plant, and multiplies very faft where
it is allowed to have a place.
The eighth fort is a very humble plant, feldom rifing
more than fix inches high. This grows naturally in
the woods of North America, where it flowers early
in the fpring, when it makes a pretty appearance,
efpecially if many of the plants grow in clufters :
fome of thefe flowers are double, which make a bet-
ter appearance than the Angle, and continue longer
in beauty. The leaves of this plant are very like
thofe of Meadow Rue *, the ftalks have leaves grow-
ing in whorles, and are terminated by a Angle flower:
this fort fhould be planted under the fhelter of trees,
and if the furface of the ground is covered with rotten
tanners bark in winter* it will greatly preferve the
plants.
ANEMONOIDES. See Anemone.
ANEMONOSPJLRMOS. See Arctotis.
ANETHUM, Dill, from clvoa and to run up*
becaufe it is quick of growth.
The Characters are,
It is an umbelliferous plant , having many umbels , which
have no involucrum. The umbels are uniform , and com-
pofed of many /matter ones. The flowers have five fpear-
/leaped petals each of thefe have five J lender ftamina ,.
crowned with blunt fummits \ under the flower is fituated
the germen , fupporting two fmall ftyles crowned with blunt
ftigma •, the germen afterward becomes two ccmpreffed feeds
having borders.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond feetion
of the fifth clafs of Linnaeus’s genera, which is enti-
tled Pentandria Digynia, the flowers having five fta-
mina and two ftyles.
We have but one Species of this genus, viz.
Anethum ( Graveolens ) frudtibus compreflis. Plort. Cliff,
io 6. Dill with ccmpreffed feeds. Anethum hortenfe.
C. B. P. 147. Common Dill.
There are two other varieties which are mentioned
as diftindt fpecies by the botanifts, but I have fre-
quently fown them, and have always found them
prove to be only varieties arifmg from the fame feeds.
This plant is propagated by fowing the feeds, which
fhould be done in autumn foon after they are ripe ;
for if they are kept out of the ground till fpring, they
frequently mifcarry ; or if any of the plants come
up, they often decay before they have perfected their
feeds. They love a light foil, and will not bear to be
tranfplanted, but muft be fown where they are to re-
main, and fhould be allowed eight or ten inches room
to grow, otherwife they will draw up very weak, and
produce few lateral branches, whereby their leaves
will decay, and be rendered ufelefs, nor will they
produce fo good feeds ; therefore the beft way is,
when the plants are come up, to hoe them out, as is
pradtifed for Onions, Carrots, &c. leaving the plants
about eight or ten inches afunder every way, obferv-
ing to keep them clear from weeds •, and when the
feeds begin to be formed, you fhould cut' up thofe
that are intended to be put into the pickle for Cucum-
bers, leaving thofe that are intended for the ufe of
the feeds until they are ripe j at which time it fhould
be cut, and fpread upon a cloth to dry, and then
beat out tor ufe : if you let the feeds fall upon the
ground, the plants will rife the next fpring without
any care, fo that the trouble of fowing their feeds may-
be fpared.
ANGELICA [of Angeliis , fo called, as fome quacks,
&c. pretend, from the angels, on account of its ex-
cellent qualities.]
The Characters are,
It is an umbelliferous plant , the greater umbel being com-
pofed of many fmall ones ; the involucrum , cr cover of the
large umbel? is compofed of five fmall leaves, and thofe of
the fmdler _ of eighty and the empalement of the flowers
are indented in five parts. The flowers of the whole um-
bel are uniform , each of them conjifi of five petals which
fall away j thefe have five ftamina , which arc longer than
the petals? and are crowned with Jingle fummits. ' The
germen-
A N G
is jituat-ed. below the fiotver, fupperting two re-
flexed ftyles , crowned with obtufe ftigma y the germen af-
terward becomes a roundijh fmkit fpliiting into two , and
• compofed of two feeds , which are plain on one fide , convex
on the other , and are bordered.
This,’ genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fection
of Llfftaeus’s fifth clafs, entitled Pentakdria Digynia,
from the flowers having five fiamira and two ftyles.
The Species are,
1. Angelica ( Sativa ) foliorum impari lobato. Flor.
Lapp.- ioi. Angelica with leaves compofed of an unequal
number of lobes. Angelica fativa. C. B< P. 155. Gar-
den Angelica .
2. Angelica {Arch angelic a) altiffima foliorum lobatis
maximis ferratis. Talleft Angelica with leaves compofed
of large ferrated lobes. Angelica fcandiaca Archange-
lica. Tabern. Icon. 82.
3. Angelica ( Sylveftris) foliis aequalibus ovato-lanceo-
latis ferratis. Hort. Cliff. 97. Angelica with equal leaves,
compofed of oval fpear-fhaped lobes which are fawed. An-
gelica fylveftris major. C. B. P. 155.
4. Angelica (. Atropurpurea ) extimo foliorum pari co-
adunato folio terminali petiolato. Prod. Leyd. 103.
Angelica with the extreme pair of leaves joined , and ter-
minated with a foot-ftalk. Angelica Canadenfis atro-
purpurea. Cornut. Canad. 198.
5. Angelica ( Lucida ) foliis aequalibu's ovatis incifo-fer-
ratis. Hort. Cliff. 97. Angelica with equal leaves and
' oval lobes , which are cut and fawed. Angelica lucida
Canadenfis. Cornut. Canad. 196.
The firft fort is the common Angelica, which is cul-
tivated in the gardens for medicinal ufe, as alio for
making a fweetmeat, which is by fome greatly efteem-
ed. This grows naturally by the fide of rivers in
northern countries. '
The fecond fort grows naturally in Hungary, and
fome parts of Germany. This hath been fuppofed to
be only a variety of the firft by many modern bota-
nifts ; but from many years experience in the culture
of this plant, 1 could never obferve any alteration in
it ; for all the plants which I raifed from feeds, proved
exaftly the fame as the parent plant, and when plant-
ed in the fame foil with the common fort, they were
twice their fize. The leaves were alfo much larger,
and deeper fawed on their edges, the umbels much
larger, and the flowers were yellow. This fort feldom
continues longer than two or three years, fo that
young plants Ihould be raifed to preferve the fpecies.
The feeds ihould be fown in autumn, for thofe which
are fown in the fpring feldom fucceed.
The third fort grows naturally in moift meadows,
and by the fides of rivers in many parts of England,
fo is feldom admitted into gardens.
The fourth and fifth forts grow naturally in North A-
merica, from whence their feeds were fent to Europe,
where the plants are preferved in gardens for the fake
of variety ; but as they have no ufe and but little
beauty, they are not admitted into many gardens.
They are both very hardy plants, and may be eafily
propagated by feeds, which ihould be fown in au-
tumn,^ and when the plants are large enough to re-
move, they mile be tranfpianted into a moift foil,
and have a ftiady fituation, allowing them two feet
room on every fide. They grow four or five feet
high, and put out many fhoots from the root, especi-
ally the fecond year from feed, when they will flower
• in June, and the feeds ripen in September. The roots
of thefe forts feldom continue longer than two or three
years. The common Angelica delights to grow in a
very moift foil •, the feeds of this plant ihould be fown
foon after they are ripe, for if they are kept until the
forinm feldom, one feed in forty will grow. When
the plants’ are come up about fix inches high, they
ihould be tranfpianted at a large diftance, for their
leaves extend very wide ; the belt place for this plant
is upon the fides of ditches, or pools of water ; where
being planted about three feet afunder, they will
thrive exceedingly. The fecond year after fowing,
they will ihoot up to flower ; therefore if you have a
mind to continue their roots, you ihould cut down
A N G
thefe items in May, which will occafion their putting
out heads from the idles ot the roots, whereby they
may be continued for three or four years ; whereas,
if they had been permitted to feed, their roots would
perifh foon after.
i ne gardeners near London, who have ditches of ws-
ter. running through their gardens, propagate great
quantities of this plant, for which they have a great
demand from the confebtioners, who make a fweet-
meat with the tender ftalks of it cut in May.
This plant is alfo, ufed in medicine, as are alfo the
ieeds , therefore where it is cultivated for the feeds,
there ihould be new plantations annually made to fup-
ply the places of thofe which die, for when they are
permitted to feed, they laid but two years.
ANGUIN A. See Trico SANTHES.
ANGURIA, the W ate.r Melon, or Citrul.
The Characters are,
It hath male and female flowers growing at feparate dif-
tances on the fame plant ; the flezyers of both fexes are of
the open bett-fhaped kind,- of one leaf, and have empale-
ments. of the fame form. The male flowers have three
floor t fiamina, which are joined together at the top $ thefe
are crowned by fender fummits. The female flowers reft
upon an oval germen, fupporting a cylindrical ftyle, crowned
by three large ftigma, which are gibbous ; the germen af-
terward becomes an cbldng fieftoy fruit, having five cells
filled with comprejfed feeds, which are rounded at their
extremity.
Dr. Linnaeus joins this genus to the Gourd, but who-
ever will allow the fruit to be a charafteriftic in de-
termining the genera, muft keep them feparate ; for
the Gourd hath but three cells, whereas the Angu-
ria has five.
This genus is ranged in the tenth fection of Linnae-
us’s twenty-firft clafs of plants, entitled Monoecia
Syngenefia, from the flowers being male and female
in the fame plant, and the ftamina and fummits grow-
ing together.
, We have but one Species of this genus, viz.
Anguria foliis multipartitis. , Water Melon with leaves
cut into many parts. Anguria Citrullus difta. C. B. P„
312. Of this there are feveral varieties which differ in
the form and colour of their fruit; but as thefe vary an-
nually from feeds, it is needlefs to enumerate themhere.
This fruit is cultivated in Spain, Portugal, Italy, and
moft other warm countries in Europe ; as alfo in Afri-
ca, Alia, and America, and is by the inhabitants of
thofe countries greatly efteemed for their wholfome
cooling quality ; but in England the fruit is not fo
univerfally efteemed, though fome few perfons are
very fond of them. Iftiall therefore give full direc-
tions for railing them, fo that fuch perfons as are will-
ing to be at the expence and trouble of it, may not
be at a lofs for inftruftions.
f irft proyidfe fome feeds, which Ihould be three or
four years old ; for new feeds are ape to produce vi-
gorous plants, which are feldom fo fruitful as thofe of
a moderate ftrength. The beft forts to cultivate in
England, are thofe with froall round fruit, , which
come from Aftracan, thofe with very large fruit, fel-
dom ripen well in this climate. Having provided
good feed, you fliould prepare a heap of new dung
the beginning of February, which fliould be thrown
in a heap for about twelve days to heat, turning it
over twice, mixing it well *, then you fliould make a
hot-bed, in which thefe feeds, as alfo Cucumber-feeds
and Mulk Melons may be fown. The dung fliould
be well wrought in making the bed, and muft be
beaten down pretty clofe with a dung-fork, that the
heat may not be too violent, and of longer continu-
ance. When the dung is thus laid, you fliould cover
it about four inches thick with good light earth, and
having fpread it very even, you fliould put the frame
and glafs over it, leaving it to warm four or five days
before you put the feeds into it, obferving, if the
fleam rifes pretty much, to raife up the glafs to let It
pafs off : then, if you find your bed in proper tem-
per, you may fow your feeds therein in drills, cover-
ing them over with earth about half an inch. After
this.
/
ANN
this, if you find your bed very warm, you imift give
air in the day-time by railing the glafles ; but if the
bed is cool, you mult cover it well with mats every
night, as alfo in bad weather. In four or five days,
after, you muft prepare another hot-bed to receive
thefe plants, which will be fit to tranfplant in ten
days, or a fortnight at molt, after the feeds are fown ;
this bed need not be very large, for a few of thefe
plants will fill a large quantity of frames, when they
are planted out for good, and while the plants are
young, there may be a great quantity kept in one
light ; fo that thofe perfons who raife early Cucum-
bers and Mufk Melons, may alfo raife thefe plants in
the fame bed ; for two or three lights will be fuificient
to raife plants of all three kinds, to fupply the largeft
families, until they are planted out for good. In
the management of thefe plants while young, there
is little difference from the directions given for raifing
Mufk Melons, therefore I need not repeat it here.
The chief thing to be obferved, is, to let them have
a large fhare of air whenever the weather will permit,
otherwife the plants will draw up weak, and be good
for little. As thefe plants will require two or three
hot-beds to bring the fruit to perfection, it will be
the better way to put the plants into bafkets, when
they have gotten four leaves,' as is directed for raifing
early Cucumbers •, but you fhould not plant more
than two plants in each bafket, for if one of them
lives it will be fufficient ; therefore when both the
plants iucceed, you fliould draw out the weakeft and
moft unpromifing of them, before they begin to put
out their fide fhoots, otherwife they will entangle and
render it difficult to be performed, without greatly
injuring the remaining plant.
The bafkets in which thefe plants are to be planted,
need not be more than a foot diameter ; fo that one
light will contain eight of them, which will be fuffi-
cient for twenty-four lights, when they are planted
out for good ; for where the plants are vigorous, one
fingle plant will fpread fo far as to fill three lights ;
and if they have not room, they feldom fet their fruit
well.
Thefe bafkets may remain in the nurfery-beds until
the plants have fpread, and put out many runners ;
for when the heat of this beet declines, it is foon re-
vived by adding a proper lining of warm dung to
the fides of the bed quite round •, fo that when they
are taken out of this bed, and placed in the ridges
where they are to remain, the heat of the beds will
laft fo long as to fet their fruit, which is of great con-
fequence ; for when the plants are ridged out very
young, the beds are generally made of great thick-
nefs in dung, in order to continue their heat; fo
that for fome time after they are made, they are
fo extreme hot, as to endanger the fealding of the
plants ; and by the time the fruit begins to appear,
there is little heat left in the beds, which often occa-
fions the fruit to drop off, and come to nothing.
After thefe plants are placed in the beds where they
are to remain, you muft carefully lead the fhoots as
they are produced, fo as to fill each part of the frame,
but not to croud each other ; and be careful to keep
them clear from weeds, as alfo to admit frefh air
whenever the weather will permit ; they muft alfo be
frequently watered, but do not give it them in great
quantities. In fhort, there is little difference to be
obferved in the management of thefe, from that of
Mufk Melons, but only to give them more room,
and to keep the beds to a good temperature of heat,
and when the fruit appears, to admit air freely to the
plants, in order to fet their fruit ; but when the nights
are cold, the glaffes muft be covered with mats to
keep the beds warm, without which this fruit will
feldom come to good in this country.
ANIL. See Indigophera.
A N I S U M, or A N I S E. See Pimpinell a.
ANNONA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 613. Guanabanus.
Plum. Nov. Gen. 10. The Cuftard Apple, G? c.
The Characters are,
The empalemmt is cbmpofed of three fmall heart-Jhaped
A N N
leaves, which are concave and pointed. The flower
hath fix petals , three large and three alternately
f nailer. The ftamina is fcarce difcernible , but there are
many fummits on each fide the germen , which is fituafed
at the bottom of the flower, having no ftyle , but an ob-
tufe fligma. The germen afterward becomes am oval , or
oblong fruit , having a fcaly rind, and one cell, in which
are lodged many oval fmooth feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the feventh fedtion
of Linnaeus’s thirteenth clafs, entitled Polyandria Po-
lyginia, the flowers of this divifion having many fta-
mina and feveral germen.
The Species are,
1. Annona [Reticulata') foliis lanceolatis frudtibus ova-
tis reticulato-areolatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 537. Annona
with fpear-Jhaped leaves, and oval fruit which are netted
or wrought in fquares. Guanabanus frudlu aureo &
molliter aculeato. Plum. Nov. Gen. 43. The Cuftard
Apple.
2. Annona ( Muricatis ) foliis ovali-lanceolatis glabris
nitidis plariis pomis muricatis. Hort. Cliff. 222. An-
nona with plain, fmooth, fhining, oval, fpear-Jhaped
leaves, and a prickly fruit. Guanabanus fructu e vi-
ridi lutefeente molliter aculeato. Plum. Nov. Gen.
43. The Sour Sop.
3. Annona ( Squamofa ) foliis oblongis frudtibus obtuse
lubfquamatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 537. Annona with ob-
long leaves , and obtufe fcaly fruit. Guanabanus foliis
odoratis fructu fubrotundo fquamofo. Plum. Nov.
Gen. 43. The Sweet Sop.
4. Annona ( Paluflris ) foliis oblongis obtufis glabris,
frudtu rotundo, cortice glabro. Annona with oblong ,
blunt , fmooth leaves , and round fruit, with a fmooth
fkin. Guanabanus paluftris frudtu laevi viridi. Plum.
Nov. The Water Apple.
5. Annona ( Cherimola ) foliis latilfimis glabris, frudtu
oblongo fquamato, feminibus nitidiflimis. Annona with
very broad fmooth leaves,
flyining feeds.
6 . Annona ( Afficana ) foliis ovato-lanceolatis pubefeen-
tibus frudtu glabro fubcaeruleo. Annona with oval,
fpear-Jhaped , downy leaves, and fmooth bluijh fruit. Gua-
nabanus frudtu fubcsruleo. Plum. Nov. Gen. 43 »
The Sweet Apple.
7. Annona ( Afiatica ) foliis lanceolatis glabris nitidis fe-
cundum nervos fulcatis. Hort. Cliff 222. Annona with
neat fpear-Jhaped leaves, with nervous furrows. Guana-
banus fructu purpureo. Plum. Nov. Gen. 43. The
Purple Apple .
8. Annona ( Triloba ) foliis lanceolatis frudtibus trifidis.
Lin. Sp. Plant. 537 - Annona with fpear-floaped leaves ,
and trifid fruit. Annona fructu lutefeente lasvi ferotum
arietis referente. Catefb. Car. 2. 85. The North Ame-
rican Annona, called by the inhabitants Papaw.
The firft fort ufually grows to the height of twenty-
five feet, or upwards, in the Weft-Indies, and is well
furniflied with branches on every fide ; the bark is
fmooth, and of an Afti colour ; the leaves are oblong,
of a light green colour, and have feveral deep tranf-
verfe ribs or veins, ending in acute points ; the fruit
is of a conical form, as large as a tennis-ball, of an
Orange colour when ripe, having a foft, fweet, yel-
lowifh pulp, of the confiftence of a cuftard, from
whence the title of Cuftard Apple was given to it.
The fecond fort is not fo large as the firft, rarely rifing
above twenty feet high, and not fo well furniflied
with branches ; the leaves are broader than thofe, have
a fmooth furface without any furrows, and are of a
Aiming green colour ; the fruit is large, of an oval
fhape, irregular, and pointed at the top, being of a
greenifh. yellow colour, and full of fmall knobs on
the outfide ; the pulp is foft, v/hite, and of a four and
fweet tafte intermixed, having many oblong dark-co-
loured feeds.
The third fort is a tree of humbler growth, feldom
rifing more than fifteen feet high, and is well furniflied
with branches on every fide; the leaves of this fort
have an agreeable feent when rubbed ; the fruit is
roundifii and fcaly, and when ripe turns of a purple
colour, and hath a fweet pulp.
oblong fcaly fruit, and very
The
The fourth fort commonly grows from thirty to forty
feet in the Weft-Indies. This hath oblong pointed
leaves, which have fome (lender furrows, and whan
rubbed have a ftrong fcerit * the fruit of this fort is
feldom eaten but by the negroes ; the tree grows in
moift places in all the iflands of the Weft-Indies.
The fifth fort is much cultivated in Peru for the
fruit, and from thence the feeds have been brought
to England^ and many plants have been raifed. This
grows to be a very large tree in the natural country
of its growth* and is well furnifhed with branches,
which are garnifhed with leaves of a bright green co-
lour, which are much larger than thofe of any of the
other forts; The fruit is oblong and fcaly on the out-
fide, and of a dark purple colour when ripe the
flefh is foft and fweet, has many brown feeds inter-
mixed, which are very fmooth and fhining * the fruit
is efteemed by the Peruvians as one of their moft de-
licate forts. This has produced flowers in England,
but no fruit.
The flxth and feventh forts grow in fome of the
French iflands, as alfo in Cuba, in great plenty thefe
grow to the height of thirty feet or more •, their fruit
are efteemed by the inhabitants of thofe iflands, who
frequently give them to ftck perfons, as they reckon
them very cooling and wholefome.
The eighth fort grows plentifully in the Bahama-
iflands, where it feldom rifes to more than ten feet
high, having feveral ftems the fruit df this fort are
fhaped like a Pear inverted. This is feldom eaten
but by the negroes, and is the food of guanas* and
other animals.
This fort will thrive in the open air in England, if
it is planted in a warm lheltered fltuation * but the
plants fhould be. trained up in pots, and (heltered in
winter for two or three years, until they have ac-
quired fome ftrength •, then they may be turned out
of the pots in the fpring, and planted in the full
ground, where they are to remain. This fort has pro-
duced flowers in the curious garden of his grace the
duke of Argyle, at Whitton, near Hounflow, where
it has been growing in the open air for fome years,
as alfo in the nurfery of the late Mr. Gray, near Ful-
ham. The feeds of this fort are frequently brought
to England from North America, which are much
larger than thofe of the other fpecies, and many plants
have been lately raifed in the gardens near London.
The fhape of the leaves is alfo different ; this cafts
its leaves in autumn, whereas all the others retain
their leaves, never calling them until the fpring,
when the leaves come out. The fruit is very different
from thofe of the other fpecies, two or three grow-
ing together at their foot-ftalks. When the feeds
of this fort are fown, they frequently remain a
whole year in the ground •, therefore the earth in the
pots ftiould not be difturbed, where they are fown,
if the plants do not come up the firft year ; and the
pots fhould be lheltered in winter, and the following
fpring if they are plunged into a new hot-bed, the
plants will come up much fooner than thofe which
are fown in the open air, fo will have more time to
get ftrength before the winter.
All the other forts which are natives of the warm
parts of America, are to otender to live In this country,
if they are not preferved in warm ftoves * they come
up very eafily from the feeds which are brought from
America, if they are frelh * but thefe feeds mull be
fown on a good hot-bed, or in pots of light earth,
and plunged into a hot-bed of tanners bark in Febru-
ary, which is by much the bell time-, becaufe when
the plants come up early, they will have time to
get ftrength before the cold weather comes on in the
aUtumn.
Thefe plants fhould be kept in the bark-ftove, and
carefully managed, with which they will make great
progrefs ; but in warm weather they fhould have
plenty of frelh air admitted to them, for when the
air is excluded from them too much, they are apt to
grow fickly, and are often attacked by vermin, which
will multiply and fpread over the whole furface of the
leaves, and caufe them to decay but when carefully-
managed, their leaves will continue green all the win-
ter, and make a very good appearance in the ftove
at that feafon.
As thefe plants advance in their growth, they fhould
be Ihifted into larger pots * but this muft be done
with caution, for nothing is more prejudicial to them
than over-potting them. They muft alfo conftantly
remain in the tan-bed, otherwife they will make but lit-
tle progrefs * for although they will live in a dry ftove,
yet they will make little progrefs* nor will their leaves
appear fo fine, as when they are preferved in a vigo-
rous growing ftate * and it is more for the beauty of
their leaves, than any hopes of their producing fruit
in this country, that they are preferved in ftoves : for
though there has been fome of the forts which have
produced flowers in England, yet none have ever
fhewn their fruit here;
Some of thefe plants are twelve or fourteen feet high
in our gardens, and a few years ago there were plants
of the fifth fort in the garden at Chelfea, which were
more than twenty feet high, and produced flowers
two or, three years; The ftove in which thefe plants
are placed, fhould, during the winter feafon, be kept
to the Ananas heat, marked on the botanical thermo-
meters. The earth fhould be light and rich in which
they are planted, and the tan-bed fhould be frequently
turned over and refrefhed. Their waterings muft be
frequent in fumrner, but not in too great quantity.
In the winter they muft have it but feldom, a little
once a week in open weather, and, in froft, once in
a fortnight or three weeks, will be fuflicient.
ANTHEMIS. Lin. Gen. Plant. 870. Chamomile*
The Characters are,
It is a plant with a compound flower, whofe common
mpalement is hemifpherical, compofed of many fcales
which are equal. I he border , or rays of the flower , is
compofed of many female florets , whofe petals are ftretched
out like tongues on one fide , and are indented in three
parts at their extremity. The middle , or dijk of the flower ,
is compofed of many hermaphrodite florets , which are fun-
nel-Jhaped, eredl , arid cut into five parts at the top * Thefe
have five jhort narrow Jiamina , which are crowned by
cylindrical hollow fummits. The germen is fituated at the
bottom, fupporting a J lender ftyle, crowned by two reflexed
ftigma , which afterward becomes an oblong naked feed.
The female florets have no ftamina, but an oblong ger-
men in the center , fupporting two inflexed ftyles.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond feftion
of Linnaeus’s nineteenth clafs, entitled Syngenefia
Polygamia luperflua, the flowers of this fection be-
ing compofed of many florets, which are female and
hermaphrodite, whofe ftamina are joined at the top.
The Species are,
1. Anthemis ( Nobilis ) foliis pinnato-compofitis lineari-
bus acutis fubvillofls. Lin. Sp. Plant. 894. Chamomile
with winged leaves , compofed of many very narrow-point-
ed hoary figments. Chamsemelum nobile five Leucan-
themum odoratius. C. B. P. 135. Common, or noble
Chamomile.
2. Anthemis ( Arvenfis ) receptaculis conicis paleis feta-
ceis feminibus coronato-marginatis. Flor. Suec. 704.
Chamomile with a conical receptacle of briflly chaff, and
bordered feeds. Chamasmelum inodorum. C. B. P.
136. May IVeed.
3. Anthemis ( Cotula ) receptaculis conicis paleis fetaceis
feminibus nudis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 894. Chamomile with -
a conicle receptacle, briflly chaff, and naked feeds. Cha-
m^melum fcetidum. C. B. P. 135. May Weed.
4. Anthemis {Cota) florum paleis rigidis pungentibtis.
Flor. Leyd. 172. Chamomile with ftiff pungent chaff be-
tween the florets. Chamaemelum annuum ramo-
fum cotulae fceticke floribus amplioribus capitulis
fpinofls. Mor. Hill. 3. p. 36.
5. Anthemis (Altiffima) erecta foliorum apicibus fub-
fpinofis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 893. Upright Chamomile with
leaves ending with fpines. Chamasmelum Leucanthe-
mum Hifpanicum magno flore. C. B. P. 135.
6 . Anthemis ( Maritima ) foliis pinnatis dentatis carno-
fis nudis pun&atis caule proftrato, calycibus fubto-
2 mentofis.
ANT
mentofis. Lin, Sp. Plant. 893. Chamomile ivith fiejhy
pinnated leaves , and a branching trailing Jlalk. Ciiamas-
melum maritimum. C. B. P. 134.
7. Anthemis (Tomentofa) foliis pinn'atiAdis obtufis pla-
nis, pedunculis hirfutis, foliofis calycibus tomento-
fis. Hort. Cliff. 415. Chamomile with plain blunt leaves,
winged at their extremity , hairy foot-jialks , and a leafy
woolly empalement. Chamasmelum maritimum inca-
num folio abfinthii craffo. Boerh. Ind. 1 . p. no.
8. Anthemis {Mixta) foliis fimplicibus dentato-lacini-
atis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 894. Chamomile with Jingle, in-
dented, cut leaves. Chamasmelum Lufitanicum lati-
folium five Coronopi folio. Breyn. Cent. 1. 49,
9. Anthemis ( Pyrethrum ) caulibus unifloris decumben-
tibus foliis pinnato-multiAdis. Lin. Hort. Cliff 414.
Chamomile with fingle flowers on the Jlalks lying on the
ground , and winged leaves. Pyrethrum flore bellidis.
C. B. P. 148. Pellitory of Spain.
10. Anthemis {Valentina) cauleramofo foliis- pubefcen-
tibus tripinnatis, calycibus villofis pedunculatis. Hort.
Cliff. 414. Chamomile with a branching Jlalk, multifid
hairy leaves , and hairy foot-flalks. Buphthalmum co-
tulae folio. C. B. P. .
11. Anthemis {Tinbioria) foliis bipinnatis ferratis fub-
tus tomentofis, caule corymbofo. Lin. Sp. 1263.
Chamomile with fawed winged leaves, woolly underneath,
and flowers in a corymbus. Buphthalmum Tanaceti
minoris foliis; C. B. P. 134.
12. Anthemis {Arabica) caule decotnpofito calycibus
ramiferis. Hort. Cliff. 413. Chamomile with a decom-
pound Jlalk, and a branching empalement. Afterifcus
annuus trianthophorus Craffas Arabicus didtus. Shaw.
Afr. 58.
The firft fort is the common Chamomile, which
grows in plenty upon commons and other wafte land.
It is a trailing perennial plant, which puts out roots
from the branches as they lie ort the ground, whereby
it fpreads and multiplies greatly * fo that whoever is
willing to cultivate this plant* need only procure a
few of the flips in the fpring, and plant them a foot
afunder, that they may have room to fpread, and they
will foon cover the ground. Formerly this plant was
ufed for planting of Walks, which, when mowed and
rolled, looked well for fome time, but as it was very
fubjedt to decay in large patches, the walks became
unfightly, for which reafon this was dilufed. The
flowers of this fort are ordered for medicinal ufe, but
the market people generally fell the double flowers,'
which are much larger, but not fo ftrong as the tin-
gle. The double fort is equally hardy, and may be
propagated in the fame manner.
The fecond fort is a common annual weed, which
grows among corn •, it flowers in May, fo was called
May Weed, though fome have applied that title im-
properly to the Cotula foetida, which rarely flowers
till late in June.
The fourth, fifth, and eighth forts are annual plants,
which grow naturally in Spain, Portugal, Italy, and
the fouth of France, from whence their feeds have
been brought to England, where the plants are pre-
ferred in botanic gardens for the fake of variety.
They rife eafily from feeds fown in the fpring, and
require no other culture but to thin the plants where
they are too clofe, allowing them a foot and a half
room each way, and clean them from the weeds. T hey
flower in July, and their feeds ripen in September.
The fixth and feventh forts are perennial plants,
which grow naturally in Spain, Portugal, and Greece,
from whence their feeds have been brought to Eng-
land, and the plants are preferved in fome curious
gardens for the fake of variety. They are hardy and
may be propagated by feeds, which fliould be fown
in the fpring upon poor land, where the plants will
continue much longer than in good ground, and will
require no other care but to keep them clean from
weeds. Thefe plants do not grow tall, but are bufhy,
fo fliould be allowed room to grow. Their flowers
are white, and continue from July to October,' and
the feeds ripen in autumn.
The ninth fort is the Pellitory of Spain, the roots of
A N T
which are ufed for the tooth-ach, being extremely
warm * when they are applied to the part affected, they
draw out the cold rheum, and are often (erviceably.
in this particular. This is a perennial plant, with a long
taper root like thatof a Carrot, which grows naturally in
Spain andPortugal, from whence the roots are brought
to England. The branches of this trail upon the
ground, and fpread a foot or more each way * thele
are garnilhed with fine winged leaves, like thofe of
the common Chamomile * at the extremity of each
branch is produced one large Angle flower, like Cha-
momile, but much larger, the rays of which are of a
pure white within, but purple on their dutfide. After
the flowers are paft, the receptacle fwells to a large
fcaly cone * between thefe fcales are lodged the feeds.
Jt flowers in June and July, and the feeds are ripe in
September * but unlefs the feafon is dry, the feeds do
not ripen in England, for the wet falls between the
fcales, and rots the feeds in embryo.
The eleventh fort is a perennial plant, which is pro-
pagated by feeds * thefe may be fown on a bed of
common earth in the fpring, and when the plants are
ftrong enough to remove, fhould be tranfplanted into
large open borders, near flirubs, where they may
have room to grow, for they fpread very wide, there-
fore require three feet diftance from other plants * in
thefe large open fpots they will make a pretty variety
from June to November, during which time they
continue in flower : fome of thefe are white, others
are of fa fulphur, and fome have yellow flowers,
but thefe vary from feed* the eaftern forts .grow
taller, and the flowers are larger than the common,
but in other particulars they are the fame, though
many have fuppofed them different fpecies.
The feeds of the twelfth fort were brought from A-
frica by the late Dn Shaw, which were diftributed to
many curious botanifts in Italy, France, and England,
where fome of the plants were raifed. This grows near
two feet high, with an upright Item, having a Angle
flower at the top, from whofe empalement there are
two or three foot-ftalks put out horizontally, about
two inches long, each having a Angle Aower fmaller
than the Arft, like the Childing Marigold, or Hen
and Chicken Daily. The feeds of this Aiould be
fown in autumn, and treated in the fame manner as
is before diredted for fome other forts, otherwife the
feeds are feldom perfedled in England.
ANTHERICUM. Lin. Gen. Riant. 380. Spider-
wort.
The Characters are.
The flower hath no empalement , and is comp of ed of fix
oblong blunt petals, which fpread open. It hath fix up-
right awl-floaped Jlamina , which are crowned by ' [mail fum-
mits , having four furrows. c Jhe germen which is fitu-
ated in the center is three-cornered , fupporting a fingle Jlyle
which is as long as the Jlamina, crowned by a three-
cornered blunt jligma. ‘The germen afterward becomes an
oval fmooth capfule , having three furrows , opening in
three cells , which are filled with angular feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the Arft fedtion of
Linnaeus’s Axth clafs, entitled Hexandria Monogynia,
from their flowers having fix ftamina and but one
ftyle.
The Species are,
1. Anthericum {Revolutum) foliis planis fcapo ramofo
corollis revolutis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 310. Anthericum
4 with plain leaves, a branching jlalk, whofe petals turn
backward. Afphodelus foliis compreflis aiperis caule
patulo. Tou'rn. Inft. R. H. 343.
2. Anthericum {Ramofum) foliis planis fcapo ramofo
corollis planis piltillo redto. Lin. Sp. Plant. 310.
Anthericum with plain leaves, a branching Jlalk , and
plain reflexed, petals. Phalangium parvo flore Tamo*
Aim. C. B. P. 29.
3. Anthericum {Li Hag 0) foliis plams fcapo Ampliciffi-
mo corollis planis, piftillo declinato. Hort. Upfal.
83. Anthericum with plain leaves, a Jingle Jlalk, and de-
clining point als. Phalangium parvo Aore non ramofum,
C. B. P. 29.
4. Anthericum
ANT
4. Anthericum ( Frutsfcens ) foiiis carnofis teretibus
caule fruticofo. Lin. Sp. Plant. 310. Anthericum with
fiejhy taper leaves , and a jhnibby ftalk. Phalangium ca~
penfe caulefcens foiiis cepitiis fuccofis. H. Eith. 310.
5. Anthericum ( Aloeides ) foiiis carnofis fubulatis pla-
niufculis. Hort. Upfal. 83. Anthericum with fiejhy-,
plain , awl-Jhaped leaves. Phalangium capenfe feffile
foiiis aloeformibus pulpofis. Plort. Elth. 123.
6. Anthericum (AfphodeloidesJ foiiis carnofis fubulatis
femiteretibus ffrictis. Hort. Upfal. 83. Anthericum,
with awl-Jhaped , fiejhy ^ half taper leaves , growing clofe.
Bulbine acaulis foiiis fubulatis. Prod. Leyd. 33.
7. Anthericum (. Annuum ) foiiis carnofis fubulatis tere-
tibus icapo fubramofo. Hort.. Upfal. 83. Anthericum
with awl-Jhaped , fiejhy, taper leaves , and a branching
jlalk. Aiphodelus Africanus anguftifolius luteus mi-
nor. Tourn. Inft. 343.
8. Anthericum ( Altiffimum ) acaule foiiis carnofis tereti-
bus fpids florum longiffimis laxis. Fig. Plant, pi. 39.
c tall African Spiderwort with taper fiejhy leaves , and
very long loofe fpikes of flowers.
9. Anthericum ( OJfifragum ) foiiis enfiformibus fila-
mentis lanatis. Flor.Suec. 268. Anthericum with fword-
Jhaped leaves , and downy Jtamina . Afphodelus luteus
paluftris. Dod. Pempt. 208.
10. Anthericum ( Calyculatum ) foiiis enfiformibus peri-
.anthiis trilobis filamentis glabris piftillis trigynis.
Flor. Suec. 269. Anthericum with fword-Jhaped leaves ,
an empalement with three lobes , frnooth Jtamina , and three
fiyles. Phalangium alpinum paluftre, Iridis folio.
Segu.
The frit fort grows naturally at the Cape of Good
Hope ; the roots of this are flefhy, and compofed of
tubers joined at the crown like thole of the Afphodel ;
the ftalk rifes near two feet high, and branches out
on each fide, each branch being terminated by a loofe
fpike of flowers, which are white, and the petals are
turned backward to their foot-ftalk. The leaves of
this fort are flat, and the root is perennial, but the
fpikes decay in autumn.
The fecond fort hath a perennial root ^ the ftalks of
this rife about the fame height as the former, fend-
ing out many lateral branches in like manner, which
are terminated by loofe fpikes of flowers, which are
white, but the petals are plain, and do not turn back
as in the other fort.
The third fort hath plain leaves and an unbranching
ftalk, in which it chiefly differs from the former.
The root of this is perennial.
The two next forts grow naturally in Spain, Portu-
gal, and other warm countries, and were more com-
mon fome years ago in the Englifh gardens than at
prefent •, for the fevere winter in 1 740, killed moft of
their roots. Thefe flower in June and July, and their
feeds are ripe in September. They are' propagated by
feeds, which fhould be fown in autumn ; for -thofe
which are fown in the fpring, never come up the
fame year, but remain in the ground till the follow-
ing fpring, or often mifcarry. Thefe fhould be fown
in a bed of light fandy earth, in a warm fituation,
and when the plants come up, they muff be kept
clean fr< 3 m weeds during the fummer •, and in au-
tumn, when their leaves decay, they fhould be care-
fully taken up, and tranfplanted into a bed of light
earth, at a foot diftance from each other. If the
winter fhould prove fevere, the bed fhould be covered
with ftraw, Peafe-haulm, or fuch light covering, to
keep out the froft-, or if fome old tan from a hot-
bed is fpread over the ground, it will prevent the froft
from penetrating the ground, and will preferve the
roots. In this bed they may remain one year, by
which time they will be ftrong enough to flower j
therefore the following autumn they fhould be care-
fully taken up, fo as not to break their roots, and
planted in the borders of the flower-garden, where
they will laft feveral years, if they are not killed by
froft •, to prevent which, fome rotten tan fhould be
laid over the roots in winter, which will always fecure
them.
The fourth, fort has been long prefervedin many gar-
ANT
dens near London, arid was' formerly known among
the gardeners by the title of Onion-leaved Aloe. This
plant produces many ligneous branches from the root,
each fupporting a plant with long taper leaves, in-
fliape of thofe of the Onion, which are full of a yel-
low pulp very juicy. Thefe plants fend out roots,
which run down and fatten themfelves into the earth,
by which they multiply greatly. The flowers are pro-
duced^ on long loofe fpikes, are yellow, and appear
at different times, fo that the plants are not long de-
stitute of flowers. Thefe are fucceeded by round
frnooth feed-veffels, which have three cells, filled with
triangular feeds *, but as the plant multiplies fo faff by-
offsets, the feeds are little regarded. It grows natu-
rally at the Cape of Good Hope, and requires a lit-
tle fhelter in winter but in fome mild feafons I have
had plants live without any cover, which were planted
clofe to a warm wall.
The fifth and fixth forts grow clofe to the ground,
never rifing with any ftalk. The fifth hath broad,
flat, pulpy leaves, refembling thofe of fome forts of
Aloe, fo was formerly by gardeners called Aloe with
flowers of Spiderwort. The leaves fpread open 5 the
flowers are produced on loofe fpikes, like the former,
but are fhorter : the flowers are yellow, and appear
at different feafons. This is produced by offsets,
which are put out in plenty, and mutt be planted in
pots filled with light fandy earth, and in winter placed
in the green-houfe, and treated as other hardy fuccu-
lent plants, which come from the Cape of Good
Hope, where this plant grows naturally. It muft be
kept pretty dry in winter, and if it is fcrCened from
froft, it will require no artificial warmth.
The fixth fort hath long, narrow, pulpy leaves, which
are almoft taper, but flatted on their upper fide ^ this
lends out many offsets, by which it may be increafed
plentifully. The flowers are yellow, and grow on
long loofe fpikes, as the former ; thefe appear at dif-
ferent feafons thofe of the fpring and fummer are
fucceeded by feeds in great plenty, fo may be eafily
propagated thereby, which ripen very well. It mult
be treated in the fame manner as the former.
The feventh fort is annual : this is a low plant grow-
ing clofe to the ground, having pretty long fucculent
leaves which are taper, but flatted on their upper
fide •, the flowers grow in loofe fpikes, which are
fhorter than either of the other forts. They are yel-
low, and fucceeded by round feed-veffels, like thofe
of the former forts ^ the plants perifh foon after their
feeds ripen. The feeds of this fort fhould be fown on
a warm border of light earth in April, where they
are to remain ■, and when the plants come up, they
will require no other care but to keep them clean
from weeds, and to thin them where they are too
clofe. This fort flowers in July, and the feeds ripen
in Oftober.
The eighth fort never rifes to a ftalk, but the leaves
come out clofe to the ground. Thefe are long, taper,
fucculent, and of a lea-green colour, growing ereft j
the flower-ftems rife between the leaves, and are near
three feet long-, the upper half being thinly garnifh-
ed with yellow flowers, fhaped like thofe of the other
ipecies. Thefe appear at different feafons, fo that the
plants are feldom long deftitute of flowers. This
fort doth not fend out offsets fo freely as fome of the
others ; but as it produces feeds annually, it may be
had in plenty. It muft be treated in the fame manner
as the fourth, fifth, and fixth forts.
The ninth and tenth forts grow naturally on bogs
in moft of the northern countries ; the tenth is com-
mon in many parts of England, but particularly in
Lancashire, from whence it had the title of Lancashire
Afphodel it alfo grows on a bog upon Putney-heath.
The other grows naturally in Denmark, Sweden, and
Lapland. Thefe are both low plants, having narrow
leaves, which grow clofe to the ground j the flower-
ftems rife about fix inches high, being terminated by
a loofe fpike of fmall yeilow flowers. Thefe differ
from each other, the ftamina of the tenth being
woolly, whereas thofe of the other are frnooth. Thefe
6 plants.
plants, growing naturally upon bogs, are with diffi-
culty preferved in gardens.
ANTHERS [from 'Aihfc flowery,] are the fum-
mits or little tops in the middle of a flower, fupported
by the ftamina.
ANTHOLOGY [of ’'A^, a flower, and \6y&,
Gr. a word,] a difcourfe or treadle, of flowers.
ANTHOLYZA. We have no Englifh name for
this plant.
The Characters are,
It hath an imbricated J heath growing alternate , which
is permanent the flower is of one leaf \ tubulous , and
opens above with compreffed jaws. The upper lip is /lender ,
long , erebl , and waved-, the two jaws are floor t , and
joined at their bafe the under lip is trifid , floort , and the
middle fegment turns downward it hath three long J, lender
ftamina , two of which are under the upper lip , and the
other lies in the under lip thefe are crowned by pointed
fummits. Under the flower is fituated the germen , fup-
porting a J, lender ftyle the length of the ftamina , which is
crowned by a fender , trifid , reflexed ftigma. 'The germen
afterward becomes a roundifh three-cornered veffel having
thyee cells , in which are lodged many triangular feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fedion of
Linnaeus’s third clafs, entitled Triandria Monogynia,
the flowers having three ftamina and one ftyle.
The Species are,
1. Antholyza ( Ringens ) corolla labiis divaricatis fauce
eompreflb. Lin. Sp. Plant. 54. Antholyza whofe flower-
lips fpread afunder. Gladiolus floribus ridum referens
coccineus fuprema lacinia ereda & fiftulofa. Breyn. 2 1 .
2. Antholyza ( Spicata ) foliis linearibus fulcatis floribus
albis uno verfu difpofitis. Fig. Plant, pi. 40. Antho-
lyza with narrow furrowed leaves , and white flow-
ers ranged on one fide of the ftalk.
The firft fort hath round, red, bulbous roots, from
which arife feveral rough furrowed leaves, near a foot
long, and half an inch broad ; between thefe comes
out the flower-ftem immediately from the root, which
rifes two feet high, is hairy, and hath feveral flowers
coming out on each fide. Thefe are of one leaf, cut
into fix unequal parts at the top : one of thefe feg-
ments is ftretched out much beyond the other, Hand-
ing ered the margins are waved and clofed to-
gether, wrapping up the three ftamina. The flowers
are red, and appear in June, and the feeds ripen in
September.
The roots of the fecond fort are in Ihape and fize like
thofe of the Vernal Crocus, but the outer fkin is thin
and white ; from this arifes five or fix long narrow
leaves, which are deeply furrowed. Between thefe
arife the flower-ftem, which is a foot and a half high,
bending on one fide toward the top, where the flowers
come out, ranged on one fide, Handing erect. Thefe
have each a fpatha or ftieath, of one leaf, divided into
two, ending in points, which are permanent. The
flower is of one leaf, having a long tube, but is di-
vided into fix unequal fegments at the top, which
fpread open, their margins being waved and turned
inward. The three ftamina rife under the upper feg-
ment, which is larger than the others, and below is
fituated the trifid ftyle, crowned with purple ftigma.
After the flower is paft, the germen becomes a three-
cornered feed-veflel, opening in three cells, which are
filled with triangular feeds. The flow'ers of this fort
are white, appear in May, and the feeds ripen in
Auguft.
Thefe plants are natives of Africa, from whence their
feeds have been obtained, and were firft raifed in the
Dutch gardens, where one of the forts has long
been an ornament in the curious gardens of that
country.
They are propagated by offsets, which the bulbous
roots fend forth in pretty great plenty ; or by feeds,
which are fometimes perfected in Europe. Thefe
feeds fhould be fown foon after they are ripe ; for if
they are kept out of the ground till the following
fpring, they often mifcarry, or at leaft remain a year
in the ground before they grow. If the feeds are fown
in pots of fight earth, and plunged into an old bed of
tan which has loft its heat, and fhaded in the middle
of the day in hot weather, the feeds will come up the
following winter; therefore they muft be kept covered
with glaffes to fcreen them from cold, otherwife the
young plants will be deftroyed. Thefe may remain
in the. pots two years, if the plants are not too clofe,
by which time they will have ftrength enough to be
planted each into a feparate fmall pot filled with light
earth. The time for tranfplanting of thefe roots is
in July or Auguft, when their leaves are decayed.
In fummer the pots may be placed in the open air,
but in winter they muft be removed, and placed under
a hot-bed frame, for they are not very tender ; but
where any damp arifes, it is very apt to occafion a
mouldinefs upon their leaves. The roots fhoot up in
autumn, and the flowers begin to appear in May ;
the feeds ripen in Auguft, and foon after their leaves
and ftalks decay ; when the roots may be taken up,
and kept fix weeks or two months out of the ground,
fo may be eafily tranfported from one country to
another at that time. Thefe flowers are ornamental
when they appear, and they are plants which require
but little culture, fo deferve a place in every good
garden.
ANTHOSPERMUM, Amber-tree, vulgo.
The Characters are.
It is male and female in different plants % the male flowers
have no petals , but a coloured empalement of one leaf,
which is act into four parts almofl to the bottom. Out of
the bottom arifes four fender ftamina, crowned with oblong
fquare fummits , having a deep furrow through their middle.
The female flowers have the fame ftrudlure as the male ,
but have no ftamina inftead of which , there is an oval
germen , fituated in the bottom , fupporting two recurved
ftyles croivned with a /lender ftigma. The germen afterward
becomes a roundiflo capfule having four cells , which contain
feveral angular feeds.
Dr. Linnmus has ranged this genus in his twentieth
clafs of plants, but it properly belongs to his twenty-
fecond, becauie the plants are male and female in dif-
ferent plants -, whereas thofe of his twenty-third, have
male, female, and hermaphrodite flowers on the fame
plant.
Anthospermum {.Mthiopicum') foliis laevibus. Hort,
Cliff 7 . 455. Amber -tree with fmooth leaves.
This plant has been long known in the curious gar-
dens, under the title of Frutex Africanus, ambram
fpirans, or Amber-tree.
It is preferved in moft curious gardens which have
collections of tender plants, and is eafily propagated
by planting cuttings during any of the fummer
months, in a border of light earth ; which will take
root in fix weeks time, provided they are watered and
fhaded as the feafon may require : or if thefe cuttings
are planted in pots, and plunged into a very moderate
hot-bed, they will take root looner, and there will
be a greater certainty of their growrng. Afterward
they fhould be taken up, with a ball of earth to their
roots, and planted into pots filled with light fandy
earth, and may be expofed to the open air until Oc-
tober-, at which time they fhould be removed into
the confervatory, where they fhould be placed as free
as poffible from being over-hung with other plants
and, during the winter feafon, they muft be refrefhed
with water, but fhould not have too much given them
each time and fhould have as much air admitted to
them as the weather will permit, for if they are kept
too clofe, they will be fubjed to grow mouldy, and
generally decay foon after fo that if the green-houfe
is damp, it will be difficult to prderve thefe plants
through the winter.
The beauty of this fhrub is in its fmall ever-green
leaves, which grow as clofe as heath ; which being
bruifed between the fingers, emit a very fragrant
odour; Thefe plants muft be frequently renewed by
cuttings, for the old plants are very fubjed to decay,
feldom continuing above three or four years.
It is but of late years there have been any of the fe-
male plants in the gardens, for all thofe which were
formerly in the gardens, were the male, which being
R pro-
A N T
propagated by cuttings had been continued, fo that
no feeds were ever produced in England till within a
few years paft, when I received fome feeds from the
Cape of Good Hope, from which 1 raifed many plants
of both fexes, and a few among them with her-
maphrodite flowers, which have produced feeds,
from which many plants have been raifed.
hNTHYLLIS. Lin. Gen. Plant. 773. Vulneraria.
Tourn. Barba Jovis. Tourn. Ladies Finger , or Kidney
Vetch.
The Characters are,
■ It hath a /welling , hairy , permanent empalement of one leaf
which is divided at the top into five equal parts. ‘The
flower is of the butterfly kind , having a long ftandard re-
flexed on both Jides beyond the empalement ^ the two wings
are Jhort *, the keel is of the fame length , and comprejfed.
There are ten ftamina , which rife together , and are crowned
hy Jingle fummits. In the center is fltuated an oblong ger-
men , fupporting a fingle ftyle , crowned by a blunt ftigma :
the germen afterward becomes a fmall roundijh pod inclofed
by the empalement ,‘ having one or two feeds.
This genus is ranged in Linnaeus’s ieventeenth clafs
of plants, entitled Diadelphia Decandria, the flowers
having ten ftamina joined in two bodies.
The Species are,
1. Anthyllis (' Tetraphylla ) herbacea foliis quaterno-
pinnatis fioribus lateralibus. Hort. Upfal. 221. Her-
baceous Kidney Vetch with winged leaves , having four
lobes , and flowers growing from the fide of the ftalks.
Vulneraria pentaphyllos. Tourn. Inft.
2. Anthyllis ( Vulneraria ) herbacea foliis pinnatis inae-
qualibus capitulo duplicato. Lin. Sp. Plant. 719.
Kidney Vetch with unequal winged leaves and double heads.
Vulneraria fupina flore coccineo. Raii Syn. Ed. 2.
P* 325 -
3. Anthyllis {Ruftica) herbacea foliis pinnatis inasqua-
libus foliolis caulinis lineari lanceolatis fioribus capi-
tals fimplicibus. Herbaceous Kidney Vetch with unequal
winged leaves x whofe lobes are narrow , fpear-Jhaped , and
fingle heads of flowers , called Ladies Fingers. V ulneraria
ruftica. J. B. 1 1. p. 362.
4. Anthyllis {Montana) herbacea foliis pinnatis mqua-
libus capitulo terminali fecundo, fioribus obliquatis.
Lin. Sp. Plant. 719. Herbaceous Woundwort with equal
winged leaves , terminated by the head of flowers , which
are oblique. Aftragalus purpureus. Dalechampii 1347.
Purple Milk Vetch.
5. Anthyllis ( Cornicina ) herbacea foliis pinnatis inae-
qualibus capitulis folitaris. Lin. Sp. Plant. 719. Her-
baceous Woundwort , with unequal winged leaves , and a
fingle head of flowers:
6. Anthyllis {Barba Jovis) frutjcofa foliis pinnatis ae-
qualibus fioribus capitatis. Hort. Cliff. 371. Shrubby
Woundwort , with leaves equally winged , and flowers col-
lected in a head. Barba Jovis pulchre lucens. J. B. 1.
p. 385. Jupitefis Beard . , or Silver Buflj.
7. Anthyllis {Cytifoides) fruticofa foliis ternatis inae-
qualibus calycibus lanatis lateralibus. Lin. Sp. Plant.
720. Shrubby Woundwort , with three unequal leaves , and
a downy flower-cup growing from the fides. Cytifus in-
canus folio medio longiore. C. B. P. 390.
8. Anthyllis {Erinacea) fruticofa fpinola foliis fim-
plicibus. Lin. Sp. Plant. 720. Shrubby prickly Wound-
worf, with fingle leaves. Genifta Spartium lpinofum
foliis lenticulae fioribus ex cseruleo purpurafcentibus.
C. B. P. 394.
9. Anthyllis {Hermannia) fruticofa, foliis ternatis fub-
pedunculatis, calycibus nudis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 1014.
Shrubby Woundwort of Crete , with ternate leaves , and
naked flower-cups. Barba Jovis Cretica, linariae folio,
flore luteo parvo. Tourn. Cor. 44.
10. Anthyllis ( Iletercphylla ) fruticofa, foliis pinnatis,
floralibus ternatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 1013. Shrubby
Woundwort of Portugal , with winged leaves , but thofe
near the flowers ternate. Barba Jovis minor Lufitanica,
: flore minimo variegato. Tourn. Inft. 651.
The firft fort grows naturally in Spain, Italy, and
Sicily. This is an annual plant, with trailing branches,
which fpread flat on the ground ; the leaves grow by
fours at each joint, and the flowers come out in cluf-
> 7
ters on the fides of the ftalks, having large fwelling
empalements, out of which the extreme parts of the
petals do but juft appear*, thefe are of a yellow co-
lour, and are fucceeded by fhort pods inclofed in the
empalement. It flowers in June and July, and the
feeds ripen in September. The feeds of this fort
fhould be fown on a bed of light earth in April, where
the plants are to remain, and will require no other
. care, but to thin them to the diftance of two feet,
and keep them clean from weeds.
The fecond fort grows naturally in Spain and Portu-
gal, from both which countries I have received the
feeds ; it alfo grows wild in Wales, and the ifle of
Man. This is a biennial plant, having fingle leaves
at bottom, which are oval and hairy ; but thofe which
grow out of the ftalks are winged, each being com-
pofed of two or three pair of lobes terminated by an
odd one : the flowers grow collected into heads at
the top of the ftalks, thefe are of a bright fcarlet co-
lour, fo make a pretty appearance : it flowers in June
and July, and the feeds ripen in Oftober. When
the plants of this fort grow on poor land, they will
fometimes continue three years, but in gardens they
feldom laft longer than two.
The third fort grows naturally upon chalky grounds
in many parts of England, fo is rarely admitted into
gardens. Dr. Linnseus fuppofes this and the former
fort to be the fame, but from having cultivated thefe
for many years, I can affirm they are different fpecies,
never altering from feed. The leaves of this fort are
much narrower than thofe of the former, and have
generally one or two pair of lobes more in each. The
heads of flowers in this fpecies are fingle, whereas
the other has generally double heads ; add to thefe,
the root being perennial, which makes an effential
difference between them.
The fourth fort is a perennial plant with trailing
branches, garniffied with winged leaves, which have
an equal number of hairy lobes at the extremity of
the branches *, the flowers are produced in heads, thefe
are of a purple colour, and globular form. This
fort grows naturally on mountains in the fouth of
France and Italy, from whence I have received the
feeds. It is propagated by feeds, which may be fown
either in the autumn or fpring : thofe which are fown
in the autumn, will rife the following fpring, and
more certainly grow, than thofe which are fown in
the fpring, which feldom grow the fame year. When
the plants come up, they mult be kept clean from
weeds ; and where they are too clofe together, they
muft be thinned. The following autumn, they fhould
be tranfplanted to the places where they are to re-
main, and will require no particular management af-
terward. This fort flowers in June and July, and
the feeds ripen in Oftober.
The fifth fort approaches near to the third, but the
leaves are hoary, and the flowers are produced on the
fide of the branches *, thefe are yellow, and collecfted
into fmall heads. It is an annual, or at moft a bien-
nial plant for when it flowers early in the fummer,
it commonly decays foon after the feeds are ripe ;
whereas thofe plants which flower later in the feafon,
and do not perfedt feeds, will abide another year.
This may be propagated by feeds, in the fame manner
as the former.
The fixth fort is the Barba Jovis, or Jupiter’s Beard,
by many called Silver Buffi, from the whitenefs of
its leaves. This is a fhrub which often grows ten or
twelve feet high, and divides into many lateral
branches, garniffied with winged leaves, compofed of
an equal number of narrow lobes, which are very
white and hairy ; the flowers are produced at the ex-
tremity of the branches, collected into fmall heads ;
thefe are of a bright yellow colour, and appear in
June *, fometimes they are fucceeded by fhort woolly
pods, containing two or three kidney-ffiaped feeds ;
but unlefs the feafon proves warm, they do not ripen
in this country. It is propagated either by feeds or
cuttings *, if by feeds, they fhould be fown in the au-
tumn, in pots filled with light earth, and placed under
*■ ' a frame
ANT
a frame in winter to prated them from froft. The
following fpring the plants will rife, and when they
are ftrong enough to remove, they ftiould be each
planted in a fmall pot f iled with light earth, and
placed in the lhade till they have taken new root ;
after which, they may be placed with other hardy
exotic plants, in a fheltered ftuation, where they
may remain till Qdober, when they muft be removed
into fhelter. Thefe plants are always houfed in winter,
yet I have had fome of them live abroad three or four
years, which were planted againft a fouth-weft af-
pected wall. It may alfo be propagated by cuttings,
which may be planted during any of the fummer
months, obferving to water and lhade them until they
have taken root. When the cuttings have taken good
root, they fhould be planted in pots, and treated in
the fame manner as the former.
The feventh fort is a low fhrub, feldom rifing above
two feet high, but fends out many fender branches,
garnilhed with hoary leaves, which are fometimes
fingle, but generally have three oval lobes, the middle
being longer than the other two •, the flowers are
yellow, and come out from the flde of the branches,
three or four joined together, having woolly empale-
ments, but thefe are rarely fucceeded by feeds in
England. It may be propagated by cuttings or feeds,
in the fame manner as the former fort, and treated as
hath been directed for that. This has been an old in-
habitant in the Englifh gardens.
The eighth fort grows naturally in Spain and Portu-
gal, from whence I have received the feeds. This
is a fhrub which grows nine or ten feet high, having
the appearance of one fort of Gorfe or Whin, but it
hath round leaves growing fingle. It will live in the
open air in mild winters, but hard froft will deftroy it.
It is propagated by feeds only.
The ninth fort grows naturally in Crete, and alfo in
Paleftine ; this was formerly in fome of the Englifh
gardens, but 'the fevere winter of 1 deftroyed
moft (if not all the plants) in this country, flnce which
time I have not feen it. This Ihrub grows five or
fix feet high, the branches are garnilhed with oblong
ternate leaves •, the flowers, which are yellow, are pro-
duced in fmall clufters on the fide of the branches •,
thefe appear in July and Auguft, but are not fuc-
ceeded by feeds in this country.
This is propagated by cuttings, which fhould be
planted the beginning of June, and if they are clofely
covered with a bell-glafs, and properly fliaded, they
will put out roots by the end of Auguft, when they
fhould be carefully taken up, and each planted in a
fmall pot, filled with light earth, and placed in the
lhade until they have taken new root; when they
may be placed in the open air till October, and then
fhould be removed into fhelter, and treated in the
fame way as other hardy green-houfe plants.
The tenth fort grows naturally in Portugal and Spain:
this is a very low fhrubby plant, whofe branches fpread
near the ground, garniflied with filvery winged leaves,
which are acute-pointed •, the flowers are produced
toward the extremity of the branches •, thefe are not
fucceeded by feeds in England, but the plant is pro-
pagated by cuttings in the fame manner as the for-
mer, and the plants require the fame treatment.
ANTIRRHINUM [w T hich in compofition fome-
times indicates a likenefs, Amppim, of and ph,
the noftrils, becauie it reprefents a nofe :] Snap-
dragon, or Calves-fnout.
The Characters are,
The empalement is of one leaf cut into five parts , the two
upper figments being longer than the lower. 'The flower
isringent , having an oblong tube , divided at the top into
two lips , which are clofed at the jaw. The upper lip is
cut into two , and refiexed on each fide *, the under lip is
divided into three obtufe parts : in the bottom is fituated
an obtufe nedfarium , which is not prominent. There are \
four fiamin a which are included in the upper Up , two being
longer , and two foorter , crowned by port fummits. In
the center is placed a roundiflo ger men , fupporting a fingle
fiyle , crowned with an obtufe ftigma. The ger men after-
ward becomes a round obtufe capfule , having two cells »
which are full of fmall angular feeds.
This genus is ranged in Linnaeus’s fourteenth clafs
of plants, entitled Didynamia Angiofperma, the
flower having two long and two fliort ftamina, and
many feeds included in a capfule. To this genus
Linnams has joined the Linaria and Afarina; but as
the flowers of the Linaria have fpurs to their petals,
and the neclarium being very prominent, which are
not fo in this genus, fo it fhould be feparated from it.
The Species are,
1. Antirrhinum {Minus) foliis lanceolatis obtufis al-
terriis caule ramoflflimo difiufo. Hort. Cliff. 324.
Snap-dragon with obtufe fpear-paped leaves growing al-
ternate , and a diffufed branching ftalk. Antirrhinum ar-
venfe minus. C. B. P. 212.
2. Antirrhinum ( Orontium ) floribus fubfpicatis, caly-
cibus digitatis corolla longioribus. Hort. Upfal. 176.
Snap-dragon with fpiked flowers , and fingered empalement
longer than the flower. Antirrhinum arvenfe majus.
C.°B. P. 212.
3. Antirrhinum {Majus) foliis lanceolatis petiolatis
calycibus breviffimis racemo terminali. Yir. Cliff. 61.
Snap-dragon with fpear floaped leaves having foot-ftalks,
and very floor t flower-cups, terminated by a fpike of flowers.
Antirrhinum majus alterum folio longiore. C. B. P.
21 1.
4. Antirrhinum {Lafifolium) foliis lanceolatis glabris,
calycibus hirfutis racemo longiflimo. Snap-dragon with
finooth fpear-paped leaves , hairy flower-cups, and a very
long fpike of flowers. Antirrhinum latifolium amplo
paiiido flore. Bocc. Muf. 2. 49.
5. Antirrhinum {Italicum) foliis lineari-Ianceolatis hir-
futis racemo breviore. Snap-dragon zvith narrow ■, hairy,
fpear-paped leaves , and a porter fpike of flowers. An-
tirrhinum longifolium majus Italicum flore amplo
niveo laftefeente. H. R. Par.
6. Antirrhinum {Siculum) foliis linearibus floribus pe-
tiolatis axillaribus. Snap-dragon with narrozv leaves and
flowers, with foot-ftalks proceeding from the wings of the
leaves. Antirrhinum ficulum linariae folio niveo flore.
Bocc. Muf.
The two firft forts grow naturally on arable land in
many parts of England, fo are feldom admitted into
gardens ; thefe are both annual plants, which come
up from fcattered feeds. They flower in June and
July, and their feeds are ripe in September.
The third fort is not a native of England, but having
been firft brought into gardens, the feeds have feat-'
tered about in lb great plenty, that it is become very
common upon walls and old buildings in many parts
of England. Of this fort there are feveral varieties,
which differ in the colour of their flowers, fome having
red flowers with white mouths, fome with yellow
mouths, others have white flowers, with yellow and
white mouths. There is alfo one with ftriped leaves.
The laft is propagated by flips and cuttings, which
readily take root any time in the fpring or fummer.
The different colours of the flowers are variable from
feeds.
The fourth fort grows naturally in the Hands of the
Archipelago, from whence I received the feeds. The
leaves of this are much broader, the flowers greatly
larger, and the fpikes longer, than in any of the other
forts. The colours of the flowers are as changeable
in this fort as the former, when raffed from feeds ;
but as this is the moft fpecious kind, fo it better de-
fences propagating than the common, efpecially as it
is equally hardy.
The fifth fort has long narrow leaves, which are hairy ;
the flowers are large, and the fpike is fhorter than
the former ; there are fome varieties in the colour of
the flowers of this fort, but it is equally hardy with
the common fort.
The fixth fort is an annual plant, which feldom grows
more than a foot high ; the leaves of this are very
narrow and finooth ; the flowers come out from the
wings of the leaVes fingle, ft an ding on long foot-
ftalks ; thefe are very white, with a dark bottom. % If.
the feeds of this fort are permitted to Latter, the
plants
A P A
plants will come up, and require no other care but to
thin them and keep them clean from weeds.
The third, fourth, and fifth forts are raifed from
feeds, which fhould be fown in a dry foil, which is
not too rich, either in April or May-, and in July
the plants may be planted out into large borders,
where they will flower the fpring following •, or they
may be fown early in the fpring, for flowering the
lame autumn, but then they are not fo likely to en-
dure the winter •, and if the autumn prove bad, they
will not perfect their feeds.
Thefe plants grow extremely well upon old walls or
buildings, in which places they will endure for feveral
years whereas thofe planted in gardens feldom laft
longer than two years, uniefs they are planted in a
very poor foil, and the flowers often cropped, and not
fuffered to feed ; but any of thefe forts may be con-
tinued, by planting cuttings in any of the fummer
months, which will eafily take root.
All the forts of Snap-dragons are pretty ornaments
in a garden, and requiring very little culture, are
rendered more acceptable. They are all hardy plants,
and will refill the cold of our winters extremely well,
especially if they are planted on a dry, gravelly, or
fandy foil ; for when they are planted in a rich moift
foil, they will grow very luxuriant for a time, but
are very fubje£t to rot in autumn or winter ; and are
much more fulceptible of cold, than when they are
in a dry, hungry, rocky foil; fo that thefe plants
may be placed amongft llones, or they will grow in
the joints of old walls, where they may be placed fo
as to render fome abjed part of a garden very agree-
able, for they will continue in flower feveral months;
and if the feeds are permitted to filed, there will be
a continual fupply of young plants, without any
trouble.
Wherever thefe plants are defigned to grow on walls,
or on a rocky barren foil, the feeds fhould be fown
the beginning of March, where they are defigned to
remain; (for if the plants are firft raifed in a better
foil, and afterward tranfplanted into thofe places, they
feldom fucceed well.) When' the plants are come up,
they will require no other culture but to keep them
clear from weeds ; and where they come up too thick,
to pull fome of them out, fo as to give them room
to grow. In July thefe forts will begin to flower, and
will continue flowering till the froft prevents them.
Thofe plants which grow on walls, will have ftrong
woody items, which will continue two or three years
or more, and are rarely hurt by froft.
APARINE [this plant is fo called, becaufe it is
very rough ; it is called Philanthropon, of <pi aA, to
love, and utyuTr©’, man ; becaufe if a perfon walks
in uncultivated places, the plant not only applies itfelf
to his garments, but it holds them, as if it had a
mind to bind man with an amicable band :] Goofe-
grafs cr Clivers.
The common fort grows wild almoft every where,
the feeds flicking to the cloaths of people that pafs
by where they grow : it is fometimes ufed in medicine,
but it is too common a weed to be admitted into a
garden.
There are fome other forts of this plant which are
kept in botanic gardens for the fake of variety, which
I fhall beg leave to enumerate here.
1. Aparine femine kevi. Tourn. Goofe-grafs with a
frnooth feed. This is under Gallium in Linnaeus.
2. Aparine femine coriandri faccharati. Park. Theat.
Goofe-grafs with fweet feeds like Coriander.
3. Aparine pumiia fupina, fiore caeruleo. Tourn. Low
trailing Goofe-grafs , with a blue flower. The two laft
are included in Linnaeus’s genus of V ailantia.
All thefe plants, if they are permitted to fcatter their
feeds, will maintain themfelves in a garden without
any other culture, than that of preventing other weeds
from over-growing them, thefe being all very low
plants.
The firft fort grows wild in Cambridgeshire, as doth
t«ke third about Liphoeck in Hampftiire, where I have
gathered it.
6
A P I
APET A L O IJ S plants, [of a privative, and
Aw, a flower-leaf, G>.] are inch as have no petals or
flower-leaves.
APH AC A. See Lathyrus.
APICES [of Apex, Lot. a top or point] thefe are
called fummits by Vaillant, and are thofe little knobs
that grow on the top of the ftamina in the middle of
the flower : which are generally fuppofed to be a kind
of male fperm, which when ripe, diffufes itfelf to
every part of the flower, and fecundates the ovarium
■ and renders it fruitful.
API OS. See Glycine.
A P I U M [Apium is fo called, as fome fay, of Apes*
bees, becaufe bees are faid to be delighted very much
with it,] Parfley.
The Characters are.
It is a plant with an umbelliferous flower ; the rays of the
great umbel are flew , but thofe - of the fmaller are 5 many ;
the involucr'um is in fome fpecies of one leaf and in others
of many ; the petals of the greater umbel are uniform ;
thefe are round , equal, and turn inward. Each flower has
five Jlamina , crowned by roundifh fummits. Under the
flower is fituated the germen , fupporting two reflexed ftyles ,
crowned by blunt ftigma ; the germen afterward becomes
an oval channelled fruit, dividing into two parts, having
two oval feeds channelled on one fide , and plain on the
other.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond feftion
of Linnteus’s fifth clafs, entitled Pentandria Digynia,
the flowers having five ftamina and two ftyles.
The Species are,
1. Apium {Petrofelinum) foliolis caulinis linearibus in-
volucellis minutis. Hort. Cliff. 108. Parfley with very
narrow leaves on the flower -ft alks. Apium hortenfe vel
petrolelinum vulgo. C. B. P. Common Parfley.
2. Apium ( Crifpum ) foliis radicalibus ampliorrbus criipis
caulinis ovato-multifidis. Parfley with the lower leaves
very broad and curled , the upper oval , and cut into many
fegments. Apium vel petrofelinum crifpum. C. B. P.
153. Curled Parfley.
3. Apium ( Latifolium ) foliis radicalibus trifidis, ferratis,
petiolis longiffimis. Parfley with under leaves divided
into three parts , which are flawed, and have very long
foot-ftalks. Apium hortenfe latifolium maxima crai-
fiflima fuavi & eduli radice. Boerh. Ind. alt. Lhe
large rooted Parfley.
4. Apium ( Graveolens ) foliolis caulinis cuneiformibus.
Hort. Cliff. 107. Parfley with the lower leaves fajhioned
like a wedge. Apium paluftre five apium officinarum.
C. B. P. 154. Smallage.
5. Apium ( Bulce ) foliis ereftis, petiolis longiftimis fo-
liolis quinque lobatis ferratis. Parfley with upright
leaves, having very long foot-ftalks, and the fmaller leaves
compofed of five flawed lobes. Apium dulce ceteri Ita-
lorum. Inft. R. H. 305. Upright Celery.
6 . Apium ( Rapaceum ) foliis patulis, petiolis brevibus,
foliolis quinis ferratis, radice rotundo. Parfley with
fpr ending leaves , having floor t foot -ft alks, the flnaller leaves
having five lobes, and a round root. Apium dulce de-
gener, radice rapacea. Julf. Celeriack , cr Turnep-rooted
Celery.
7. Apium (. Lujitanicum ) foliis radicalibus tribolatis, cau-
linis quinque-lobatis crenatis. Parfley with under leaves
having three lobes , and thofe on the ft alks five, which are
indented. Apium Lufitanicum maximum, folio trilo-
bate flore luteolo. Boerh. Ind. alt.
The firft fort is the common Parfley, which is ge-
nerally cultivated for culinary ufe ; and is what the
College of Phyficians have directed to be ufed in me-
dicine, under the title of Petrofelinum ; for when
Apium is preferibed, the Smallage is always in-
tended.
The fecond fort has generally been fuppofed to
be only a variety of the firft, but from many years
trial I have always found, that if the feeds are carefully
faved from plants of the curled-leaved Parfley, it
will conftantly produce the fame ; but there are
few perfons who will be at the trouble to fave the
feeds fo carefully, as not to have fome of the common
fort mixed with it ; for when feeds are bought at the
Shops,
A P I
fnops, there is generally a mixture of both : there-
fore the only method to have it good, is to feparate
all thofe plants which have plain leaves from the
curled, as foon as they are diftinguifliable, leaving
only fuch as are of the right kind ; if this is duly ob-
ferved, the feeds will conftantly produce the fame.
The third fort is chiefly cultivated for their roots,
which are now pretty commonly fold in the London
markets •, the leaves of this fort have much longer
foot-ftalks, and their fubdivifions are not fo nume-
rous as in the common Parfley *, the lobes of the
leaves are much * larger, and of a darker green, fo
that it is eafily diftinguilhed from the common fort by
its leaves, but the roots are fix times as large as the
common Parfley can be brought to with the utmoft
culture. I have fown the feeds of both forts for fe-
veral years on the fome fpot of ground, and have
thinned the plants when young, to an equal diftance,
and given the fame culture to both ; but when their
roots were taken up, thofe of the common fort were
not larger than a man’s little linger, but the other
were as large as full grown Carrots, which were very
tender and fweet, whereas the other were ftringy and
ftrong •, and this difference cqnftantly holds, fo it may
be allowed to be fpecifically different. This fort was
many years cultivated in Holland, before the. Eng-,
lilh gardeners could be prevailed on to fow it. I
brought the feeds of it from thence in i 727, and would
then have perfuaded fome of the kitchen-gardeners to
make trial of it, but they refufed to accept of it, fo
that I cultivated it feveral years before it was known
in the markets.
The fourth fort is commonly known by the title of
Smallage. This is what the phyficians intend when
they prelcribe Apium. Dr. Linnaeus has joined to
this the Celery, fuppofmg them to be the fame, and
the only difference to arile from culture, but herein
he is greatly rriiftaken •, for I have cultivated the
Smallage in gardens forty years, to try if by art it
could poffibly be brought to the fame goodnefs as
Celery, but have not been able to alter it from its
original •, all that can be done by culture, is to bring
it to a larger lize than it naturally grows wild, and by
earthing it, to give it a whitenefs ; but it will not
grow tall as Celery, nor will it rife with a ftrait Item,
but fends out many fuckers near the root, and when
it is blanched, retains its ftrong rank take, which no
culture can alter, therefore I make no doubt of its
being a diftindt fpecies.
The fifth fort is the Celery before-mentioned, and
the fixth fort was fuppofed to be a degenerate fpecies
from it, but I cannot agree to this opinion ; for from
many years trial I have never found it vary. The
leaves of this fort are fhort, when compared with
thofe of the other, and fpread open horizontally ;
the roots grow as large as the common Turneps.
The difference which I have obferved to arife from
the culture, has been only in the ffze of the roots ;
thole on rich ground, which were properly cultivated
were much larger than thofe on poorer land, but the
leaves and outward appearance of the plants were
never altered, fo that I make no doubt of its being a
different fpecies.
The feeds of the feventh fort I received from the
royal garden at Paris, many years fince, where it had
been long preferved, and maintained its difference •,
and from more than twenty years cultivating it in
the garden at Chelfea, I have found the fame, fo that
I cannot doubt of its being different from all the other
fpecies.
The broad-leaved Garden Parfley, mentioned by Caf-
per Bauhin, and the round-leaved Portugal Parfley,
mentioned by Tournefort, I believe are only varieties
of the common Parfley •, for if they are diftinft fpe-
cies, all the feeds which I have received from diffe-
rent parts of Europe, under thofe titles, have been
wrong ; for the plants which have rifen from thofe
feeds, have always proved to be the common fort.
As Tournefort, and many other botanifts, have enu-
merated all the varieties of plants which were found
A P I
in the gardens, and did not diftinguifh which of them
were fpecifically different ; fo Dr, Linnaeus has gone
into the other extreme, and fuppofed many, plants,
which are permanently different, to be only acciden-
tal varieties, ariftn? from culture. But as he is now
cultivating as many plants as the inclemency of the
climate where he is fituated, will permit, there is no
doubt of his reforming his error, in this particu-
lar, when he finds what plants retain their fpecific
difference.
The common Parfley muff be fown early in the fpring,
for the feeds remain a long time in the earth, the
plants feldom appearing in lefs than fix Weeks after
the feeds are fown. This fort is generally fown in
drills by the edges of borders' in the kitchen-gardens
near London, becaufe it is much eafier to keep it clear
from weeds, than if the feeds are fown promifcuoufly
on a border, and the Parfley is much fponer cut for
ufe : but when the roots are defired for medicinal life,
then the feeds muff be fown thin ; and when the
plants are come up, they fhould be hoed out Angle,
as is prafitifed for Carrots, Onions, &c. obferving al-
fo to cut up the weeds : if this be obferved, the roots
will become fit for ufe by July or Augu.lt, and con-
tinue fo till fpring.
There are fome perfons who are afraid to ufe. Parfley
in their kitchens, left they fhould fuffer by having the
Idler Hemlock mixed with it, whole leaves are fo
like Parfley, that perfons who are not fkilled in bo-
tany, may be eafily deceived •, which being a noxious
plant, feveral perfons have been injured by eating it :
but to prevent this, I have for many years cultivated
the fort with curled leaves, which is fo unlike the
Hemlock, that no perl’on, however ignorant, can
miftake one for the other, and have conftantly advifed
thofe of my acquaintance to do the fame •, for the
curled fort is equally good as the common Parfley,
and I have conftantly found the feeds, faved from the
curled fort, to produce the fame.
The common Parfley is, by fome fkilful perfons,
cultivated in fields for the ufe of fheep, it being a
fovereign remedy to prefer ve them from the rot, pro-
vided they are fed twice a week for two or three hours
each time with this herb •, but hares and rabbets are
fo fond of it, that they will come from a great diftance
to feed upon it •, and in countries where thefe ani-
mals abound, they will defcroy it, if it is not very fe-
curely fenced againft them ; fo that whoever has a
mind to have plenty of hares in their fields, by cul-
tivating Parfley, will draw all the hares of the coun-
try to them, and this will preferve them found.
The beft time for fowing it in the fields is about the
middle or latter end of February ■, the ground fhould
be made fine, and the feeds fown pretty thick, in
drills drawn at about a foot afunder, that the ground
may be kept hoed between the drills, to deftroy the
weeds, which, if permitted to grow, will foon over-
run the Parfley. One bufhel of feed will fow an acre
of land.
The great Garden Parfley is now more known to us
in England than it was fome years paft. In Holland
it has been long common in all their markets : they
bring thefe roots in bunches, as we do young Carrots
to market in fu miner •, and the roots are much of the
fame fize: it is called Petrofelirie Wortle by theDutch,
who are very fond of it for water fouche.
It may be cultivated by fowing the feeds in good
ground early in the fpring and in April, when the
plants are up, cut them out with a hoe (as is p rack fed
for young Carrots) to about five or fix inches fquare,
and keep them conftantly clean from weeds *, and in
July the roots will be fit to draw for ufe, and may
be boiled and eaten as young Carrots • and are very
palatable and wholfome, efpecially for thofe who are
troubled with the gravel.
But if thefe plants are cut out, to allow them more
room, if the foil is good, the roots will grow to the
fize of a middling Parfnep, by September.
Smallage is a common weed by the fide of ditches
and brooks of water, in many parts of England, fo
S that
A P I
fo that it is feldom cultivated in gardens , but it any
perfon is willing to propagate it, the feeds fhould be
fown foon after they are ripe, on a mo-ill fpot of
ground ; and when the plants come up, they may be
either tranfplanted in a moift foil, or hoed out, and
left fix or eight inches afunder, where they may re-
main tor good. The feed of this plant is one of the
lefter warm feeds ; both the herb and feeds are uled
in medicine.
The feeds of the two forts of Celery fhould be fown
at two or three different times, the better to continue
it for ufe through the whole feafon, without running
up to iced. The firft fowing fhould be in the begin-
ning of March, upon a gentle hot-bed ; the fecond
may be a fortnight or three weeks after, which ought
to be in an open fpot of light earth, where . it may
enjoy the benefit of the fun •, the third time of fowing
fhould be the end of April, or beginning of May,
which ought to be in a moift foil and if expofed to
the morning fun only, it will be fo much the better,
but it fhould not be under the drip of trees.
The feeds which are fown in. the hot-bed will come
up in about three weeks or a month after fowing,
when the plants fhould be carefully cleared from
weeds •, and if the feafon prove dry, they muft be fre-
quently watered ; and in about a month or five weeks
after it is up, the plants will be fit to tranfplant :
you muft therefore prepare fome beds of moift rich
earth, in a warm fituation, in which you fhould
prick the'fe young plants, at about three inches
lquare, that they may grow ftrong •, and if the feafon
fhould prove cold, the beds muft be covered with
mats, to fcreen the plants from morning frofts, which
would retard their growth : you muft alfo obferve, in
drawing thefe plants out of the feed-beds, to thin
them where they grow too thick, leaving the fmall
plants to get more ftrength before they are tranfplant-
ed ; by which means one and the fame feed-bed will
afford three different plantings, which will accord-
ingly fucceed each other for ufe.
You muft obferve, if the feafon proves dry, to keep
it diligently watered after it is tranfplanted, as alfo to
clear the feed-beds from weeds •, and after every draw-
ing, keep them duly watered, to encourage the fmall
plants left therein.
The middle of May fome of the plants of the firft
fowing will be fit to tranfplant for blanching, which
fhould be planted in a moift, rich, light foil, upon
which the firft planted Celery will often grow to be
twenty inches long in the clean blanched parts, which
upon a poor or dry foil feldom rifes to be ten inches.
The manner of tranfplanting it is as follows : after
having cleared the ground of weeds, you muft dig a
trench by a line about ten inches wide, and fix or
feven inches deep, loofening the earth in the bottom,
and laying it level ; the earth that comes out of the
trench fhould be equally laid on each fide the trench,
to be ready to draw in again to earth the Celery as
it advances in height. Thele trenches fhould be made
at three feet diftance from each other ; then plant the
plants in the middle of the trench, at about four or
five inches diftance, in one ftrait row, having before
trimmed the plants, and cut off the tops of the long-
leaves , when they are planted you muft obferve to
clofe the earth well to their roots, and to water them
plentifully until they have taken frefh root ; after which
time it will be needlefs, except in dry foils, or very dry
feafons : as thefe plants advance in height, you muft
obferve to draw the earth on each fide clofe to them,
being careful not to bury their hearts, nor ever to do
it but in dry weather, otherwife the plants will rot.
When the plants have advanced a confiderable
height above the trenches, and all the earth, which
was laid on the hides thereof, hath been employed in
earthing them up ; you muft then make ufe of a fpade
to dig up the earth between the trenches, which muft
alfo be made ufe of for the fame purpofe, continuing
from time to time to earth it up, until it is fit for ufe.
The firft of your planting out will, perhaps, be fit
for ufe by the beginning of July, and will be fucceed-
ed by the after plantations and if the latter fo wings
are rightly managed, there will be a fucceffion of Ce-
lery tor ufe till April ; but you fhould obferve to
plant the laft crop in a drier foil, to prevent its be-
ing rotted with too much wet in winter *, and alfo if
the weather fhould prove extreme fharp, you will
do well to cover your ridges of Celery with fome
Peafe-haulm, or fome fuch light covering, which will
admit the air to the plants •, for if they are covered
too clofe, they will be very fubjecft to rot ; by this
means you may preferve your Celery in feafon a long
time, but you muft remember to take off the cover-
ing whenever the weather will permit, otherwife it
will be apt to caufe the Celery to rot. By this me-
thod of covering the Celery, the froft will be kept
out of the ground ; fo it may be always taken up for
ufe when it is wanted, which, if neglected, it cannot
be taken up in hard froft. The Celery, when fully
blanched, will not continue good above three weeks
or a month before it will rot or pipe : therefore, in
order to continue it good, you fhould have at leaft
fix or leven different feafons of planting •, fo that if it
be only intended to fupply a family, there need not
be much planted at each time, but this muft be pro-
portioned according to the quantity required.
The other fort of Celery, which is commonly called
Celeriac, is to be managed in the fame manner as is di-
rected for the Italian Celery, excepting that this
fhould be planted upon the level ground, or in very
fhallow drills, for this plant feldom grows above eight
or ten inches high, fo requires but little earthing up %
the great excellency of this being in the fize of the
root, which is often as large as ordinary Turneps. It
ffiould be fown about the middle of March, upon a
rich border of earth, and, iff dry weather, conftantly
watered, otherwife the feeds will not grow : when the
plants are large enough to tranfplant out, they fhould
be placed eighteen inches afunder, row from row, and
the plants fix or eight inches diftant in the rows •, the
ground muft be carefully kept clean from weeds, but
this fort will require but one earthing up, which fhould
not be performed until the roots are nearly grown :
both thefe forts of Celery delight in a rich, light,
moift foil, where they will grow to a much larger
fize, and will be Tweeter and tenderer than on a poor
or dry ground.
The belt method to fave this feed, is to make choice
of fome long good roots of the upright Celery, which
have not been too much blanched, and plant them
out at about a foot afunder in a moift foil, early in
the fpring ; and when they run up to feed, keep them
fupported with flakes, to prevent their being broken
down by the winds : and in July, when the feed be-
gins to be formed, if the feafon fhould prove very
dry, it will be proper to give fome water to the plants,
which will greatly help their producing good feeds. In
Auguft thefe feeds will be ripe, at which time it
fhould be cut up, in a dry time, and fpread upon
cloths in the fun to dry ; then beat out the feeds, and
preferve them dry in bags for ufe.
APIUM ANISUM DICTUM. See Pimpi-
NELLA.
APIUM MACEDONICUM. See Bubox.
APIUM PYRENAICU M. See Crithmum,
APOCYNUM. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 91. Lin. Gen,
Plant. 269. [’A ttoxwov, of ccvo and xuvo? a dog, be-
caule the antients believed this plant would kill dogs.]
Doo-fbane.
O
The Characters are,
The flower hath a permanent empalement of one leaf, cut
into five acute fegments at the top ; it hath hut one petal,
which is of the open bell-Jhape, cut info five parts at the
brim, which turn backward in the bottom of the flower
are fituated five nefit drums, which are oval, and fluff otrnd
the germen : there are five ftamina, ficarce vifible, which
are crowned by oblong erect fiummits, which are bifid
in the center are two oval germen, fiupporting f mall ftyles ,
crowned with globular ftigma , larger than the germen.
The germen afterward become two long pointed capfiules ,
opening in two valves, having one cell, which' is filled with
comprefied feeds, lying over each other like tiles on a houfe,
each being crowned with down,
This
/
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond faction i
of Linnaeus’s fifth clafs, entitled Pentandria Digyma,
the flowers having five ftamina and two ftyies.
The Species are,
L. Apocynum (Andr of ami folium) caule reftiufculo her-
baceo foliis ovatis utrinque glabris cymis terminafi-
bus. Lin. Sp. Plant. 213. Dogfbane with an ere A her-
baceous ftalk , oval leaves, fmooth on both fides, and ter-
minated by a head of flowers. Apocynum Canadenie
foliis androfiemi majoris. Mor. Hift. 3. p. 609.
2. Apocynum ( Cannabinum ) caule redliufculo herbaceo
foliis oblongis panniculis terminalibus. Lin. Sp. Plant.
213. Dogfbane with an ere hi herbaceous ftalk , oblong
leaves, and flalks terminated by flowers. Apocynum
Canadenie maximum flore minimo herbaceo. Pluk.
Aim. 35.
3. Apocynum ( Venetum ) caule reftiufculo herbaceo fo-
liis ovato-lanceolatis. Prod. Leyd. 41 1. Dogfbane with
an upright herbaceous ftalk, cmd oval fpear-floaped leaves.
Apocynum maritimum venetum ialicis folio flore pur-
pureo. Tourn. Inft. 92.
4. Apocynum (< Speciofiffimtim ) foliis ovatis petiolatis, fu-
perne glabris, "floribus amplls pediculis longis hirfu-
tis caule fruticofo. Dogfbane with oval leaves, which
are fmooth on their upper fide, large flowers with long
hairy foot-ftalks , and a fhrubby ftalk. Apocynum erec-
tum fruticofum, flore luteo maximo & fpeciofiffimo.
Sloan. Cat. Jam. 89.
5. Apocynum ( Scandens ) foliis oblongo-cordatis rigidis
floribus lateralibus, caule fruticofo volubili. Dogfbane
with ftiff, oblong, heart-floaped leave's , flowers growing
on the fides of the ftalk, and a fhrubby twining ftalk.
Apocynum lcandens foliis citrii filiquis maculatis.
Plum. Cat. 2.
6. Apocynum ( Frutefcens ) caule erefto frutefcente foliis
lanceolato-ovalibus corollis acutis fauce villofis. Flor.
Zeyl. 1 14. Dogfbane with an upright flor ubby ftalk, oval
fpear-floaped leaves, acute petals, and hairy jaws. Apo-
cynurn caule erebto arboreo foliis ovatis acutis. Prod.
Leyd. 412.
7. Apocynum ( ReticulaiuM ) caule volubili perenne fo-
liis ovatis venofis. Prod. Leyd. 412. Dogfbane with
a perennial' twining ftalk, and oval veined leaves.
8. Apocynum (Obliquum) caule volubili foliis ovatis ri-
gidis obliquis cymis lateralibus tubo floris longiffimo.
Dczfbme with oval ftiff leaves which are oblique, a twin-
ing ftalk, and flowers growing from the fide of the
branches. Apocynum lcandens majus folio fubrotun-
clo. Sloan. Cat. Jam. 89.
9. Apocynum ( Nervofum ') caule fruticofo fcandente fo-
liis ovatis nervofis cymis lateralibus flore luteo magno
tubo longiffimo. Dogfbane with a climbing fhrubby ftalk,
oval-veined leaves, and large flowers growing in bunches
from the fides of the flalks , having very long tubes.
10. Apocynum [Cor datum') foliis oblongo-cordatis, mu-
cronatis feffiiibus floribus lateralibus, caule fcandente.
Dor fane with oblong heart-floaped leaves , which end in
a point , flowers growing at the wings of the leaves , and
a climbing ftalk. Apocynum lcandens foliis oblongis
acuminatis floribus amplis patulu3' & luteis. Houft.
MSS. Fig. PI. num. 8. pi. 44. f. s.
11. Apocynum {Villofum) foliis cordatis glabris floribus
villofis lateralibus petiolis longioribus caule fcandente.
Dogfbane with fmooth heart-floaped leaves , hairy flowers
growing from the fide of the branches, and a climbing
ftalk. Apocynum fcandens amplo flore villofo luteo
filiquis tumidis angulofis. Houft. MSS. Fig. PL tab.
44. fig. 2.
The firft fort grows naturally in North America.
This hath a perennial root j the ftalks rife about three
feet high, grow upright, and are garnilhed with fmooth
oval leaves, growing oppofite. Thefe, as alfo the ftalks,
abound with a milky juice, which flows out when they
are broken •, the flowers are white, and collefted in a
kind of umbel, growing at the top of the ftalks. The
neftarii in the bottom, have a purplifh caft •, thefe
flowers are feldom fucceeded by pods which ripen
in England, but the plant is propagated by parting
the roots. It is hardy, fo will thrive in the full ground,
but the foil fliould be light or dry, otherwife the roots
are apt to rot in winter. The beft time to part the
1 roots is hi March, before they begin to put out new
ffa&s.
The fecond fort is a native of the fame countries as
the firft } the roots of this fort creep far in the ground,
fo that when it is planted in a garden, it is apt to
Ip read fo much as to be troublefome. The ftalks of
this fort are brown, and grow about two feet high,
' garnifned with oblong fmooth leaves, fet on by
pairs, and abound' with a milky juice as the for-
mer. Towards the upper part of the ftalk, the flow-
ers come out from the wings of the leaves, collected
in frnall bunches, which are of an herbaceous white
colour, and frnall, fo make no great appearance,
therefore are feldom admitted into gardens, except
for the fake of variety. This is very hardy, and pro-
pagates too faft by its creeping roots. Both thefo
forts flower in July, and in autumn their ftalks decay
to the root.
The third fort grows upon a frnall Hand in the fea,
near Venice, but is fuppofed to have been originally
brought from fome other country. There are two
varieties of this, one With a purple, and the other*
with a white flower. The roots of this creep .pretty
much, by which it is propagated, for it fcarce ever
produces any feeds either in the gardens where it is
cultivated, or at Venice, where it groWs without care,
as I have been informed by a very curious botanift,
who reflded many years at Venice, and conftantly
went to the fpot feveral times in the feafon, to pro-
cure the feeds, if there had been any produced j but
he allured me he never could find any pods formed
on the plants. The ftalks of this rife about two feet
high, and are garnilhed with oval fmooth leaves
placed' oppofite the flowers grow at the top of the
ftalks in frnall umbels, lhaped like thofe of the former
forts, but are much larger, fo that the fort with pur-
ple flowers makes a pretty appearance. It flowers in
July and Auguft. This fort will live in the open air,
provided it is planted in a warm fituation and a dry
foil ; for although the foil in which it grows wild near
Venice, is moift, yet in this country the roots will
rot in winter, when they are in a wet ground. The
beft time to remove and plant the roots is in fpring,
juft before they begin to pufti out new ftalks.
The fourth fort grows naturally in Jamaica, in the
Savannas, from whence it had the title of Savanna
Flower, by which it is chiefly known in that ifland.
This fort riles three or four feet high, having woody
ftalks, which fend out a few lateral branches, gar-
nifhed with oval ftnOoth leaves, placed by pairs op-
pofite, of a Aiming green colour on their upper fides,
but pale and veined underneath ^ the flowers are pro-
duced from the fides of the branches, upon long foot-
ftalks •, there are commonly four or five buds at the
end of each, but there is feldom more than one of
them which cqmes to flower, the others withering
foon. The flower is very large, having a long tube,
Which fpreads open wide at the top, of a bright yel-
low, fo make a fine appearance, efpecially in the
places where the plants grow naturally, being moft
part of the year in flower. This plant is too tender
to thrive in England without the afllftance of a ftove.
It is propagated by feeds, which muft be procured
from Jamaica, for the plants do not perfedt them in
England, nor are many of the feeds which are brought
from thence good, either from their being unfk'ilfully
gathered before they are ripe, or being put up moift,
for few of them have fucceeded. When the feeds are
obtained, they fliould be fown in pots filled with light
fandy earth, and plunged into a hot-bed of tanners
bark. If the feeds are good, the plants will appear
in a month or five weeks after, when they fliould be
treated in the fame manner as other tender plants from
the fame country, with this difference only, to be
fparing in watering them, for thefe plants which a-
bound with a milky juice, require very little wet.
They muft be conftantly kept in the tan-bed in
the ftove, and as they advance in height, they will
require larger pots, but there muft be great cate not
to over-pot them •, for unlefs their roots are confined,
the plants will not thrive. The fecond year the
2 plants
plants will flower, if they have been fkilfully rfia-
nageci, when . they will make a fine appearance in the
(love ; the ufual time of their flowering in England,
is in July and Auguft, but the plants retain their
leaves through the year, which, being of a beautiful
green, look very well at all feafons.
The fifth fort was difcovered by father Plumier, in
fome of the French iilands in America, who made a
drawing of the plant. It was afterwards found by the
late Mr. Robert Millar, furgeon, growing plentifully
near Carthagena, in New Spain, from whence he fent
the feeds, which fucceeded in feveral gardens. This
plant hath twining (talks, by which it mounts to the
tops of very tall trees, garnifhed with (tiff, oblong,
heart-lhaped leaves, which are frnpoth, and of a (hin-
ing green colour, being of the fame thicknefs with
thole of the Citron-tree. The flowers are produced
in finall clufters from the fides of the branches, and
are of an herbaceous colour, fo do not make any great
appearance. Thefe appear in Auguft and September,
but are not fucceeded by pods in this country.
The fixth fort grows naturally in India, Ceylon, and
upon the coafts of Guinea, from whence I have re-
ceived the feeds. This plant rifes with a woody Item
to the height of five or fix feet, dividing into feveral
branches, garnilhed with oblong, pointed, fmooth
leaves, of a (hining green above, but pale underneath,
placed by pairs oppofite. From the wings of the
leaves the flowers are produced in loofe bunches.
Thefe are finall, tubulous, and of a purple colour,
but are never fucceeded by pods in this country. It
is a very tender plant, fo muft be conftantly kept in
a hot-houfe, and plunged in the tan-bed, otherwife
it will not thrive in England ; it may be propagated
by cuttings during the fummer months, but they
fhould be laid to dry in the (love, three or four days
before they are planted-, for as the plants abound
with a milky juice, fo unlefs the ends of the cuttings
where the wounds are made, are well dried and healed
over before they are put into the ground, they are
very fubjeft to rot. This plant muft be fparingly
watered, efpecially in winter, and fhould be planted
in light fandy earth.
The feventh fort grows naturally, in India I received
feeds of this from Dr. Van Royen, profeflor of bo-
tany at Leyden. This plant hath a twining (talk, by
which it rifes to a confiderable height, garnifhed with
oblong leaves, which are much veined, and abound
with a milky juice, which flows out whenever they
are broken. This plant hath not yet produced flow-
ers in England. It is tender, fo requires to be con-
ftantly preferved in the ftove, otherwife it will not
thrive in this country.
The eighth fort grows naturally in Jamaica, from
whence the feeds were fent me by the late Dr. William
Houfton. It hath a climbing ftalk, which faftens to
the neighbouring trees, and rifes ten or twelve feet
high. The leaves are oval, ftiff, and oblique to the
foot-ftalk -, the flowers are produced from the wings
of the leaves, of a purplifh colour, and have very
long tubes, but fpread open wide at the top. This
doth not produce feeds in England, nor have I been
able to propagate it, either by layers or cuttings. It
is tender, fo. muft conftantly remain in the ftove, and
fhould have little water.
The ninth fort hath a climbing woody ftalk, and rifes
to a confiderable height, by the fupport of neigh-
bouring trees. The leaves grow by pairs oppofite;
they are oval, ending in a (harp point, and have many
tranfverfe nerves from the midrib. The flowers come
out from the wings of the leaves, each (landing upon
a feparate long foot-ftalk ; they are large, of a bright
yellow colour, with very long tubes, fpreading open
wide at the top ; thefe are fucceeded by long com-
preffed pods, which have borders on one fide filled
with long channelled feeds, which are crowned with
long plumes of foft down. This fort grows naturally
at Carthagena, in New Spain, from whence I received
the feeds. It is tender, fo will not thrive in England,
unlefs it is conftantly preferved ifl the ftove. This is
propagated by feeds, which muft be procured from
the country where it grows naturally, for the feeds
do not ripen in this country. When" the feeds are
procured, they muft be (own in pots, and plunged
into a hot-bed ; and when the plants come up, they
fhould be treated in the fame manner as hath been be-
fore dire&ed for the fourth fort. It flowers in Au-
guft and September in England, but in its natural
country it flowers great part of the year.
The tenth and eleventh forts were difcovered at La
Vera Cruz, in New Spain, by the late Dr. William
Houfton, who lent their feeds to England. Thefe
plants have both climbing ftalks, by which they
mount to the tops of the tailed trees. In England
they have climbed over the plants in the (loves, and
then to upward of twenty feet high. The tenth fort
has produced flowers in England feveral times, but
the eleventh, which grows more luxuriantly than the
other, never had any appearance of flowers. Thefe
are both propagated by feeds, which fhould be fown
as the fourth fort, and the plants muft be treated in
the fame manner afterward. All thefe fpecies of
Dogfbane abound with a milky juice, which flows
out from any part of their ftalks or leaves when they
are broken and this is generally fuppofed to be hurt-
ful, if taken inwardly, for it doth not raife binders
on the (kin, as the juice of Spurge, and other acrid
plants, fo is not injurious unlefs inwardly taken. The
pods of all the forts are filled with feeds, which are*
for the mold part, cqmprefled, andiie over each other
(imbricatim) like tiles on a houfe : thefe have each a
long plume, of a cottony down faftened to their
crowns, by which, when the pods are ripe and open,
the feeds are wafted by the wind to a confiderable
diftance ; fo that in the countries where thefe plants
naturally grow, they are fome of the mod troubie-
l'ome weeds.
The down of thefe plants is in great efteem in France,
for (luffing of eafy chairs, making very light quilts,
which are warm, and extremely light, fo are very pro-
per covering for perfqns afflitfted with the gout, for
the down is fo extreme light and elaftic that it occa-
fions no weight. This the French call Delawad, and
in the fouthern parts of France, where fome of the
forts will thrive in the open air, and perfefl their feeds,
there are many plantations made of thefe plants for
the fake of the down.
As many of thefe forts grow plentifully in the uncul-
tivated lands in Jamaica, this cottony down might
be eaflly procured from thence in plenty, and might
probably become a vendible commodity in England,
which may turn to advantage, if once it becomes a
faffiionable fort of furniture, efpecially as the plants
require no cultivation, the only trouble being to col-
led!: the down, which, in fome of the forts which have
large pods, is produced in great quantity, fo may be
collecled with little trouble.
The other forts which have been ranged under this
genus, are now referred to the following genera, to
which the reader is defired to turn, for fuch of them
as are not here enumerated, viz. Afclepias, Cynan-
chum, and Periploca.
A P P L E-T REE. See Malus.
APPLES of Love. SeeLicoPERsicox andSoLANUM.
APPLES (MAD). See Melongena.
APRICOT, or ABRICOT. See Armeniaca.
AQJJIFOLIUM. See Ilex.
A Q U I L E G I A [called alfo Aquilina , from Aquila, L.
an eagle, becaufe the flower refembles that bird].
Columbine.
The Characters are,
'The flower hath no empalcment , but is compofed of five
equal oval petals , which are plain , and fpread open ,
within which are five equal nebiarii , ranged alternately
with the petals , each efi the horns widening upward , the
opening being oblique to the fide as it afeends , and is faft-
ened to the receptacle within , the lower part lengthening
gradually into a long tube , hanging by a blunt incurved
apex. It hath many awl-Jhaped ftamina , which are crown-
ed by oblong upright fummits , with five oval germen , fup-
port irg
A Q^U
porting awl-fhaped ftyles, which are longer than the fla-
mina , crowned by ere hi ftigma ; the germen afterwards
become five cylindrical veffels , which ft and upright , are
parallel , pointed , open in one cell , which are filled
with oval fkining feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fifth feftion of
Linnseus’s thirteenth clafs, entitled Polyandria Pen-
tagynia, the flowers having many ftamina and five
ftyles.
The Species are,
. Aquilegia ( Vulgaris ) ne&aris reftis petalo lanceolato
brevioribus. Lin.Sp. Plant. 533. Columbine with upright
neblar turns fhorter than its petal, which is fpear-Jhaped.
Aquilegia Sylveftris. C. B. P. 144. Wild Columbine.
. Aquilegia {Alpina) necftariis re&is, petalis ovatis Ion-
gioribus. Columbine with ere hi nehlarii, and longer oval
flower-leaves. Aquilegia montana magno flore. C. B. P.
. Aquilegia (• Inverfa ) ne&ariis incurvis. Hort. Upfal.
Columbine with nehlarii turned inward. Aquilegia flore
pleno inverfo, J. B. 485. Columbine with a double in-
verted flower.
. Aquilegia ( Canaderfis ) nedariis rectis ftaminibus co-
rolla longioribus. Hort. Upfal 153. Columbine with
ftraight nehlarii , and ftamina longer than the petals. Aqui-
legia pumila preecox Canadenfis. Cornut. Canad. 60.
Early dwarf Canada Columbine.
The firft fort is found growing wild in the woods in
fome parts of England •, I have frequently gathered
it in the woods, near Bexley, in Kent •, and alfo be-
tween Maidftone and Rochefter. The flowers of this
are blue, the petals are fhort, and the nectarii are
very prominent, in which it differs from the fecond,
whofe petals are longer, and the nedarii do not rife
fo high. This I found growing naturally near Ingle-
borough Hill, in Yorkfhire. The flowers of this are
much larger than thofe of the Garden Columbine,
and the feeds which I fowed of this in the garden
at Chelfea, produced the fame fpecies without the leaft
variation.
The third is the Garden Columbine, of which there
are great varieties, not only in the colour and fulnefs
of their flowers, but alfo in their form. In fome
there are no vifible nedarii, but in place of them a
multiplicity of petals, fo that the flowers are as dou-
ble as thofe of the Larkfpur. Thefe are commonly
called Rofe Columbines; the colours of thefe are
chefnut, blue, red, and white, and fome are finely
variegated with two colours.
There are others with fharp pointed petals, which
expand in form of a ftar •, of thefe there are Angle and
double flowers, of the feveral colours as the former.
From the different fhape of thefe flowers, any perfon
not well fkilled in the culture of plants, would fup-
pofe they were diftind from the others ; but having
feveral years fown their feeds, which were colleded
with great care, I have found them always varying
from one to the other : therefore I have not enume-
rated their varieties here, knowing they can never be
preferved the fame from feeds, however carefully they
are faved : however, as the forts with variegated flow-
ers are efteemed the greateft beauties, fo thofe per-
fons, w r ho are deflrous to have them in perfedion,
fhould root out all thofe plants whofe flowers are not
well marked, or at leaft cut off their ftems fo loon as
their flowers appear, leaving only the moft beautiful
to feed, that the farina of the plain flowers, may not
impregnate the others, whereby the plants raifed from
their feeds may not be degenerated, of which too
much care cannot be taken.
Thefe plants are all raifed by flowing the feeds, or
parting the old roots, but the former method is chiefly
pradifed ; for the old roots are very apt to degenerate
after they have blown two or three years, fo as to
become quite plain.
The feeds fhould be fown in a nurfery-bed in Auguft
or September, for the feeds which are kept till fpring
feldom grow well, or at leaft remain in the ground a
whole year. The fpring following the plants will ap-
pear above ground, therefore fhould be kept clear
from weeds, and if the feafon fhould be dry, they
A R A
fhould be refrefhed with water, that they may gather'
ftrength.
In the middle or latter end of May, thefe plants will
be ftrong enough to tranfplant ; therefore fome beds
of good frefh undunged earth fhould be prepared,
planting them therein at eight or nine inches diftance
every way, keeping them clear from weeds, and re-
frefhing them with a little water, as they may re-
quire it.
In the following autumn, by which time the plants
will have acquired ftrength enough to flower the
fummer following, the roots fhould be carefully taken
up, and planted in the borders of the flower-garden;
but where their roots are defigned to be preferved in
perfedion, all their flower-ftems fhould be cut off,
as foon as the flowers are paft, to prevent their de-
generating by the commixture of the farina from
other flowers.
But in order to be fure of having no Angle or bad
flowers in the borders, you may fuffer the plants to
remain in the nurfery-beds until they have blown 5
at which time you may put a itick by each root you
fancy to preferve, or pull out all the Angle or bad co-
loured ones, and throw them away, cutting off all
the flowers from your beft roots as foon as they have
fhewn themfelves, which will greatly add to the pre-
ferring them fair in their colours.
In order to keep up a fuccefllon of good flowers,
frefh feeds fhould be fown every year ; and if you can
meet with a friend, at fome diftance, who is furnifhed
with good flowers of this kind, it will be very ad-
vantageous to both parties, to exchange feeds once
in two years, by which they will not be fo apt to de-
generate into plain colours.
In laving the feeds of the variegated columbines,
great care fhould be taken not to fuffer any plain flow-
ers to remain for feed, there being generally fome
plain flowers intermixed with the ftriped ones on the
fame plant, and often in the fame branches : thefe
fhould be cut off, for if they are permitted to feed,
or if their farina mix and impregnate the ftriped
flowers, they will degenerate into plain colours ; fo
that there cannot be too much care taken in favinp-
the feeds, where the beauty of their flowers are re-
garded.
The Canada Columbine flowers almoft a month be-
fore the other forts ; for which reafon it is preferved
in the gardens of the curious, though there is no great
beauty in the flowers. There is another variety of
this fort, with taller flower-ftems, which flowers a
little after the other, but do not differ, either in the
fhape of its flowers or leaves from this, fo I conclude
they are but one diftinct fpecies. The Canada Co-
lumbines flower in April, and their feeds ripen the
beginning of Auguft. The other forts flower toward
the end of May, and in cool feafons will continue to
produce flowers till the middle of July, and their
feeds ripen toward the middle or end of September,
according as the feafon proves more or Ids favou-
rable.
The firft fort is that which is direded for medicinal
ufe in the difpenfaries, but at prefent is very rarely
ordered.
ARAB IS. Lin. Gen. Plant. 732. Baftard Tower
Muftard.
The Characters are,
The flower hath a four-leaved empalement , two of the op-
pofite leaves being large , and the other two narrow ; thefe
fall off. The flower hath four petals in form of a crcfs ,
which fpread open ; at the bottom of each is Jituated a re-
flexed nehlarium fixed to the empalement , and between thefe
arifle fix upright ftamina , two of which are no longer than
the flower-cup , the other four are much longer : thefe are
crowned with heart-fhaped fummits. In the center is fitu-
ated a taper germen, which is as long as the ftamina,
having no ftyle , but the obtufle ftigma refs upon it. This
afterward becomes a narrow , long, compreffed pod opening
lengthways , having two valves and a thin partition, be-
tween which is lodged a row of flat feeds.
T
This
A Pv A '
This genus of plants is ranged in Linnaeus’s fifteenth
clafs, entitled Tetradynamia Siliquofa : fo called, be-
caufe the flowers have four ftamina longer than the
other two, and the feeds growing in long pods.
The Species are,
1. Arabxs ( Thaliana ) folds petiolatis lanceolatis inte-
gerrimis. Vir. Cliff. 64. Baftard ‘ Tower Muftard 1, with
whole fpear-Jhaped leaves having foot -ft alks. Burfae paf-
toris nmilis filiquofa major. C. B. P. 108.
2. Arabis ( Alptna ) foliis amplexicaulibus dentatis. Hort.
Cliff. 335. Bafiard Bower Muftard , with indented leaves
embracing the ft alks. Draba alba liliquofa repens.
C. B. P.
3. Arabis ( Pendula ) foliis amplexicaulibus filiquis an-
cipitibus linearibus calycibus fubpilofis. Hort. Upfal.
1 9 1 . Bafts ard Bozver Muftard with leaves embracing the
ft alks, narrow pods hanging two ways , and hairy flower-
cups. Turritis latifolia hirfuta filiquis pendulis. Am-
man. Ruth. 58.
4. Arabis ( Burrita ) foliis amplexicaulibus filiquis de-
curvis planis linearibus calycibus fubrugofis. Hort.
Upfal. 192. Bafiard Bower Muftard , zvith narrow, plain,
hanging pods , and rough flower-cups. . Leucoium hefpe-
ridis folio. Tourn. Inft. 221. Stock Gittiflower with a
leaf of Dame’s Violet.
5. Arabis ( Lyrata ) foliis glabris, radicalibus lyratis,
caulinis linearibus. Flor. Virg. 99. Baftard Bower
Muftard with ftmooth leaves , thofe at the root lyre-Jhaped ,
but on the ft alks linear.
6 . Arabis ( 'Canaienfis ) foliis caulinis lanceolatis dentatis
glabris. Flor: Vug. 100. Baftard Bower Muftard, zviih
fpear-Jhaped , indented, finooth leaves. Eruca Virginiana,
bellidis majoris folio. Piufc. Alin. 136.
The firft fort is a low plant, feldom rifingmore than
four or five inches high, fending out many {hort
branches on every fide, terminated by fmall white
flowers growing alternately the moft part of their
' length, each having four petals in form of a crofs,
which are lucceeded by long flender pods filled with
fmall round feeds. It grows naturally on fandy dry
ground, in many parts of England.
The fecond fort grows naturally in Iftria, from whence
I received the feeds ; it is aifo a native of the Alps,
and many other mountainous countries. This is a
perennial plant, which increafes by its creeping roots,
which run obliquely near the furface of the ground,
and fend down roots at every joint. The leaves are
collected into heads, fpreading circularly like thofe
of the London Pride. Thefe are oblong, whitifh,
and indented on their edges ; out of thefe heads arife
the flower-ftalks, which grow near a foot high, gar-
nifned with leaves placed alternately, which are
broader at their bale than thofe which grow below,
and clofely embrace the ftalks : the flowers grow in
loofe bunches on the top ; thefe are white, and have
leaves in form of acrols, which are lucceeded by long
fiat pods, opening lengthways, having two cells,
which are feparated by an intermediate partition, each
having one row of flat reddifh feeds.
This is a very hardy plant, fo will thrive in any fi-
tuation. It produces feeds in plenty, but as it multi-
plies fo fait by its creeping roots, few periods are
at the trouble to fijw the feeds. Ic flowers early in the
fpring, and having many ftalks rifing from one root,
they make a pretty variety in cold fituations, where
many finer plants will not thrive, fo may have place
in rural plantations among fhrubs, where they will
thrive with very little care.
The third fort grows naturally in Siberia, from whence
the feeds were brought to Peterlburgh. This is a
pe: ennial plant, which grows near a foot high ; the
leaves are bread, hairy, and indented on their edges *,
thefe clofely embrace the ftalks. The flowers grow
alternately in loofe fpikes, and are of a dirty white
colour. Thefe are lucceeded by long narrow pods,
which are filled with fiat brown feeds like the former,
but the pods of this hang downwards two ways. It
flowers early in ip ring, and perfects feeds very well,
by which it may be propagated in plenty. .
The fourth fort grows naturally in Hungary, Sicily,
"6
A R A
and France. I have alfo found it growing wild upon
fome old walls at Cambridge and Ely, but the feeds
might probably come out of the garden's where they
were firft planted. The plants of this kind, which
grow on walls or ruins, continue much longer than
thofe which are fown in gardens, where they feldom
live longer than two years. The leaves of this fore
are long, broad, hairy, and a little waved on their
edges ; of a pale colour, and fpread near the ground:
from the center of thefe come out the ftalks, which
rife about a foot and a half high, having feveral leaves
growing alternately, which clofely embrace them.
Toward the top of the ftalks, they divide into feveral
fmall branches, which are terminated by long loofe
fpikes of flowers, of a dirty white colour, each having
four petals placed in form of a crofs. After the flowers
are paft, the germen becomes long flat pods, which
turn backward at their extremity and open length-
ways, having two rows of fiat-bordered feeds, of a
dark brown colour, feparated by a thin intermediate
partition.
This fort is eafily propagated by feeds, which fhould
be fown in the autumn ; for thofe which are fown
in the fpring frequently mifearry, or lie in the ground
a whole year before they grow. When the plants are
Itreng enough to remove, they may be tranfplanted
into a fhady border, or in rural plantations, where
no other care will be necefiary, but to prevent their
being overgrown by weeds. The plants flower in
May, and their feeds ripen in July. There is little
beauty in this plant, yet many perfons preferve it in
their gardens to make a variety.
The fifth fort is annual, it grows naturally in North
America; the leaves near the root are lyre-ffiaped,
but thofe on the flower-ftalks are linear, placed al-
ternately; both are fmooth; the flower-ftalks rife near
a foot high, and are terminated by white flowers,
which are fucceeded by flender pods.
The fixth fort was brought from Virginia; this is a
biennial plant, whofe lower leaves fpread on the
ground, thefe are deeply indented on their hides ; the
flower-ftalks rife a foot high, fuftaining feveral yellow
flowers placed fcatteringly at the top, which are fuc-
• ceeded by pretty long flat pods, filled with feeds.
The two laft mentioned forts have little beauty to
recommend them, nor are their virtues known, there-
fore they are rarely admitted into any gardens except
for variety. They are eafily propagated by feeds,
which if permitted to fcatter on the ground, will pro-
duce plants in plenty on any foil, or in any flotation.
ARACHI S, Earth, or Ground Nut.
The Characters are,
Bhe empalement of the flower opens in two parts, the
upper being cut into three at the extremity , the under one
is hollow ending in a point, and longer than the other. Bhe
flower is of the butterfly kind, having four petals ; the
ftandard is large, roundifh , and plain ; the wings are open
and floor ter than the ftandard, the keel is little longer than
the empalement , and turns back. Bhe flower hath ten
ftamina , nine of which coalefce, and the upper one ft amis
off ; thefe are no longer than the keel , crowned by round
fummits. In the center is fituated an oblong germen, [up-
porting an awl-ftoaped ftyls , crowned by a fingle Jligma.
Bhe germen afterward turns to an oblong pod , containing
tzvo or three oblong blunt feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in Linnaeus’s feven-
teenth clafs, entitled Diadeiphia Decandria, from the
flowers having ten ftamina, which are in two bodies.
We have but one Species of this plant, viz.
Arachis (Hypogaac) Lin. Hort. Cliff 353. Earth or
Ground Nut. Arachidna quadrifolia viilofa flore luteo.
Plum. Nov. Gen. 49.
The native country of this plant I believe is Africa,
though at prefent, all the fettlements in America
abound with it ; but many perfons who have refided
in that country affirm, they were originally brought
by the flaves from Africa there, where they have been
fpread all over the fettlements.
It multiplies very faft in a warm country, but being
impatient of cold, it cannot be propagated in the open
'air
A R A
air in England ; therefore whoever has an inclination
to cultivate this plant, muft plant the feeds in a hot-
bed in the fpring of the year, keeping the glafies over
the plants till the middle or end of June ; after which
time, if the weather prove warm, they may be ex-
pofed to the open air by degrees. The branches of
this plant trail upon the ground, and the flowers
(which are yellow) are produced Angle upon long
foot-ftalks ; and as foon as the flower begins to decay,
the germen is thruft under ground, where the pod is
formed and ripened; fo that unlefs the ground is
opened, they never appear : the negroes kept this a
fecret among themfelves, therefore could fupply them-
felves with thefe nuts unknown to their matters. The
roots of thefe plants are annual, but the nuts or feeds
fufficiently ftock the ground in a warm country, where
they are not very carefully taken up. In South Ca-
rolina there is great plenty of thefe nuts, which the
inhabitants roaft, and make ule of as chocolate.
ARALIA, Berry-bearing Angelica.
The Characters are,
It is an umbelliferous plant with a globular umbel , having
a J: mall involucrum ; the mpalement of the flower is finally
indented in five parts , and refts upon the germen. The
flower hath five oval petals , which are reflexed ; it hath
five awl-floaped ftamina crowned by romdifh furnmits ; the
round germen below the empalement fupports five Jhort
fiyles , each of which is crowned by a Jingle ftigma. 5 "he
germen afterward turns to a roundifh channelled berry ,
having five cells , each containing one oblong hard feed.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fifth fe&ion of
Linnaeus’s fifth clafs, entitled Pentandria Pentagynia,
the flow' ers having five ftamina and five ftyles.
The Species are,
x. Aralia ( Racemofa ) caule foliofo herbaceo kevi. Hort.
Upfal. 70. Berry-bearing Angelica , with an herbaceous
leafy fialk. Aralia Canadenfis. Tourn. Inft. R. H.
300.
2. Aralia {Nudicaulis) caule nudo foliis ternatis. Hort.
Cliff. 1 1 3 . Berry-bearing Angelica with a naked fialk.
Aralia caule nudo radice repente. Cold. Noveb. 66.
3. Aralia ( Spinofa ) arborefcens caule foliolifque acu-
leata. Vir. Cliff. 26. Tree Berry-bearing Angelica, whofe
fialk and leaves are prickly. Aralia arborefcens fpinola.
Vaill. Serm. Angelica-tree , vulgo.
The firft fort is pretty common in many gardens near
London, but the fecond is at prefent m6re rarely met
with. Both thefe plants grow naturally in North
America, from whence their feeds were brought to
Europe. They are perennial plants, whofe ftalks de-
cay in autumn, and new ones arife from their roots
in the fpring. The firft grows three or four feet high,
and divides into many irregular branches, garnifhed
with ramofe leaves, placed alternately ; at the wings
of thefe the flower-ftalks are produced, which are ter-
minated by round umbels of fmall four-leaved flowers,
of a whitifh colour ; thefe are fucceeded by round
channelled berries, which when ripe, are black. This
flowers in July, and the feeds ripen in October.
The fecond fort rifes to near the fame height as the
former ; the leaves of this have two trifoliate large
lobes, which are fawed on their edges. The flower-
ftalks arife between thefe immediately from the root,
being naked, and are terminated by round umbels
of flowers, in ftiape and colour like the firft ; thefe
are fucceeded by berries, which are fmaller than thofe
of the other. This flowers toward the end of July,
and the feeds ripen late in the autumn. The roots
of this fort were formerly brought over and fold for
Sarfaparilia, and at this time feveral of the inhabitants
of Canada make ufe of it as fuch, but it is very dif-
ferent from the true fort.
Both thefe forts are eafily propagated by feeds, which
are generally produced in plenty. Thefe fhould be
fown in the autumn foon after they are ripe, for thofe
which are fown in the fpring, never grow the fame
year, fo that a whole feafon is gained by the lowing
in autumn. When the plants appear, they muft be
kept clean from weeds during the fummer ; and in
the autumn following, when their leaves decay, the
A R A
■foots may be taken up, and tranfplanted where they
are to remain. They are very hardy plants, fo may
be planted in any fituation ; and as they grow natu-
rally in woods, fo they may be planted in wildernefs
quarters, under trees, where, although they have no
great beauty, yet they will add to the variety.
Thefe two forts may alio be propagated by parting of
their roots ; the beft time for doing this is in the
autumn, foon after their leaves decay. Thefe fhould
be planted pretty far afunder, for their roots fpread
to a confiderable diftance, where they are left un-
difturbed for fome years.
The third fort rifes with a woody item to the height
of eight or ten feet, dividing, into ieveral branches,
garnifhed with branching leaves, which are com-
pounded of many divaricated wings ; the lobes of
which are oblong, and the ribs of the leaves, as alfo
the branches and items of the plants, are armed with
ftrong crooked fpines, which renders the places very
difficult to pafs through where they grow in plenty.
The flowers of this fort are produced in large loofe
umbels, at the extremity of the branches, and are of
an herbaceous colour, fo make no great figure, but
the plants are preferred in moft of the curious gardens
in England. It flowers in Auguft, but the feeds do
not ripen in this country. •
This is propagated by feeds, which are eafily pro-
cured from North America; but as they feldom ar-
rive here till toward the fpring, fo the plants never
come up the firft year : therefore when the feeds ar-
rive, they fhould be fown in pots, filled with light
earth, and placed in a fhady fituation, where they
may remain until the next autumn, being careful to
v/eed the pots conftantly ; otherwife if weeds are per- '
mitted to grow till they are large, they 'cannot be
taken out, without drawing up the feeds with their
roots. In the autumn, the pots fhould be plunged
either into an old bed of tan, or in a warm border
under the fhelter of a hedge or wall ; and if the winter
proves fevere, it will be proper to cover the pots with
ftraw or Peafe-haulm, to prevent the froft from pe-,
netrating deep into the ground. In March the pots
fhould be plunged into a moderate hot-bed, which
will bring up the plants early, fo that they will have
more time to get ftrength before the following winter.
When the plants come up, they fhould be frequently
refrefhed with water, and conftantly kept clfean from
weeds : in May they fhould be inured to the open air,
and when they are removed out of the bed, they
fhould have a fhady fituation. Thefe plants fhould
not be difturbed the firft feafon, but as they are often
injured by froft when young, fo in Oftober the pots
fhould be placed under a frame, where they may be
fcreened from hard frails, but in mild weather fhould
be conftantly opened to enjoy the free air. The leaves
of thefe plants fall away in the autumn, fo that fome
perfons have fuppofed them dead, and have thrown
them out of the pots, which every one fhould -be
cautioned againft. In the fpring, before the plants
begin to pufh, they fhould be carefully fhaken out of
the pots, and feparated ; part of them fhould be
planted fingly into fmall pots, and the other may be
planted in a bed of light earth in a warm fituation.
If thofe which are planted in the fmall pots are plunged
in a moderate hot-bed, it will greatly forward their
growth ; but they muft be -early inured to bear the
open air, otherwife they will draw up weak. In the
following fummer they muft have a fhady fituation,
and the next winter fhould be flickered again ; the
fpring following they may be fhaken out of the pots,
and planted where they are defigned to remain. Thofe
plants which were planted in the bed, will require
proteftion from the froft the firft winter ; therefore
if the furface of the ground is covered with old tan- ■
ners bark, it will prevent the froft from penetrating
to their roots ; 'and if in hard frofts, fome ftraw,
Peafe-haulm, or any light covering is laid over the
bed, it will fecure their Items from being injured.
The plants in the bed may remain there two years, by
which time they will be ftrong
mough
to
ARB
to the places where they are defigned to grow. As
thefe plants do not come out very early in the fpring,
fo they often continue growing pretty late in the au-
tumn, which caufes the extreme parts of their fhoots
1 to be very tender, whereby they often fuffer from the
early frofts in autumn, which frequently kill the upper
parts of the fihoots ; but as their woody ftems are
feldom injured, fo they put out new branches below:
and if in very fevere winters the ftems are deftroyed,
yet the roots will remain, and put out new ones the
following fummer, therefore they fhould not be de-
ftroyed.
This plant may alfo be propagated by its roots, for
as they fpread far in the ground, fo if they are laid
open, and fome of the ftrongeft are feparated from
the plant and left in the ground, they will put out
new ftems and make new plants. Or if part of the
roots are taken off and planted on a moderate hot-bed,
they will pulli out ftems in plenty, fo may be increafed
with eafe.
ARBOR, a tree, is defined to be a gemmiparous
plant, with a Angle trunk or Item, abounding with
fihoots. This is the only definition which conveys an
idea whereby to diftinguifh a tree from a ftirub, which
is a gemmiparous plant, with many ftems or trunks.
ARBOR C AMPHORIFERA. See Laurus.
ARBOR CORAL. See Erythrina.
ARBOR JUDfE. See Cercis.
ARBOREOUS [Arbor eus, Lat. of, or belonging to,
or of the nature of, trees.] An epithet which bota-
nifts apply to thofe fungufes, or moffes which grow
on trees, in diftindtion from thofe that grow on the
ground; as Agaric, Jews-ear, &c.
ARBOURS [ Arboreta , of Arbor, Lat. a tree.] Thefe
were formerly in greater efteem with us than at pre-
fers ; few gardens were without covered arbours, and
fhady feats - ; but of late they have been much re-
jected, and that not without good reafon ; for befides
the great expence in their firft eredting, they were a
continual charge keeping repaired ; for the wet foak-
ing through the leaves of the trees to the wood- work,
was, by the continual fhade, and for the want of free
air, detained fo long as to rot the wood (which, if
wholly expofed to the weather, would have lafted fe-
ven or eight) in two or three years ; befide, the feats
are continually damp, and unhealthy ; for which rea-
fon, covered feats or alcoves, are every where, at this
time, preferred to them.
Arbours are generally made of lattice- work, either in
wood or iron, and covered with Elms, Limes, Horn-
beam ; or with Creepers, as Honeyfucldes, Jafmines,
or Paftion-flowers ; either of which will anfwer the
purpofe very well, if rightly managed.
ARBUTUS, the Strawberry-tree.
The Characters are,
Lhe flower hath a finally obtufe , permanent empalement ,
which is cut into five parts , upon which the germen fits.
The flower is of one leaf \ fhaped like a pitcher , and di-
vided into five parts at the brim , . which turn backward.
It hath ten Jhcrt ftamina , which are joined at the bottom
to the fl.ower leaf ; thefe are crowned with bifid fiummits.
At the bottom of the flower is fiituated the globular ger-
mcn, fupp or ting a cylindrical ftyle , crowned by a thick blunt
fiigma. After the flower is paft , the germen becomes an
oval or round berry , having five cells , which are filled
with hard feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the tenth clafs of
Linnaeus, entitled Decandria Monogynia, from the
flowers having ten ftamina and one ftyle.
The Species are,
1. Arbutus ( Unedo ) folks glabris ferratis, baccis poly-
fpermis, caule erecto arboreo. Strawberry-tree with
fimooth flawed leaves , beiwies having many feeds , and an
upright trunk. Arbutus folio ferrato. C. B. P. 460.
2. Arbutus ( Andrachne ) foliis glabris integerrimis, bac-
cis polyfpermis caule erecto arboreo. Strawberry-tree
with fimooth entire leaves , berries full, of feeds , and an
eredl woody f ern. Arbutus folio non ferrato. C. B. P.
46. Andrachne Theophrafti. Cluf Hifr. 48. called
A 11 B
3. Arbutus ( Acadienfis ) caulibus procumbentibus foliis
ovatis fubferratis ftoribus fparfis baccis polyfpermis.
Lin. Sp. Plant. 395. Arbutus with trailing J talks, oval
leaves , fiomewhat indented , flowers growing loofiely , and
many feeds. Vitis idtea Acadienfis foliis Alaterni.
Toum. Inft.
4. Arbutus (Albina) 'caulibus procumbentibus foliis ru-
gofis ferratis. Flor. Lap. 161. Arbutus with trailing
folks and rough flawed leaves. Vitis idaea foliis oblon-
gis albicantibus. C. B. P. 470.
5. Arbutus caulibus procumbentibus folks integer-
rimis. Flor. Lap. 162. Arbutus with trailing ft alks and
entire leaves.
6 . Arbutus (Uva Urfi) caulibus diffufis, folks emargi-
natis. Arbutus with diffufed flalks and indented leaves.
Uva urfi. Cluf Hift. 1. p. 63. Bear Berry.
The firft fort grows naturally in Italy, Spain, and alfo
in Ireland, and is now very common in the Englifti
gardens. Of this fort there are the following varie-
ties, viz. one with an oblong flower and oval fruit ;
another with a double flower, and a third with red
flowers ; but thefe being only feminal varieties, I have
not mentioned them as fpecies ; though for the fake
of the curious, I fhall give a farther account of
them.
The fecond fort grows naturally in the eaft, parti-
cularly about Magnefia, where it is fo plenty, as to
be the principal fuel ufed by the inhabitants of the
country. This grows to a middle fized tree ; the
branches are irregular, and are garnifhed with large
oval leaves, fomewhat like thofe of the Bay-tree, but
not quite fo long ; thefe are fmooth and entire, having
no ferratures on their edges ; the flowers are fhaped
like thofe of the common Arbutus, but grow thinly
on the branches. The fruit is oval, and of the fame
colour and confiftence with the common fort, but the
feeds of this are fiat, whereas thofe -of the common
fort are pointed and angular. Tournefort enumerates
three other varieties of this tree, which he obferved in
the Levant, one with fawed leaves, which is now in
many Englifh gardens, and paffes for the Andrachne:
another with a large oblong fruit, and a third with
large compreffed fruit : but it is doubtful if they are
not accidental varieties, which have been produced
from feeds of the firft.
The common Strawberry-tree is too well known to
require any defeription of it here, being at prefent in
moft of the Englifh gardens, and is one of the greatefl
ornaments to them in the months of October and
November, that being the feafon when the trees are
in flower, and the fruit of the former year is ripe, for
the fruit is a whole year growing to perfeftion ; fo
that the fruit which is produced from the flowers of
one year, do not ripen till the bloffoms of the fuc-
ceeding y\ir are fully blown ; fo that when there is
plenty of fruit and flowers upon the trees, they make
a goodly appearance, and at a feafon when moft other
trees are paft their beauty.
Thofe trees which have large oval fruit, make the
greatefl figure, the flowers of this being larger, and
oblong. The fort with double flowers is a curioftty,
but as the flowers have only two orders of leaves, fo
they make no great appearance ; nor do the trees pro-
duce fruit in any plenty, therefore the other is more
preferable. The fort with red flowers makes a pretty
variety, when intermixed with the other ; for the out-,
fide of them are of a fine red colour at their firft ap-
pearance, and afterward they change to purple before
they fall off. The fruit of this is the fame with the
common fort. All thefe varieties are preferved, by
inarching or grafting them imon the common Ar-
butus, for the feeds of either do not produce the fame
kind ; though from the feeds of the oval fruit, there
is generally many more of the fame produced, than
from the feeds of the common fort.
The befl method to propagate the Arbutus is from
feeds ; therefore when the fruit is perfeflly ripe, it
fhould be gathered and mixed with dry hand, to pre-
ferve them till the time for fowing them; the furefl
method of raifing the plants, is to low the feeds in
pots.
ARB
pots, which jfhould be plunged into an old bed of
tanners bark, which has loft its heat, covering the
bed with glades, &c. to keep out froft ; this Ihould
be done in December, if the feeds are good, and as
the fpring advances, the pots are refrefhed with water,
the plants will come up the beginning of April, when
they fhould be frequently but lparingly watered, and
conftantly kept clean from weeds.
As the fummer advances, if the plants are fhaded in
the heat of the day, it will greatly promote their
growth •, but in warm weather they muft be open all
night to receive the dew, fo Ihould only be covered
in the middle of the day : with this management,
the plants will rife to the height of five or fix inches
the firft fummer. The beginning of Ocftober, thefe
plants may be lhaken out of the pots, and their roots
carefully feparated, planting them fingly in fmall pots
filled with light earth ; then plunge the pots into an
old bed of tanners bark, under a common frame,
obferving to fhade them from the fun in the middle
of the day, and to give them water as they may re-
quire : in this bed the pots fhould remain during the
winter, obferving to expofe the plants to the open
air, at all times when the weather is favourable •, but
in frofty weather they muft be covered,' otherwife
they will be in danger if the feafon proves fevere.
The fpring following the plants may be removed to
a very gentle hot-bed, which will require no other
covering but mats. This will enable them to make
ftrong {boots early in the fummer, whereby they will
be in a better condition to bear the cold of the fuc-
ceeding winter:, in this bed the plants may continue
moft part of the fummer, for if the pots are taken
out and fet upon the ground, the fm^llnefs of their
fize will occafion the earth in them to dry fo faft,
that watering will fcarcely preferve the plants alive ;
but if they are kept growing all the fummer, they
will be more than a foot high by the next autumn :
but it will be advifable to fcreen them from the froft
during their continuance in pots, by plunging them
into the ground in a warm place, and covering them
with mats in bad weather.
When the plants are grown to be two or three
feet high, you may fhake them out of the pots, and
plant them in the open ground in the places where
they are to remain ; but this fhould be done in April,
that they may have taken good root before the win-
ter, which would be apt to damage them if newly
planted •, and as all the earth about their roots may
be thus preferved, there will be no fear of fucceeding
at this feafon.
Thefe plants are tolerably hardy, and are feldom hurt,
except in extreme hard winters, which many times
kill the young and tender branches, but ra,rely deftroy
the roots ; therefore, however dead they may
appear after a hard winter, yet I would advife the
letting them remain till the fucceeding fummer has
fufficiently demonftrated what are living and what are
dead-, for the winters anno 1728-9, and 1739-40,
gave us great reafon to believe moft of the trees of
this kind were deftroyed ; and many people were fo
hafty, as to dig up or cut down, many of their trees ;
whereas all thofe people who had patience to let them
remain, found that fcarce one in five hundred failed
to come out again the next fummer, and many of
them made handfome plants that feafon.
This tree delights in a moift foil, for when they are
planted in dry ground, they feldom produce much
fruit : the flowers of this tree being produced in au-
tumn, if the winter proves fevere, are generally de-
ftroyed, which has occafioned their producing very
little fruit in England for feveral years : therefore,
in order to obtain fruit, the trees fhould be placed in
a warm fituation and where the ground is not natu-
rally moift, there fhould be a good quantity of loam
and rotten neat’s dung laid about their roots ; and if
the fpring fiiould prove dry, they muft be plentifully
watered, in order to have plenty of fruit.
The very beft feafon for tranfplanting of the Arbutus
is in September, at which, time the bloffoms are be-
ginning to appear; and at that feafon, if it fhould
prove very dry and they are kept moift, they will take
root very foon but toward the beginning of No-
vember, their foots fhould be well covered with mulch,
to keep out the froft.
The third fort grows naturally in Acadia, and other
northern parts of America, upon fwampy land, which
is frequently overflowed with water ; this is a low
bufhy fhrub, with {lender trailing branches, which
are garnifhed with oval leaves, a little fawed on their
edges the flowers come out from the wings of the
leaves, growing in thin loofe bunches. The fruit of
this fort is never produced in England, and it is with
great difficulty the plants are kept alive here.
The fourth fort grows naturally on the Alps, and the
Helvetian mountains. This never rifes high, but
fends out from the root many (lender branches, which
trail upon the ground, garnifhed with oblong
rough leaves, of a pale green colour ; the flowers
are produced from the wings of the leaves, upon long
(lender foot-ftalks, and are fucceedecl by berries about
the fize of the common black Cherry, which are firft
green, afterward red, and when ripe they are black.
Thefe are of a pleafant tafte, fo are frequently eaten
by the inhabitants of thofe countries where they grow
naturally. This is alfo a very difficult plant to keep
alive in gardens, for it is an inhabitant of bogs,
growing among mofs, where the ground is never dry.
The fifth fort grows naturally upon the mountains in
Spain, and in moft of the northern parts of Europe.
The branches of this trail on the ground, which are
clolely garnifhed with fmooth thick leaves of an oval
form, placed alternately ; the flowers are produced
in fmall bunches toward the extremity of the branches,
which are fhaped like thofe of the common fort, but
are fmaller ; and are fucceeded by berries, of the fame
fize with thofe of the former fort, which are red when
ripe.
There are few of thefe plants in the Englifh gardens,
for as they are inhabitants of veiy cold countries,
where they are covered with fnow all the winter, and
growing upon bogs among mofs, fo when they are
brought into a garden, they feldom continue long,
nor do they thrive with the utmoft care for in places
where artificial bogs have been contrived to receive
thefe plants, they have been preferved two or three
years, and then have perifhed ; fo that unlefs the
place where they are planted is naturally boggy, there
is little hopes of their fucceeding long.
The fixth fort grows naturally upon Mount Cenis
in Italy, and upon fome mountains in Spain this
hath woody ftaiks which rife two or three feet high,
dividing into many diffufed branches, clofely garnifhed
with roundiih flefhy leaves, which are indented at the
top ; the flowers are produced in a racemus toward
the end of the branches, which are fnaped like thofe
of the Strawberry-tree, of an herbaceous colour, ftrip-
ed with purple. The plants of this kind are very
rare in England, nor is this fort much known among
botanifts, moft of whom have fuppofed the fifth to
be the fort mentioned by Clufius, in which they
are greatly rniftaken.
The Adrachne is at prefent very rare ,in England ;
this' may be propagated in the fame manner as hath
been direfted for the common Arbutus, but as there
are no plants in this country which produce fruit at
prefent, the feeds muft be procured, from the Levant,
where they may be had in plenty. As the leaves of
this tree are larger than thofe of the common Arbu-
tus, the trees make a finer appearance, therefore de-
ferve our care to cultivate them, efpecially as they
will bear the open air when the plants are become
woody for while they are young, they are impati-
ent of much froft, therefore fhould be preferved in
pots three or four years, till they have obtained
ftrength, and may then be planted in a warm fitua-
tion and on a dry foil, for this fort will not thrive in
wet ground.
ARCTIUM. Lin. Gen. 830. Lappa. Tourn. Inft.
R, H. Burdock.
U The
ARC .
The Characters are.
The ernpalement of the flower is fcaly , each flak ending in a
long thorn which is reflexed at the point. The flower is
compofed of many florets , ivhich are tubulous , uniform ,
and of one leaf. The tube is long and /lender , ' cut into
jive narrow fegments at the top : thefe have each five floort
/lender J lamina , which are crowned by cylindrical fummits.
The germen is Jvtuated at the bottom of the tube , having
a hairy tip , Supporting a long /lender ftyle , crowned by
a bifid reflexed ftigma \ the germen afterward becomes a
jingle , pyramidal , angular feed , crowned with down.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fedtion of
Linnaeus’s feventeenth clafs, entitled Syngenefia Po-'
lygamia iEqualis, there being an equal number of fe-
male and hermaphrodite flowers included in one com-
mon ernpalement.
The Species are,
1. Arctium {Lappa) foliis cordatis inermibus petiolatis
capitulis majoribus fparfis. Burdock with heart-jhaped
leaves without prickles , having foot-ftalks , and large
heads growing flatteringly.
2. Arctium (Perfonata ) foliis cordatis inermibus, capi-
tulis minoribus compadtis. Burdock with heart-floaped
leaves without J pines , and fmall heads growing clofe to-
gether.
3. Arctium (Tomentofis) foliis cordatis inermibus, ca-
pitulis tomento-reticulatis. Burdock with heart-jhaped
leaves without fpines , and woolly netted leaves.
The two firft forts are common weeds, growing on
the fides of roads and foot-paths in moft parts of
England, and are not admitted into gardens. The
firft is ordered for medicinal ufe by the college of
phyficians, therefore I have inferted it here : the fe-
cond is by many fuppofed to be only a variety of the
firft, but I have for feveral years fown the feeds of
both forts in the Chelfea garden, where they have con-
ftantly 'retained their difference, fo may be allowed
to be diftindt fpecies. The- firft is titled by Cafpar
Bauhin, Lappa major, five Ardtium Diofcorides. Pin.
192. Greater Burdock^ or ArAium of Diofcorides. The
fecond is titled by Vaillant, Lappa vulgaris capitulo
minore. Adi. Par. 1718. Common Burdock with a fmall
head,.
The third fort is not a native of England, but grows
naturally on the Apennine mountains. The leaves
of this are like thofe of the common fort, but are
whiter on their under fide ; the heads are more com-
padl, and the florets are of a bright red colour ; but the
greateft difference is in their empalements, which in
this fort are beautifully netted with a fine down all over.
This is alfo fuppofed to be only a variety of the com-
mon fort, but I have cultivated it above forty years,
during which time it has never varied, fo that it is cer-
tainly a diftindt fpecies. This is by Cafpar Bauhin
titled, Lappa major montana capitulis tomentofis. Pin.
198. Greater Mountain Burdock with woolly heads.
As thefe plants are feldom admitted into gardens, it
is needlefs to fay any thing of their culture ; but
where they are troublefome wee'ds, it may not be
amils to mention, that their roots laft but two years,
fo may be deftroyed with lefs trouble than fuch as
have perennial roots ; for if they are cut up before
they feed, in two or three years they may be entirely
rooted out 4 , for the plants which come up from feed,
do not flower till the fecond year, and when the feeds
are perfected their roots decay.
ARCTOTIS. This hath been ufualiy known un-
der the title of Anemonofpermos, from the refem-
blanc.e the feeds of thefe plants have to that of the A-
nemone. ^ 1
The Characters are,
The common ernpalement is roundi/h and fcaly , thofe- on the
lower part are loofe and awl- fo aped , the middle oval , and
thofe on the top concave. The flower is compofed of many
female florets which are ranged on the border •, thefe have
, i one fide fir etched out like a tongue, which are called the
rays , having an oval four-cornered germen fituated in their
center , crowned with down , fupporting a fle?ider ftyle ,
crowned by two oval ftigma •, the germen af terward be-
comes a jingle rcmdi/h feed , covered with a fofi down.
The middle or dijk of the flower is compofed of hermaphro-
dite florets, which are funnel- fh aped, and divided at the
top into five parts , which are reflex ed $ thefe have five fta-
mina , crowned by floort fummits in the center is placed ■
a [mail germen, fupporting a cylindrical ftyle with a Jingle
ftigma. Thefe flowers are abortive. -
This genus of plants is ranged in the fourth fection
of Linnaeus’s feventeenth clafs, entitled Syngenefia
Polygamia Neceffaria, the flowers of this fection be-
ing compofed of female and hermaphrodite florets ;
in feme fpecies the florets in the dilk are fertile, and
in others they are fterile.
The Species are,
1. Arctotis ( Triftis ) fiofculis radiantibus vicenis tripar-
ti tis. Lin. Sp. 1306. Arblotis with the'rays hf 'the flower ,
compofed of florets cut into three fegments. Anemono-
fpermos Afra, foliis & facie taraxaci incanis. Ereyn.
Prod. t. 15.
2. Arctotis ( Anguftifolia ) fiofculis radiantibus fertili-
bus, foliis ianceolatis integris dentatis, Lin. Sp. 1306.
Arftotis whofle florets in the rays are fertile, and fpear-
floaped, entire, indented leaves. Anemonofpermos A fra,
folio ferrato rigido flore intus fulphureo extus puni-
ceo. Boerh. Ind. Alt. 1. p. 1. 100. <
3. Arctotis ( Afpera ) fiofculis radiantibus fertilibus,
foliis pinnato-linuatis villofis laciniis oblongis denta-
tis. Lin. Sp. 1307. Arctotis whofle rays of the flower are
fertile and woolly, with Jinuated , oblong, indented leaves. A-
nemonofpermos Afra, folio Jacobaeae tenuiter laciniato
flore aurantio pulcherrimo. Boerh. Ind. Alt. 1. p. 100.
4. Arctotis ( Calendula ) fiofculis radiantibus fterilibus
duodenis fubintegris, foliis lyratis nigro denticulatis.
Lin. Sp. 1306. Arbi otis who frays of the flower are fte-
rile and intire, and the leaves are lyre-fhaped and indented.
Anemonofpermos Africana Jacobis maritime foliis
flore fulphureo. Com. Rar. 36.
5. Arctotis ( Plantaginea ) fiofculis radiantibus fertili-
bus, foliis lanceolato-ovatis nervofis decurrentibus am-
plexicaulibus. Lin. Sp. 1306. Arctotis whofle rays of
the flower are fertile , and oval, fpearfhaped, nervous . ,
running leaves embracing the /talks. Anemonoipermos
Afra, folio plantaginis, florum radiis intus aureis ex-
tus puniceis. Boerh. Ind. 1. p. 100.
6. Arctotis ( Acaulis ) pedunculis radicalisms, foliis ly-
ratis. Lin. Sp. 1306. Arbi Otis whofe foot-ftalks arifle
from the root , and the leaves are lyre-fhaped. Anemo-
fpermos Africana, folio plantiginis flore fulphureo.
Com. Rar. 35.
7. Arctotis foliis pinnato-laciniatis crifpis caule ra-
mofo fruticolo. Arbtotis with winged,, jagged, curled
leaves, and a branching florubby ft alk. Anemonofper-
mos Africana foliis Cardui benedidti florum radiis in-
tus albicantibus. Hort. Amft. 2. 45.
8. Arctotis ( 'Paleacea ) fiofculis radiantibus fterilibus,
paleis flofculos difci jequantibus, foliis pinnatis line-
aribus. Amcen. Acad. 6 . Afr. 84. Arbtotis whofe rays
of the flower are barren, the flaks of the flowers in the
dfk equal, and linear winged leaves. After foliis inte-
gris anguftis, flore magno luteo. Burm. Afr. 176.
Thefe plants are natives of the country about the
Cape of Good Hope, from whence they have been
brought to -fome curious gardens.
The firft fort here mentioned is an annual plant,
which may be fown upon a warm border of light
earth in the open air, in the middle of April, where
they are defigned to remain ; thefe flower in Auguft,
and if the feafon proves favourable, they will perfect
feeds very well, and the plants will grow much
ftronger than thofe raffed upon a hot-bed •, but, as
in cold feafons thefe may fail to perfect their feeds, it
will be a fecure method to raife fome upon . the hot-
bed, which never fails to perfedt feeds, provided they
are not treated too tenderly.
The fecond, third, fourth, and feventh forts, grow
to the height of four or five feet, fending forth many
branches •, therefore will require to be frequently
pruned, to keep them in tolerable order, efpeciall y
the feventh, which fends forth ftrong rambling fhcots,
when their roots are not much confined in the pots,
but more fo when they are duly watered.
Thefe
\
\
/
A Pv C
Thefe are feldom deftitute of flowers the whole year,
unlefs the winter is .fevere, which renders them more
valuable than tnofe which flower at one feafon only j
for all thofe plants which flower in the winter-feafon,
make a fine variety in the green-houfe ; and when the
plants are fet abroad in fummer, their flowers being
at that feafon produced in greater plenty, they add
to the beauty of a garden.
The fhrubby forts are propagated by planting cut-
tings in a bed of light freih earth, in any of the fum-
mer months, obferving to fhade them from the heat
of the fun until they have taken root, as alfo to re-
fresh them often with water ; and in fix weeks after
planting, they will be rooted fufficiently, at which
time they fhould be tranfplanted into pots filled with
frefh earth, fetting the pots in a lhady place until the
plants are new rooted ; after which time they fhould
be placed in the open air until the latter end of Ofto-
ber, or later, according as the weather is favourable,
when they rnufi be removed into the green-houfe,
where they fhould be placed as near the window as
poflible, that they may have a good quantity of free
air at all times, when the weather is mild ; nor fhould
they be over-hung by other plants, which would oc-
cafion them to take a mouldinefs, and rot ; they muft
alfo be frequently refrefhed with water, giving it
them plentifully in mild w r eather, othenvife their
leaves and branches will hang and wither ; in fum-
mer they can fcarce have too much water given them.
They will alfo require to be fhifted into other pots
two or three times at leaft every fummer, and the
pots fhould be frequently removed, to prevent the
plants from ftriking their roots through the holes of
the pots into the ground, which they are very apt to
do, then they will fhoot very vigoroufly •, but when
Thefe roots are torn off, by removing the pots, the
plants are often killed.
All thefe plants fhould be frequently renewed by
cuttings, becaufe the old plants are fubject to decay
in winter ; therefore if young plants are not annually
railed, the fpecies may foon be loft.
If the green-houfe in which thefe plants are placed
in winter is fubject to damps, it will be very difficult
to preferve fome of the forts •, for when the windows
are kept clofe, the tender parts of their fhoots are
very fubjeft to a mouldinefs, which will foon caufe
the" plants to decay, if it is not conftantly cleaned off,
and free air admitted to dry off the damps.
ARCUATION [from arcuo , Lat. to bend or bow
like an arch ;] the method of railing trees by layers.
The firft thing that is to be done, is, to procure
ftrong mother plants, which are ufually called ftools.
It is no matter whether the trees be crooked, or other-
therwife deformed. They are to be planted in a bor-
der fix feet wide, and in a ftrait line fix feet afunder.
The border muft be w r ell trenched, or dug, and clear-
ed from all roots, clods, ftones, or any other ob-
ftru&ions. Thefe trunks or ftools being planted in
this trench, will throw out a great many fhoots ac-
cording to their ftrength, which may be laid about
the Michaelmas following : in order to this, the
ground round each ftool fhould be carefully dug,
breaking the clods and picking out the ftones as be-
fore. Then the fhoots fhould be bent down in
arches, and put into the ground about three inches
deep •, and to keep them in this fituation, each fhould
have a forked flick drove into the ground over the
part of the fhoot immerfed, turning the extremity of
each fhoot upward.
When the branches are thus laid round the ftool, and
pegged faft down, the branches, or fhoots, will be
covered all over, except the very top. Some per-
fons give the branches a twift, in order to make them
take root the fooner. Others flit fuch of the fhoots
as are not apt to take root without, in the fame man-
ner as is praftifed in laying of Carnations, which is
generally a lure way •, and- if they are afterward mulch-
ed, it will be of ufe to keep out the froft in winter,
and alfo to keep the ground moift the following fpring
and fummer.
A R G
About the end of September following they may bd
opened and examined, to fee if they have taken root
or not, v/hich it is very probable they will have done 5
but if not, they muft be let alone, to lie till the next
autumn, when they are to be taken up, and planted
in the nurfery.
This may be done to the Dutch, Witch, arid Eng-
lifh Elms ; the A'beie, Lime, Alder, Platanus, and
many forts of evergreen trees and flowering fhrubs.
AREA is the internal capacity or content of any given
boundary or limits, of what figure or fliape foever
it be.
ARGEMONE [fo called from ’’Apyspa, a difeafe in
the eye, which this plant is faid to cure •, it is alfo
called the Infernal Fig, becaufe the capfule pretty
much refembles a Fig, and from its afperity,] Prickly
Poppy.
The Characters are,
The flower hath a three-leaved empalement , which falls
ofl ' ; it hath five roundiflo petals , which fpread open , and
are larger than the empalement •, in the center is f iliated
an oval five-cornered germen , crowned by a large obtufie
ftigma , which is permanent , divided into five parts , at-
tended by a great number of flaming crowned by ob-
long eredi fummits ; the germen afterward becomes an
oval feed-vefieh having five angles , and as many cells ,
which are filled with fimall rough feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in Linnaeus’s thir-
teenth clafs, entitled Polyandria Monogynia, the
flowers having many ftamina and one germen.
We have but one Species of- this genus, viz.
Argemone ( Mexicana ) capfulis quinque valvibus, foliis
fpinofis. Lin. Sp. 727. Argemone whofe capfule hath
five valves , and the leaves are prickly j or Pickly Poppy.
Papaver fpinofum. C. B. P. 171.
This is an annual plant, which is very common in
moft parts of the Weft-Indies, and is, by the Spani-
ards, called Fico del Inferno, or the Devil’s Fig •,
there is no great beauty or ufe in this plant that I
know of, but whoever hath a mind to cultivate it,
fhould fow it on a bed of light earth, in the fpring,
wdiere it is to remain •, and if it comes up too thick,
the plants muft be thinned to four inches diftance,
where, when once it has flied its feed, there will not
want a fupply of plants for feveral years after. I
have been informed that gumbouge is made from the
juice of this plant, but how true I cannot take upon
me to determine. , 1
ARG IL [Argilla, Lat . a fort of white earth like chalk,
but more brittle,] Potters Clay.
ARIA THEOPHRASTI. See Crat^gus.
A R I S A R U M. See Arum.
ARISTA-, of corn, is that fharp-pointed needle that
Hands out from the hufk or hole of the grain, called
the beard or awn of corn.
ARISTOLOCHI A. [’A proAo^G from beft,
arid a C hild Bird?,, becaufe fuppoled to be of fo-
reign ufe on that oc canon.] Birthwort.
The Characters are.
The flower hath no empalement , it is of one leaf, \ which
is unequal ; the bafie is fwelling and globular ,- afterward
is extended into a cylindrical tube , which fpreads at the
bripn^ where the lower part is ftretched out like a tongue.
It hath no ftamina , but there are fix fummits which join
the under part of the ftigma : the oblong angular germen
fits under the flower , fupporting a concave globular ftig-
ma . , divided into fix parts ^ the germen afterward turns
to a large feed-veffel, differing in form , which opens in
fix cells , which are filled with feeds , for the moft part
comprejjed. - v
This genus of plants is ranged in the fifth feclion of
Linnasus’s twentieth clafs, entitled Gynandria Hexan-
dria, the flowers being male and female in the fame
fpecies, having no ftamina or pointal, and fix fum-
mits, which reft on the receptacle.
The Species are,
1. Aristolochia ( Rotunda ) foliis cordatis, fubleffili-
- bus obtufis, caule infirmo, floribus folitariis. Lin.
Sp. Plant. 962. Birthwort with blunt heart-fhaped
leaves growing clofe , a weak ftalk , and flowers growing
fmgly «
5s
)
A R I
. Ariftolochia rotunda flore ex purpura ni'gro,
• P - 3 ° 7 -
2. Aristolochia {Longa) foliis eordatis petiolatis inte-
gerrimis obtufiuiculis, caule infirmo floribus folita-
riis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 962. Birthwort with entire, heart-
floaped , blunt leaves , having foot-fialks , ^ weak fialk ,
flowers growing fingly. Ariftolochia longa vera.
C. B. P. 307.
3. Aristolochia {Clematitis ) foliis eordatis caule e recto
floribus axillaribus confertis. Hort. Uplal. 279, Birth-
wort with heart-fhaped leaves , ' <222 upright fialk ,
fiowers growing in clufiers from the fide. Ariftolochia
clematitis rebta. C. B. P. 307.
4. Aristolochia ( Pifiolochia ) foliis eordatis, crenula-
tis petiolatis, floribus folitariis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 962.
Birthwort with heart-fhaped indented leaves , having foot-
fialks , flowers growing fingly. Ariftolochia piftolo-
chia dibta. C. B. P. 307.
5. Aristolochia ( Sempervirens ) foliis cordato-oblongis
undatis, caule infirmo, floribus folitariis. Lin. Sp.
Plant. 961. Birthwort with oblong , heart-fhaped , waved
leaves , 22 weak fialk , fiowers growing fingly . Arif-
tolochia pifiolochia di&a Cretica foliis fmilacis fem-
pervirens. H. L.
6. Aristolochia {Serpentaria) foliis cordato-oblongis
planis, caulibus infirmis flexuofis, teretibus floribus,
folitariis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 961. Birthwort with plain ,
oblong , heart-fhaped , flexible , fialks , flowers
growing fingly. Ariftolochia pifiolochia five ferpenta-
taria Virginiana. Pluk. Aim. 50.- Virginia Snakeroot.
7. Aristolochia ( Arborefcens ) foliis cordato-lanceolatis
caule erecto fruticofo. Lin. Sp. Plant. 960. Birthwort
with fpear-fhaped leaves in form of a heart , ^ «p-
ngdtf fhrubby fialk. Ariftolochia polyrrhizos auricu-
latis foliis Virginiana. Pluk. Aim. 50.
8. Aristolochia ( Indica ) foliis cordato-oblongis caule
volubili pedunculis multifioris. Flor. Zeyl. 323.
Birthwort with oblong heart-fhaped leaves , a twining
fialk , and many fiowers upon each f 00 t-ftalk. Ariftolo-
chia fcandens odoratiflima floris labello purpureo fe-
mine cordato. Sloan. Cat. Jam. 60. Contrayerva of
Jamaica.
9. Aristolochia ( Hirta ) foliis eordatis obtufiufculis
hirtis floribus folitariis pendulis recurvatis fubtrunca-
tis. Lin. Sp. 1365. Hairy Birthwort with obtufe heart-
fhaped leaves , and hanging recurved flowers growing fin -
gly , formed like a lip. Ariftolochia longa fubhirfuta
folio oblongo flore maximo. Tourn. Cor. 8.
10. Aristolochia {Scandens) foliis eordatis petiolis lon-
giflimis, caule fcandente, floribus terminalibus pe-
dunculis longiflimis. Birthwort with a climbing fialk ,
heart-fhaped leaves with very long foot-fialks , and flowers
growing at the end of the branches upon very long foot-
fialks.
11. Aristolochia ( Conferta ) foliis eordatis petiolatis,
caule fcandente, floribus axillaribus confertis. Birth-
wort with heart-Jhaped leaves , a climbing fialk , and flow-
ers growing in clufiers from the wings of the fialk.
12. Aristolochia ( Repens ) foliis lanceolatis feflilibus
fubhirfutis, caule ere&o floribus folitariis longiflimis.
Birthwort with fpear-fhaped hairy leaves growing elefe
to the branches , an upright fialk , and very long flowers
growing fingly. Ariftolochia ereda flore atro purpu-
/reo foliis anguftis radice repente. Houft. MSS.
13. Aristolochia ( Maxima ) foliis oblongo-ovatis ob-
tufis integerrimisf caule fcandente floribus terminali-
bus, frudibus hexangularibus maximis. Birthwort
with a climbing fialk , oblong , oval, entire , blunt leaves ,
flowers growing at the ends of the branches , and very large
fruit with fix angles.
The ftrft and fecond forts grow naturally in the fouth
of France, in Spain, and Italy, from whence their
roots are brought for medicinal ufe. The roots of
the firft fort are roundifli, and grow to the fize of
final! Turneps, in ihape and colour like the roots of
the common Cyclamen ; the roots of which are fre-
quently fold in the markets for thofe of the round
Birthwort, which at firft may have been occafioned by
the fuppofed virtues of the roots of the Cyclamen. ,
This fends out three or four weak trailing branches.
which he on the ground where they are not fupported,
and extend to the length of two feet ; the leaves are
heart-fhaped, and rounded at their extremity ; thefe
are placed alternately on the ftalks, and clofe to the
foot-fialks of the leaves, the flowers come out fingly,
at every leaf, toward the upper part of the fialk.
They are of a ptirplifh black colour, and ftiaped like
thole of the other forts, and are frequently fucceeded
by feed-veffels, having fix cells, which are full
of flat feeds. The flowers appear in June and July,
and the feeds ripen in autumn.
The lecond fort hath long tap roots, ftiaped like thofe
of Carrots •, thefe fend out weak trailing branches,
which extend little more than a foot*, the leaves of
this fort are paler, and have longer foot-ftalks than
the firft, placed alternately, and the flowers come out
from the wings of the leaves like the other, which
are not lo long, and are of a pale purple colour : they
are fometimes fucceeded by oblong feed-veflels, hav-
ing fix cells filled with comprefied feeds. The ftalks
of both thefe forts decay in the autumn, and new
ones are produced in the Ip ring.
They are both propagated by feeds, whichfhould.be
fown in the autumn, in pots filled with light earth,
and placed under a frame, to be fereened from the
froft ; but the glaftes Ihould be taken off at all times
when the weather is mild. If thefe pots are put into
a gentle hot-bed in March, it will bring up the plants
much fooner than they otherwife would rife. As the
feafon advances, the plants Ihould be inured by de-
grees to bear the open air : when the pots are taken
out of the bed, they muft be placed where they may
enjoy the morning fun, but fereened from it in the
heat of the day. Gentle refrefhings of water muft
be in dry weather given to the plants during the
fummer, but in the autumn, when their ftalks begin
to decay, they muft have little wet. In the winter
the pots muft be fheltered as before ; and in March,
before the roots begin to fhoot, they Ihould be tranf-
planted into feparate fmall pots filled with light earth,
and fet under the frame, where they ihould remain
till fpring ; then they may be removed into the open
air, and treated in the fame manner as in the former
fummer, and fheltered alfo the following winter.
The next fpring they may be turned out of the pots,
and planted in a warm border, where, during the
fummer, they will require no other care but to keep
them clean from weeds ; and in the autumn when
their ftalks are decayed, if the border is covered with
old tanners bark to keep out the froft, the roots will
be fecured ; but where this care is not taken, the
roots are frequently killed by froft. With this ma-
nagement the roots will thrive much better than thofe
which are kept in pots, and continue longer; and
when they are three years old, they will flower and
produce plenty of feeds, whereas thofe in pots feldom
perfect their feeds in England.
When the feeds of thefe plants are fown in the fpring,
the plants will not appear till the fpring following ; fo
that a whole feafon is loft, and many times they fail,
therefore it Ihould always be fown in the autumn.
The third fort grows naturally in France, Spain, Italy,
and Hungary, but is preferved in fome of the Englifh
gardens, becaufe it is fometimes ufed in medicine.
This is a terrible plant for creeping at the root ; fo
that if once it has taken in a garden, it will be diffi-
cult to extirpate again, and will over-run whatever
plants grow near it ; therefore it flhould be planted in
fome abjetft part of the garden by itfelf, for it will
thrive in almoft any foil or fituation.
The fourth fort grows wild in Spain, Italy, and the
fouth of France ; but in England it is preferved, for
variety, in botanic gardens. The plants of this iort
muft be planted in pots filled with light rich earth,
and fheltered from fevere cold in winter, otherwife
they will not live ; but they Ihould have as much free
air as poflible in mild weather. This produces flowers
every year, but never perfects its feeds in this
country.
The
i
)
A A I
The fifth fort grows naturally in Crete. The root of
this is perennial, and fends out many trailing branches,
which extend one foot and a half in length, garnifhed
with oblong heart-fhaped leaves, which are waved
on their edges, and are evergreen. The flowers come
out fingly from the wings of the leaves, which are
of a dark purple colour, in fnape like the others, but
the plants never produce feeds in England, fo is pro-
pagated by parting of the roots : this is too tender to
thrive in the open air in winter ; the plants are pre-
ferved in pots, and placed under a common frame in
winter, where they fhould have as much free air as
pofiible in mild weather, but fcreened from hard froft;
in mild winters I have had this plant live abroad in a
warm border, but in hard winters it will be deftroyed;
therefore one or two plants fhould be fheltered to
preferve the fpecies.
The fixth fort is the Snakeroot, which is greatly ufed
in medicine : thefe roots are brought from Virginia
and Carolina, where there are two fpecies of this
plant, but this fort is the bed: for ufe. There are
fome of thefe preferved in the gardens of thofe who
are curious in colle&ing rare plants, but as they are
fometimes killed by froft in winter, fo they are not
very common in the Englifh gardens. This is pro-
pagated by feeds, which fliould be fown in the au-
tumn, in fmall pots filled with light fandy earth, and
placed under a common frame in winter, and after-
ward treated in the fame manner as hath been di-
rected for the two firft forts, as fliould the plants alfo;
with which management they will produce their flow-
ers, and perfeft their feeds every year.
The feventn fort grows naturally in North America,
and is by fome called Snakeroot, but is not near fo
ftrong as the former ; the branches of this grow ereCt,
and are perennial, whereas thofe of the other fort de-
cay to the root every winter : this rifes about two
feet high •, the branches are not very woody, but are
ftrong enough to fupport themfelves the leaves are
oblong and heart-fhaped ; the flowers come out fingly
at the wings of the leaves. This will live abroad in
warm borders, with a little protection in hard frofts.
It is generally kept in pots, and flickered in winter ;
but thofe which are planted in the full ground will
thrive much better, provided they are fcreened from
hard frofts.
The eighth fort grows naturally in Jamaica, where it
is called Contrayerva •, the roots are there ufed as fuch :
this hath long trailing branches, which climb upon
the neighbouring plants, and rife to a confiderable
height •, the leaves are placed alternately, and are of
the long heart-fhaped kind ; the flowers are produced
in fmall clufters toward the upper part of the ftalks,
which are of a dark purple colour ; the feed-veflels
are oblong and fniooth. This is tender, and, in win-
ter fliould have very little wet, therefore mull be con-
ftantly kept in the ftove, ctherwife it will not live in
England.
The ninth fort was difcovered by Dr. Tournefort in
the Levant. This hath fome refemblance to the fe-
cond fort, but the leaves are hairy, and not fo deeply
eared at the bottom •, the flowers are alfo much larger.
This may be propagated by feeds, in the fame man-
ner as hath been directed for the firft and fecond
forts, and the plants treated fo, will thrive very well
in England.
The tenth fort fends out climbing ftalks, which fup-
port themfelves by fattening to the neighbouring
trees, and thereby rife to a very great height •, the
leaves are very broad and heart-fhaped, having feve-
ral longitudinal veins ; the flowers grow in loofe
bunches at the extremity of the branches, each hav-
ing a long foot-ftalk : this is tender, fo muft be kept
in a ftove, and treated as other exotic plants. It
grows naturally about Tolu in New Spain, where it
was difcovered by the late Mr. Robert Millar, who
fent the feeds to England.
The eleventh fort was difcovered by the fame gen-
tleman atCampeachy in New Spain, from whence he
fent the feeds.: this fort ieldom climbs above three
of four feet high ; the. leaves are Chart and heart-fhap-
ed, in fome meafure like thofe of the firft •, the flow-
ers corne out in fmall clufters from the wings of the
leaves, and are of a dark purple colour;
The twelfth fort was difcovered at La Vera Cruz in
New Spain, by the late Dr. Houfton, who fent the
feeds to Europe : this rifes with an upright ftalk, to
the height of three feet * the leaves are long, nar-
row, hairy, and grow clofe to the branches, having
fcarce any foot-ftalk ■, the flowers come out fingly
from the wings of the leaves, which are near four
inches long, of a dark purple colour, and grow erect ;
thefe are fucceeded by flender veffels, about one inch
long, which open into fix cells, filled with flat heart-
fhaped feeds. This fort requires a warm ftove to
preferve it in this country.
The thirteenth fort was difcovered by Mr. Robert
Millar, near Carthagena in New Spain, who fent it to
England ; this hath ftrong climbing ftalks, by which
it mounts up to the top of the tailed: trees ; the leaves
of this are four inches long and two broad, of an oval
fnape, rounded at their ends, and are nearly as thick
as thofe of the common Laurel •, the flowers come
out in loofe clufters at the ends of the flioots, each
Handing on a very long foot-ftalk ; the feed-veflels
are four inches long, and as much in circumference,
having fix longitudinal ribs, which make fo many an-
gles, being very prominent •, they open into fix cells,
which are filled with heart-fhaped leaves.
All thefe forts, which are natives of the warm parts
of America, are too tender to thrive in the open air in
this country, therefore require a ftove to preferve
them. They are propagated by feeds, which muft be
procured from the countries where the grow naturally,
for they do not produce any here. As the feeds are
a confiderable time in their paflage, they fhould be
brought over in their pods ; for many of the forts have
very thin light feeds, which are foon dried in a hot
country, when they are out of their covers, which
will prevent their growing. So foon as the feeds ar-
rive, they fliould be fown in fmall pots filled with
light earth ; and if this happens in the autumn, or
winter, the pots fliould be plunged into the tan in
the bark-ftove, between fome of the pots with large
plants, which will fcreen them from the fun ; for as
thefe plants delight in fhade, fo, by thus placing of
the pots, the earth will not dry very faft, which will
be of great advantage to the feeds, which fhould not
be too often watered. Here the pots may remain till
March, at which time they fliould be removed, and
plunged into a hot-bed, under frames, where, if the
feeds are good, the plants will appear in May : but
if the feeds arrive in fpring or fummer, they muft be
immediately fown in fmall pots, and plunged into a
moderate hot-bed, obferving to fhade them conftantly
in the heat of the day ; but the feeds fown at this fea-
fon feldom grow the fame year ; therefore if the plants
do not appear, the pots fliould be plunged in the tan-
bed of the ftove in autumn, and in the fpring follow-
ing, treated as before directed, which will bring up
the plants. When thefe are ftrong enough to trani-
plant, they fhould be each put into a feparate fmall
pot, and plunged into the tan-bed in the ftove, and
treated as other tender plants from the fame coun-
tries.
ARMENIACA, the Apricot.
The Characters are,
The empalement of the flower is bell-Jhaped , cut into five
blunt fegments at the top ; the flower is compofed of five
large roundiflo petals which flpread open , whofle bafle are
inferted in the empalenient ; in the center is placed a round
germen , fupporting a flender fiyle , crowned by a round
fiigma \ this is attended by upward of twenty awl-Jhaped
ftamina , which are crowned by floor t double jummits. The
germen afterward becomes a roundiflo pulpy fruity having
a longitudinal furrow incloflng a roundiflo nut , which is a
little comprefl'ed on the fides.
Dr. Linnaeus has joined the Armeniaca, Cerafus, Lau-
rocerafus, and Padus, to his genus of Prunus, making
them only fo ..many fpecies, of the fame genus, and
L X ranges
V
ranges it In' his twelfth clafs of plants, entitled tcofan-
dria Monogynia ; the flowers of tills clafs have from
twenty to thirty ftamina fattened to the empalement,
and a fingle ftyle.
The joining of fo many plants tinder the fame genus,
as Linnaeus has done, renders it much more diffi-
cult to afcertain their fpeciflc difference, than when
they are ranged under different genera ; and although
molt of them do agree in -thofe parts from whence the
characters according to his fyftem are taken, yet if
their fruits may be allowed as one of the charafteridic
notes (which in rely ought not to be totally omitted)
there will be reafon for feparating fome of them,
efpecially when we confider the boundary which na-'
ture has fet between them •, for it is well known that
all fruits which are of the fame genus, may be grafted
or budded upon each other ; but thofe of different
genera will not take upon each other, nor will any
two plants of different genera impregnate each other.
Now the Cherry and Plum cannot by any art be made
to take when grafted or budded upon docks of the
other kind; nor will the Apricot take upon the Cherry,
the Laurel, or Padus ; but it will grow upon the
Plum to which it is nearly allied, therefore thefe may
be joined together according to the drift rules of bo-
tany : yet in a work of this kind, defigned for the
inftruftion of the praftical gardener, were thefe fruits
to be included under the fame appellation, it would
rather confound than inftruft, thofe who had not ap-
plied themfelves to the ftudy of botany : therefore I
fhali continue this genus under its former title, and
Phall enumerate all the varieties of this fruit which
are at prefent cultivated in the Engliffi gardens, rang-
ing them according to the orders of their ripening.
For although mod, if not all thofe which are by the
gardeners called different forts, may have been pro-
duced by culture, fo ffiotild be deemed as one fpecies;
yet as the differences may be continued for ever, by
the method in which they are propagated, fo it would
be unpardonable in a book of gardening to omit
them.
The fpeciflc title given by Linnaeus to the Apricot is,
Prunus fioribus fubfeffilibus foliis fubcordatis. Sp.
Plant. 474. i. e. Plum whofe flowers want foot-flalks ,
and he art -floated leaves .
The Varieties are,
1. The Mafculine Apricot.
2. The Orange Apricot.
3. The Algier Apricot.
4. The Roman Apricot.
5. The Turkey Apricot.
6. The Breda Apricot.
7. The Bruffels Apricot.
The Mafculine is the fird ripe of all the Apricots •, it
is a fmall roundifh fruit, of a red colour towards the
fun ; as it ripens, the colour fades to a greeniffi yellow
on the other fide. It is chiefly preferved for being the
fird ripe, and there is a quicknefs in the flavour of
the fruit when it Is not too ripe, which renders it agree-
able ; the tree is very apt to be covered with flowers,
but as they corne out early in the fpring, they are
frequently dedroved by the cold, unlefs the trees are
covered to protect them.
The Orange is the next ripe Apricot; this fruit is
much larger than the former, and as it ripens changes
to a deep yellow colour. The fifth of this is dry and
not high flavoured, it is better for tarts than for the
table.
The Algier is the next in feafon ; this is of an oval
fnape, a little compreffed on the Tides ; it turns to a
pale yellow, or draw-colour, when ripe ; the fleffi is
high flavoured, and very full of juice.
The Roman is the next ripe Apricot ; this is a larger
fruit than the former, and not compreffed fo much
on the fldes; the colour is deeper, and the fifth is not
fo mold as the former.
The Turkey Apricot is yet larger than either of the
former, and of a globular figure ; the fruit turns to
a deeper colour than the former ; the fifth is firmer,
and drier than thofe or’ the two former.
The Breda Apricot (as it is called from Its being
brought from thence into England) was originally
brought from Africa : this is a large roundiih fruit*
changing to a deep yellow when ripe ; the flefh is foft,
full of juice, and of a deep Orange colour within fide ;
the done is rounder and larger than any of tire other
forts : this is the bed Apricot we have, and when
ripened on a ftandard, is preferable to ail other
kinds.
The Bruffels is the lated ripe of all the Apricots, for
when it is planted againd a wall, it is generally the
beginning of Augud before it is ripe, unlefs when it
is planted to a full fouth afpeft ; which is what fliould
not be praclifed, becaufe the fruit is never well taded
which grows in a warm expofure. This fruit is of a
middling fize, rather inclining to an oval figure ; red
on the fide next the fun, with many dark fpc ts, and
of a greeniffi yellow on the other fide ; the fleffi is
firm, and of a high flavour ; the fruit often cracks
before it is ripe. This is commonly preferred to the
former fort by mod people, but when the other is
planted as a dandard, the fruit is fuller of juice, and
of a richer flavour than this.
Mod people train thefe trees up to dems of fix or
feven feet high, or bud them upon docks of that
height ; but this is a praftice I would not recommend
to the public, becaufe the higher the heads of thefe
trees are, the more they are expofed to the cutting
winds in the fpring, which too frequently dedroy the
bloffoms; and the fruit is alfo more liable to be blown
down in dimmer, efpecially if there ffiould happen
to be much wind at the time when the fruit is ripe ;
which by falling from a great height, will be bruifed
and fpoiled ; therefore I prefer half dandards, of
about tv/o and a half, or three feet in the dem, to
thofe which are much taller ; or to plant them as
dwarfs againd an efpalier, where, if they are Ikilfully
managed, they will produce a large quantity of good
fruit ; and the trees in efpalier may be more conve-
niently covered in the fpring, when the feafon proves
bad, whereby there will be a greater certainty of fruit
every year.
Thefe fruits are all propagated by budding them on
Plum-docks, and will readily take upon almod any
fort of Plum, provided the dock be free and thriving
(except the Bruffels kind, which is ufually budded on
a fort of dock, commonly called the St. Julian,
which better luits this tree, as being generally planted
for dandards, than any other fort of Plum will.) The
manner of raffing: the docks, and budding thefe trees,
ffiall be treated of under their particular articles, to
which I refer the reader, and ffiall proceed to their
planting and management.
Thefe trees are all (except the two lad forts) planted
againd walls, and fliould have an ead or wed afpeft ;
for if they are planted full fouth, the great heat caufes
them to be meally before they are eatable.
The borders near thefe walls ffiould be fix or eight feet
wide, at lead, and if it were more, the better ; but I
would never advife the making of them fo deep as is
the general cudom, for if the earth be tv/o feet deep,
or tv/o and a half at mod, it is enough.
If the ground is a wet cold loam or clay, the borders
ffiould be railed as much above the level of the fur-
face as it will admit, laying fome dones or rubbiffi
in the bottom, to prevent the roots from running
downwards ; but if you plant upon a chalk or gravel,
it v/ill be better to raife the borders above either to a
proper thicknefs, with good loarny earth, than to fink
the borders by removing the chalk or gravel ; for al-
though thefe are removed the whole breadth of the
border, which we may allow to be eight feet, and
this trench filled with good earth, yet the roots of the
trees will in a few years extend this length,, .and then
meeting with the chalk or gravel, they will re-
ceive a check whereby their leaves will fall off
early in the feafon, and the fruit v/ill be fmall, dry,
and ill-flavoured, and the ffioots of the trees will be
v/eak. But where the borders are railed upon either
to their full height, the roots will not ftrike down
into
-\
ARM
into the gravel or chalk, but rather extend themfelves
near the furface, where they will meet with better
foil : and as the trees are of long duration, and old
trees being not only more fruitful than young, but
the fruit is alfo better flavoured, therefore the pro-
viding for their continuance is abfolutely necdfary.
The foil I would in general advife to be ufed for thefe,
and all other forts of fruit-trees, is frefh untried earth,
from a pafture ground, taken about ten inches deep,
with the turf, and laid to rot and mellow at leaft
twelve months before it is ufed, mixing a little rotten
dung with it ; this muft be often turned, to fiveeten
and imbibe the nitrous particles of the air.
When the former foil of the border is taken away,,
this frefh earth fhould be carried in the place ; and if
the borders are filled with it two months before the
trees are planted, the ground will be better fettled,
and not fo liable to fink after the trees are planted :
in filling of the borders, the ground Ihould be railed
four or five inches above the level they are defigned,
to allow for the fettling.
The borders being thus prepared, make choice of
fuch trees as are but of one year’s growth from bud-
ding ; and if the foil is dry, or of a middling temper,
October is the bell feafon for planting, efpecially
having at that time a greater choice of trees from
the nurferies, before they have been picked and drawn
over by other people. The manner of preparing thefe
trees for planting being the fame in common with
other fruit trees, I fhall refer the reader to the article
of Peaches, where he will find it largely treated of.
At the time of planting no part of the head of the
trees fhould be cut off, unlefs there are any ftrong
foreright fhoots which will not come to the wall,
which may be taken quite away.
The trees being thus prepared, you muft mark out
the diftances they are to Hand, which in a good ftrong
foil, or againft a low wall, fhould be twenty feet or
more ; but in a moderate one, eighteen feet is a good
reafonable diftance ; then make a hole where each tree
is to ftand, and place its ftem about four inches from
the wall, inclining the head thereto ; and after having
fixed the tree in the ground, nail the branches to the
wall, to prevent their fhaking, and cover the furface
of the ground round the root with rotten dung, to
keep out the froft : in this ftate let it remain till the
end of February or the beginning of March, when if
the weather is good, you muft unnail the branches of
your trees, fo as not to difturb their roots ; and, being
provided with a fharp knife, put your foot clofe to
the ftem of the tree ; and having placed your left-
hand to the bottom of the tree, to prevent its being
difturbed, with your right-hand cut off the head
of the tree, if it has but one ftem; or where it may
have two or more fhoots, each of them muft be
fhortened, to about four or five eyes above the bud,
fo that the (loping fide may be toward the wall.
In the fpring, if the weather proves dry, it will be
neceflary to give the trees a gentle refrefhing with
water ; in the doing of which, if they watered with
a rofe to the watering-pot all over their heads, it
will greatly help them ; and alfo lay fome turf, in the
manner direffed for Apples, or fome other mulch,
round their roots, to prevent their drying during the
fummer feafon ; and in the fpring, as new branches
are produced, obferve to nail them to the wall in a
horizontal pofition ; and fuch (hoots as are produced
fore-right, muft be entirely difplaced. This muft be
repeated as often as is neceflary, to prevent their
hanging from the wall, but by no means flop any of
the fhoots in fummer. .
At Michaelmas, when the trees have done growing,
their branches fhould be unnailed, and fhorten them
in proportion to their ftrength ; a vigorous branch
may be left eight or nine inches long, but a weak one
fhould not be left above five or fix. I fuppofe many
perfons will wonder at this direflion, efpecially having
allowed fuch a diftance between the trees, as believing,
by this management, the wall will never be filled ;
but my reafon for it is, that I would have no part of
ARN
the wall left unfurnished with bearing wood i wli'cli
O J
muft confequently be the cafe, if the branches are
left to a greater length at firft ; for it feldom happens,
that more buds than two or three upon each branch
, ^ A
(hoot ; and thefe are, for the moft part, fuch as are
at or near the extreme part of the laft year’s wood ; fo
that all the lower part of the (hoots become naked, nor
will they ever after produce fhoots ; and this is the
reafon, we fee lb many trees which have their bearing
wood iitUated only in the extreme part of the tree.
When you have (horte.ned the fhoots, 1 be fare to nail
them as horizontally as poffible, for upon this it is
that the future good of the tree chiefly depends.
The fecond fummer obferve, as in the firft, to dif-
place all fore-right (hoots as they are produced, nail-
ing in the other clofe to the wall horizon tally, fo that
the middle of the tree may be kept open ; and never
fhorten any of the (hoots in fummer, unlefs to furnifh
branches to fill vacant places on the wall ; and never
do this later than the end of April, for reafons here-
after given in the article of Peaches. At Michaelmas
fhorten thefe fhoots, as was directed for the firft year;
the ftrong ones may be left nine or ten inches, and
the weak ones fix or feven at moft.
The following year’s management will be nearly the
fame with this, but only obferve, that Apricots pro-
duce their bloftom buds, not only upon the laft year’s
wood, but alfo upon the curfons, or fpurs, which are
produced from the two years wood; a great care
fhould therefore be had in the fummer management,
not to hurt or difplace thefe : obferve alfo to fhorten
the branches at the winter pruning, fo as to furnifh
frefh wood in every part of the tree ; and be fure to
cut out entirely all luxuriant branches, or difplace
them as foon as they are produced ; which, if left to
grow, would exhauft thenourifhment from the bearing
branches, which in my opinion, cannot be too ftrong,
provided they are kindly ; for the more vigorous the
tree is, the more likely it is to refift the injuries of
the weather ; though we often fee trees brought to
fo weak a condition, as to be able only faintly to
blow their bloftbms, and then moft of -the bearing
branches have died; which has given occafion to the
owner to imagine it was the effect of a blight, when,
in reality, it was only for want of right management.
And, I am fully perfuaded, half the blights we hear
complained of, proceed from nothing elfe but this.
Thefe few rules, well executed, together with a lit-
tle obfervation and care, will be lufficient, therefore
to pretend to prefcribe particular directions for all the
different accidents, or manner of treating fruits, would
be impoftible ; but I believe the reader will find what
has been faid, if duly attended to, will anfwer his de-
fign ; for, without diligent obfervation, there can be
no fuch thing as a (kilful manager, let him have ever
fo many or good inftruftions laid down to him.
The Bruffels and Breda Apricots, being, for the moft
part, planted for ftandards, will require very little
pruning or management ; only obferve to take out all
dead wood, or fuch branches as crofs each other ;
this muft be done early in autumn, or in the fpring,
after the cold weather is pad, that the part may not
canker where the incifion is made.
ARMERIUS, Sweet-William. See Bianthus.
ARNICA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 784. Doronicum. Bauh.
Pin. 184. Leopardfbane.
The Characters are.
The common emp alement is fcdy , and jhorter than the rays
of the flower. It hath a compound flower , the border or
rays being compofed of many female florets , which fpread
open, cut into three parts at their end ; the dijk , or middle ,
has many hermaphrodite florets , which are tubulous , cut
into three unequal fegments at the brim ; thefe havt each
five floor t ftamina , crowned with oblong fimmits. 'The
female florets have alfo five awl-fhaped ftamina , but no
fimmits ; in the hermaphrodite florets the germen is Jituated
below the flower, fupporting a fender floor t ftyle, crowned
by a bifid ftigma. The germen afterward becomes a jingle
oblong feed, crowned with long fender down .
This
ART
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fection of
I, i minus’s eighteenth clafs, entitled Syngenelia Poly-
gamia ft; per flu a, the flower being compofed of her-
maphrodite and female florets; and the chief diftinction
of this genus is in the hermaphrodite and female
flowers being of the fame ihape, and the female having
ftamina.
The Species are,
1. Arnica ( Montana ) folds ovatis integris, caulinis ge-
minis oppofitis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 884. Arnica with en-
tire oval leaves , thofe on the Jlalks growing cppqfite by
: fairs. Doronicum plantaginis folio alterum. C. B. P.
185,
2. Arnica ( Scerpioides ) foliis alternis ferratis. Hall,
l lelvet. 737. Arnica with fawed leaves growing alter-
nately. Doronicum radice dulci. C. B. P. 184. *
3. Arnica ( Crocea ) foliis ovalibus ferrato denticulatis,
fubtus tomentofls. Lin. Sp. Plant. 1246. Arnica with
cval indented leaves , wbofe underfides are woolly. Dens
leonis enulse folio. Pet. Muf. 393.
The firft fort grows naturally upon the Alps, and alfo
upon many of the mountains in Germany, and other
cold parts of Europe, and is greatly efteemed by the
Germans for its medicinal qualities, where it is pre-
fcribed by this title of Arnica. It is alfo ranged among
the medicinal plants in many difpenlaries, by the title
given to it by Cafpar Bauhin.
The roots of this plant, when placed in a proper foil
and fltuation, greatly increafe, for they fynd out thick
flefhy roots, which fpread very far under the furface ;
thefe put out many oval entire leaves, from between
which the fiower-ftems arife, which grow about a
foot and a half high, having two or three pair of leaves
growing oppoflte upon each, and the top is terminat-
ed by a Angle yellow flower, compofed of many flo-
rets, like thofe of Dandelion. Thefe are fucceeded
by oblong feeds, which are crowned with down,
whereby they are difperfed to a confiderable diftance
when ripe. It flowers in April and May, and the
feeds ripen in September.
This plant delights in a moift fhady fltuation •, it may
be propagated by parting of the root in autumn,
when the ftalks begin to decay, or by the feeds if
fown in autumn, loon after they are ripe, for thofe
lown in the fpring often fail ; but if the feeds are per-
mitted to icatter, the plants will come up the following
fpring, fo that when one plant is obtained, it will pro-
pagate ltfeif faft enough without other care, but to
keep it clean from weeds.
The fecond fort grows naturally on the mountains of
Bohemia, as alfo in Siberia, from whence I received
the feeds. The roots of this fort are much jointed,
and divide into many irregular flefhy offsets, which
are varioufly contorted ; 'from whence many fuper-
ftitious perions have been led to imagine, that the
roots would expel the poifon of fcorpions, and cure
the wounds made by the bite of that animal. It is
a very hardy plant, and is propagated in the fame
manner as the former.
The third fort grows naturally at the Cape of Good
Hope, from whence the feeds have been brought to
Europe. This will not live through the winter in
the open air in this country, fo the plants mure be
kept in pots, which fhould be placed under a common
hot-bed frame in winter, to fereen it from the frofc,
but fhould enjoy the free air at all times, when the
weather is mild. It propagates by roots and feeds
in plenty. This is titled by Dr. Burman, Gerbera
folds pi an is dentatis ftore purpureo. Plant. Afr. 1 57.
ART EDI A. Lin. Gen. Plant. 249. We have no
Englifh name for this genus.
The Characters are,
jt is an umbelliferous plant ; the greater umbel is fpread
every and compofed of many fmall ones ; the involucrum of
the large one is compofed of ten oblong leaves , which ex-
tend the length of the umbel , cut at their tips into three
parts. The involucrum of the fmall umbels have but three
narrow leaves , which are longer than the umbel ; the rays
of the large umbel are difform , thofe of the fmall ones in
the difk are male , and the rays are hermaphrodite. ‘They
' 6
ART
: ( ' ‘
have five petals , which are erect \ heartfioapei, and
turned inward. 'Thefe have each five Jlender fiamina,
crowned with roundijh fummits ; thofe flowers which cm-
pofe the rays , have a final! germen at bottom, ■ Supporting
two refiexed Jtyles , crowned by a Jingle jtigr/ia. The germen
afterward becomes a rpmdifh compreffed fruit , with a leafy
border , which fplits into two , and contains two oblong
feeds , with fcaly borders.
This, genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fe&ibii
of Linnaeus’s fifth clafs, entitled Pentandria Digyma,
from their flowers having five Lamina and two
ftyles.
We have but; one Species of this plant, viz.
1. Artedia ( Squamata ) feminibus fquamads.- Hart*
Cliff. 89. Artedia with fquamous feeds. Thapfia Orien-
tabs anethi , folio femine eleganter crenato. Toum*
Cor. 22.
This is a native of the eaft. Rawvolf found it growinp-
upon Mount Libanus ; it is an annual plant, whole
ftalks rife about two feet high, fending out a few fide
branches, garnifhed with narrow compound leaves
refembling thofe of Dill; the extremity of the ftalk is
terminated by a large umbel of white flowers, com-
poied of five unequal petals, thofe on the outfide
being much larger than the other. Thefe are fuc-
ceeded by roundilh compreffed fruit, each having two
feeds, whofe borders are fcaly.
This plant decays as foon as the feeds are perfected,,
and many times before they are ripe in England ; for
unlefs the feeds are fown in autumn, and the plants
come up before winter, they rarely produce good
feeds here. The feeds ihould be fown on a warm
border where the plants are to remain, for they will
not bear tranfplanting. All the care they require is
to keep them clean from weeds, and thin the plants
to fix or eight inches diftance. They flower in June,
and their feeds ripen the end of Auguft.
ARTEMISIA [’A flsfirrlix., Gr. fo called, .according
to fome, from Artemifia, wife of Maufolus, king of*
Caria, who brought this plant into rife, and adopted
it as hers ; whereas, before, it was called Parthenis,
the virgin goddefs being feigned to have given that
name to it.] Mugwort.
The Characters are.
The common empalement is fcaly and round, as are alfo the
feales. The flower is compofed of hermaphrodite and fe-
male florets , the border being ranged with the fermfe,
which have a fmall germen at bottom, flupporting a fender
fiyle , crowned by a bifid fligma. The hermaphrodite florets
compofe the difk, or middle ; thefe are tubulous , cut inis
five parts at the brim ; in the center is placed the germen-,
with the like fiyle and fiigma as the female , accompanied
by five hairy ftamina , crowned by cylindrical fiimmits,
which are indented in five parts. The germen after-
ward becomes a Jingle naked feed, fitting upon a naked
placenta.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fection
of Linnaeus’s eighteenth clafs, entitled Syngenelia Po-
. lygamia fuperfiua, the flowers of thefe being com-
pofed of female and hermaphrodite florets, which are
both fruitful.
The Species are,
1. Artemisia ( Vulgaris ) foliis pmnatifidis plants incifis;
fubtus tomentofis, racemis fimplicibus fioribus ovatis
radio quinque flora. Lin. Sp. Plant. 348. Mugwort
with plain cut leaves,- ending in many parts, woolly un-
derneath , with Jingle J pikes of oval flowers, whofe rays
are compofed of five florets. Artemifia vulgaris major.
C. B. P. 137.
2. Artemisia ( Integrifolia ) foliis lanceolatis fubtus to-
mentofisintegerrimisdentatifque florum radio fubquiii-
que flora. Lin. Sp. Plant. 1189. Mugwort with fpear-
f 3 aped entire leaves, indented on their edges , whofe und r
fid.es are woolly, and the rays of the flower compofed of five
florets. Artemifia foliis planis lanceolato-lmearifaus
inferioribus fepe ex pinnato-dentads. Flor, Sib. 2.
p- i° 9 -
3. Artemisia ( Carulefcens ) foliis caulinis lanceolatis in-
tegris; radicaiibus multifidis, fiofculis foemineis tern Is.
Lin. Sp. 1189. Mugwort whofe leaves on the ftalks are
' entire.
ART
& litre, thofe at the root multifid , and three female flofcules
compcfe the rays of the flower. Abfmthlum maritimum
kvendulae folio. C. B. P. 139. Lavender-leaved Sea
- Wormwood >
4. Artemisia (fDracuncuks) foliis lanceolatis glabris in-
tegerrimis. Hort. Cliff. 403. Mugwort with fpear-
fhaped , entire , fmooth leaves. Abrotanum lini folio acri-
ore & odorato. Tourn. Inft. 459. Tarragon,
5. Artemisia (Minima) foliis cuneiformibus repandis,
caule procumbente, floribus axillaribus feffilibus. Lin.
Sp. 1190. Mugwort with wedge-Jhaped leaves, a trailing
fialk , and flowers growing at the wings of the ftalk.
6. Artemisia ( Abrotanum ) foliis ramofiflimis fetaceis,
caule eredo fuffruticofo. Hort. Cliff 403. Artemfia
with very branching briftly leaves and a fhrubby erebl ftalk. '
Abrotanum mas anguftifolium majus. C. B. P. 136.
Southernwood.
7. Artemisia {Humilis) foliis fetaceis pinnatifidis, caule
decumbente fuffruticofo. Mugwort with briftly wing-
pointed leaves , and a low flmibby ftalk. Abrotanum
humile corymbis majoribus aureis. Tourn. Inft. 459.
8. Artemisia ( Santonicum ) foliis caulinis linearibus pin-
nato-multifidis, ramis indivifis, fpicis fecundis re-
flexis. Zin. Goett. 397. Artemifia with linear multfid
leaves on the ftalks , undivided branches , and fertile reflexed
fpikes. Semen fandum. Lob. Icon. 756.
9. Artemisia ( Campeftris ) foliis multifidis linearibus,
caulibus procumbentibus virgatis. Hort. Cliff 403.
Artemifia with linear multfid leaves , and trailing fpriggy
ftalks. Abrotanum campeftre. C. B. P. 136. Wild
Southernwood.
10. Artemisia ( Crithmifolia ) foliis compofitis divari-
catis linearibus carnofts glabris, caule afcendente pa-
niculato.Lin. Sp. 1186. Artemifia with compound , linear ,
fmooth , flefhy leaves , and a panicled afcending ftalk.
11. Artemisia ( Maritima ) foliis multipartitis tomen-
tofis, racemis cernuis, flofculis foemineis ternis. Lin.
Sp. 1186. Mugwort with woolly divided leaves , nodding
branches , and three female florets. Abfinthium ferip-
hium Belgicum. C. B. P. 139. See Wormwood.
12. Artemisia ( Rupeftris ) foliis pinnatis, caulibus ad-
fcendentibus hirfutis, floribus globofis cernuis, re-
ceptaculo pappofo. Her. Gotl. 285. Mugwort with
winged leaves , hairy afcending ftalks , and globular nodding
flowers. Abfinthium Alpinum incanum. C. B. P.
*39 •
13. Artemisia ( Pontica ) foliis multipartitis fubtus to-
mentofis, floribus fubrotundis nutantibus, recepta-
culo nudo. Hort. Upfal. 257. Artemifia with finely di-
vided leaves , woolly on their under fide , and roundifh nod-
ding flowers. Abfinthium ponticum tenuifoiium in-
canum. C. B. P. 138. Pontick Wormwood.
14. Artemisia {Annua) foliis triplicato-pinnatis utrin-
que glabris, floribus fubglobofls nutantibus, recep-
taculo glabro conico. Hort. Upfal. 257. Artemifia
with triple winged leaves , which are fmooth on both fides ,
globular nodding flowers , having fmooth conical receptacles.
Abfinthium . tanacetifolio odoratifiimum. Amm.
Ruth.
15. Artemisia ( Abfinthium ) foliis compofitis multifidis,
floribus fubglobofls pendulis, receptacuio villofo.
Hort. Cliff. 404. Artemifia with compound multfid leaves ,
globular hanging flowers , and hairy receptacles. Abftn-
thiurn vulgare. J. B. Common Wormwood.
16. Artemisia ( Inodora ) foliis compofitis tomentofis,
floribus fubglobofls, receptacuio villofo. Artemifia
with woolly compound leaves , globular flowers , and hairy
. receptacles. Abfinthium inflpidum Abflnthio vulgari
flmile. C. B. P. Infipid Wormwcod.
1 7. Artemisia {Arbor eflcens) foliis compofitis multifidis
linearibus, floribus fubglobofls, caule frutefcente.
Lin. Sp. 1188. Artemifia with compound linear leaves ,
globular flowers , and a fhrubby ftalk. Abfinthium ar-
borefcens. Lob. Icon. 753. free Wormwood.
18. Artemisia (. ALthiopica ) foliis linearibus confertis
minimis divifls, caule fruticofo tomentofo. Lin. Sp.
1184. Mugwort with linear leaves in bunches , and a
woolly fhrubby ftalk. Abfinthium Africanum arbo-
refcens, folio vermiculato incano. Tourn. Inft. 458.
19. Artemisia ,( Glacialis ) foliis palmatis multifidis feri-
ceis, caulibus adfcendentibus, floribus glomeratis Life
faftigiatis. Lin. Sp. 1187. Mugwort with filky multfid
leaves , afcending ftalks , and glomerated flowers. Ab-
finthium Alpinum candidum humile. C. B. P. 139.
20. Artemisia {f anacetifolia) foliis bipinnatis fubtus
tomentofis nitidis, pinnis tranfverlis, racemis iimpli-
cibus. Lin. Sp. 1188. Artemifia with double-winged
leaves , woolly on their under fide , and a fimple racemis of
flowers.
The firft fort grows naturally on banks, and by the
fide of foot-paths, in moft parts of England, fo is
rarely admitted into gardens, where it would Lon be-
come a troublefome weed-, for the roots creep far un-
der the furface of the ground, fo that unlefs they are
{topped, they will foon fpread over a large fpace of
ground but as this plant is tiled in medicine, I have
here mentioned it. This flowers in June, at which
time the herb is in perfection for ufe.
The Moxa, fo famous in the eaftern countries for
curing the gout by burning of the part affeded, is
the lanugo, or down, which is on the under part of
the leaves, of a fort of Mugwort, which is fuppofed
to be different from our common fort, but the dried
famples which I have feen brought to England for
that, appear to differ in nothing but the fize of the
plant, that being much lefs ; and I fuppofe the foft
down of the common fort, or of any other plant, will
anfwer the purpoie full as well.
The fecond fort grows naturally in Siberia ; this rifes
up with Angle ftalks about two feet high, which are
garniftied with plain, narrow, fpear-fhaped leaves,
cut into acute fegments on their edges, fomewhat
like thofe of Buckfhorn Plantain j the flowers come
out from the wings of the leaves in fmall loofe fpikes,
and near the top they are often Angle j thefe are larger
than thofe of the common fort, and are of a pale
yellow colour.
This fort is as hardy as the common, and multiplies
as fall, fo is only preferved in botanic gardens for the
fake of variety.
The third fort grows naturally near the fea, in Italy,
Spain, and France, but is hardy enough to live in
the open air in England, provided it is planted in a
dry foil: itgrov/s too feet high, having many ligneous
branches, which are terminated by fpikes of flowers,
which have little beauty, therefore the plants are pre-
lerved in gardens for the fake of variety.
The fourth fort is the common Tarragon, which is
frequently ufecl in fallads, efpecially by the French :
this is a very hardy plant, which propagates greatly
by its creeping roots, or may be multiplied fall by
planting the young fhoots the beginning of May, in
the fame manner as is pradifed for Mint, and if they
are duly fupplied with water in dry weather, will foon
fpread and meet.
The fifth fort grows naturally in China, but is hardy
enough to thrive in the open air here. It is an annual
plant, which feldom comes up the firft year, if the
feeds are fown in the fpring ; therefore it is much
better to let the feeds fcatter in the autumn, becaufe
thefe will more furely grow, than thofe fown bv
hand. ,
The fixth fort is the common Southernwood, which is
kept in gardens for the agreeable Lent of its leaves ;
it is a low under fhrub, feldom riling more than three
or four feet high, fending out lateral fhrubby branches-
growing ered, garniftied with five briftly leaves,
having an agreeable Lent when bruifed : the flowers
are produced in fpikes from the extremity of the
branches, but unlefs the autumn proves warm and
dry, the flowers rarely open in England.
This is propagated by flips and cuttings, planted In
a fhady border, about the beginning of April,
obferving to water them duly in dry weather ; in
this border they may remain till the followino-
autumn, when they fhould be tranfplanted, either
into pots or thofe parts of the garden where they
are defigned to remain.
The feventh fort is a very low under fhrub, the
branches bend near the ground, fo never rife more
^ A than
A Pv T
ttoii two feet high, unlefs when they flower-, for the
fpikes are generally more than a foot long •, the flow-
ers are yellow, and are ranged in fpikes which appear
in autumn. This is propagated- either by flips or
cuttings in the fame manner as the former, and is
equally hardy.
The eighth fort produces the Semen Santonicum,
which is much ufed for worms in children. It grows
naturally in Perlia, from whence the feeds are brought
to Europe this hath the appearance of our Wild
Mugwort ; the branches are (lender, erecft, and gar-
iiifhed with linear winged leaves, and terminated by
recurved (lender fpikes of flowers, which have naked
receptacles. This may be propagated by (lips or cut-
tings in the like manner as the former but the plants
fihould be planted in a dry foil and (lieltered fituation,
where they will endure the cold of our ordinary win-
ters pretty well, but it will be proper to have a plant
or two in pots, which may be (lieltered in winter
under a common hot-bed frame to preferve the
fpecies;
The ninth fort is our common Wild Southernwood,
which grows naturally infome parts of Norfolk, fo is
rarely admitted into gardens.
The tenth fort grows naturally in Portugal this is a
low under flirub, feldom riling more than two feet
high, and has much of the afped of our wild fort,
fo is rarely kept in gardens in this country.
The eleventh fort is the common Sea Wormwood,
grows naturally on the fea coafts in mold parts of
England, where there are feveral varieties (if not
diftinft fpecies) to be found. Thefe are low un-
der fhrubs, moft of them creep at their root, where-
by they multiply greatly in their natural fituation,
but when tranfplanted into a garden, feldom thrive
fo well • however, thefe varieties are now commonly
fubftituted for the true Roman Wormwood in the
London (hops.
The twelfth fort grows naturally on the Alps this is
alfo a low under flirub, feldom rifmg more than a
foot high, fending out feveral (lender branches, gar-
niflied with very white winged leaves, for which the
plants are fornetimes admitted into gardens. It is
very hardy, and may be eafily propagated by cuttings
in the fpring.
The thirteenth fort is the true Roman Wormwood,
though at this time never ufed in any of the fhops ;
yet by fldlful perfons is greatly preferred to the Sea
Worm wood, being lefs naufeous and a muchpleafanter
bitter, and may be had in as great plenty, provided
it was cultivated by thofe who fupply the markets
with medicinal herbs. This is a low herbaceous
plant, whofe (talks die to the root in autumn, and
new ones arife in the fpring ; thefe are garniflied with
finely divided leaves, whofe underfide are woolly
the upper part of the (talks are furniflied with glo-
bular flowers which nod on one fide, having naked
receptacles. Thefe appear in Auguft, but are rarely
fucceeded by feeds in England.
This fort is eafily propagated by its creeping roots,
which may be parted in the autumn, and planted
two or three feet afunder, that they may have room
to fpread ; the belt time for this is in the middle
of October ; it will grow in any foil which is not too
wet.
T he fourteenth fort grows naturally in Siberia it is
an annual plant which grows two feet high, gar-
nifhed with fmooth winged leaves, which have an
agreeable (cent ; the flowers are globular and nod on
one fide. If the feeds of this are permitted to fcatter
in the autumn, the plants will come up better than
if fown with care.
The fifteenth fort is the common Wormwood which
grows naturally in lanes and uncultivated places in
many parts of England, fo is not often cultivated in
gardens. This is eafily propagated by feeds, which
fhould be fown in the autumn foon after they are ripe;
or if they are permitted to fcatter, the plants will
come up without farther care.
The fixteenth fort has been fuppofed to be a variety
7
ART
of the common Wormwood: indeed the appearance
of the plants are nearly alike, but the fegments of the
leaves of this are broader and whiter than thofe of
the common, and the whole plant is infipid, and con-
tinues fo from feed.
The feventeenth fort is commonly known by the tide
of Tree Worm word; this grows naturally near the
fea in Italy and the Levant. This rifes with a woody
ftaik fix or feven feet high, fending out many lig-
neous branches, garniflied with leaves fomewhat like
thofe of the common Wormwood, but more finely
divided, and much whiter. The branches are tern
minated by fpikes of globular flowers in the autumn,
which are feldom fucceeded by feeds here. This
plant is eafily propagated by cuttings, which, if
planted in a fliady border during the dimmer feafon,
and duly watered, take root freely. In autumn fome
ox the young plants Aiould be potted, that they may
be (lieltered in winter the other may be planted-in a
warm border, where they will live, provided the win-
ter proves favourable.
The eighteenth fort is a low (hrubby plant ; the ftaik
is woolly, fending out a few (hrubby branches, gar-
niflied with linear leaves growing in clutters the flow-
ers grow in a roundifh bunch, and are fliaped like
thofe of Wormwood. This grows naturally in fiEthi-
opia. It is propagated by planting the cuttings any
time in fummer, and the plants mud be (heltered
from hard frofts in winter.
The nineteenth fort grows naturally on the Alps ;
this is a low plant, feldom rifmg more than a foot
and a half high ; the ftalks are clofely garniflied with
very white leaves fliaped like a hand the flowers are
globular, and produced in clufiers at the extremity
of the ftaik ; thefe are rarely fucceeded by feeds in
England. This plant may be propagated by plant-
ing the fide (hoots in a fhady border during any of
the fummer months, which, if duly watered, will
put out roots, and in autumn they may be tranfplant-
ed where they are to remain.
The twentieth fort grows naturally at Piedmont; it
is an herbaceous plant, whofe ftalks die to the root
in winter, and frefh (hoots arife in the fpring, which
are garniflied with winged leaves, woolly on their un-
der fide ; the (lowers are produced on (ingle fpikes,
which are rarely fucceeded by feeds in England. It
may be eafily propagated by parting the roots in the
autumn.
ARTICHOKE is called by the Latins Cinara.
As this plant is much better known by its Englifh ti-
tle than the Latin, I (hall treat of it under this head,
and refer for its character to the Latin title of Cinara,
under which the other fpecies will be exhibited.
We have two forts of Artichokes which are cultivated
in the Englifli gardens, which we (hall diftinguifh
here only by the names they are generally known
among the gardeners, and referve their farther diftinc-
tions to their Latin titles.
The beft fort is what the gardeners call the Globe
Artichoke. This hath large heads with broad brown
fcales, which turn inward ; the fiefliy part at the bot-
tom of the fcales is very thick, therefore is much
preferred to the other, which is called the French
Artichoke. The ftalks of this fort generally grow
taller, and the heads are (mailer, and more conical
than thofe of the other fort. The fcales are narrower*
of a greener colour, and turn outward. The flelhy
part which is eaten is not near fo thick, and hath a
difagreeable perfumed tafte ; this was aimed totally
rooted out of the Englifli gardens before the hard
froft in 1 7!-!, when the greateft part of the roots of
the other fort were deftroyed, fo many perfons were
fupplied the following fpring with plants from Guern-
fey, where they cultivate only the latter fort ; but
fince the other has been increafed again, this green
fort has been in moft gardens rooted out, to make
way for the Globe Artichoke.
The manner of propagating this plant is from (lips,
taken from the old roots, in February or March,
which, if planted in a good foil, will produce large
fair
ART
fair fruit the autumn following ; but as this is a plant
which few gardeners, that have not been inftrudfced
in the kitchen-gardens near London, underftand to
manage well, I fhall be the more particular in my di-
rections about it. ; ,
At the latter end of February, or in March, accord-
ing to the eariinefs of the feafon, or forwardnefs of
the old Artichoke roots, will be the proper time for
drelfing them, which muft be thus performed : with
your fpade remove all the earth from about your
ftock, down below the part from whence the young
ihoots are produced, clearing the earth from between
the fhoots with the hands, fo as to be able to judge
of the goodnefs of each, with their proper pofition
upon the ftock •, then make choice of two of the
cleared:, ftraiteft, and moft promifing plants that are
produced from the under part of the ftock, which are
much preferable to the ftrong thick plants which ge-
nerally grow upon the crown of the roots ; for thefe
have hard woody ftems, fo never produce good fruit,
but are generally what the market people call rogues,
which have very little bottom ; the fcales of their
heads are irregularly placed ; in flipping off the plants
you muft be careful not to injure thole which are to
remain for a crop •, then with your thumb force off
all the other plants and buds alio clofe to the head of
the ftock, from whence they are produced, being
very careful not to leave any of the buds, which will
foon produce plants fo as to hurt thofe which are
left : then with your fpade draw the earth about the
two plants which are left, and with your hands clofe
it fall to each of them, feparating them as far afunder
as they can conveniently be placed without breaking
them, obferving to crop off the tops of the leaves
which hang down with your hands ; your ground be-
ing levelled between the ftocks, you may fow thereon
a imall crop of Spinach, which will be taken off be-
fore the Artichokes will cover the ground, and be
fure to keep them clear from weeds ; . and toward the
latter end of April, or the beginning of May, when
your old plants begin to fhew their fruit, you muft
carefully look over your ftocks, ai)d draw up all young
plants from them, which may have been produced
ftnce their drefling, and cut off all fuckers which are
produced from the ftems of the Artichoke, leaving
only the principal head, by which means your fruit
will be the larger •, when your Artichokes are fit to
gather, you muft break or cut them down clofe to
the furface of the ground, that your ftocks may make
ftrong frefh fhoots before the end of Qdtober : the
feafon for earthing, or, as the gardeners term it, land-
ing them up, is the middle or latter end of Novem-
ber, which is thus done :
Cut off all the young fhoots quite clofe to the furface
of the ground •, then dig between every ftock, raiflng
all the earth between each row of ftocks into a ridge,
as is done in the common method of trenching ground,
fo as that the row of Artichokes may be exactly in
the middle of each ridge, this will be fufiicient to
guard them againft froft ; and I would here recom-
mend it to the public, as infinitely preferable to long
dung, which is- by the unfkilful often ufed, and is
the occafton of their fruit being fmall, and almoft
without any bottoms to them-; for there is not any
thing fo hurtful to thefe, as new dung being either
buried near, or laid about them.
Since we have experienced, that, in very fevere frofts
thefe roots are fometimes deftroyed, therefore it is
proper to give fome directions to prevent it ; though
this rarely happens in dry ground, in which we have
but few inftances of their being killed, except in the
hard frofts of 1683, and 1 7 A.?.. In thefe two winters
moft of the Artichokes were deftroyed in England ;
in the laft of thefe winters, it happened from the lit-
tle care which was taken of them, there having been
no froft for fo many years before, which had injured
them, that few people ufed any care to preferve them ;
but ftnce that hard froft, many people have run into
the other extreme of covering all their roots of Arti-
chokes with long dung every winter, which is a very
A R T
bad method, becaufe the dung lying near the roots,
is very apt to rot the beft plants ; therefore I would
advife the earthing (or as it is called by the garden-
ers, landing) the Artichokes to be deferred till the lat-
ter end of November, or the beginning of December,
provided the feafon continues mild; and towards
Chriftmas, if there is any danger of fevere frofts, to
lay a quantity of long dung, Peafe-haulm, tanners bark,
or any other light covering over . the ridges of earth.,
which will keep out the froft ; and this being at a dis-
tance from the roots, will not injure them ; but this,
covering fttould be carefully taken off the beginning
of February, or fooner, provided the feafon is mild,
or at leaft fo foon as the weather is fo, otherwife
the plants will be injured by its lying too long upon
them.
It will alfo be a good method, 'whenever any roots
of Artichokes are dug up in autumn, either to bury
them deep in the ground in a pit till fpring, or lay
them in a heap, fo as that they may be eaftly covered
in hard frofts ; and thefe may be a fupply, if thofe in.
the ground are deftroyed.
When you have thus earthed them up, you have no-
thing more to do till February or March, by which
time they will have grown through the ridge of the
earth ; and, when the weather is proper, muft be
dreffed as was before directed.
When you have a mind to make a new plantation*
after having digged and buried fome very rotten dung
in the ground you have allotted for that purpofe,
make choice of fuch of your plants as were taken
from your old ftocks, which are clear, found, and
not woody, having fome fibres to their bottom ; then
with your knife cut off’ that knobbed woody part,
which joined them to the ftock ; and if that cuts crilp
and tender, it is a fign of its goodnefs, but if tough
and ftringy, throw it away as good for nothing ; then
cut off the large outfide leaves pretty low, that the
middle or heart leaves, may be above them. Your
plants being thus prepared (if the weather is very dry,
or the plants have been any time taken from the
ftocks, it will be convenient to fet them upright in a
tub of water for three or four hours before they are
planted, which will greatly refrefh them;) you muft
then proceed to planning, which muft be done by
ranging a line acrofs the ground, in order to their be-
ing placed exadly in a row ; and, with a meafure
ftick, plant them at two feet diftance from each other
in the rows, and if defigned for a full crop, five feet
diftance row from row ; your plants muft be fet about
four inches deep, and the earth clofed very fail to
their roots, obferving, if the feafon proves dry, to
keep them watered two or three times a week, un-
til they are growing, after which they feldom require
any.
N. B. You may fow a thin crop of Spinach upon the
ground before you plant your plants, obferving to
clear it from about them after it is come up.
Thefe plants, in a kindly feafon, or a moift foil, will
produce the largeft and beft Artichokes fome time
in Auguft and September, after all thofe from the
old ftocks are pafc ; fo that if you intend to continue
your Artichokes through the whole feafon, you muft
make a new plantation every year, otherwife you can-
not poffibly have fruit longer than two or three
months.
If any of the plants which are planted in the fpring
fhould not fruit in autumn, you may, at the feafon
of earthing up your roots, tie up the leaves with a
fmall Willow twig, &c. and lay the earth up clofe
to it, fo that the top of the plant may be above
ground ; and when the froft comes on, if you will
cover the top with a little ftraw, or Peafe-haulm, to
prevent their being killed by froft, thefe plants will
produce fruit in winter, or early in the fpring.
But in thofe plantations where you' intend to plant
other things between your Artichokes, you muft al-
low nine or ten feet between the rows, as is often
pradtifed by the kitchen-gardeners near London, v/ho
fow the ground between with Radiihes or Spinach,
and
$3
and plant two rows of Cauliflowers, at four feet
diftance row from row, and two feet and a half afun-
der in the rows, fo that there are always five feet
allowed for the Artichokes to grow ; and in May,
when the Radilhes or Spinach are taken off, they fow
a row of Cucumbers for pickling, exactly between
the two rows of Cauliflowers, at three feet diftance
from each other •, and between the rows of Cauli-
flowers and the Artichokes, plant a row of Cabbages
or Savoys for winter ufe, which, when the Cauliflow-
ers are drawn off, and the Artichokes gathered, will
have full liberty to grow, and by this means the
ground is fully employed through the whole feafon.
This has long been the pradice of the kitchen-gar-
deners near London, who pay large rents for their
land, fo are obliged to get as many crops in a year
from it as poffibie.
In thofe which are planted at five feet diftance row
from row, you may plant in every other row a line
of Cabbages or Savoys for winter ufe, which will be
gone by the time of landing them up •, in doing of
which you muft lay the whole five feet of earth into
one ridge, except the ground be extreme ftiff, or the
plants young, in both which cales you may lay only
three feet and a half of the ground in the ridge
over the roots, and the remainder may be laid in a
fmall ridge between ; the fame compafs of ground
muft alfo be allowed where they are planted at a wider
diftance.
And if in the fpring you find your flocks fhoot very
weak, which may have been occaftoned either by hard
froft, or too much wet, you muft then uncover them,
and with your fpade loofen and break the earth about
them, raifing a fmall hill about each ftock, levelling
the reft between the rows, which will greatly help
them, and in three weeks, or a month’s time after,
they are commonly fit to flip.
Thofe Artichokes which are planted in a moift rich
foil, will always produce the largeft and belt fruit j
fo that where fuch a foil can be obtained, it will be
proper to make a frefh plantation every fpring, to
fucceed the pld flocks, and fupply the table in au-
tumn. But the roots will not live through the win-
ter in a moift foil, fo that your flocks which you in-
tend jfhould remain to fupply the table early, and
to furnifh plants, fiiQuld be in a drier foiL You
fiiould always obferve to plant thefe in an open fitu-
ation, and not under the drip of trees, where they
will draw up very tall, and produce fmall infignificant
fruit.
ARTICHOKES of Jerufalem. See Helian-
X HUS
ARTICULATION, is the conne&ion of parts
that confift of joints, or knees, fuch as are the fili-
q|L£e [the hulks j of many plants •, as of the Ornitho-
podium, Coronilla, which are joined together by a
foluble knot whence thofe parts are called articu-
lofas, and are faid to be connected articulatim, or
geniculatim •, and fuch plants are called Articulofe,
whofe roots are jointed, although the {talks have no
joints fo the root of Polygonatum is faid to be ar-
ticulofe, or geniculated.
A R U M, Wake Robin, or Cuckow Pint.
The Characters are,
The flower hath a, large oblong fpatha , which is clofed at
the bottom , comprejfed in the middle , and coloured within \
the fpadix is Jingle , Jhaped like a club at the top , and
JJoorter than the fpatha upon which the germen are fitu-
ated. It hath no petals nor Jlamina , but many four-cor-
nered fummits , fitting clofe to the germen , with a double
row of hairs between them , which adhere to the fpa-
dix. There are many oval germen which furround the
upper part of the fpadix , having no ftyles , but have
bearded ftigma : the germen afterward become globular
berries , with one cell , having round feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the feventh fection
of Linnaeus’s twentieth clafs, entitled Gy'nandria Po-
lyandria, thefe plants having male and female flowers
joined, but have no ftamina nor ftyle, but many
fummits.
6
A R U
This plant is called Wake Robin, from the fharp
acrid _ tafte, which, if eaten, will occafion a violent
pain in every part of the mouth and throat, attended
commonly with a great defluxion of water.
The Species are,
1. Arum ( Maculatum ) acaule foliis haftatis integerrimis
fpadice clavato. Hort. Upfal. 434- Arum without
falk, fpear-jhaped entire leaves , and a club-foapcd fpadix .
Arum vulgare maculatum & non maculatum. C. B. P.
195. The common Arum.
2. Arum ( Italicum ) foliis haftatis acutis. petiolis longifll-
mis fpatha maxima erefta. Arum without ftalk , pointed
fpear-jhaped leaves , with long foot -ft alks, and a large up-
right fpatha. Arum venis albis Italicum maximum.
IT. R. Par.
3. Arum ( Probofcidium ) acaule foliis haftatis fpatha de-
clinata filiformi-fubulata. Lin. Sp. Plant. 966. Arum
without ftalk , fpear-ftoaped leaves , and a declining awl-
Jhaped fpatha. Arifarum flore in tenuem caudam
abeunte. Tourn. Inft. 161. Friers Cowl.
4. Arum ( Arifarum ) acaule foliis cordato-oblongis fpa-
tha bifida fpadice incurvo. Hort. Cliff. 435. Arum
without ftalk , oblong heart-Jhaped leaves , a bifid fpatha ,
and an incurved fpadix. Arifarum latifolium majus.
C. B. P. 196. Broad-leaved Friers Cowl.
5. Arum ( Tenuifolium ) acaule foliis lanceolatis fpadice
fetaceo declinato. Hort. Cliff. 345. Arum without ftalk ,
fpear-ftoaped leaves , and a briftly declining fpadix. Ari-
farum anguftifolium Diofcoridis forte. Boerh. Ind.
alt. 2. p. 73.
6. Arum (. Virginicum ) acaule foliis haftato-cordatis acu-
tis anguiis obtufis. Hort. Cliff. 434. Arum without
ftalk , pointed , fpear, heart-foaped leaves , with obtufe
angles.
7. Arum ( Triphyllum ) acaule foliis ternatis floribus rno-
noicis. Flor. Yirg. 113. Three-leaved Arum without
ftalk. Arum minus triphyllum arifarum pene viridi
Virginianum. Mor. Hilt. 3. p. 547.
8. Arum ( Dracunculus ) foliis pedatis, foliolis petiolatis
integerrimis sequantibus fpatham fpadice longiorem.
Lin. Sp. Prod. Leyd. 7. Arum with foot -Jhaped leaves,
compofed of fpear-ftoaped , entire , equal lobes , and the fpa-
tha much longer than the fpadix. Dracunculus poly-
phyllus. C. B. P. 195. Common Dragon.
9. Arum ( Dracontium ) foliis pedatis, foliolis lanceolatis
integerrimis fuperantibus fpatham fpadice breviorem.
Prod. Leyd. 7. Arum with foot-Jhaped leaves , the up-
per being compofed of fpear-ftoaped entire lobes , and the
fpatha Jhorter than the fpadix. Arum polyphyllum mi-
nus & humilius. H. L. 60.
10. Arum ( ! Trilob atum ) acaule foliis fagittato trilobis flore
fefiile. Flor. Zeyl. 3 26. Trifoliate Arum without ftalk?,
and a flower growing clofe to the root. Arum humile
Zeylanicum latifolium piftillo coccineo. Hort. Amft.
!• P- 97 -
11. Arum ( Colocafia ) acaule foliis peltatis ovatis repan-
dis bafi femibjfidis. Hort. Cliff. 434. Arum without
ftalk , target-fhaped oval leaves , waved and fimated at
their borders , and divided into two parts at their bafe.
Arum maximum fEgyptiacum quod vulgo Colocafia.
Called Colocafia.
12. Arum {Beta folia ) acaule foliis cordatis nervofis flo-
ribus feflilibus. Arum without ftalk, nervous heart-ftoaped
leaves , and flowers without petals. Arum Americanum
betas folio. Catefb. Hift. Car. 1. 71. Called Scunk
Weed.
13. Arum ( Divaricatum ) acaule foliis cordatis angulatis
divaricatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 966. Arum without ftalk ,
and heart-Jhaped angular leaves. Arum acaule foliis
fubhaftatis. Flor. Zeyl. 325.
14. Arum ( Peregrinum ) acaule foliis cordatis obtulis
rnucronatis angulus rotundatis. Hort. Clift. 435 r . A-
rum without ftalk , blunt heart-ftoaped leaves , which are
pointed , and the angles rounded , called Edder in America.
15. Arum ( Efculentem ) acaule foliis peltatis ovatis inte-
gerrimis bail femibifidis. Hort. Cliff, 453. Arum
without ftalk, oval target-Jhaped leaves , whofe bafe are
divided in two parts. - Arum minus nympr.aeie folio
efculentum. Sloan. Cat, jam. 62.
1 1 6. Arum
1
A R U
1 6. Arum {Sagittce folium ) acaule foliis fagittatis trian- j
gulls angulis divar leads acutis. Hort. Cliff. 345. A-
rum without fialk , lance-fhaped leaves which are triangu-
lar , acute-pointed , ribbed. Arum maximum iE-
gyptiacum quod vulgo Colocafia cauliculis nigrican-
tibus Zeylanica. H. L. B.
17. Arum ( Arbor ef cent ) caulefcens rectum, foliis fagit-
tatis. Lin. Sp. 1371. Arum with an erett fialk, and ar-
row-Jhaped leaves , commonly called Dumb Cane.
18. Arum ( Auritum ) caulefcens radicans, foliis terna-
tis, lateralibus unilobatis. Lin. Sp. 1371. Arumwhofe
fialks fend out roots, and trifoliate leaves. Arum he-
deraceum triphylium & auritum. Plum. Amer. 41.
tab. 58.
The firfb fort grows naturally in woods and on fhady
banks in moft parts of England, fo is feldom admit-
ted into gardens ; but being a medicinal plant, it is
here inferred to introduce the other fpecies. There
are two varieties of. this, one with plain leaves, and
the other hath leaves full of black fpots, but thefe
are only accidental varieties which arife from the fame
feeds. The roots of this are ordered by the College
of Phyficians to be ufed in a powder which bears the
title of the plant ; but thefe are generally gathered
in the fpring, when the leaves are in full vigour, fo
that the roots fhrink and foon lofe their pungent
quality ; but thofe which are taken up in Auguft,
when their leaves decay, will continue good a whole
year, and retain their pungency the fame as when firft
taken up. The not obferving this, has brought the
medicine into difrepute. It flowers in April, and the
feeds ripen in July.
The fecond fort grows naturally in Italy, Spain, and
Portugal, from whence I have received the feeds.
The leaves of this fort rife a foot and a half high, are
very large, running out to a point •, thefe are finely
veined with white, interfperfed with black fpots,
which, together with the fine flaming green of their
furface, make a pretty variety. The flowers grow
near a foot high, and have very long upright fpathas,
which are of a pale green, inclining to white ; thefe
appear the end of April, or beginning of May, and
the feeds are ripe in Auguft ; this propagates very
faft by offsets from the root, and will thrive in any
foil or fituation. The belt time to tranfplant them
is foon after the feeds are ripe, for by the end of Oc-
tober they will be putting out new fibres.
The third, fourth, and fifth forts have Been generally
feparated from this genus, and were diftinguifhed by
the title of Arifarum, or Friar’s Cowl, from the re-
femblance the flower has in fliape to the hoods or
cowls worn by the people of that order •, the leaves of
thefe have fhort foot-ftalks, the flowers growing clofe
to the ground they flower in April, but feldom pro-
duce feeds in England ; however they multiply faft
by offsets, and ffiould have a fhady fituation. The
time for tranfplanting the roots is the fame as for the
• former. They are preferved in fome gardens for
the fake of variety, but have little beauty to recom-
mend them.
The fixth and feventh forts grow naturally in Virgi-
nia and Carolina, from whence I have received their
roots; their leaves arife immediately from the roots,
having fcarce any foot-ftalks ; the flowers come up be-
tween their leaves, which have fhort foot-ftalks ; they
appear in May, but have little beauty, fo the plants
are only kept in botanic gardens for the fake of va-
riety. They will live in the open air, if they are
planted in a flickered fituation, or if the furface of
the ground is covered with tan to keep out the froft
in winter, and will thrive better in the full ground
than in pots. They are propagated by offsets.
The eighth fort is the common Dragon, which is
ufed in medicine, and has been generally ranged in
a feparate genus from this under the title of Dracun-
culus, in which genus Tournefort has ranged all thole
. fpecies which have compound leaves, and thofe with
Angle leaves he has placed under Arum.
This fort is ufed in medicine, fo is preferved in gar-
dens to limply the markets : it grows naturally in moft
A R U
of the fouthern parts of Europe. This plant hath a
large, tuberous, fiefliy root, which, in the fpring puts
up a. ftrait ftalk about three feet high, which is Ipot-
■ted like the belly of a fnake ; at the top it fpreads
out into leaves, which are cut into feveral narrow
fegments alrnoft to the bottom, which'' fp read open
like a hand ; at the top of the ftalk the flower is pro-
duced, which is in fnape like the common Arum,
having a very long fpatha of a dark purple colour.
Handing erect, with a large piftil of the fame colour,
fo that when it is in flower, it makes no unpleaftng
appearance ; but the flower hath fo ftrong a feent of
carrion, that few perfons can endure it ; for which
reafon it hath been banilhed moft gardens, but was
it not for this, a few of the plants might merit a place
in gardens, for theoddnefs of the. flower. It is very
hardy, fo will grow in any foil or fituation, and pro-
pagates very fall by offsets from the root. The time
to traniplant it is in autumn, when their leaves de-
cay. It flowers in June or July, and their Talks de-
cay in September.
The ninth fort grows naturally in moift places in Vir-
ginia and New England, but is very difficult to pre-
ferve long in a garden. I received fome roots of this
from New England a few years ago, which continued
two years ; but the foil being dry, they decayed in
fummer : thefe fhould have a moift fhady fituation,
otherwife they will not thrive. The leaves of this fort
are divided like thofe of the former, but are fmaller,
and rarely grow more' than nine inches high; the
flowers are like thofe of the common Arum, but
the piftil is longer than the fpatha. It flowers in June,
and the ftalks decay in autumn.
The tenth fort grows naturally in Ceylon, and fome
other parts of India, fo is very impatient of cold : it
is a plant of humble growth : the leaves come up
from the root, having foot-ftalks about four inches
long ; thefe are divided into three lobes, which ter-
minate. in points ; the flower rifes immediately from
the root, Handing on a very fhort foot-ftalk ; the fpa-
tha is long, eredt, and of a fine fcarlet within, as is
alfo the piftil. This ufually appears in May, and the
leaves decay in Auguft, but new ones foon after rife
from the root. This plant muft be placed in the
tan-bed of the bark-ftove, otherwife it will not thrive
in England. It is propagated by offsets from the
root, which come out in plenty when the plants are
in health.
The eleventh, thirteenth, fourteenth, fifteenth, and
fixteenth forts, have mild rbots, which are eaten by
the inhabitants of all the hot countries, where they
grow naturally, and fome of the forts are cultivated
by the inhabitants of the fugar colonies, as efculent
plants, their roots being conftantly eaten, as alfo are
the leaves of fome of the forts, particularly the fif-
teenth, which they call Indian Kale: the leaves of
this are boiled, and fupply the want of other greens.
As there is a conftant Hicceffion of thefe all the year,
afmallfpotof ground, planted with thefe roots, will
be fufficient to fupply a large family. It is efteemed
a wholfome green, and in thofe countries where many
of the common European vegetables are with diffi-
culty procured, this proves a good fuccedanum ; but
they feem to make little diffinhtion of the fpecies, for
I have received the roots of three forts, by the com-
mon title of Edder; but I fuppofe the fourteenth fort
is the moft commonly cultivated there for their roots.
The fixteenth fort has not been many years introduced
among them, for it came originally from the Spanifli
Weft-Indies, where it grows in great plenty. Both
thefe have larger roots than the fifteenth, for which
reafon they are preferred to it.
All thefe forts are preferved in the gardens of thofe
.perfons, who are curious in collecting exotic plants,
for the variety of their leaves ; their flowers have very
little beauty, nor do they often appear in this coun-
try. The plants are propagated eafilyby offsets from
their roots, which they put out plentifully : thefe
muff be planted in pots filled with light earth, and
plunged into a hot-bed, to promote their taking root ;
Z and
5 &
1
A R U
and if they are afterward continued in the bark-hove,
they will make great progrefs, and their leaves will
be larger. They may be kept in a dry ftove, upon
fhelves, after they are well eftablifhed in the pots,
but they will not be lb ftrong as the other.
The twelfth fort I was favoured with by Mr. Peter
Collinfon, F. R. S. who procured the root from North
America, where it naturally grows. This requires a
moift foil, and a fhady fituation, but is hardy in re-
fpefl of cold. It flowered two years in the garden
at Cheifea, but in a very dry feafon decayed. The
flowers came up before there was any appearance of
leaves ; the fpatha was large, and the piftil fhort and
blunt •, the female flowers were ranged each between
a fort of cheque work, which was diagonal to the
piftil ; the flower decayed without any appearance of
feed.
The feventeenth fort rifes to the height of ftx or feven
feet, with a green jointed ftalk as large as a walking
flick •, the leaves are placed irregularly at the top of
the ftalks, growing in a duller : thefe are oblong, and
of a light green colour ; from between the leaves the
flowers come out on the fide of the ftalk, having a
long fpatha of a pale green colour, marked with white
fpots, fitting clofe to the Hera of the plant ; at their
firft appearance they Hand erecft, foon after they are
horizontal, and in a little time they decline downward;
their lower part is fwelling fo far as the flowers are
ranged on the piftil, above which it is greatly con-
traded, and toward the top enlarges again, where
it is a little open, fo as to fhew the naked part of the
piftil, but is twilled again at the top. All the lower
part clofely folds over the piftil, fo that it is fcarce
dilcernible, unlefs the fpatha is opened, which can
only be done on one fide, the other adhering clofely
to the piftil, fo far upward as the flowers extend the
naked part of the piftil only being feparated from it;
fo that the female flowers and ftamina are ranged only
upon one fide of the piftil, in which it differs from all
the other fpecies which I have feen.
It grows naturally in the fugar iflands, and other warm
parts of America, chiefly in the low grounds ; the
whole plant abounds with an acrid juice, fo that if a
leaf or part of the ftalk is broken, and applied to the
tip of the tongue, it caufes a very painful fenfation,
and occaflons the falivary duds to fwell, and brings
on a great defluxion of faliva ; the ftalks of this plant
are fometimes applied to the mouths of the negroes
by way of punifhment, which is indeed bad enough.
This fort is propagated by cutting off' the ftalks into
lengths of three or four joints, which muft be laid to
dry flx weeks or two months ; for if the wounded
part is not perfedly healed over before the cuttings
are planted, they will rot and decay : thefe lhould
be planted in fmall pots filled with light landy earth,
and plunged into a moderate hot-bed of tan, being
careful that they have little wet, until they have made
good roots ; when they are well eftablifhed at bottom,
home of them may be placed in a dry ftove, and others
plunged into the tan-bed in the bark-ftove, where
they will make the greateft progrefs, and produce
more flowers than the others. It is a tender plant, fo
muft be conftantly kept in the ftove, and lhould have
very little w r et in winter.
The eighteenth fort is a fcandent plant, fending out
roots from the ftem and branches, the leaves are large,
heart-fhaped, having three lobes or ears ; the flowers
are incloled in a large fpatha ; but thefe are not fruit-
ful in England. This is a tender plant, fo requires
to be conftantly kept in the bark ftove, and treated
as other tender exotic plants, which come from hot
countries. It is propagated by cutting off the branches,
which readily put out roots, for all thefe fpecies which
are natives of hot countries, never produce feeds in
England.
ARUM LETHIOPICUM. See Calla.
ARUM SCANDENS, See Dracontium.
ARUNDO. Lin. Gen. Plant. 76. The Reed.
The Characters are.
It is of the Grafs tribe ; the flowers grow in [pikes , and
A R U
are included in a chaff which is oblongs pointed , and opens
with two valves. The petals of the flowers are bivalve
and longer than the empakment , having a down at their
bafe , which rifles almofi their length ; it hath three hairy
ftamina , crowned with horned fummts ; in the center is
fituated an oblong germen> [upporting two fender ftyls-s
which are hairy and reflexed , crowned with a flrnple fig -
ma. I' he germen afterward becomes an oblong pointed feed?
with long down adhering to its bafe.
This, genus of plants is ranged in the fecondTeftion
of Linnaeus’s third clafs, entitled Triandria Digynia,
the flowers having three ftamina and two ftyles.
The Species are,
1. Arundo fPhragmitis) calycibus quinquefloris pani-
cula laxa. Prod. Leyd. 66. Reed with five flowers in
each cup , growing in loofle panicles* Arundo vulgaris pa-
luftris. J. B. 2. 485. The common Marjh Reed.
2. Arundo ( Donax ) calycibus trifloris panicula diffusa.
Prod. Leyd. 66. Reed with three flowers included in each
cup , growing in diffufed panicles. Arundo fativa quae
Donax Diofcoridis. C. B. P. 17. This is fometimes
called by gardeners the Ever-green Reed, but for
what realon I cannot imagine, becaufe the ftalks decay
every autumn, and new (hoots arife from the roots in
the fpring.
3. Arundo ( Verficolor ) Indica Laconica verficolor. Mor.
Hill, 3. p. 219. Indian Reed with variegated leaves.
Arundo Indica variegata feu Laconica Theophrafti.
Cornut. Can. 55.
4. Arundo [Bamboo) calycibus multifloris, fpicis terms
feffiiibus. Lin. Sp. 120. Reed with many flowers in the
cup , and fefjile J pikes , commonly called Bambu. Beelha.
Hort. Mai. Vol. V. p. 119. and the Bambu altera fpe-
cies. Raii Elift. 1316.
5. Arundo ( Arborea ) caule arboreo foliis utrinque acu-
minatis. Reed with a tree-like ftalk , and leaves which
are pointed at both ends. Ily. Hort. Mai. Vol. I. p. 25.
6. Arundo ( Orientals ) tenuifolia caule pleno ex qua
Turcae calamos parant. Tourn. Cor. 39. Eaftern Reed
with a narrow leaf and a full ftalk , of which the V arks
make their writing pens.
The firft fort is fo very common by the hides of rivers
and large Handing waters in divers parts of England,
that it is needlefs for me to fay any thing of its
culture. This is cut in autumn, when the leaves
begin to fall, and the Hems are changed brown, for
making hedges in kitchen-gardens, and for many
other ufes.
The fecond fort, although native of a warm country,
yet will bear the cold of our winters in the open
ground, provided it is planted in a foil not too wet ;
and if the winter lhould prove very fevere, a little
mulch be laid over the roots ; it dies to the furface
in autumn, and rifes again the fucceeding fpring;
and if kept fupplied with water in dry weather, will
grow ten or twelve feet high the fame fummer ; and
is very proper to intermix with trees and fhrubs, or
tall plants and flowers in bofquets, where, by the
oddnefs of its appearance, it will have a good effect,
in adding to the variety. This is propagated by part-
ing the roots early in the fpring, before they begin
to Ihoot, and will, in a year or two, if your ground
be good, make very large (tools, fo that from each
ftool you may have eight or ten canes produced ; but
this never produces any fpikes of flowers in England.
The ftalks of this fort are brought from Portugal and
Spain, and are ufed by the weavers, as alfo to make
fifning-rods.
The third fort is fuppofed to be a variety of the fe-
cond, differing therefrom only in having variegated
leaves. But this I much doubt, becaufe the fort with
variegated leaves is much tenderer than the other, fo
muft be Iheltered from the froft, otherwife it will not
live through the winter in England. The plant never
grows to a third part of the height of the other, and
the leaves are narrower and much fhorter ; whether
thefe differences may not be occafioned by the weak-
nefs of the plant, I cannot take upon me to deter-
mine ; for it is well known, that all thofe plants wffticb
have variegated leaves, are much weaker than the
ASA
plain, and do not grow fo large, fior will they refill:
the cold fo well. But as this is fuppofed to be a na-
tive of a different country, and by ail the writers who
have mentioned it fuppofed to be different, I have
enumerated it among the fpecies.
The two forts of Bambu are of great fervice to the
inhabitants of India, who make molt of their common
utenfils of the Hems of thefe canes, which grow to
a prodigious magnitude in thofe countries.
We have 'plants of the fourth fort in the Englifh gar-
dens, which are more than twenty feet high 5 and if
the ftoves in which they are kept were high enough
to admit them, they would, according to appearance,
rife to twice that height. The fhoots of this plant
are of quicker growth than any other yet known,
which rifes with an upright ftalk ; for a ftrong fhoot
from the root will rife to twenty feet in five or fix
weeks, as I have for feveral years obferved. Some
of thefe items are as large as a man’s wrift, but in
general as big as walking-fticks, and when dried are
as fit for that purpofe as thofe which are imported.
The leaves of this fort are much broader than thofe of
the fifth, particularly at their bafe •, thefe leaves are
generally put round the tea-chefts in their package,
and are fattened together fo as to form a kind of
mat.
The fifth fort is more rare at prefent in Europe, tho’
it is the moft common on the coaft of Malabar.
They are both tender plants, fo will not live in this
country, unlefs they are preferved in a warm ftove ;
and as their roots fpread very wide, they fhould
not be confined: therefore to have them produce
ftrong Items, they mutt be planted in large tubs, filled
with rich earth, and plunged into the hot-bed in the
bark-ftove ; and as they naturally grow in marfhy low
places, they require plenty of water, efpecially
when the roots have filled the tubs in which they were
planted. When the tubs decay, the boards may be
removed, and the plants permitted to root into the
tan, which will encourage them to grow to a larger
fize ; but then there muft be care taken when the bed
is refrefhed with new tan, to leave a fufficient quan-
tity of the old tan about the roots of the plants ; for
if they are too much bared, and the new tan laid
near them, when that heats, it will fcorch their roots
fo that the plants are fometimes deftroyed by it. Both
forts are propagated by flips from the roots, which
fhould be taken off in the fpring, that they may be
well eftabliflied before the winter.
The fixth fort is what the Turks make their writing
pens withal ; this grows in a valley near mount
Athos, as alfo on the banks of the river Jordan, but
there are none of the plants in England. This fort
may be managed as the Bambu.
A R UNDO SACCHARIFERA. See Sacha-
rum.
AS ARINA. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 171. tab. 76. Baf-
tard Alarum.
The Characters are,
The empalement is of one leaf zvhich is cut into five equal
fegments almojl to the bottom. 'The flower is of one leaf
of the grining kind , having a long cylindrical tube , di-
vided at the top into two lips , the upper one being divided
into two parts, whofe edges are reflexed. The lower lip is
fiightly cut into three parts which are obtufe\ the two lips
join clofe together , fo as to form a kind of fnout. It hath
four ftamina, two of which are longer than the other ; in
the center is placed a round germen fupporting a fingle ftyle ,
crowned by an obtufe fiigma. The germen afterward turns
to a round hujk , divided into 'two cells , which are full of
roundifh feeds.
This genus of plants is by Dr. Linnaeus joined to his
genus" of Antirrhinum, which is ranged in the fecond
feci ion of his fourteenth clafs, titled Didynamia An-
giofpermia, the flowers having two long and two
fhorter ftamina, and the feeds having a capfule.
The Species are,
1. As arina ( Procumbent ) caule decumbente foliis op-
pofitis reniformibus crenatis. Baftard Afarum with a
trailing ftalk , and kidney-fhaped leaves growing oppofite ,
ASA
which are indented on their edges. Afarina hederula
faxatilis. Lob. Icon. 601. Afarina , or Rock Ground-
ivy.
2. As arina {Ere A a) caule ereclo foliis lanceolatis am-
plexicanlibus panicula dichotoma. Upright Baftard
Afarum with fpear-faped leaves which embrace the ftalks ,
and fpikes of flozvers coming out from the divifon of the
branches. Penftemon. Mitch. Gen; 14.
The firft fort is a low trailing annual plant, the
branches extend little more than a foot each way, and
are weak, fo that unlefs they are fupported, they lie
upon the ground ; thefe are garnifhed with leaves like
thofe of Ground-ivy, which grow by pairs •, at the
wings of the leaves the fiow r ers come out fingly on
each ttde the ftalk, which are fhaped like thofe of
Snap-dragon, but have a long tube ; they are of a
worn-out purple colour at the top, but below of an
herbaceous colour. Thefe come out in June, and the
feeds ripen in September, which fhould be fown foon
after, or permitted to fcatter, for when they are fown
in the fpring they feldom grow. The plants fhould
remain where they are fown, and require no other
care but to keep them clean from weeds, and thin
them where they grow too clofe. As there is not
much beauty in this plant, two or three of them
will be enough in a garden, for the fake of variety.
It grows naturally in Italy and the fouth of France.
The fecond fort grows naturally in North America.
This plant hath upright ftalks, which grow a foot
and a half high, and put out feveral fide branches,
garnifhed with oblong fpear-fhaped leaves ending in
a point, which grow oppofite, and embrace the ftalks
at their bafe; the flowers come out in fhort loofe
fpikes from the divifions of the ftalks, which are
fhaped like thofe of the former, but are lefs, and of
a purple colour. They appear in June and July, and
their feeds ripen in September.
The feeds of this fort fhould be fown in the autumn,
for thofe which are fown in the fpring, feldom grow
the fame year, but remain in the ground till the fol-
lowing fpring. When the plants are grown ftrong
enough to remove, they fhould be tranfplanted into
a fhady border, which v/ill prevent their flowering the
fame year ; and in the autumn they may be planted
in the borders of the flower-garden, where they will
add -to the variety. The roots feldom laft above two
or three years, fo that young plants fhould be annually
raifed.
A S A R U M [from « privative, and QA-gu, Gr. to adorn,
as much as to fay, a plant not fit for ornament,]
Afarabacca.
The Characters are,
The flowers hath a thick bell-faped empalement of one leaf
which is coloured , and fiightly cut at the brim into three
parts , which are reflexed. It hath no petals , but twelve
fort awl-fhaped ftamina , crowned by oblong fummits ,
which are faftened in the middle to the ftamina ; at the
bottom of the empalement is inclofed a thick germen , fup-
porting a fhort cylindrical ftyle , crowned by a reflexed,
fiigma , cut into fix parts. The germen afterward turns
to a thick capfule having fix cells , containing feveral oval
feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in Linnaeus’s eleventh
clafs, entitled Dodecandria Monogynia, the flowers
having twelve ftamina and one ftyle.
The Species are,
1. As arum {Europium) foliis reniformibus obtufis binis.
Lin. Sp. PI. 442. Afarabacca with kidney-fhaped leaves ,
which have two blunt points. Afarum. C. B. P. 197.
Common Afarabacca.
2. As arum ( Canadenfe ) foliis reniformibus mucronatis.
Lin. Sp. Plant. 442. Afarabacca with kidney-fhaped
leaves ending in a point. Afarum Canadenfe. Cornut.
Canad. 24. Canada Afarabacca.
3. Asarum ( Virginicum ) foliis cordatis obtufis glabris
petiolatis. Flor. Virg. 162, Afarabacca with fmooth,
blunt , heart-fhaped leaves having foot-ftalks. Afarum
Virginianum piftolochiae foliis iubrotundis cyciaminis
more maculatis. Pluk. Aim. 53.
The
i
55
a o
The firft fort hath thick fiefhy roots which are jointed,
and fend out fibres from every part the leaves grow
fmgly upon fiiort foot-ftalks, arifing immediately from
the root ; thefe are kidney-fhaped, eared at the foot-
ftalk, and rounded at the top, where they are in-
dented •, they are fmooth, and of a flaming green
colour : the flowers grow upon very fhort foot-ftalks
clofe to the ground, fo are hid under the leaves. They
are compofed of a bell-fhaped empalement, of a worn-
out purple colour, which is cut into three at the top,
where it turns backward : in the bottom is fituated
the gerrnen, attended by twelve fhort ftamina, which
afterward turns to a leathery feed-vefiel, divided into
fix cells, which contain feveral roundifli feeds.
The leaves of the fecond fort are much larger than
thofe of the firft, and ftand on longer foot-ftalks ;
thefe are pointed and hairy. The flowers are like
thofe of the other fort, growing clofe to the root, but
are fomewhat inclining to green on their outfide, in
all other refpebts they agree.
The third fort hath fmooth blunt heart-fhaped leaves,
Handing on longer foot-ftalks •, thefe are veined and
fpotted on their upper furface like thofe of the au-
tumnal Cyclamen ; the flowers of this are fhaped like
the others, but ftand on longer foot-ftalks, and are
of a darker purple colour. Thefe flower in April and
May, and their feeds ripen in July and Auguft.
The firft of thefe forts is very common, and hath
been found wild in fome parts of England, though
but rarely •, it delights in a moift fhady place, and is
increafed by parting the roots in autumn. This is the
fort which is ufecl in medicine.
The Canada fort is equally hardy, fo will endure our
common winters in the open ground, being rarely
hurt by frofts, if planted in a dry foil, for too much
wet often occafions the roots to rot in winter. This
is propagated as the other.
The third fort will alfo live in the open air in Eng-
land, being feldom injured by froft ; but if the plants
are too much expofed to the fun in fummer, they
feldom thrive well •, therefore they fhould be planted
in a border where they may have only the morning
fun, in which fituation they will fpread and increafe.
Thefe two laft grow naturally in leveral parts of
North America.
A S C L E P I A S [fo called from JEfculapius the firft
inventor of phyfic ; it is alfo called Vincetoxicum,
from vincere, to ovecome, and to£i> c«, poifons, q. d.
a plant overcoming poifons,] Hirundinaria, or Swal-
low-wort.
The Characters are,
T he empalement is of one leaf which is cut into five acute
fegments •, the petal of the flower is alfo of one leaf di-
vided into five oval parts , which are reflexed in the cen-
ter is Jituated five neciarii which encompafs the parts of
generation \ thefe have horns which turn toward the Jta-
niina , and are joined in a truncated body inclo fed by five
ficales , which epen every way. c Ihere are five Jiamina
which are ficarce vifible , which have five fummits , Jituated
between the nedtarii , and inclofed by the ficales of the trun-
cated body . It hath two oval pointed germen , fupporting
two fhort ftyles crowned by a fingle fiigma. The germen
afterward becomes two large , oblongs fwelling pods ending
in a point , having one cell , which opens with two valves
filled with comprejfed feeds , lying over each other like tiles
on a houfe , and are crowned with a foft doivn.
This genus of plants is ranged in Linnaeus’s fecond
febtion of his fifth clafs, entitled Pentandria Digynia,
the flowers having five ftamina and two ftyles.
The Species are,
1. Asclepias (Alba) ioYiis, ovatis'baflbarbatis cauleerebto
umbelulis proliferis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 314. Swallow-
wort with oval leaves bearded at their bafie , an upright
ftalk, and a proliferous umbel. Afclepias albo fiore. C.
B. P. 303.
2. Asclepias (Nigra) foliis ovatis baft barbatis caule
fuperne fubvolubili. Lin. Sp. Plant. 216. Swallow -
' wort with oval leaves bearded at their bafe, and the upper
part of the folk twining , Afclepias nigro flore. C. B.
P. 303,
3. Asclepias (Luiea) foliis ovatis’ acutis caule infirmo,
umbellis fimplicibus. Swallow-wort with oval pointed
leaves , a weak folk , and fingle umbels. Afclepias an-
guftifolia flore flavefeente. H. E. Par. ‘
4. Asclepias (Verticittata) foliis revolutis linearibus ver-
ticiilatis caule erebto. Lin. Sp. Plant. 217. Swallow-
wort with narrow twifting leaves growing in whorles , and
an upright ftalk. Apocynum Marianurn erect um fina-
lise anguftiflimis foliis urnbellatum. Pink. Mant. 1 7.
5. Asclepias (Syriaca) foliis ovalibus fubtus tomentofis
caule fimpliciflimo umbellis nutantibus. Lin. Sp.
Plant. 214. Swallow-wont with oval downy leaves , a
Jingle ftalk , and nodding umbels. This is the Apocynum
majus Syriacuin erebtum. Corn. Canad. Greater up-
right Syrian Dogjbane.
6 . Asclepias (Amcena) foliis ovatis fubtus pilofiufculis
caule fimplici umbellis nebtariifque erebtis. Lin. Sp.
Plant. 214. Swallow-wort with oval leaves , hairy on
their under fide , a fingle ftalk , with upright umbels and
nedtarii. Ap.ocynum floribus amoene purpureis corni-
culis furrebtis. ITort. Elth. 31.
7. Asclepias (Purpurafeens) foliis ovatis fubtus villofis
caule fimplici umbellis erebtis nebtariis refupinatis.
Lin. Sp. Plant. 214. Swallow-wort with oval leaves,
hairy on their under fide , a fingle ftalk , and upright um-
bels with inclining nedtarii. Apocynum erebtum Nove-
boracenfe foliis minus incanis flore ex obfoleto dilute
purpurafeente. Par. Bat. 33.
8. Asclepias (Variegata) foliis ovatis rugofis nudis caule
fimplici umbellis fubfeffilibus pedicellis tomentofis.
Lin. Sp. Plant. Swallow-wort with rough , naked , oval
leaves , a fingle ftalk , umbels growing clofe to the ftalk ,
having woolly foot-ftalks. Apocynum vetus Americanum
Wifank dibtum. Hort. Elth. 32.
9. Asclepias (Incarnata) foliis lanceolatis caule fuperne
divifo, umbellis erebtis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 215. Swallow-
wort with fpear-Jhaped leaves , the upper part of the ftalk
divided , and eredl double umbels. Apocynum minus
rebtum Canadenfe, Corn. Canad. 9.
10. Asclepias (Decumbens) foliis villofis caule decum-
bente. Lin. Sp. Plant. 216. Swallow -wort with hairy
leaves , and a declining ftalk. Apocynum Carolinianum
aurantiacum pilofum. Pet. H. Sicc. 90.
11. Asclepias (Tuberofa) foliis alternis lanceolatis caule
divaricato pilofo. Lin. Sp. Plant. 217. Swallow-wort
with fpear-fijaped leaves growing alternate , and a hairy
divided ftalk. Apocynum Novae Angliae hirfutum tu-
berofa radice floribus aurantiis. H. L. 649. commonly
called Orange Apocynum.
12. Asclepias ( Glabra ) foliis lineari-lanceolatis glabris
caule fruticofo umbellis lateralibus. Swallow -wort with
fmooth , narrow , fpear-Jhaped leaves , a Jhrnbby ftalk , and
umbels coming out of the fides. Apocynum erebtum
Africanum villofo frubtu falicis folio glabro angufto.
Par. Bat. 23.
13. Asclepias (Fruticofa) foliis lanceolatis glabris um-
bellis fimplicibus lateralibus caule fruticofo. Sw allow -
wort with fmooth fpear-Jhaped leaves, fingle umbels coming
from the fides of the branches , and a fhrubby ftalk. Apo-
cynum erebtum Africanum folio falicis lato glabro
frubtu villofo. Par. Bat. 24.
14. Asclepias (Villofia) foliis lanceolatis villofis acutis
umbellis fimplicibus erebtis caule fruticofo. Swallow-
wort with hairy fpear-Jhaped leaves , fingle upright umbels ,
and a fhrubby ftalk. Apocynum erebtum Africanum
villofo frubtu falicis folio lato fubhirfuto. Par. Bat.
24.
15. Asclepias (Rotundifolia) caule erebto fruticofo,
foliis fubrotundis amplexicaulibus, umbellis congeftis.
Swallow-wort with an upright fhrubby ftalk , rcundijh
leaves embracing it, and clofe umbels. Apocynum erebtum
fruticoftim folio flibrotundo glauco. Par. Bat. 37.
16. Asclepias (Nivea) foliis lanceolatis glabris caule
fimplici umbellis erebtis lateralibus folitariis. Lin. Sp.
Plant. 215. Swallow-wort with a fingle ftalk , fmooth
fpear-Jhaped leaves , and upright fingle umbels , proceeding
fro?n the wings of the leaves. Apocynum Americanum
foliis Amygdali longioribus. Plum. Cat. 2.
17. Asclepias (Curafiavica) foliis lanceolatis petiolads
glabris caule fimplici umbellis erebtis folitariis, Lin.
Sp.
1
A S C
Sp. Plant. '2i 5. Swallow -wort' ‘with finboth fpear-Jhaped
leaves , having foot-Jl'aljks , a fingle ftalk , upright fingle
umbels . Apocynum radice fibrosa, petalis coccineis
corniculis croceis. Hort. Elth. 34. commonly called
Baftard Ipecacuana.
18. Asclepias ( Gigantea ) foliisamplexicaulibus oblongo-
ovalibus. Flor. Zeyl. 112. Swallow-wort with oblong,
oval leaves , embracing the Jlalks. Apocynum e rectum
majus latifolium Indicum. Pluk. Aim. 35. tab. 175.
f -
ip. Asclepias (Scandens) foliis oblorigo-lanceolatis fub-
hirfutis caule fruticcfo fcandente umbellis lateralibus
congeftis. Swallow-wort with oblong , fpear-Jhaped , hairy
leaves , rz fhrubby climbing ftalk, and compact umbels pro-
ceeding from the fide.
The firft fort is the common Swallow- wort of the
(hops. This is called Vincetoxicum & Hirundinaria,
in Englifh Swallow-wort, or tame poifon, from its
fuppofed virtue, being accounted a mighty counter
poifon. The root is the only part which is ufed: it
is compofed of many ftrong fibres, which are con-
nected at the top, like thole of Afparagus, from
which arife many foot-ftalks, in number proporti-
onal to the fize of the roots ; which grow near
two feet high, are very flender at the top •, the leaves
are oval, ending in a point, and placed by pairs. The
flowers are white, growing in umbels near the top of
the ftalk, from which are fent out ftnaller umbels ;
the flowers are of one leaf, cut into five parts, in the
center of which are placed five horned nedtarii, among
which the ftamina and ftyles are fituated. After the
flower is paft, the two germen become two long
pointed pods, inclofing many comprefled feeds, which
are crowned with a foft white down. The flowers
appear in June, and the feeds ripen in September.
This fort grows naturally in the fouth of France,
Spain, and Italy.
The fecond fort agrees with the firft, in the fhape of
its roots, leaves, and flowers, but the ftalks extend
to a greater length, and toward their upper part twift
round any flicks, or other plants, near them, and the
flowers of this are black. This flowers at the fame
time with the firft, and feldom fails to ripen its feeds
in England.
The third differs from both the other in the narrow-
nefs of its leaves, and weaknefs of its ftalks ; the um-
bels of flowers are fingle, and of a yellow colour.
This flowers at the fame time with the two former
forts, and generally perfe&s feeds in England. There
is a variety of this with broader leaves, which may
have come from the feeds of this.
Thefe plants are common in the Englifh gardens,
and natives of the fame countries. They are gene-
rally propagated by parting their roots, efpecially the
firft fort, which feldom produces feeds in England.
The beft time for this is in autumn, when their ftalks
begin to decay. They fhould not be planted nearer
together than three feet, for the fibres of their roots
extend to a confiderable diftance. They are very
hardy plants, fo will thrive in any fituation, but love
a dry foil. Their ftalks die in autumn, and new ones
rife in the fpring.
The fourth fort grows naturally in North America ;
this riles with flender upright ftalks, garnifhed with
very narrow leaves, growing in whorles round the
ftalks, at the top of which grow umbels of fmail,
white, ftarrv flowers. Thefe appear in July, but are
never fucceeded by pods in England, fo are only pro-
pagated by parting their roots ; which fhould be
done in the fpring, before they put out new fhoots.
The roots fhould be planted in a warm border and
dry foil, and in winter covered with old tan, to pre-
vent the froft from penetrating the ground.
The fifth fort creeps greatly at the root, fo that it
will foon fpread over, a large fpot of ground , this
fends up ftrong Hems upward of four feet high, which
have thick oval leaves placed bp polite, hoary on their
under ikies. Toward the top of the ftalks the um-
bels of flowers come out on the fide thefe are of a
worn-out purple colour, frndling fweet, .and nod
A S C
downward; fometimes thefe are , fucceeded by' lame
oval pods, filled with fiat feeds, crowned by a long
foft down ; it flowers in July. This propagates faft
enough by its creeping root, and will grow in any
foil or fituation. It may be tranfplanted any time
after the ftalks decay, or before the roots fhoot in
the fpring.
The fixth fort hath a perennial root, which fends uo
feveral upright ftalks in the fpring, about two feet
high, garnifhed with oval leaves growing oppofite ;
at the top of the ftalks the umbels of flowers are pro-
duced, which are of a bright purple colour, making
a pretty appearance in July, but are not fucceeded by
pods in England ; this mull be treated as the fourth
fort. I was favoured with this by Mr. Peter Collinfon,
F. R. S.
The feventh fort grows naturally in North America.
This hath a perennial root, which fends out fingle
ftalks near three feet high, garnifhed with oval leaves,
hairy on their under fide, placed oppofite ; the flow-
ers grow in ered umbels at the top, and the nedarii
are declining. They are of a worn-out purple co-
lour refembling thofe of the fifth •, it is very hardy,
and propagates faft by its creeping roots, but never
produces feeds in England. This will grow in any
foil or fituation, and may be tranfplanted when the
ftalks decay.
The eighth fort refembles the feventh, but the leaves
are rough, and the umbels of flowers are more corn-
pad, and come out on the fide of the ftalk ; thefe
are of an herbaceous colour, and are not fucceeded
by pods in this country, but is propagated by roots as
the former fort.
The ninth fort came firft from Canada, but hath fince
been found growing naturally in feveral other parts of
America. This hath a perennial root, which puts out
feveral upright ftalks about two feet high, which have
oblong fmooth leaves placed by pairs ; at the top are
produced clofe umbels- of purple flowers ; thefe ap-
pear in Auguft, but are not fucceeded by feeds here,
fo is only propagated by parting the roots, which
do not increafe very faft, therefore the plant is not
very plenty in the gardens ; it is hardy enough to live
abroad, if it is planted in a dry foil.
The tenth fort is a native of North America, but is
hardy enough to live abroad in England, if it is
planted in a warm fituation and a dry foil. This hath
declining ftalks, which are hairy, a foot and a half
long ; the leaves are narrow, hairy, and placed op-
pofite ; the umbels grow at the extremity of the
branches, which are compact, the flowers are of a
bright Orange colour. It is propagated' by feeds,
which fhould be fown in pots, and plunged into a
moderate hot-bed to bring up the plants, which fhould
be inured to the open air fo foon as the weather will
permit; for if they are drawn up weak, they feldom
recover it. When they are of a proper ftrength to
remove, they fhould be fhaken out of the pots, and
planted in a warm border fix inches afunder, being
careful to fhade them from the fun until they have
taken frefh root, but they muff; have very little water
given them, for they are milky plants, which rot with
much wet. During the fummer they muft be kept
clean from weeds, and when their ftalks decay in au-
tumn, feme rotten tan fhould be laid over the ground
to keep out the froft, which fhould be removed in
the fpring before the plants put out new fhoots ; the
following fummer they will require no other care than
before, and alfo the next winter they muft be covered
as in the former. The fecond fpring the roots may
be tranfplanted where they are to remain ; the roots
will then be ftrong enough to flower in fummer, and
will laft feveral years, efpecially if they are covered
with tan to keep out the froft, but they fhould not
be afterward removed ; for when the roots are large,
they will not bear transplanting.
The eleventh fort is a native of the fame countries,
and is much like the former, but differs in having up-
right ftalks, and the leaves growing alternate. The
roots of this grow to a large fize, fo will not bear
A a tranf-
\
to
A S C
tranfplanting after the plants are two years old.
It is propagated by feeds, which fhould be treated
in the manner directed for the former. Thefe
flower the latter end of July and in Auguft •, and
in warm feafons, fometimes ripen their feeds in Eng-
land. Neither of thefe plants will live long in pots,
for which reafon I have recommended their being
planted in the full ground ; but they fhould have a
warm flotation.
The twelfth, thirteenth, and fourteenth forts grow
naturally at the Cape of Good Hope. I have alfo
received feeds of the thirteenth fort from Alexandria-,
and Mr. Peter Collinfon, F. R. S. gave me l'ome feeds
of it, which were fent him from Minorca ; but it is
not certain that it grows naturally there, but may have
been carried thither from Africa.
Thefe rife with upright fhrubby ftems to the height
of feven or eight feet, and divide into many branches ;
thole of the twelfth fort are garnifhed their whole
length with long, narrow, fmooth leaves, ending in
a point ; from the wings of the leaves the umbels
of flowers are produced, upon long foot-ftalks ; the
flowers are white, and grow loofely on the umbel ;
thefe are frequently fucceeded by fhort, thick, fwelling
pods, ending in a point, which are thick let with
hairs, and filled with comprelfed feeds, crowned with
a foft down. This flowers from June to O&ober, and
the feeds ripen in winter.
The thirteenth fort differs from the twelfth, in having
much broader leaves, which are of a darker green
the umbels of flowers are lmaller, grow upon ilaorter
foot-ftalks, and the Angle flowers are larger. This
flowers at the fame time with the former.
The fourteenth fort doth not rife fo high as either of
the former, and the branches grow at a much greater
diftance ; the leaves are fhorter, and are covered on
both fides with ftiort hairs. The flowers grow in
fmall loofe umbels, and are white thefe appear in the
fame feafon with the former.
Thefe are propagated by feeds, which may be fown
in April on a bed of light earth in the open air, and
when the plants are three or four inches high, they
fhould be each planted in a fmall pot filled with light
earth, and fhaded until they have taken new root,
then they may be placed with other exotic plants in
a fheltered fituation till Odtober, when they mull be
removed into the green-houfe, and during the winter
flaould have but little water; for as they abound with
a milky juice, much wet will rot them. The only
care thefe will require, is to fhift them into larger
pots as they advance in their growth-, but care fhould
be taken not to put them in pots too large, and in the
fummer to place them abroad with other plants from
the fame country.
Thefe three forts may alfo be propagated by cuttings,
which if planted in July or Auguft, in afhady border,
will foon take root, and may foon after be taken up
and planted in pots, and managed as the feedling
plants. The thirteenth fort hath lived in the open
air in mild winters in the Chelfea garden, but in cold
winters they are conftantly deftroyed.
The fifteenth fort grows with an upright fhrubby
ftalk to the height of fix or feven feet, dividing to-
ward the top into three or four branches, garnifhed
their whole length with ftiff roundifh leaves, which
clofely embrace them. Toward the upper part, the
flowers are produced on their fides, growing in ftiort
compact umbels. Thefe are of an herbaceous colour,
fo make but little appearance -, they come out chiefly
in autumn and winter. This grows naturally at the
Cape of Good Hope, and requires the lame culture
as the former forts. There is a variety of this with
deep green leaves, which fome have luppoled to be a
different fpecies, butl have railed itfromthe famefeeds.
The fixteenth fort grows naturally in the warm parts
of America, the feeds were fent me from La Vera
Cruz. This rifes with Angle ftalks four feet high,
garnifhed with fmooth fpear-fhaped leaves, ending
fn a point -, toward the top of the ftalk the umbels of
flowers are produced from the wings of the leaves.
A S C
which are white, and Hand erect • .thefe are fucceeded
by oblong pointed pods, filled with comprelfed feeds,
crowned with foft down. It flowers in June and July,
and the feeds ripen in Odtober.
This plant is tender, fo muff be railed in a hot-bed,
and tranfplanted into pots filled with rich earth, and
plunged into the tan-bed in the ftove. It muft have
but little water, and conftantly remain in the ftove,
otherwife the plants will not thrive here.
The feventeenth fort is alfo a native of the warm parts
of America, the roots of which have been fent to
England for Ipecacuana, from which it may be eafily
diftinguifhed by its form, this being compofed of a
great number of fmall fibres -, whereas the true Ipe-
cacuana hath jointed roots, which run deep into the
ground, and are flelhy. There have been may ac-
counts of the bad effebls of the ufe of thefe roots, as
alfo of the poifonous quality of the plant -, fo that the
public fhould be cautioned not to make ufe of it, and
alfo to be careful not to let the milky juice of the
plant mix with any thing which is taken inwardly.
This plant rifes five or fix feet high, with upright
ftems, garnifhed with fmooth oblong leaves, placed
oppoiite ; toward the top of the branches the umbels
of flowers come out, which are Angle, and grow eredt ;
the petals of the flowers are of a fcarlet colour ;
and the horny nedfarii in the middle are of a bright
Saffron colour, which make a pretty appearance ;
tltfre is commonly a fuccefllon of thefe flowers on
the fame plant from June to Odlober. The flowers
are fucceeded by long taper pods filled with feeds
crowned by a foft down, which ripen late in the au-
tumn.
It is propagated by feeds, which muft be fown on a
hot-bed in the fpring, and the plants fhould be treated
in the fame manner as is before diredted for the
former fort -, the roots of this may be continued three
or four years, but after the fecond year the plants
grow naked, and do not produce fo many flowers as
before ; fo that it is much better to raife young plants
to fucceed the other, efpecially as they produce plenty
of feeds in England.
The eighteenth fort rifes with upright ftems fix or
feven feet high, Avhich are garniftied with thick oval
leaves placed oppofite. The umbels of flowers are
Angle ; the flowers are white, of a ftar figure, having
five points ; the pods of this fort are very large, in
fliape like an ox’s tefticles, and are filled with flat
feeds, lying over each other like tiles on a houfe. I
received the feeds of this fort from the Right Hon.
the Earl of Northumberland, who procured it from
India.
This plant is tender, fo muft be preferved conftantly
in the ftove, and treated in the fame manner as the
two former forts, and fhould have veiy little wet, efpe-
ciaily in the winter.
The nineteenth fort I received from Carthagena-, this
hath climbing ftalks, which fallen themfelves to the
neighbouring plants, and rile to the height of ten or
twelve feet -, the joints of the ftalks are pretty diftant
from each other 5 at each are produced two oblong,
fpear-fhaped, hairy leaves, growing oppofite, upon
very Ihort foot-ftalks ; the umbels of flowers come
out from the wings of the leaves, which are very
compact, and the flowers are of a fulphur colour.
Thefe appear in Auguft, but have not been fucceeded
by feeds in England.
This plant is tender, fo muft be conftantly preferved
in the ftove, and treated in the fame way as is direct-
ed for the former forts.
ASCYRUM. Lin. Gen, Plant. 737. Hypericoides.
Plum. Nov. Gen. 51. tab. 7. St. Peterfwort.
The Characters are,
The empalement is four leaved , the two outer being nar-
row a/nd oppofite , the two inner are broad , heart-Jhaped ,
and ereft. The flower hath four oval petals , the two
outer are large and placed oppofite , the two inner are
fmall. In the center is fiituated an oblong gennen , . with a
very fhort flyle , crowned by a fingle fiigma. 'This is at-
tended by a great number of brifily jlamina , which are
/
- i
ASH
■ joined at their bafe into four bodies , and are crowned
with round fummits. The germen afterward becomes an
oblong -pointed feed-vejfel , opening in two valves , and filled
with fmall round feeds. The feed-vejfel is inclofed by the
two large leaves of the empalement.
This genus of plants is ranged in the third feftion of
Linnaeus’s eighteenth clafs, entitled Polyadelphia Po-
lyandria, the' flowers having many ftamina, which
are joined in feveral bodies.
The Species are,
1. Ascyrum ( Crux Andrea) folds ovatis caule tereti pa-
nicula dichotomy Lin. Sp. Plant. 787. St. Peterfwort
with oval leaves , a taper ftalk y and flowers growing in
loofe fpikes from the divifions of the branches . Hyperi-
coides ex terra mariana floribus exiguis luteis. Pluk.
Mant. 104. called St. Andrew’s Crofs.
2. Ascyrum ( Villofum ) foliis hirfutis caule ftrifto. Lin.
Sp. Plant. 788. St. Peterfwort with hairy leaves and a
ftiff f ender fltalk. Hypericum Virginianum frutelcens
pilofiffimum. Pluk. Aim. 189.
3. Ascyrum (Hypericoides) foliis oblongis, ramis ancipi-
tibus. Lin. Sp. 1108. St. Peterfwort with oblong leaves
and a flatted ftalk. Hypericoides frutelcens ere&a flo-
re luteo. Plum. Nov. Gen. 51.
The firft fort is a low plant, whofe ftalks feldom rife
more than fix inches high, garnifhed with fmall oval
leaves, placed by pairs •, the ftalks are (lender, and
divide into two toward the top. From between the
diviflon of the branches, the loofe fpikes of yellow
flowers are produced very fmall, fo make no ap-
pearance •, therefore the plant is fcarce worthy of a
place in gardens, except for the fake of variety. The
root is perennial, and the plant may be propagated
by laying down its branches ; it loves a moift foil and
a fhady lituation. This grows naturally in North
America ; I was favoured with this plant by the Right
Hon. the Earl of Northumberland, who procured it
from thence.
The fecond fort grows about three feet high, with
upright ftalks, garnifhed with hairy oblong leaves •,
the flowers are produced at the ends of the ftalks,
which are of the fhape and colour with common St.
Johnfwort, but have only four leaves. This hath a
perennial root, but the ftalks decay every autumn.
It may be propagated by parting the roots in autumn,
when the ftalks decay, and fliould be planted in a
loamy foil •, this lome years will produce feeds in Eng-
land. It grows naturally in Virginia.
The third fort grows naturally in South Carolina,
from whence I received the feeds. This plant riles a
foot and a half high, with flat ftalks, garnifhed with
oval fmooth leaves growing oppoflte •, the ftalks are
terminated by three or four yellow flowers, growing
clofe together, which are larger than thofe of the com-
mon St. Johnfwort, and the petals of the flowers are
hollow. This fort rarely produces feeds in England,
but it may be propagated by cuttings made of the
young fhoots in May, which, if planted in pots, and
plunged into a very moderate hot-bed, will take root
in five or fix weeks, when they may be tranfplanted
into a warm border, where they will endure the cold
of our ordinary winters •, but in fevere frofts they are
frequently deftroyed, unlels the roots are covered
with tan to keep out the froft.
Thefe plants have little beauty, fo are feldom culti-
vated but in botanic gardens for the fake of variety.
ASCYRUM BALEARICUM.
ASCYRUM MAGNO FLORE.
ASCYRUM VULGARE.
A S H-T REE. See Fraxinus.
ASHES are efteemed a good fuperficial drefling for
corn and meadow land, as they give a new ferment
to fuch lands as are in any degree fluggifh and in-
adtive, and enrich thofe which are jejune and flow,
being endowed with Angular qualities to make them
prolific.
All forts of afhes, indeed, contain in them a very
rich fertile fait, and are the beft manure of any to lay
upon cold wet land ; but then they ought to be kept
dry, that the rain may not wafh away their fait. Ex-
2
ASH
perier.ce has fhewn, that the allies of any fort of ve-
getable are very advantageous to land, by the im-
provement that has been made in moft places in Eng-
land, by burning bean-ftalks, fern, furze, heath,
ledge, ilraw, ftubble, &c.
Coal afhes, or fuch as are made of Newcaftle, Scotch,
and other pit-coal, are much recommended by fome ;
but the firft are moft approved of, becaufe they con-
tain a greater quantity of nitrous and fulphureous
matter than the others, though the reft are good.
There is no drefling fo good for grafs ground as the
fea-coal afhes, efpecially for cold wet land, and where
it is fubject to rufties or mofs ; for thefe will deftroy
both, and occaflon the grafs to be much finer : but
this drefling fliould be laid on the land early in win-
ter, otherwife they will do harm the firft fummer - s
for when they are laid on the ground in the fpring,
they will caufe the grafs to burn as foon as the warmth
comes on ; whereas thofe that were put on early-
enough to receive the winter’s rain, will be wafhed
into the ground before the warm feafon, whereby
the grafs will have the benefit of it the firft year.
Where the land is poor and four, producing rufhes
and mofs only, there fhould be at leaft twenty loads
of allies laid upon each acre •, for a flight drefling
will not anfwer the defign of killing weeds and mofs,
nor will it be lufflcient to enrich land which is cold
and fluggifh, therefore it will be better to lay a good
drefling at firft, than to do it at feveral intervals •, for
one fubftantial drefling will continue the land longer
in heart than three flight ones, befldes the advantage
before-mentioned.
But thefe ought to be applied fuperficially, and not
too near the roots of plants ; and if fo, there are few
plants but will receive benefit by them, by their ni-
trous and fulphureous qualities being wafhed down by
the rain, which will open by the ftrength of water,
and caufe it to heave, in fome degree, as lime will
do when water is thrown upon it.
Wood-afhes are commended as the principal of fu-
perficial dreffings for land, in that they contain a ve-
getative kind of fait.
Kiln-afhes, i. e. fuch as are made of ftraw, furze,
&c. are, by fome, accounted as good as any of the
fpirituous improvements of lands that are lightifh ;
but for fuch as are heavy, they are looked upon as
fcarce folid and ponderous enough. Thefe allies the
maltfters in the weft country fift over their corn and
grafs, which are fuppofed, by their heat, to caufe a
fermentation, a hollownefs and loofenefs in the
mould •, by which means the rains enter it the more
eaflly, and difpofe the earth for giving up an affump-
tion of its vegetative augment.
But thefe being light, ought never to be ftrewed nor
flfted in windy weather, becaufe they would be blown
away ; and if it could be fo ordered as to be done juft
before fnow or rain, it would be the better.
Soap-afhes (i. e. after the foap-boilers have done with
them) are very proper for lands that are very cold
and four, and to kill weeds of all forts : and Sir
Hugh Plat mentions one at Ware, who having a piece
of land over-run with broom and furze, manured it
with foap-afhes, and had an incredible crop of wheat
for Ax years fucceftively.
Pot-afhes, after the pot-afti men have done with
them, are efteemed good for moft forts of land ; but
as they have been wet, and moft of the fait drav/n off”
by the lee, they ought to be laid on much thicker
than other afhes.
Turf- afhes are very good for all forts of land, but
efpecially for clay lands, but will be much better if
mixed with lime.
But all thefe allies ought to be kept dry, from the
time they are made till they are ufed, elfe the rains
will both wafh away their goodnefs, and alfo make
them clod, efpecially fome of the laid mentioned,
which will prevent their fpreading.
And befldes, one load of allies that has been kept
dry, will go as far as two that have been expoied
to the rain : and coal-afhes, if moiftened with
cham-
/ SeeFlYPERi-
f CUM.
chamber-lye or foap-fuds, will greatly add to their'
(Length.
All calcined vegetables caufe a fiery heat and vege-
tation, and, when wet comes, let the ground to work,
by a labile infmuation unlocking the clods, and quick-
ening the fluggifhnefs of the earth, according to that
eftablifhed maxim among naturalifts, That all fer-
mentation is caufed by the interpofition or mixture
of different qualities one with the other.
It is after this manner that coal-afhes operate fo ad-
mirably in loofening and mouldering ftiff clayey
grounds, and, as it is ufualiy termed, making it
rough, afhy, or fandy-like : and after the fame man-
ner, fane! mixed with clay does well, efpecially when
It is impregnated: with faline qualities.
ASPALATHUS. Lin. Gen. Plant. 767. African
Broom.
The Characters are.
The empalement is of one leaf, which is cut into five equal
figments at the top ; the flower is of the butterfly kind.
The ftandard is hairy , compreffed , and blunt-pointed ;
the wings are blunt , moon-fhaped , and [pread open , being
floor ter than the flrandard •, the keel is bifid , and of the
fame length as the wings. It hath ten Jlamina , nine of
which are joined and covered by the ftandard , the other
ftanding fleparate •, thefle are crowned by oblong Jingle flum-
mits. In the bottom is Jituated an oval germen fupporting
a f ingle Jiyle , crowned by a pointed fvigrna. The germen
afterward becomes an oval oblong pod, inclofing' one or two
kidney-fhaped feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the third febtion of
Dr. Linnaeus’s i’eventeenth clafs, entitled Diadelphia
Decandria, the flowers having ten ftamina joined in
two bodies.
The Species are,
1. Aspalathus (CherTopoda) foliis confertis fubulatis
mticronatis hifpidis fioribus capitatis. Lin. Sp. Plant.
7 1 1 . Afpalathus with rough , pointed , awl-floaped leaves ,
growing in clufters , and flowers in heads. Genifta Afri-
cana lutea, fioribus hirfutis in capitula lanuginofa
conglobatis foliis corrodse aculeatis fubhirfutis. Herm.
Cat. 11. Yellow African Broom.
2. Aspalathus {Indie a) foliis quinatis feflilibus pedun-
culis unifloris. Lin. Sp. Plant. 712. Five-leaved Afpa-
lathus growing clofe to the branches , and one flower on a
foot-ftafk. Dprycnium Indicum fioribus fingularibus
rubris in pedicellis oblongis filiquis perexiguis. Raii
Supp. 471.
3. Aspalathus ( Argentea ) foliis trims linearibus feri-
ceis ftipulis fimplicibus mucronatis fioribus fparfis to-
mentofis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 713. Afpalathus with three
narrow fllky leaves , Jingle-pointed Jlipulm , and woolly
flowers growing thinly. Cytifus Africanus anguftifo-
lius fericea lanugine argentatus lpica lagopoide.
Pluk. Mat. 63.
Thefe plants grow naturally about the Cape of Good
Hope, from whence I have received their feeds. The
firft is a low flrnib growing about three feet high, with
(lender branches, garnifhed with many trifoliate leaves
growing in clufters, which are awl-fiiaped, pointed,
and rough : at the ends of the branches the flowers
come out, which are yellow, collefted in woolly
heads ; thefe are rarely fucceeded by pods in Eng-
land. It Is propagated by feeds, which muff be ob-
tained from the country where the plants grow natu-
rally, and fhould be fown in pots filled with light
earth as foon as they ..arrive : if this happens in the
autumn, the pots fhould be plunged into an old tan-
bed whole heat is (pent, where they may remain till
fpring, ' wheii they fhould be removed into a moderate
hot-bed, which will bring up the plants. But when
the feeds arrive in the fpring, the pots in which the
feeds are fown fhould be then plunged into a mode-
rate hot-bed \ and in warm weather the glades muff
' be (haded in the middle of the day, and the pots fre-
quently refrefhed with water. Thofe feeds which are
fown in. the fpring, feldom grow the fame year, there-
fore in the autumn the pots fhould be put into an old
tan-bed, as was directed for thofe fown in autumn,
and afterward put in a hot-bed the following fpring.
6
ASP
When the plants come up, and are ftrong enough tef
remove, they fhould be each planted into a ffeplrate
final! pot filled with light earth, and plunged into a
moderate hot-bed, to encourage their rooiinv amfin 5
and fo foon as they are eftabliihed in the pots, P they
fhould by degrees be inured to the open air, into
which they fhould be removed in fummer, placing
them in a flickered filiation, where they may-remain
till autumn, when they muff be carried into the
green-houfe, and in winter fhould have but little
water.
The fecond fort grows about five feet high, with {len-
der branches, garnifhed with leaves growing by fives
clofe to the branches j the flowers come outYmgly
upon long foot-ftalksf which are of a pale red colour ;
thefe appear in Auguft, but feldom are fucceeded by
pods here. This is propagated as the former, and
requires the fame treatment.
The third fort rifes about four feet high, with a
fhrubby (talk dividing into (lender branches, garnifh-
ed with filky leaves, coming out by threes ; the flow-
ers are purple, downy, and grow thinly on the
branches. This is propagated as the two former,
and muff be treated in the fame way as is directed for
the firft fort. It flowers late in the fummer.
ASPARAGUS, the firft fprigs of herbs before un-
folded into leaves, and the youngeft and tendered:
branches that are eatable, are called Afparagus.
ASP ARAGUS [Atnrdpccf^, Gr. fignifies a young
(hoot putting forth,] Afparagus, Sparagus, corruptly
called Sparrowgrafs.
The Characters are.
There are male and hermaphrodite flowers upon different
roots the male flowers are tubulous , compofed of fix nar-
row petals , which do not flpread open , having fix floort
Jlamina , but no Jiyle or JHgma thefle are barren : the
hermaphrodite flowers have fix petals which flpread open ,
fix Jlamina furrounding the germen , and a Jhort Jiyle
crowned by an obttifle ftigma which is prominent. The
germen afterward becomes a round berry , having three
cells , each including one or two feeds , rounded on their
cutjide , but angular where they join.
This genus of plants is ranged by Dr. Linnaeus in
the firft fetftion of his fixth clafs, titled Hexandria
Monogynia, but with more propriety fhould be placed
in the fecond order of his twenty-firft clafs, which
includes thofe plants as have the Polygamia on dif-
ferent roots.
The Species are,
1. Asparagus caule herbaceo ere&o, foliis fetaceis,
ftipulis duabus interior! bus, una exteriore. Flor.
Suec. 272. Afparagus with an upright herbaceous Jlalk ,
briftly leaves , having two inner and one outer Jlipula.
Afparagus fativa. C. B. P. 489. Garden Afparagus.
2. Asparagus ( Mariiimus ) caule inermi herbaceo foliis
teretibus longioribus fafciculatis. Afparagus with a
flmooih herbaceous Jlalk , and longer taper leaves growing
in clufters. Afparagus maritimus crafiiore folio.
C. B. P. 490.
3. Asparagus ( Acutifolius ) caule inermi fruticofo, fo-
liis aciformibus rigidulis perennantibus mucronatis
sequalibus. Lin. Sp. 449. Afparagus with a Jhrubby
flmooih Jlalk and rigid leaves , with points which abide in
winter. Afparagus foliis acutis. C. B. P. 490.
4. Asparagus {Albas) fpinis retroflexis, ranks flexuofis,
foliis fafciculatis angulatis muticis deciduis. Lin. Sp.
449. Afparagus with flexible branches and chaffy leaves
growing in clufters, which fall off in winter. Afparagus
aculeatis fpinis horridus. C. B. P. 490.
5. Asparagus {Retrofr alius) aculeis folitariis ramis re-
flexis retrofrafftifque, foliis fafciculatis. Lin. Sp.
Plant. 313. Afparagus with Jingle [pines, reflexed branches ,
and leaves growing in clufters. Afparagus Africa-
nus tenuifolius, vim'inalibus virgis, foliis laricis ad
inftar ex uno punefto numerofis fcellatim pofitis. Pluk.
Aim. 40. tab. 375.
6. Asparagus (. Aphyllus ) aphyllus fpinis fubulatis ftria-
tis insequalibus divergentibus. Hort. Cliff. 122. Af-
paragus without leaves , and awl-Jhaped unequal J pines
which flpread from each other. Afparagus aculeatus
alter.
ASP
alter, tribus aut quatuor fpinis ad eundem exortiim.
C. B. P. 490.
y. Asparagus ( Declinatus ) caule inermi ramis declina-
tis foliis fetaceis. Prod. Leyd. 29. Afparagus with a
} fmooth jtalk , declining branches , and brijtly leaves.
S, Asparagus (. Afiaticus ) aculeis foiitariis caule erecto
foliis fafciculatis, ramis filiformibus. Lin. Sp. Plant.
313. Afparagus with Jingle fpines , an upright Jlalk , leaves
growing in clufters , and very Jlender branches.
9. Asparagus ( Capenfis ) fpinis lateralibus terminalibuf-
que, ramis aggregatis foliis fafciculatis. Lin. Sp.
Plant. 314. Afparagus with fpines growing on the fide s
and ends of the branches , which are in bunches , and leaves
coming out in clufters.
10. Asparagus ( Sarmentofus ) foliis foiitariis lineari lan-
ceolatis caule flexuofo aculeis recurvis. Flor. Zeyl.
124. Afparagus with Jingle, narrow, fpear-Jhaped leaves,
a flexible Jtalk, and recurved fpines. Afparagus acule-
atus Zeylanicus maximus farmentofus. H. L. 62.
The firft fort is the common Afparagus, which is
cultivated for the ufe of the table, and may have pro-
bably been brought by culture to the perfection it now
is, from the wild fort, which grows naturally in the
fens of Lincolnfhire, where the Ihoots are no larger
than draws ; but if fo, it mud have been from very
long culture and good management ; for a friend
of mine, who procured fome feeds of the wild fort,
which he cultivated with great care, in very rich
. ground, yet could not bring the roots to produce
Ihoots more than half the fize of the garden kind,
which grew on the fame ground •, but he always found
. the wild fort came up a week or ten days earlier in
the. fpring, and the dioots were exceeding fweet.
I have lately had fome doubt, whether the fort of Af-
paragus which grows naturally in England, was the
fame with that mentioned by Cafper Bauhin, becaufe
, Tournefort and Yaillant both affert that they had cul-
tivated that wild fort in the royal garden at Paris fe-
veral years, and it had never altered, therefore I pro-
cured fpecimens of that, which I find to be extremely
different from theEnglifh fort. The leaves are much
finer and fliorter, and are produced in much larger
clufters the branches grow much clofer together,
and the foot-ftalks of the flowers are longer ; there-
fore I believe it to be a diftindt fpecies from our wild
fort, which appears to me undoubtedly the fame as
the Garden Afparagus.
The Garden Afparagus is propagated by feeds, in the
procuring of which, there fhould be particular care
to get it from a perfon of fkill, who may be depended
upon for his choice of the fnoots, and integrity in Ap-
plying with his beft feeds. But where a perfon is
in pofleflion of fome good beds of Afparagus, it is
much the beft way to fave it himfelf ; in order
to which, a fufRcient number of the faireft buds
fhould be marked early in the fpring, and permitted
to run up for feeds ; becaufe thofe which run up after
the feafon for cutting the Afparagus is over, are ge-
nerally fo backward, as not to ripen the feeds unlefs
the fummer is warm, and the autumn very favoura-
ble. In the choice of the buds to be left for feeds,
there muft be great regard had to their fize and
roundnefs, never leaving any that are inclinable to be
fiat, or that foon grow open headed, always choof-
ing the roundeft, and fuch as have the clofeft tops.
But as feveral of thefe produce only male flowers
which are barren, a greater number of buds fhould
be left, than might be neceffary, if there could be a
certainty of their being all fruitful. When the buds
are left, it will be proper to thruft a flick down by
each, but there muft be care had in doing this, not
to injure the crown of the root. Thefe flicks will
ferve as marks to diftinguifh them from the others
when they are all run up. Toward the end of Sep-
tember the berries will be fully ripe, when the Italics
fhould be cut off, and the berries ftripped into a tub,
in which they may remain three weeks or a month to
fweat, by which means the outer hufks will be rotten ;
• then fill the tub with water, and with your hands
break all the hufks by fqueezing them between your
hands. Thefe hulks wall all fwim upon, the watgfif
but the feeds will fink to the bottom ; fo that by pour-
ing off the water gently, the hufks will be carried
along with it, and by putting frefh -water two or three
times, and ftirring your feed about, you v/ill make.it
entirely clean : then fpread the feed upon a mat or
cloth, and expofe it to the fun and air in dry weather,
until it is perfectly dry, v/hen it may be put into a
bag, and hanged up in a dry place till the beginning
of February, which is the proper feafon for fowing
it ; at which time you muft prepare a bed of good
rich earth made very level, whereon you muft low
your feeds (but not too thick, which wall csufe the
plants to be fmall ;) then tread the bed all over to
bury the feed in the ground, and rake it over fmooth.
The following, fummer keep the ground diligently
cleared from weeds, which will greatly add to the
flrength of the plants ; and toward the latter end of
October, when the haulm is quite withered, you may
fpread a little rotten dung over the furface of the
ground, about two inches thick, which will preferye
the young buds from being hurt with the frofts, &c.
The fpring following the plants will be fit to plant
out for good (for plants of more than one year’s
growth are unfit to remove, as I have often experi-
enced ; for young plants are much better than old,
and will produce finer roots :) you muft therefore
prepare your ground by trenching it well, burying
therein a good quantity of rotten dung at the bottom
of each trench, that it may lie at leaft fix inches be-
low the furface of the ground ; then level the whole
plot very exaftiy, taking out all large ftones : but
this fhould not be done long before you intend to
plant your Afparagus, in which you muft be govern-
ed according to the nature of your foil or the feafon ;
for if your foil is dry and the feafon forward, you
may plant early in March ; but in a wet foil, it is bet-
ter to wait till the end of that month, or the begin-
ning of April, which is about the feafon that the
plants are beginning to fhoot. I know many people
have advifed the planting of Afparagus at Michael-
mas, but this I have experienced to be very wrong ;
for in two different years I was obliged to tranfplant
large quantities at that feafon, but I had better have
thrown away the plants for upon examination in the
fpring, I found moft of the roots were grown moul-
dy, and decaying, and I am fure, not one in five of
them fucceeded, and thofe which did were fo weak,
as not to be worth their Handing.
The feafon being come for planting, you muft, with
a narrow pronged dung-fork, carefully fork up the
roots, fhaldng them out of the earth, and feparating
them from each other, obferving to lay their heads
even, for the more convenient planting them, which
muft be performed in this manner :
The plot of ground being levelled, you muft begin
at one fide thereof, ranging a line very tight crofs the
piece, throwing out a trench exaflly ftrait, by the line
about fix inches deep, being careful not to turn up
the dung ; into which trench you may lay your roots,
fpreading them with your fingers, and placing them
upright againft the back of the trench, that the buds
may Hand forward, and be about two inches below
the furface of the ground, and at twelve inches dis-
tance from each other 5 then with a rake,, draw the
earth into the trench again, laying it very level, which
will preferye the roots in their right pofition •, then
remove the line a foot farther back, and make ano-
ther trench in the like manner, laying therein your
plants as before directed, and continuing, the fame
diftance row from row, only obferving between every
four rows, to leave a diftance of two feet four inches
for an alley to go between the beds to cut the Afpa-
ragus, &c.
The plot of ground being fjniftied and levelled, you
may fow thereon a fmall crop of Onions, which will
not hurt the Afparagus, provided the Onions are not
too clofe, and tread in the feeds, raking the ground
level ~ °
U
ASP
There are feme perfons who plant the feeds of Afpa-
Vao'us in the place where the roots are to remain, which
is 'a very good method, if it is performed with care.
The way °is this : after the ground has been well
trenched arid dunged, they lay it level, and draw a
line crofs the ground (in the fame manner as is prac-
tifed for planting of the young plants ;) then with a
dibble make holes at a foot enhance, into each of
which they drop two feeds, ror fear one fhould mif-
carry ; thefe holes fhould not be more than half an
inch deep •, then cover the feeds, by {hiking the earth
in upon it, and go on removing the line afoot back
for another row ; and after four rows are finifhed,
leave a fpace for an alley between the beds, if it is
defigned to hand for the natural feafon of cutting •, but
if it is to be taken up for hot-beds, there may be fix
rows planted in each bed, and the diftance in the
rows need not be more than nine inches. This fhould
be performed by the middle of February, becaufe the
feeds lie long in the ground ; but if Onions are in-
tended to be fown upon the ground, that may be per-
formed a fortnight or three weeks after, provided
the o-round is not ftirred fo deep as to difturb the
Afparagus-feeds, in raking the Onion-feeds into the
ground.
As the roots of Afparagus always fend forth many
long fibres which run deep into the ground, fo when
the feeds are fown where they are to remain, the roots
will not be broken or injured, as thofe muft be which
are traniplanted ; therefore will flioot deeper into the
ground, and make much greater progrefs, and the
fibres will pufli out on every fide, which will caufe
the crown of the root to be in the center ; whereas in
transplanting, the roots are made flat againft the fide
of the trench.
When the Afparagus is come up, and the Onions
have railed their feed-leaves upright (which will be in
fix Weeks after planting) you muft with a fmall hoe
cut up all the weeds, and thin the crop of Onions
where they may have come up in bunches : but this
muft be done carefully, and in dry weather, _ that the
weeds may die as fail as they are cut up, being care-
ful not to injure the young fhoots of Afparagus, as
alfo to cut up the Onions which grow near the fhoots.
This work muft be repeated about three times,
which, if well done, and the feafon not too wet, will
keep the ground clear from weeds until the Onions
are fit to be pulled up, which is commonly in Au-
o-uft, and is known when their greens fall down and
begin to wither. When you have drawn off the Oni-
on^ it will be neceffary to clean the ground well from
weeds, which will keep it clean till tne alleys ai e dug
to earth the beds, which mult be clone ill OdobiU,
when the haulm is decayed; for if you cut off the
haulm while green, the roots will flioot frefli again,
which will greatly weaken them. This young haulm
fliould be cut off with a knife, leaving the items two
inches above ground, which will be a guide foi you-
to diftinguiih the beds from the alleys •, then with a
hoe clear off the weeds into the alleys, and eng up
the alleys, burying the weeds in the bottom, and
throw the earth upon the beds, fo that the beds may
be about four or five inches aoove the level of the
alleys : then a row of Coleworts may be planted in
die middle of the alleys, but never fow or plant any
thing upon the beds, which would greatly weaken
the roots ; nor would I ever advne tne planting or
Beans in the alleys, as is the practice of many for
that greatly damages tne two outride rows of Aipa-
ragus? In this manner it muft remain till fpring, when
feme time in March, the beds fhould be hoed over,
to deftroy all young weeds then rake them fmootli,
and obferve all the fticceeding hummer to keep them
dear from weeds, and in October dig up the alleys
again, as was before directed, earthing the beds, &c.
The fecond fpring after planting, feme perfons begin
to cut feme of the buds of Afparagus for ufe, though
it would be much better to ftay until the third year ;
therefore now the beds fliould be forked with a ftat-
1 pronged fork made on purpofe, which is commonly
ASP
called an Afparagus-fork : this imifc be done before
the buds begin to flioot in the fpring, and fliould be
performed with care, left you 'fork too deep, and
bruife the head of the root then rake the beds over
fmooth, juft before the buds appear above ground,
which will deftroy all young weeds, and keep your
beds clean much longer than if left- unraked, or if
done fo foon as forked. When the buds appear about
four inches above ground, you may then cut them ;
but it fhould be done fparingly, only taking the large
buds, and fuffering the fmall to run up to ftrengtheri
the roots ; for the more you cut, the greater will be
the increafe of buds, but they will be fmaller and the
roots fooner decay. In cutting the buds, you muft
open the ground with your knife (which fhould be
very narrow-pointed, and long in the blade, and filed
with teeth like a faw) to fee whether any more young
buds are coming up clofe by it, which might be
either broken or bruifed in cutting the other, then
with the knife faw it off about two inches under
ground. This may appear a very troubiefome affair
to people unacquainted with the practical part, but
thofe who are employed in cutting Afparagus, will
perform a great deal of this work in a fhort time ;
but care in doing it is abfolutely neceffary to be ob-
ferved by all who gut Afparagus.
The manner of clrefiing the Afparagus-beds is every
year the fame as di reded for the fecond, vi z. keen-
ing them dean from weeds in fummer, digging the
alleys in Odober, and forking the beds toward the
end of March, &c. only obferve every other year to
lay feme rotten dung (from a Melon or Cucumber-
bed) all over the beds, burying feme in the alleys
alfo, at the time for digging them up. This will
preferve the ground in heart to maintain the roots in
vigour, and by this management, a plot of good Af-
paragus may be continued for ten or twelve years in
cutting, and will produce good buds, efpecially if it
is not cut too long each feafon for when it is not left
to run up pretty early in June, the roots will be
greatly weakened, and the buds will be fmaller :
therefore, in thofe families where Afparagus is re-
quired late in the feafon, a few beds fhould be fet
apart for that purpofe, which will be much better
than to injure the whole plantation, by cutting it too
long.
I cannot help taking notice of a common error that
has long prevailed with many people, which is, that
of not dunging the ground for Afparagus, believing
that the dung communicates a ftrong rank tafte to
. the Afparagus, which is a great miftake, for the fweet-
eft Afparagus is that which grows upon the richeft
ground •, for poor land occafions that rank tafte fo
often complained of, the fweetneis of Afparagus be-
ing occafionecl by the quicknefs of its growth, which
is alwaysproportionable to the goodnefs of the ground,
and the warmth of the feafons. In order to prove
this, I planted two beds of Afparagus, upon ground
which had dung laid a foot thick •, and thefe beds
were every year dunged extremely thick, and the Af-
paragus produced from thefe beds was much fvyeeter
than any I could procure, though they were boiled
together in the fame water.
The quantity of ground neceffary to be planted with
Afparagus, to fupply a fmall family, fliould be at
leaft eight rods, leis than that will not do ; for if you
cannot cut one hundred at a time, it will fcarcely be
worth while, for you muft be obliged to keep it after
it is cut two or three days, efpecially in cold feafons,
to furnifh enough for one mefs •, but for a larger fa-
mily, fixteen rods of ground fliould be planted, which,
if a good crop, will furnifh two or three hundred each
day in the height of the feafon.
But as there are feveral people who delight in having
early Afparagus, which is become a very great trade
in the kitchen-gardens near London, I fliall give
proper diredions for the obtaining it any time in
winter.
You muft firft be provided with a quantity of good
roots (either of your own raifing, or purchafed from
fuch
Asp
fuch gardeners as plant for file, ) fiich as have been
two or three years planted out from the feed-bed
and having fixed upon the time you would willingly
have your Afparagus fit to cut, about fix weeks be-
fore, you fhouid prepare a quantity of new liable
ho'rfe-dung, which fhouid be thrown in a heap for
ten days or more, to ferment, mixing fome fea-coal
allies with it ; then it fhouid be turned over into _ a
heap, where it muft lie another Week, when it will
be fit for life. Then dig out a trench in the ground
where you intend to make the bed, the width of the
frames that are defigned to cover it, and the length
in proportion to the quantity you intend to have
(which if defigned only to fupply a fmall family, three
or four lights at a time will be fufficient,) but for a
larger family, fix or eight lights will not be too much :
then lay down your dung into the trench, working
it very regularly, and beat it down very tight with
a fork, laying it at leaft three feet in thicknefs or
more, when the beds are made in December ; then
put your earth thereon about fix inches thick, break-
ing the clods and laying it level ; and at one end, be-
gin laying your roots againft a little ridge of earth,
raifed about four inches high : your roots muft be
laid as dole as poffible one to the other, in rows, with
their buds Handing upright •, and between every row
lay a fmall quantity of fine mould, obferving to keep
the crown of the roots exaftly level. When you have
finifhed laying your bed with roots, you muft lay
fome ftiff earth up to the roots, on the outfides of the
bed, which are bare, to keep them from drying-,
and thruft two or three fharp-pointed flicks, about
two feet long, clown between the roots, in the middle
of the bed, at a cliftance from each other. The ufe
of thefe flicks is to inform you what temper of heat
the bed is in, which you may find by drawing up the
flicks, and feeling the lower part ; and if, after the
bed has been made a week, you find it doth not heat,
you may lay a little ftraw or litter round the fides,
and alfo upon the top, which will greatly help it ; or
if you find it very hot, fo as to endanger fcorching
of the roots, it will be advifable to let it remain
wholly uncovered, and to thruft a large flick into the
dung, on each fide of the bed, in two or three places,
to make holes for the great fleam of the bed to pafs
off, which in a fliort time will reduce the bed to a
moderate heat.
After the bed has been made a fortnight, you muft
cover the crowns of the roots with fine earth, about
two inches thick and when the buds begin to appear
above ground through that earth, you muft again lay
on a freih quantity, about three inches thick fo that
in thq whole, it may be five inches above the crowns
of the root, which will be fufficient.
Then you muft make a band of ftraw (or long litter,)
about four inches thick, which muft be faftened round
the fides of the bed, that the upper part may be level
with the furface of the ground : this muft be faftened
with ftrait flicks about two feet long, fharpened at
the points, to run into the bed ; and upon this band
you muft fet your frames, and put your glades there-
on ; but if, after your bed hath been made three
weeks, you find the heat decline, you muft lay a good
lining of frefh hot dung round the fides of the bed,
which will add a frefh heat thereto and in bad wea-
ther, as alfo every night, keep the glaffes covered
with mats and ftraw ; but in the day time, let it be
ail taken off, efpecially whenever the fun appears ;
which, firming through the glaffes, will give a good
colour to the Afparagus.
A bed thus made, if it works kindly, will begin to
produce buds for cutting, in about five or fix weeks,
and will hold about three weeks in cutting which,
if rightly planted with good roots, will produce, in
that time, about three hundred buds in each light -,
fo that where Afparagus is propofed to be continued
until the feafon of the natural being produced, a frefh
bed fhouid be made every three weeks, until -the
beginning of March, from the time of the firft bed
being made j for if the Fall bed is made about a week
in March, it will- laft till the feafon of natural Afpai
ragus ; for the laft beds will come a fortnight fooner
to cutafter making, than thofe made about Chriftmas ;
and the buds will be larger, and better coloured, as
they will then enjoy a greater fhare of the fun.
Where this method of forcing early Afparagus is in-
tended, there fhouid be every year fuch a quantity-
planted, which you floall judge neceffary (unlefs you
intend to buy the roots from fome other garden ;) the
quantity of roots neceffary to plant one light, is common-
ly known by the meafure of the ground where they
grow ; for where there is a good cropff and few roots
are miffing, one rod of ground will furnifh enough
for a light ; but this calculation is made from the
ground planted with roots, which are defigned to be
taken up after two or three years growth for forcing,
in which there are fix rows in a bed, at but ten inches
diftance, and the plants eight or hine inches afunder
in the rows ; but where there is a greater fpace be-
tween the rows, and. fewer rows in a bed, then there
muft be a greater quantity of ground allotted for each
lie-ht. Moil of the kitchen-gardeners about London,
take up their Afparagus roots after two years growth
from planting ; but where the land is not very good,
it will be better to let it have three years growth, for
if the roots are weak, the buds of Afparagus will be
very fmall, fo not worth the trouble of forcing. The
bell ground for planting Afparagus; to have large
roots for hot-beds, is a moift rich foil; but for thofe
that are to remain for a natural produce, a middling
foil, neither too wet nor too dry ; but a frefh fandy
loam, when well dunged, is preferable to any other.
The fecond fort is mentioned to grow naturally in
Wales, and alfo near Briftol : I have received feeds
from the ifland of Portland, which have fucceeded
in the Chelfea garden, by which I am convinced it
is a different fpecies from the Garden Afparagus; and
alfo from the wild fort which grows naturally at Gibral-
tar, and alfo near Montpelier, is different from both ;
Mr. Magnol, of Montpelier, was alfo of the opinion
that it was a different fpecies, for he fays, the common
wild Afparagus and this grew near each other in the
neighbourhood of Montpelier, and the young fhoots
of the former were fweet, whereas thofe of the latter
were bitter. The fame has been confirmed to me by
feveral gentlemen, who have refided many years at
Gibraltar and Minorca, where the fecond fort grows
naturally in plenty.
This fort is propagated by feeds in the fame manner
as the garden kind, but muft have a warmer fituation ;
and the roots fhouid be well covered in winter, to
prevent the froft from penetrating the ground, which
will deftroy it.
The third fort hath white, crooked, fhrubby ftalks;
which rife four or five feet high, but have no fpines
on them ; the leaves come out in clufters from the
fame point, like thofe of the Larch-tree ; thefe are
very fhort, and end in fharp prickles, fo that they
are troublefome to handle. This fort grows naturally
in the South of France, Spain, and Portugal. It is
propagated by feeds as the former forts, but is too
tender to live abroad in England, fo the roots fhouid
be planted in pots, or near a fouth wall, and fheltered
in winter.
The fourth fort grows with fhrubby ftalks three or
four feet high, with very white bark, and are armed
with thorns which are fingle, coming out juft below
each turf of leaves. Thefe ftalks continue feveral
years, and put out many branches, garnifhed with
narrow fhort leaves. Thefe continue green all the
winter, if the plants are fcreened from fevere froft.
It is propagated by feeds as the former, which may
be procured from the Mediterranean, where it grows
naturally ; fome of the plants fhouid be kept in pots,
that they may be fheltered in winter, and the others
may be planted in the full ground in a warm fituation,
and in hard frofts covered, otherwife it will not live
abroad in this country.
The fifth fort grows naturally at the Cape of Good
Hope. This hath very crooked irregular ftalks, which.
are
45
ASP
are fhrabby, and rife eight or ten feet high, putting
out feveral weak fide branches, garnifhed with long
narrow leaves, coming out in clutters like thofe of the
Larch-tree ; under each of thefe clutters is placed a
fingle jfharp thorn. The ftalks continue feveral years,
and the leaves keep green all the winter. This is
commonly propagated by parting the roots, be-
caufe the plants rarely produce feeds in this country;
the belt time for this is in April. The roots mutt be
planted in pots, and removed into the green-houfe in
the autumn, for thefe plants will not live abroad in
England.
The fixth fort grows naturally in Spain, Portugal,
and Sicily, generally in rocky places. This fends up
many weak irregular fhoots, which have no leaves,
but inftead thereof, are armed with fhort ftiff thorns,
which come out four or five together from the fame
point, and fpread from each other every way. The
flowers are fmall, of an herbaceous colour ; the ber-
ries are larger than thofe of the common fort, and are
black when ripe. This is tender, fo mutt be treated
as the third fort.
The feventh fort grows naturally at the Cape of Good
Hope. This fends up from the root feveral flender
ftalks, which put out weak branches, declining down-
ward ; thefe are clofely garnifhed with briftly leaves,
like thofe of Garden Afparagus, which continue green
through the year. It hath not produced any feeds in
England, fo is only propagated by parting the
roots, as the fifth fort, and the plants flrould be treated
in the fame manner.
The eighth fort grows naturally at the Cape of Good
Hope ; this fends up many weak fhoots growing in
clutters, which are armed with fharp fpines, both on
the fide and ends of the fhoots ; the leaves come out
in fmall clutters, which continue green all the year.
This doth not produce feeds in England, fo is pro-
pagated as the fifth fort, and requires the fame treat-
ment.
The tenth fort fends out from the root many weak
climbing branches which rife five or fix feet high,
garnifhed with narrow fpear-fhaped leaves coming out
fingle; the fhoots are armed with fhort crooked fpines,
which render it very troublefome to handle the plants ;
for they are fo clofely fet on, that it is difficult to
touch the branches. This is propagated by parting
the root ; but the plants mutt be placed in a moderate
ttove, otherwife it will not thrive in this country. It
grows naturally in the ifland of Ceylon.
Thefe plants are preferved in the gardens of the cu-
rious, where they add to the variety ; being not dif-
ficult to manage, where there is conveniency to houfe
them in winter. They fhould have a place among
other exotic plants.
ASPARAGUS SCANDENS. See Medeola.
A S P E N-T REE. See Populus.
ASPERIFOLIOUS plants [afperifolius, of afper,
rough, and folium, Lat. a leaf] are fuch plants as are
rough-leaved, having their leaves placed alternately,
or without any certain order, on their ftalks : the
clafs of plants fo denominated by Mr. Ray, have a
monopetaious flower, cut or divided into five parts ;
after every flower there fucceed commonly four feeds.
Of this clafs are Buglofs, Borage, Comfrey, Hounds
Tongue, &c.
A 5 P E R U G O, fin all Wild Buglofs.
The Characters are,
The empale', nent is of one leaf cut flightly at the top into
five equal parts ; the flower is of one leaf having a fhort
. cylindrical, tube , cut at the top into five fmall blunt parts,
which are do fed at their hafe : it hath five fhort ftamina ,
crowned by. oblong fummiis ; in the center there are four
compreffed germen, fapporting a fhort fender fiyle , crowned
by a blunt ftigma. The germen afterward become four ob-
. long feeds, inch fed in the empakment.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft flection of
Linnaeus’s fifth clafs, entitled Pentandria Monogynia,
the flower having five ftamina and one ftyle.
We know but one . Spe cies of this genus, which is,
AsPERtrbo, Fior, Lap.p>. 76. Small JVUd Buglofs , Great
ASP
Goofe Grafs, or German Madwort. Buglottlim fiylttettfe,
caulibus procumbentibus. C. B. P. 257. *
This is an annual plant, which is found wild in fome
parts of England, as near Newmarket, at Boxiey in
Suffex, and in Holy Ifland. It is preferved in 'bo-
tanic gardens for variety, and may be eafily propa-
gated by feeds, which fhould be fown in autumn j
tor if the feeds are kept out of the ground till fpring,
they do not fucceed fo well. When the plants come
up, they require no other culture but to keep them
clear from weeds, and in May they will flower : in
June their feeds will be perfected, which, if fluttered
to fcatter, will grow again in autumn ; fo that when
this plant is once brought into a garden, it will main-
tain itfelf, provided it be allowed a place.
ASPERULA, Woodroof.
This plant grows wild in fhady woods in many parts
of England, and flowers in April or May, and is
flometimes ufled in medicine.
Dr. Linnaeus has joined to this genus the Gallium
album, Gallium montanum, and Rubia flynanchica
Saxatilis. C. B. But as thefe grow wild in England,
and are rarely admitted into gardens, I fhall pals them
over with juft mentioning them.
ASPHODELUS [’Ao-po&x©^ Gr. by. Pliny it is
called Haftula, or Baccillus Regius, becaufe when it
flowers, the ftalk refembles a royal feepter.] King’s
Spear.
The Characters are.
The flower has no empalement ; it is of one leaf cut into
fix parts , which fpread open ; at the bottom is inferted a
globular nebtarium , having fix valves ; it hath fix awl-
fhaped ftamina , which are inferted in the valves of the
nediarium, and are crowned by oblong fummits, which are
proftrate, and turn upward ; between the neciarium is
placed ■ a globular germen , fupporting an awl-fhaped ftyle ,
crowned by a club-like ftigma : the empalement afterward
becomes a ftefhy globular feed-veffel , having three cells ,
which are filled with triangular feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fe&ion of
Linnaeus’s fixth clafs, entitled Hexandria Monogynia,
the flower having fix ftamina and one ftyle.
The Species are,
1. Asphodelus ( Luteus ) caifte foliofo, foliis triquetrls
fiftulofis. Hort. Cliff. 127. King’s Spear with a leafy
ftalk , and triangular jftular leaves . Afphodelus luteus
& flore & radice. C. B. P. 28.
2. Asphodelus {Ramofus ) caule nudo foliis enfiformibus
carinatis kevibus. Lin. Mat. Med. 172. King’s Spear
with a naked branching ftalk , and fmooth , fword-fhaped,
carinated leaves. Afphodelus albus ramofus mas.
C. B. P. 28.
3. Asphodelus {Albus) caule nudo fimplici foliis
lineari-enftformibus. King’s Spear with a fingle naked
ftalk, and narrow fword-ftoaped leaves. Afphodelus albus
non ramofus. C. B. P. 28.
4. Asphodelus {Fiftulofus) caule nudo foliis ftridis fubu-
latis ftriatis fubfiftulofis. Hort. Cliff. 83. King’s Spear
with a naked ftalk, fiftufar awl-ftoaped leaves, and an an-
nual root. Phalangium parvo flore ramofum foliis
fiftulofis annuum. H. L.
The firft fort is the yellow Afphodel, which is directed
for ufe in medicine ; this hath roots compofed of many
thick, fleffiy, yellow fibres, joined into a head at the
top ; from whence arife ftrong, round, fingle ftalks,
near three feet high, garnifhed their whole length
with long triangular leaves, which are boat-fhaped,
of a fea-green colour •, the upper part of the ftalk is
adorned half way with yellow ftar-fhaped flowers,
which begin opening from the bottom, and are fol-
lowed by°others above ; fo that on the fame fpike,
there is often a fucceffion of flowers for a month. It
flowers in June, and the feeds ripen in autumn.
There is a variety of this with a larger flower, men-
tioned in the catalogue of the Royal Garden at Paris,
by the title of Afphodelus fpiralis luteus Italicus
magno flore, the feeds of which I received from the
garden at Pifa, fome years ago ; and the firft year of
the plants flowering in Chelfea garden, the flowers
were larger, and the fpikes longer than thole of the
(5 " common
ASP
common fort ; but in two years time, they were fo
like the common fort as not to be diftrnguifhed from
it, as were alfo the young plants which were raifed
from the feed faved at Chelfea, therefore it ffiould be
efteemed an accidental variety.
The fecond fort hath roots compofed of many thick
flefhy fibres to each of which is fattened an oblong
tuber, as large as fmall potatoes the leaves are long
and flexible, having acute edges •, thefe grow in irre-
gular clutters, from the crown of the root ; between
thefe come out the ftalks, which rife more than three
feet high, fending out feveral fide branches, which
are naked ; the upper part of thefe are adorned with
many white ftar-fhaped flowers, conflfting of 'one leaf
cut into fix parts, each having a purple line running
lengthways on the outflde of each fegment. The
flowers grow in long fpikes, flowering gradually up-
ward. They appear the beginning of June, and the
feeds ripen in autumn.
The third fort hath roots like the fecond, but the
leaves are longer and narrower •, the ftalks of this are
Angle, never putting out any fide branches *j the flow-
ers are of a purer white, and grow in longer fpikes.
This flowers at the fame time with the former.
The fourth fort is an annual plant •, the roots of this
are compofed of many flefhy yellow fibres, the leaves
are fpread out from the crown of the root, clofe to
the ground, in a large clutter ; they are convex on
their under fide, but plain above, and hollow like
a pipe ; the flower-ftalks rife immediately from the
root, and grow about two feet high, dividing into
three or four branches upward, which are adorned
’with white ftarry flowers, with purple lines on the
butfide. Thefe flower in July and Auguft, and their
feeds ripen in October, loon after which the Plants de-
cay. It grows naturally in the fouth of France, Spain,
and Italy. i
Thefirft fort grows na turally in many of the iflands
of the Archipelago, and alfo in Sicily. The fecond,
third, and fourth forts grow naturally in Portugal,
Spain, and Italy ; the third fort is not quite fo hardy
as either of the other, fo in very fevere froft is fome-
times killed, unlefs the roots are covered in winter.
The yellow fort multiplies very fall by roots, and
will foon overfpread a large border, if fuffered to re-
main unremoved, or the fide roots are not taken off ;
but the other forts are not fo productive of fhoots
from their fides, and are much better kept within
bounds.
The fecond and third forts do not increafe very fall
by their roots, nor ihould they be often tftmfplanted,
for that will weaken them, fo that their flower-ftems
will not rife fo tall, or produce fo many flowers, as
when they are left undifturbed for fome years •, there-
fore the beft way is to propagate thefe by feeds.
Thefe three forts of Afphodel are very pretty orna-
ments for a flower-garden, and, requiring very little
trouble to cultivate them, are rendered more accep-
table. They may be all propagated by feeds, which
ihould be fown foon after they are ripe, on a warm
border of light frefh earth : in the fpring the plants
will appear, when you ihould carefully clear them
from weeds, and in dry weather they mutt be fre-
quently watered : if this be duly obferved, the plants
will have acquired ftrength enough to be tranfplanted
by the Michaelmas following ^ at which time you
mutt prepare a bed of frefh earth in the flower nur-
fery, into which you ihould plant the roots, at about
fix inches diftance every way, obferving to plant
them fo low, as that the top of the roots may be three
or four inches under the furface of the bed ; and fome
old tan, or dung, ihould be fpread over the furface
of the ground, to keep out the froft : in this bed
they may remain one year, during which time they
ihould be kept clear from weeds •, by which time, the
roots having acquired ftrength enough to produce
flowers- the following year, they ihould, in autumn,
when their leaves are decayed, be carefully taken up,
and tranfplanted into the flower-garden, obferving to
place them in the middle of .the borders, amongft
othpr hardy kinds of flowers, where being properly-
intermixed, they will make an agreeable variety, and
continue a long time in flower.
The fourth fort is an annual plant, fo is only propa-
gated by feeds ; thefe ihould be fown in the autumn,
when they will more certainly grow than if fown in
the fpring : when the plants are up, they will require
no other trouble but to keep them clean from weeds,
until they have put out four or five leaves, when they
Ihould be carefully removed to the places where they
are to remain for good. If the feeds of this plant are
permitted to fcatter, the plants will come up without
care, and thole which are not removed, will be the
ftrongeft plants, and produce a greater number of
flowers.
ASPLEN I U M, or Ceterach [is fo called from di
privative, and Qn-xfiv the fpleen, became good againft
difeafes of the fpleen.,] Spleenwort or Miltwafte.
The Characters are.
The leaves are like thofe of the Polypody , hut lefs , and
pretty round , notched toward the fide downy on their
under fide , 'having a fquamous duft , in which , hy the help
oj a . micro f cope, membranous capfuls, or feed pods, lying
clofe to one another , are perceived, every one furnijhed with
a little round, cord , which by its conflmMion opening the
fruit into two parts, pours forth certain very fmall feeds:
the root is fibrous. This plant thrives in ftony places , as
in walls , &c.
This plant is of the Fern kind, and grows upon bid
moift fhady walls in divers parts of England ; but is
never cultivated in gardens. There are feveral fpecies
of this plant in America, but they have not been in-
troduced into England.
ASTER [’Asy, Gr. a Star-, fo called becaufe the
flower is radiated with little leaves after the manner
of a ftar.] Starwort.
The Characters are.
It hath a compound flower, compofed of fever all female and
hermaphrodite florets, included in one common fcaly empale -
ment ; the rays or border of the flower is compofed of fe-
veral female florets, whofe upper parts are fir etched out on
'one fide like a tongue, and indented in three fegment s at the
end the hermaphrodite florets form the difk or middle ;
which are funnel-Jhaped , and divided at the top into five
parts, fpreading open , and have each five floort fender ft a -
min a , crowned with cylindrical fummits •, in the bottom is
placed a crowned germen, fupporting a fender ftyle, crowned
by a bifid ftigma the germen afterward becomes an oblong
feed, crowned with down : the female flowers have a
germen fupporting a fender ftyle, crowned by two oblong
ftigma , which turn backward. Thefe have no flamina ,
but in other refpcdls are like the hermaphrodite flowers.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fection
of Linnaeus’s nineteenth clais, intitled Syngenefia Po-
lygamia 'fuperflua, from the fame flower having female
and hermaphrodite florets included in the fame em-
palement.
The Species are,
1. Aster (. Alpinus ) foiiis lanceolatis hirtis, radicalibus
obtufis, caule flmpliciflimo unifloro. Lin. Sp. Plant.
872. Starwort with hairy fpear-Jhaped leaves , thofe at
the root blunt, and a Jingle ftalk, having one flower .
After montanus caeruleus magno flore foiiis oblonois.
C. B. P. 267.
2. Aster ( Amelins ) foiiis lanceolatis obtufis fcabris.tri-
nerviis integris, pedunculis nudiufeulis corymbofis
fquamis calycinis obtufis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 873. Star-
wort with rough , blunt , fpear-Jhaped leaves , which are
entire , having three veins, naked foot-ftalks, flowers in a
corymbus , and blunt feales to the empalement. After at-
ticus cteruleus vulgaris. C. B. P. 2 67. vulgarly called
Italian Starwort.
3. Aster ( Tripolium ) foiiis lanceolatis integerrimis car-
nofis glabris ramis inaequatis, fioribus corymbofis.
Lin. Sp. Plant. 872. Starwort with flmooth, flefhy, fpear-
Jhaped leaves, which are entire , unequal branches, and
flowers in a corymbus. After maritimus Tripolium
didtus. Raii Hift. 270.
4. Aster ( Linif alius ) foiiis linearibus acutis integerrimis,
caule corymbofo ramofiffimo. Hort. Cliff. 408. Star-
C c wort
A s T
'“wort with narrow pointed leaves, which are entire, and
a very branchy flalk growing in a corymbus. After Tri-
poli! flare anguftiftimo & 'tenuiffimo folio. Mor. Hift.
3- 121. ^ .. ■ .. .
.5. Aster ( 'Nova Anglue) foliis lanceolatis alternis mte-
'gerrimis fe m i am p ie x i cau 1 i bil s , floribus terminaiibus.
Hort. Cliff. 408. Starwo’rt with entire fpearfhaped.
leaves , growing alternate , and half embracing the /talks,
which are terminated by flowers. After Novas Angliae
akiffimus hirfutus floribus arnplis purpuro-violaceis.
Par. bat. 98.
6. Aster ( Undulatus ) foliis cordatis amplexicaulibus uri-
dulatis fubtus tomentofts, floribus racemofis adfcen-
dentibus. Hort. Cliff. 408. Starwcrt with heart-flpear-
floaped waved leaves , woolly on their underfide , and flowers
growing in afcending J pikes . After novas Anglise pur-
pureus Virgie aureas facie & foliis undulatis. Par.
bat. 96. „
j. Aster ( Puniceus ) foliis femiamplexicaulibus lariceo-
latis ferratis fcabris, pedunculis alternis lubunifloris
qalycibus difcum fuperantibus; Hort. Cliff. 408. Star-
Wort with rough , flawed , flpear-flhaped leaves , halfl em-
bracing the ftalks i foot-flalks growing alternate , with a
Jingle flower on each f'oot-ftalk, whofle empalement is higher
than, the diflk-. After Americanus latifolius puniceis
caulibus. H. L. 649.
8. Aster ( Miflcr ) floribus ovatis difeo radiis longiore.
Lin. Sp. Plant. 877. Starwort with oval flowers, whofle
diflk is longer than the rays. After ericoides Mellioti
agriae umbone. Hort. Elth. 40.
9. Aster ( Novi Belgii) foliis lanceolatis fubferratis fef-
filibus caule paniculato ramulis unifloris folitariis caly-
cibus fquarrofis. Hort. Cliff. 408. Starwort with flpear-
flhaped jagged leaves, growing clofle to the flalk, which is
loofle and fpiked, and branches having a fingle flower with
a rough empalement. After Novas Belgiae latifolius
umbellatus floribus dilute violaceis. H. L. 66.
iq. Aster (Linar if olius) foliis lanceolato-linearibus fub-
carnofis integerrimis planis floribus corymbofis fafti-
gatis pedunculis foliolofts. Lin. Sp. Plant. 874. Star-
wort with narrow , flpear-flhaped, fleflhy leaves, which are
plain and entire, flowers gathered into a corymbus, and
leafy foot-flalks. After Tripolii flore. C. B. P.267.
ti. Aster ( Concolor ) caule fimpliciflimo foliis oblongo-
ovatis fefiilibus integerrimis racemo terminali. Flor.
Virg. 1 78. Starwort with fingle ftalks, oval entire leaves
growing clofle to the ftalks, which end in a loofle fpike.
12. Aster (. Ericoides ) foliis linearibus integerrimis, caule
paniculato, pedunculis racemofis, pedicellis foliofts.
Flor. Virg. 124. Starwort with linear leaves, apanicu-
lated flalk with branching leafy foot-flalks. After eri-
coides dumofus. Flort. Elth. 40.
13. Aster ( Cordifolia ) foliis cordatis ferratis petiolatis,
caule paniculato. Hort. Cliff. 408. Starwort with flawed
heart-flhaped leaves , having foot-ftalks, and a loofle fpiked
flalk. After latifolius autumnalis. Cornut. Canad.
64.
14. Aster ( Lenuifolius ) foliis fub linearibus integerrimus
pedunculis foliofts. Lin. Sp. 1227. Starwort withnarrow
flpear-flhaped entire leaves, and leafy foot-ftalks. After
Americanus Belvidere foliis floribus ex cseruleo al-
bicantibus fpicis praslongis. Pluk. Phyt. tab. 78.
f. 5.
15. Aster ( Grandifiorus ) caule corymbofo foliis lan-
ceolatis reflexis, floribus folitaris, calycibus fquarrofis.
Flor.' Leyd. 168. Starwort with a corymbous flalk,
flpear-flhaped, reflebled leaves, and fingle flowers with rough
empalements. After Virginianus pyramidatus Hyffopi
folius afperis calycis fquamulis foliaceis. Mart. Cent.
T 9 - ....
16. - Aster ( Scabris ) foliis lanceolatis fcabris mtegris,
caule ramofo, pedunculis foliofts, calycibus obtufis.
Starwort with rough flpear-flhaped entire leaves, and a
branching flalk , with leafy foot-ftalks. After Atticus
Alpinus alter. C. B. P. 267.
17. Aster ( Glabris ) foliis olongo-lanceolatis acutis fer-
ratis caule ramofo floribus terminaiibus calycibus li-
nearibus ereftis. Starwort with oblong , flpear-flhaped,
pointed flawed leaves, and a branching flalk, terminated by
flowers, whofle empalements are very narrow , and ere A.
AST
Alter Perficas foliis ferratis glabris, floribus- fparfis
pallid? cteruleis. Dillen. Cat. Oxon.
18; Aster (Lradefcanti) foliis oblongis acutis baft la-
borious femiamplexicaulibus, caule ramofo floribus
terminaiibus plerumque folitariis. Starwort with oblong
pointed leaves, broad at their baft, half embracing the
ftalks, which are branchy, and terminated with flowers,
for the moft part fingly. After cseruleus ferotinus fru-
ticefeens Tradefcanti, Rail Hift. 269. commonly called
Michaelmas Daify.
1 9. Aster (Pracox) caule eredto hirfuto foliis oblongis
acutis fcabris acute dentatis femiamplexicaulibus flo-
ribus corymbofis, calycibus hirfutis ereftis. Starwort
with a hairy upright flalk, oblong pointed rough leaves ,
flharply indented, half embracing the ftalks, and flowers in
a corymbus with hairy erebl empalements. After Pyre-
naicus precox flore cteruleo majori. H. R. Par.
20. Aster (Altiflflmus) caule altiffimo hirfuto fimplicif-
fimo foliis oblongis acutis bafi latioribus femiamplexi-
caulibus floribus tribus fefiilibus terminaiibus. Star-
wort with a very tall, hairy, unbranched flalk, oblong
pointed leaves, which are broader at the bafe, and half
embrace the ftalks, which are terminated by three flowers
flitting very clofle.
21. Aster (Ramocffimus) caule ramociflimo patulo*
foliis lineari-lanceolatis rigidis, floribus ferratim po-
fitis pedunculis foliofts. Starwort with a very branching
//reading flalk, narrow, fpear-fhaped, ft iff leaves, flow-
ers placed one above another, and leafy foot-ftalks.
22. Aster ( Umbellatus ) foliis lanceolatis acutis fcabris,
caule fmplici floribus umbellatis terminaiibus. Star-
wort with rough pointed flpear-flhaped leaves , and a fingle
flalk , terminated by flowers, growing in an umbel.
23. Aster ( Nervofus ) foliis nervofis lanceolatis acutis
linearibus caule flmplici floribus terminaiibus quaft
umbellatum difpolitis. Starwort with narrow, flpear-
flhaped, pointed , nervous leaves , a fingle flalk, terminated
by flowers growing almoft in an umbel.
24. Aster (P aniculatus) foliis inferioribus ovatis baft
femiamplexicaulibus, fuperioribus lanceolatis parvis
caule paniculato ramis unifloris pedunculis foliofis.
Starwort with the lower leaves oval, whofle bafe half em-
braces the ftalks , the upper leaves [mail and flpear-flhaped,
a flalk terminated by a loofle fpike, with a fingle flower on
each branch , and a leafy foot-flalk.
25. Aster ( Rigidus ) floribus terminaiibus folitariis foliis
linearibus alternis. Flor. Virg. 98. Starwort with fingle
flowers at the ends of the branches, and very narrow leaves
placed alternately.
26. Aster ( Latifolius ) foliis lineari-lanceolatis glabris
trinerviis floribus corymbofis terminaiibus. Starwort
with flmooth flpear-flhaped leaves, with three veins, and
flowers in a corymbus, which terminate the ftalks. After
Latifolius Tripolii flore. H. R. Par.
27. Aster (Dumofus) foliis linearibus integerrimis caule
paniculato. Hort. Cliff. 408. Starwort with very narrow
leaves, which are entire , and a loofle fpike of flowers.
After Novas Anglise linarise foliis Chamasmeli flore.
Par. Bat. Prod. 95.
28. Aster (Annus) foliis lanceolatis lateribus inferiorum
crenatis, radice annua, caule corymbofo pedunculis
nudis. Hort. Cliff. 409. Starwort with fpear-fhaped
leaves, the flides of the lower leaves jagged, an annual root ,
and ftalks ending with a corymbus of flowers, with naked
foot-ftalks. Alter ramofus annuus Canadenfls. Mor.
Hift. '
29. Aster (Fruticofus) foliis linearibus fafciculatis punc-
tatis, pedunculis unifloris nudis, caule fruticofo ru-
gofo. Hort. Cliff. 409. Starwort with narrow pointed
leaves growing in clufters, naked foot-ftalks with one flower ,
and a jhrubby flalk. After Africanus frutefeens foliis
anguftis & plerumque conjunbtis. Hort. Amft. 2.
P- 53 -
30. Aster (CUnenfis) foliis ovatis angulatis dentatis,
petiolatis calycibus terminaiibus patentibus foliofts.'
Hort. Cliff. 407. Starwort with oval angular indented
leaves, and the empalements terminated by //reading leaves v
After Chenepodii folio annuus, flore ingenti fpeciofo.
Hort. Elth. 38.
31. Aster
AST
31. Aster ( Aurantius ) foliis pinnatis. Hort, Cliff. 407.
Star wort with winged leaves. After Americanus foliis
pinnatis & ferratis liori bus aurantis. Houft. MSS.
3 2. Aster ( Procumbens ) foliis ovatis dentatis caule pro-
eumbente, pedunculis nudis axillaribus unifloris. Star-
wort with oval indented leaves , a trailing fialk , and naked
foot-Jlalks proceeding from the fide with a Jingle flower.
After Americanus procumbens bellidis minoris facie.
Houft. MSS.
33. Aster ( Mutabilis ) foliis lanceolatis ferratis, calyci-
bus fquarrofis, panicula fubfaftigiata. Lin. Sp. 1230.
Starwort with flawed fpear-Jhaped leaves , rough flower-
cups, and bundled panicles. After Novi Belgii latifolius
paniculatus, floribus faturate violaceis. H. L. 65.
34. Aster ( Sibiricus ) foliis lanceolatis venofis fcabris
extimoferratis, caulibus ftriatis, pedunculis tomen-
tofts. Lin. Sp. 1226. Starwort with veined fpear-Jhaped
leaves , Jlriated ftalks , and woolly floot-ftalks.
35. Aster ( Divaricatus ) ramis divaricatis, foliis ovatis
ferratis, fioralibus integerrimis obtufiufculis amplexi-
caulibus. Flor. Virg. 123. Starwort with forked
branches , oval flawed leaves , thofle near the flowers are
obtufle , entire , and embrace the fialk. After Americanus
latifolius albus, caule ad furtimum brachiato. Pluk.
Aim. 56.
The firft. fort grows naturally upon the Alps, where
it leldom riles more than nine inches high, and when
tranfpianted into a garden, not above fixteen. It
fends up fingle ftalks from the root, which are thinly
garnilhed with oblong leaves ; at the top of each ftalk
is one large blue flower, fomewhat like thofe of the
Italian Starwort. This flowers in June ; the root is
perennial, but muft be planted in a fhady fttuation,
and a moift foil. It is propagated by parting the
roots, which fhould be done in autumn.
The fecond fort is the Italian Starwort, which was
fome years paft more common in the gardens than at
prefent ; for fmce the great variety of American Star-
worts have been introduced into England, this fort
hath not been fo much cultivated, though it is by no
means inferior to the beft of them, and, in fome re-
fpefts, preferable to moft of them ; for it is not fo
fubjett to creep by the root, as many of the American
forts clo, whereby they often become troublefome in
fmall gardens, nor do the ftalks require fupporting as
they do, for thefe feldom grow more than two feet
high, and the ftalks are generally ftrong, fo are very
rarely broken by the wind. Thefe grow in large
clufters from the root, and each of them branch at
the top into eight or ten foot-ftalks, each of which
is terminated by a Angle large flower, having blue
rays, with a yellow dilk. It flowers in October, and,
in mild feafons, will often continue till the middle of
November, during, which time they are very orna-
mental plants in a garden. This fort is propagated
by parting the roots, the beft time for this work
is foon after they are out of flower, for thofe which
are removed in the fpring will not flower fo ftrong
the fucceeding autumn. Thefe. roots thou Id not be
removed oftener than every third year, wherethey are
expected to produce many flowers.
It grows naturally in the vallies of Italy, Sicily, and
Narbonne, and is generally fuppofed to be the
Amellus mentioned by Virgil in his fourth Georgick,
to grow in the paftures , the leaves and ftalks being
rough and bitter, the cattle feldom browle upon it,
fo that whenever there are any of thefe roots in the
fields, they fend up a thick tuft of ftalks, which, being
left after the grafs is eaten bare, thefe being full of
flowers, make a fine appearance, and therefore might
engage the poet’s attention.
The third fort grows naturally in fait marflies, which
are flowed by the tides, and is feldom admitted into
gardens. It flowers in July and Auguft.
■ The fourth fort is a native in North America, but
has been many years in the Englifh gardens. It fends
lip many ftrong fhoots from the root every fpring,
which rifp between two and three feet high, garnilhed
with oblong leaves, placed alternately, and half em-
brace the ftalk with their bafe •, from the main ftalks,
many fide branches are put out, for near half their
length, thefe are garnilhed wfth fmaller leaves, which
diminifh in their fize to the top, where there is a fingle
flower, terminating the ftalk, of a blue colour. This
flowers in Auguft and September-, it is eafily pro-
pagated by parting the roots, foon after the flow-
ers are paft, and will thrive in almoft any foil or
fttuation.
The fifth fort fends up many ftalks from the root,
which rife five feet high , garniflied with fpear-lhaped
leaves v T hich are entire, and half embrace the ftalks,
which are terminated by large purple violet flowers,
growing in a loofe panicle : it flowers in Auguft, and
is very hardy, fo may be planted in any foil or fitua-
tion, and is propagated by parting the roots.
The flxth fort grows naturally in North America.
This hath broad hear t~lh aped waved leaves at the
bottom, the ftalks rife between two and three feet
high, which fend out fmall fide branches, upon which
the flowers come out in loofe fpikes, which are of a
very pale blue colour, inclining to white. This flowers
in the fame feafon as the former, and may be propa-
gated in the fame manner.
The feventh fort fends up fevefal ftrong ftalks, up-
ward of two feet high, which are of a purple colour*
garnilhed with fpear-lhaped fmooth leaves, whole bafe
embrace the ftalks half round ; the flowers grow
upon Angle foot-ftalks, forming a corymbus at the
top, and are of a pale blue colour ; thefe appear the
latter end of September. This comes from North
America, and may be propagated in the fame way as
the former.
The eighth fort rifes with llender ftalks, upward, of
three feet high * fending out many weak branches
on every fide, garnilhed with very fmall leaves j the
flowers come out on ftiort foot-ftalks, on every fide
of the branches, thefe are fmall, with white rays and
a yellow dilk. They appear in November, and often
continue part of December. This comes from the
fame country with the former, and may be propagated
as is before directed for them.
The ninth fort rifes near four feet high, having broad
leaves at the bottom which diminifh gradually to
the top ; the flowers are produced in a loofe kind of
umbel at the top of the ftalks, which are of a pale
blue colour ; thefe appear the latter part of Auguft.
This is hardy, and may be propagated as the former.
The tenth fort grows naturally in the fouth of France
and Italy ; the ftalks of this divide into a great num-
ber of branches, which divide again toward the top
into feveral fmaller, fully garniflied with very narrow
leaves their whole length ■, the flowers grow in large
clufters at the top, forming a fort of corymbus they
are of a pale bluifh colour, and appear the beginning
of Auguft: This is hardy, and may be propagated
by parting the roots, as the former.
The eleventh fort rifes four feet high, with a fingle
ftalk, and oval leaves growing clofe to the ftalks,
which are terminated by flender loofe fpikes of pale
blue flowers, which appear about Michaelmas. This
grows naturally in North America, and is propagated
as the forts above-mentioned.
The twelfth fort fends up flender ftalks three feet
high, which fend out flender fide branches moft of
their length, fo as to form a thick bufh •, thefe are
garnilhed with very narrow leaves their whole length,
and are terminated by fingle flowers.
The thirteenth fort grows about two feet high, having
flender ftalks, garnilhed with oblong, pointed, heart-
fhaped leaves, which are fharply fawed on their edges $
the upper part of the ftalks is divided into feveral
fmall branches, which are terminated by white flowers
growing in loofe panicles. This flowers in September,
and may be propagated as the former*
The fourteenth fort fends up ftalks five feet high,
which put out many llender fide branches, garnilhed
with narrow fpear-lhaped leaves, and are terminated
by fpikes of fmall white flqwgrs, which appear the
end of October. This fort fp reads greatly at the
root, fo is apt to over-run the borders.
'2
The
I
AST'
THe fifteenth fort hath narrow, oblong, hairy leaves
’.it the bottom ; the {talks rile three feet high, gar-
Aiflied with final!, narrow, 'rough leaves, which turn
^backward’; the ftalks fend otirfriany fide branches,
■each being terminated by a Angle large blue 'flower.
This fort flowers the end of October, ’Tnd continues
moft part of November, when it makes a fine appear-
ance. It doth not multiply fait by its roots, but
■may be propagated in plenty, 'by cuttings made from
the young fhoots in May, which, if planted in a bed
of light earth, and fhaded from the fun, will take
root, and flower the fame year. It is commonly
called by the gardendrs Catefby’s Starwort, from Mr.
Catefby, who brought it from Virginia.
The fixteenth fort fends up feveral ftalks a foot and
a half high, garnifhed with rough fpear-fhaped leaves,
fending out many fide branches which diverge from
the ftalk every way ; thefe are terminated for the moft
part by one large blue flower, fomewhat like thofe
of the Italian Starwort, but paler, and comes earlier
to flower. It grows naturally on the Alps, and is
propagated by parting the root.
The feventeenth fort rifes to the height of five feet,
with branching ftalks, garnifhed with oblong fpear-
fhaped leaves, which are fawed on their edges. Each
of the fide branches are divided at the top into feve-
ral foot-ftalks, which are terminated by large, pale,
blue flowers; and are in beauty in Odlob'er. This
is propagated by parting the roots, as the forts
beforementioned. It grows naturally in North
America.
The eighteenth fort was brought from Virginia many
years ago, by Mr. John Tradefcant, who was a great
colleftor of rarities ; and from his garden it was foon
difpcrfed, and became common. It is generally
known by the title of Michaelmas Daifey, from its
flowering about old Michaelmas day. The ftalks of,
this fort are numefous, and rife about three feet and a
half high, being fully garnifhed with oblong leaves
ending in a point, whofe bafe half embrace the ftalks.
Thefe fhoot out many lateral branches, which are
terminated by pretty large flowers, of a very pale
bluifh colotir 5 tending to white. The roots of this
multiply very fall; and the feeds often are blown
about, fo that it propagates fo much as often to be
troublefome •, it will thrive in any fituation.
The nineteenth fort fends up feveral ftrong hairy
ftalks, which rife a foot and a half high, having
many oblong rough leaves ending in a point, whofe
bafe half embrace the ftalks, which divide into many
frnali branches . at the top, forming a kind of corym-
bus, each being terminated by one large blue flower,
having a very hairy empalement. This flowers the
latter end of July. It grows naturally on the Alps,
fo is very hardy, but fhould have a moift foil and
a fhady fituation. It is propagated by parting the
roots.
The twentieth fort rifes with ftrong hairy ftalks, to
the height of eight or nine feet, which are upright,
unbranched, and garnifhed with oblong hairy leaves,
ending in a point ; their bafe half furrounds the ftalks,
which are for the moft part terminated by three large
purple flowers inclining to red, and fit clofe to the
top of the ftalk, furrounded by a few narrow leaves.
This fort flowers in November. It came from Phi-
ladelphia, where it naturally grows, and is propa-
gated by parting the roots ; it delights in a moift
foil.
The twenty-firft fort hath {lender purplifh ftalks,
which rife about three feet high, fending out many
fide branches almoft the whole length, which fpread
horizontally, garniflied with narrow, fmall, fpear-
fhaped leaves ; the flowers are produced in a fort of
loofe fpike, growing one above another on each fide
the ftalk. Thefe are fmall, of a pale purplifh co-
lour, and appear in November. It grows naturally
in North America, and is eafily propagated by part-
ing the roots.
The twenty-fecond fort I received from Philadelphia,
where it grows naturally. This fends up ftiff chan-
nelled ftalks about two- feet high, garnifhed with:
rough fpear-fhaped leaves ending in a point, placed
'alternately on every fide the ftalks • the flowers are
white, and grow in a fort of umbel at the top of the
ftalks. It flowers the end of September, and is pro-
pagated by parting the roots.
The twenty-third fort I received from Mr. Peter Col-
linfon, F. R. S. who procured it from Pemylvania.
This hath much the appearance of the former fort,
but the leaves are narrower, whiter on their under
fide, and have three longitudinal veins ; the flowers
are alfo larger and whiter. It grows about the fame
Height, and flowers at the fame time with the for-
mer. ■
The twenty-fourth fort rifes four feet high, the bot-
tom leaves are oval and half furround the ftalk at
their bafe ; the upper leaves are fmall and fpear-fhap-
ed ; the ftalks put out fide branches toward the top,
which grow erect, forming a loofe fpike, each being
terminated by one large blue flower, with a leafy fbot-
ftalk ; this flowers about the end of October. It
grows naturally in North America, and is propagated
by parting the roots. . ,
The twenty-fifth fort fends up frorn the root feveral
{lender ftalks near three feet high, garnifhed by many
very narrow leaves, and puts out fide branches, each
being terminated by one white flower; This grows
naturally in Philadelphia ; it flowers in November*
and is eafily propagated by parting the roots;.
The twenty-fixth fort riles about a foot and a half
high; the ftalks are garniflied with narrow, fpear-
fhaped, frnooth leaves : the end of the ftalks are ter-
minated by foot-ftalks *on every fide, each having
one pale blue flower. This grows naturally in Ca-
nada, and is propagated by parting the roots. It
is titled After Canadenfls linarise folio, Hort. R.
Par.
The twenty-feventh fort grows about two feet high,
with erect ftalks, garniflied with narrow fpear-fhaped
leaves, which come out irregularly in clufters ; front
the upper part of the ftalks, there are a few fide
branches produced, which are garniflied with narrow
leaves ; the flowers are produced in a panicle; which
.are of a pale blue colour, and appear in September*
This is propagated by parting the roots.
The twenty-eighth fort is an annual plant, which when
once introduced into a garden, the feeds will fcatter,
and the plants come up without care. This fends
up ftrait ftalks about two feet high, which are termi-
nated by white flowers growing in form of a corym-
bus. It flowers in Auguft, and the feeds ripen in Oc-
tober, and grows naturally in North America.
The twenty-ninth fort grows naturally at the Cape
of Good Hope. This rifes with a woody ftem about
three feet high, fending out fide branches which are
ligneous, garniflied with narrow leaves coming out
in clufters from one point, like thofe of the Larch-
tree ; the flowers are produced from the fide of the
branches, upon long flender foot-ftalks fingly ; thefe
are of a pale blue colour, and appear the beginning
of March ; as this plant never produces feeds in Eu-
rope, it is only propagated by cuttings, which may
be performed any . time in fummer. Thefe fhould
be planted in fmall pots filled with light earth, and
plunged into an old hot-bed ; where, if they are
fhaded from the fun, and gently watered, they will
put out roots in fix- weeks, when they may be placed
in the open air ; and in about a month after they
fhould be feparated, each planted into a fmall pot
filled with light fandy earth. In Oftober thefe muft;
be removed into the green-houfe, and placed where
they may enjoy as much free air as pOffihle, but be
fecured from froft or damps, either of which will de-
ftroy them ; fo that they are much eafier preferved in
a glafs-cafe, where they will enjoy more light and air
than in a green-houfe ; but they muft not be placed
in a ftove, for artificial heat will foon deftroy the
plants. This fort is at prefent but in few Englifh
gardens.
The
*The thirtieth fort is a native of China, from whence
the feeds were fent to France by the miflionaries,
where the plants were firfb raifed in Europe. In the
year 1731, I received feeds of this, from which I
raifed plants with red, and fome with white flowers s,
and in 1 736, I received feeds of the blue flower, but
thefe were all fingle. They came by the title of La
Reine Marguerette, or the Queen of Dailies, by which
title the French ftill call it. In 1 752, I received
feeds of the double flowers both red and blue, and
in 1753, the feeds of the double white fort, from my
worthy friend Dr. Job Baiter, F. R. S. of Zirkzee.
Thefe have retained their difference, from that time
without variation, yet as they are generally fuppofed
to be only varieties, I have not inferred them as dif-
ferent ipecics.
As thefe are annual plants, they are only propagated
by feeds, which mult be fown in the fpring upon a
gentle hot-bed, juft to bring up the plants ; tor they
fhould be inured to the open air as loon as poifible,
to prevent their being drawn up very weak : when
the plants are big enough to remove, they ihould be
carefully taken up and planted in a bed of rich eartn
at fix inches diftance each way, obferving to fhade
them from the fun till they have taken new root ;
and if the feafon proves dry, they muff be often re-
frefhed with water. In this bed they may remain a
month or five weeks, by which time they will be
flrong enough to transplant into the borders of the
flower-garden where they are defigned to remain •, the
plants fhould be taken up carefully, with large balls
of earth to their roots, and the ground dug up and
well broken with the fpade, where the holes are made
to receive the plants : after they are planted, and
the earth doled about their roots, there fhould be
fome water given them to fettle the earth. This
work fhould, if poflible, be done when there is rain,
for then the plants will foon take new root, after
which time they will require no other care but to keep
them clear from weeds. ,
In Auguff thefe plants will flower, by which time if
the ground is rich in which they are planted, they will
be two feet high, and furnifned with many fide
branches, each of which is terminated by a large ra-
diated flower, fome white, fome red, and others blue.
Thefe are fome of the greateft ornaments in the flower-
garden in autumn, during their time of flowering.
The feeds ripen the beginning of October, which
fhould be gathered when it is perfeftly dry •, and in
order to o refer ve the kinds with double flowers, thofe
which grow upon the fide branches, which are com-
monly fuller of leaves than the flowers on the main
fem, fhould always be preferved for feeds.
The thirty-firft fort was difcovered by the late Dr.
Houfton in the year 1731, at La Vera Cruz in New
Spain. This is an annual plant, which rifes with an
upright ftalk about one foot high, garnifhed the
whole length with winged leaves, each confiding of
two or three pair of lobes, terminated by an odd
one : each of thefe lobes are heart-fhaped, and fawed
on their edges ; at the top of the italk is produced
one large Orange-coloured flower, having a fingle
empalement, cut into many (lender fegments which
end in points. After the flower is pail, each floret
is fucceeded by an oblong angular feed, crowned
with long down. This is propagated by feeds, which
fhould be fown on a moderate hot-bed in the Ipring ;
and when the plants are fit to remove, they muff be
each planted into a feparate fmall pot filled with rich
earth, and plunged into the tan-bed, obferving to
fhade them until they have taken new' root, as alfo
to refrefn them with w'ater, and in warm weather ad-
mit free air to the plants. When thefe pots are filled
with their roots, the plants fhould be carefully fhaken
out i and after paring off the outfide roots, put into
larger pots, filled with light earth, and plunged into
■the hot-bed again, where they may remain to flower
and perfect their feeds, for they will not thrive in the
open air. This fort flowers in July, and the feeds
ripen in September.
The thirfy-fecosid fort was difcovered by the late Dry
William Houfton, in. the year 1720, growing in plenty
in the Tandy ground about Vera Cruz, in America,
where he drew' the figure, and made a defcription of
the plant upon the fpot ; which he fent to England
with the feeds, fome of which grew in the Chelfel
garden, and the plants flowered the following fummer,
but did not perfect their feeds.
It hath buftiy fibrous roots, which' creep in the
ground, and fend out many {lender round {talks,
which bend and incline to the ground. Thefe are
about four or five inches long, deftitute of leaves,
each fuftaining one flower, in fhape and fize of thofe
of the common Field Dailey, of a whitifh purple co-
lour, but the rays are narrower. The difk is com-
pofed of feveral florets, which are fucceeded by fmall
feeds crowned with a pappous down. The empale-
ment which includes the flowers, is fcaly.
As this plant is a native of a warm climate, it will
not live in the open air in England ; therefore the
feeds muff be fown in a hot-bed, and the plants
will require a fcove to maintain them through the
winter.
The thirty-third fort is a native of North America.
This hath upright italics about three feet high, gar-
nifhed wfith fpear-fhaped fawed leaves ; the flowers
are produced in bunchy panicles, having rough em~
palements. It flowers the end of Augufir, and is pro-
pagated by parting the roots in autumn.
The thirty-fourth fort grows naturally in Siberia •, the
ftalks are ftriated about two feet high, fending out fide
branches, garnifhed with rough, veined, fpear-fhap-
ed leaves ; the foot-ftalks of the flowers are woolly,
each fupporting one large blue flower. This flowers
in Auguff, and is propagated by parting the roots
in autumn.
The thirty-fifth fort fends up rough ftalks about two
feet high, dividing toward the top into many forked
branches, diverging from each other, garnifiled be-
low with oval fawed leaves ; but the flowering ftalks
have entire obtufe leaves which embrace them with
their bafe ; the flowers are growing almoft in an
umbel j thefe appear the beginning of September.
It is propagated by parting the roots as the
former.
ASTERISCUS. See Buphthalmum.
ASTEROIDES, Baftard Starwort. See Inula.
ASTRAGALOIDES. See Phaca.
ASTRAGALUS, Wild Liquorice, Liquorice
Vetch, or Milk Vetch.
The Characters are,
It hath a butterfly flower , whofle empalement is of one
leaf, cut into five acute fegments at the top. Lhs flan-
dard {or vexillutn ) is upright, blunt , and reflexed on the
fldes •, the wings are oblong , and floor ter than the flandard
the keel is the fame length with the wings , and bordered.
It hath ten ftamina, nine of which are joined , and one
ftands fingly thefe are crowned by roundiflo fummits '. At
the bottom of the flower is fituated a taper germen , fup-
porting an awl-jhaped fiyle , crowned by a blunt ftigma.
Id he germen afl terward becomes a pod having two cells ,
each having a row of kidney-Jhaped feeds.
This' genus of plants is ranged in the third lection of
Linnaeus’s feventeenth clafs of plants, entitled Dia-
delphia Deoandria, from the flower having ten fta-
mina joined in two bodies.
The Species are,
1. Astragalus {Glycyphyllos) caulefcens proftratus lego-
minibus fubtriquetis arcuatis foliis ovalibus pedim-
culo longioribus. Lin. Sp. Plant. 758. Stalky pr oft rate
Milk Vetch , with crooked pods almoft triangular , and oval
leaves longer than the foot-ftalk. Aftragalus luteus pe-
rennis procumbens vulgaris fylveftris. Mor. Hi it, 2.
107. fometimes called Wild Liquorice.
2. Astragalus ( Hamojis ) caulefcens procumbeps, le-
guminibus fubulatis recurvatis glabris. Hort. Upfal.
226. , Stalky trailing Milk Vetch , with fmoath awl-jhaped
pods bending inward. Aftragalus luteus annus Mon-
ipeliacus procumbens. Mor. Hift. 2, 108.
D d 2- Astra-
j. Astragalus ( Ahpeciir aides ) caulefcens, folds cylin-
dricis fubfeffilibus, calycibus leguminibufque lanatis.
Lin. Sp. Plant. 755. "'Stalky' <Miik Vetch ‘with cylindrical
flpikes growing clofe to the ftalks , and woolly pods and em-
palements. Aftragalus Alpinus proccrior Alopeeuroi-
des. Tourn. I nft. 416*.
4. Astragalus ( Gicer ) caulefcens proftf&tus, leguniihi-
bus fubglobofis inflatis mucronatis pilolis. Hort. Up-
fal. 226. Milk Vetch with a pr oft rate ft alk, and a glo-
bular, Jwelling , hairy pod, ending in a point. Aftragalus
luteus perennis filiqua gemella rotunda vefieam refe-
rente. Mor. Hill. 2. 107.
5. Astragalus ( Epiglottis ) caulefcens procumbens, le-
guminibus capitatis cordatis acutis reflexis complica-
tis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 759. Milk Vetch with trailing ftalks,
and pods growing in heads, which are heart-ftsaped, point-
ed, reflexed, and complicated. Aftragalus Hifpanicus
filiqua epiglottidi fimili flore purpureo major. H. L.
. 74 -
6. AstragAlus ( Montanus ) fubacaulos fcapis folio lon-
gioribus, floribus laxe fpicatis eredis, leguminibus
ovatis acumine infiexo. Prod. Leyd. 392. Low Milk
Vetch with flower-ftalks longer than the leaves , and flow-
ers growing in loofle upright flpikes . Onobrychis floribus
viciae raajoribus caeruleo-purpurafcentibus five foliis
tragacanthae. C. B. P. 351.
7. Astragalus ( Bceticus ) caulefcens procumbens, fpicis
pedunculatis, leguminibus prifmaticis redis triquetris
apice uncinatis. Hort. Cliff. 225. Milk Vetch with
’trailing ftalks, flpikes of flowers with foot-ftalks, and up-
right triangular pods Jhaped like a priflm pointed at the
top. Aftragalus annuus maritimus procumbens lati-
folius floribus pediculo infidentibus. Tourn* Inft.
416.
S. Astragalus ( Arenarius ) fubcaulefcens procumbens
floribus fubracemofls eredis foliis tomentofts. Lin.
Sp. Plant. 759. Low trailing Milk Vetch with branch-
ing flowers growing erect, and woolly leaves. Aftragalus
incanus parvus purpureus noftras. Pluk. Aim. 59.
9. Astragalus flPhyflodes) acaulos fcapis folia asquanti-
bus leguminibus inflatis fubglobofis nudis. Lin. Sp.
Plant. 760. Low Milk Vetch with flower-ftalks as long
as the leaves, and naked , globular , fwelling pods. Aftra-
galus acaulos leguminibus inflatis fubglobofis. Amce-
nit. Acad.
10. Astragalus ( Chriftianus ) caulefcens eredus flori-
bus glomeratis fubfeffilibus ex omnibus axillis folia-
ceis. Lin. Sp. 755. Milk Vetch with upright ftalks, and
glomerated flowers growing clofe to them, proceeding from
all the wings of the leaves. Aftragalus Orientalis max-
imus incanus eredus, caule ab imo ad fummum flo-
rido. Tourn. Cor. 29.
■11. Astragalus ( Atgyptiacus ) caulefcens fcapis folio
longioribus floribus laxe fpicatis eredis, leguminibus
arcuatis. Stalky Milk Vetch with flower-ftalks longer
than the leaves, upright flowers growing in loofle flpikes,
and arched pods. Aftragalus AEgyptius floribus fpica-
tis purpurafcentibus filiquis incurvis. Juff.
>■12. Astragalus ( Seflameus ) caulefcens diffufus capitu-
lis fubfeffilibus lateralibus leguminibus eredis fubula-
tis acumine reflexis. Hort. Cliff. 361. Milk Vetch with
diflfufled ftalks, flower-heads growing clofe to the flides of
the ftalks, and awl-fhaped upright pods reflexed at their
points. Aftragalus annuus foliis & filiquis hirfutis
plurimis in foliorum alis feflilibus. Pluk. Aim. 60.
13. Astragalus ( Galegiflormis ) caulefcens ftridus gla-
ber, floribus racemofis pendulis, leguminibus trique-
tris utrinque mucronatis. Lin. Sp. 1066. Milk Vetch,
with flmooth flender ftalks , hanging branching flowers, and
three-corner ed pointed pods. Aftragalus Orientalis altif-
fimus folio galegae flore parvo flavefcente. Tourn.
Cor. 29.
14. Astragalus ( Uralenfis ) acaulos fcapo credo foliis
longiore leguminibus fubulatis inflatis villofis erec-
tis. Hort. Upfal. 226. Low Milk Vetch , with upright
foot-ftalks to the flowers longer than the leaves, and awl-
fhaped, upright, flwoln, hairy pods. Aftragalus non ra-
mofus villofus & incanus fpicatus floribus purpura- vi-
olaceis. Amman. Ruth. 167. p. 126.
2
15. Astragalus ( Carolinianus ) caulefcens eredus Le-
vis pedunculis fpicatis leguminibus ovato-cylindricis
ftylo acuminatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 757. Smooth, up-
right, ft alky Milk Vetch, with flpiked ftalks, and oval cy-
lindrical pods ending in flharp points. Aftragalus proce-
rior non repens More viridi flavefcente. Hort. Elth.
45 -
id Astragalus ( Canadenfis ) caulefcens diffufus, legu-
minibus fubcylindricis mucronatis foliolis fubtus fub-
villofis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 757. Milk Vetch with diffufed
ftalks, pointed cylindrical pods, and the flmall leaves hairy
on their under fide. Aftragalus Canadenfis flore viridi
flavefcente* Tourri. Inft. 416*
17. Astragalus fPilofus) caulefcens eredus pilofus flo-
ribus fpicatus leguminibus fubulatis pilofis. Lin. Sp.
Plant. 756. Milk V etch with hairy upright ftalks, floxvers
growing in flpikes, and awl-ftoaped hairy pods. Aftraga-
lus villofus eredus fpicatus floribus flavefcentibus,
Amman. Ruth. 166.
18. Astragalus ( Proctimbens ) incanus caulibus pro-
cumbentibus fcapis folio aequantibus floribus glome-
ratis. Hoary Milk Vetch with trailing ftalks, foot-ftalks
equal with the leaves, and glomerated flowers. Aftraga-
lus fupinus filiquis villofis glomeratis* Tourn. Inft.
R. H. 417.
19. Astragalus ( Incanus ) caulefcens incanus, legumi-
nibus fubulatis recurvatis incanis. Hoary flcalky Milk
Vetch , with awl-fhaped recurved pods which are hoary.
Aftragalus incanus filiqua recurva. Bot. Monfp.
20. Astragalus ( Capitatus ) caulefcens capitulis globo-
fis, pedunculis longiftimis, foliolis emarginatis. Hort.
Cliff 360. Stalky Milk Vetch with globular heads ,
very long foot-ftalks, and the flmall leaves crenated at their
points. Aftragalus Orientalis villofiffimus capitulis ro-
tundioribus floribus purpureis. Tourn. Cor. 29.
21. Astragalus {Chinenfis) caulefcens procumbens,
capitulis pedunculatis, leguminibus prifmaticis redis
triquetris apice fubulatis. MilkV etch with trailing ftalks^
the foot-Jlalks terminated by flowers collected in heads ,
and three-cornered pods Jhaped like prifms.
22. Astragalus ( Uncatus ) acaulis cxfcapus, legumini-
bus fubulatis hamatis folio longioribus, foliolis ob-
cordatis. Lin. Sp. 1072. Milk Vetch without ftalks ,
awl-fhaped hooked pods longer than the leaves, and the flmall
leaves almoft heart-flhaped.
The firft fort grows wild upon chalky ground in
many parts of England, fo is not often admitted into
gardens. The root of this is perennial, but the ftalks
decay every autumn : it creeps at the root, fo that it
is too apt to fpread where it is fuffered to grow. It
flowers in June, and the feeds ripen in Sep-
tember.
The fecond fort is annual ; the branches of this trail
upon the ground, which are ftriated ; the leaves are
winged, compofed of about eight pair of lobes, ter-
minated by an odd one ; thefe are crenated at their
points. The foot-ftalks of the flowers arife from the
wings of the leaves, which are about three inches long,
garnifhed toward the top with a few pale yellow
flowers rifling one above another ; thefe are fucceeded
by oblong pods, which bend in form of a fickle, be-
ing round on their outer fide, but flatted on the op-
pofite, ending in a point, opening in two cells, each
having a row of fquare feeds. It flowers in June, and
the feeds ripen in September. The feeds of this
fhould be fown in April, in the place where they are
to remain, and require no other care but to draw the
plants out where they come up too thick, leaving
them a foot and a half afunder, and keep them clean
from weeds.
The third fort is a biennial plant, which grows natu-
rally on the Alps. This rifes with an upright hairy
ftalk near three feet high, garnifhed with long winged
leaves, each having eighteen or twenty pair of oval
lobes, terminated by an odd one. The flowers are
produced in large cylindrical fpikes from the wings
of the leaves, fitting very clofe to the ftalks, which
are entirely covered with down, out of which the yel-
low flowers juft peep i thefe are fticceeded by oval
AST
pods fhut up in the woolly empalements, having two
cells, containing three or four fquare feeds in each.
It flowers in June and July, and the feeds ripen in
autumn, foon after which the plants decay. The
feeds of this fhould be fown in April, on an open
border, where the plants are defigned to remain ;
and when the plants come up, they fhould be thin-
ned, leaving them at leaft two feet afunder, and keep
them clean from weeds •, the fecond year they will
flower, and produce feeds.
The fourth fort hath a perennial root, which fends
out feveral ftriated ftalks near three feet high, which,
if not fupported, proftrate themfelves towards the
earth. Thefe are garnilhed with winged leaves placed
alternately, at two inches diftance, which are com-
pofed of about ten pair of oval fmall lobes, termi-
nated by an odd one. The flowers arife from the
wings of the leaves, upon foot-ftalks two inches long,
in fmall loofe fpikes, which are yellow, and fhaped
like the reft of this genus, and are fucceeded by
hairy, globular, fwelling pods, ending with a fliarp
point, opening in two cells, in each of which are
contained two or three hard reddifh leeds. It flowers
in July, and the feeds ripen in autumn. This grows
naturally in the fouth of France and Italy. It is eafily
propagated by feeds, which fhould be fown upon an
open border in the fpring •, and when the plants come
up, they mult be thinned and kept clean from weeds
till autumn, when they fhould be tranfplanted to the
place where they are to remain, and will afterward
require no other culture, but to keep them clean from
weeds. One or two of thefe plants in a garden by
way of variety, may be admitted, but they have lit-
tle beauty.
The fifth fort is annual This fends out from the
root two or three hairy trailing branches, which are
garnilhed with winged leaves, compofed of ten or
twelve pair of blunt lobes, terminated by an odd
one : the flowers come out from the wings of the
leaves upon naked foot-ftalks, four or five inches
long, and are gathered into a round head ; thefe are
fhaped like the others, but are pretty large, and of a
deep purple colour, which are fucceeded by fhort
pods rough on their outfldes, and when opened, are
fhaped like a heart, ending in a fharp point, contain-
ing three or four feeds.
The feeds of this fhould be fown on an open border
in April, where the plants are to remain, and treated
as the other annual forts before-mentioned. It flowers
in July, and the feeds ripen in autumn. It grows na-
turally in Spain and Portugal, from whence I have
received the feeds.
The fixth fort is a perennial plant, which grows na-
turally upon the mountains in Spain, from whence I
■received it. This is a low plant, feldom rifling with
a ftem more than three inches high, fending out
winged leaves on every fide, which are compofed of
many pairs of narrow lobes, fet very clofe together
on the midrib, terminated by an odd one. The
flowers grow upon long foot-ftalks, which rife above
the leaves j thefe are ia*'ge and of a purple colour,
growing in a loofe fpike, and ftand ered, and are fuc-
ceeded by oblong crooked pods opening in two cells,
filled with fquare feeds. It flowers in June, and the
feeds ripen in Auguft. This is propagated by feeds,
which fhould be fown, and the plants treated in the
fame manner as the fourth fort, but fhould have a
ihady fituation and a ftronger foil.
The feverith fort is annual. This fends out feveral
trailing branches near two feet long, which are gar-
jiifhed with winged leaves, compofed of about ten
pair oft blunt lobes, fet thinly on the midrib, termi-
qated by an odd one : at the wing of each leaf comes
out a foot-ftaik near two inches long, fuftaining four
or five yellow flowers at the top, which are fucceeded
by triangular brown pods, fhaped like a prifm, grow-
ing erect, and open in two cells filled with greenifh
fquare feeds. It flowers in July, and the feeds ripen
in autumn, foon after which the plants decay.
AST
This may be treated in the fame manner as the
fecond.
The eighth fort is a perennial plant, which grows
naturally upon hills in feveral parts of England, par-
ticularly in the North. This is a low plant, feldom
riflng more than two Or three inches high, having
many winged leaves compofed of narrow woolly lobes,
placed clofe on the midrib the flowers are pretty
large, of a purple colour, growing in loofe fpikes. It
flowers in June, and the feeds ripen in Auguft. This
may be propagated as the fourth fort, and fhould have
a fliady fituation.
The ninth fort hath a perennial Creeping root, fend-
ing out leaves, which are compofed of many pair of
oval lobes, terminated by an odd one ; the ftower-
ftalks are as long as the leaves, which fupport a cy-
lindrical fpike of yellow flowers, which are fucceeded
by fwollen pods, opening in two cells, containing fe-
veral greenifh feeds. This may be propagated as the
fourth fort, and muft have a fhady fituation. It flow-
ers in June, and grows naturally in Siberia.
The tenth fort was difeovered by Dr. Tournefort ih
the Levant, who lent the feeds to the royal garden at
Paris, where they fucceeded, from whence I was fur-
niflied with them. This fends up ftalks near three
feet high, which are large at bottom, and gradually
diminifh to the top ; the leaves alfo at bottom are
very long, and diminifh upward, fo as to form a fort
of pyramid ; thefe are winged, and compofed of
many large oval pair of lobes, which are placed thin-
ly on the midrib, and terminated by an odd orie ;
the flowers come out in clufters from the wings of
each leaf, beginning near the root where the
foot-ftalks are the longeft, and continuing up-
ward, diminilhing in their number. Thefe are
large, of a bright yellow colour, and are fuc-
ceeded by cylindrical pods opening in two cells,
filled with fquare yellow feeds. It flowers in July,
and in very favourable feafons will perfed feeds in
England. It is propagated by feeds, which fhould
be fown, and the plants afterward treated as hath
been direded for the fourth fort ; with this diffe-
rence only, to plant them in a warm border and a dry
foil, otherwife the plants will not thrive well in this
climate. The. third year from feed the plants will
flower, and continue many years in a proper foil.
The eleventh fort grov/s naturally in Egypt, from
whence the feeds were fent to the royal garden at Pa-
ris, and Dr. Juflieu was fo good as to fend me part
of the feeds : this is an annual plant, which rifes
with upright ftalks a foot and a half high, thinly gar-
niflied with winged leaves, compofed oft about twelve
pair of oval lobes, terminated by an odd one ; the
foot-ftalks of the flowers arife from the wings of the
leaves, and are extended beyond them ; thefe are ter-
minated by loofe fpikes of yellow flowers, which are
fucceeded by fickle-ihaped pods. It flowers in July,
and the feeds ripen in autumn, foon after which the
plants decay. It may be propagated by feeds in the
fame manner as hath been before directed for the an-
nual forts, putting the feeds in a, warm -border and a
dry foil, where the plants will perfedl their feeds very
well.
The twelfth fort grows naturally in Italy, and the
fouth of France, from whence I received the feeds.
This is an annual plant, which fends out feveral weak
ftalks without any order, gar mined with winged
leaves, compofed of ten or twelve pair of lobes, and
fometimes terminated by an odd one ; thefe are hairy ;
at the foot-ftalks .of the leaves the flowers come out
in fmall clufters, fitting clofe to the Tides of the ftalks,
which are of a copper colour, and are fucceeded by
awl-fhaped pointed pods growing erect, and reflect-
ed at their points. This is propagated by feeds in
the fame manner as the other annual forts before men-
tioned •, it flowers in July, and the -feeds are ripe in
autumn.
The thirteenth fort was Uncovered by Dr. Tournefort,
in the Levant, who fent the feeds to the royal garden
8t
AST
at Paris, where they fucceeded, and produced hew
feeds, fo that many of the European gardens have been
fince fupplied with it.; this hath a perennial root,
which fends out many upright {talks upward of five
feet high, which are garnifhed with winged leaves;
compofed of about fourteen pair of oval lobes, termi-
nated by an odd one ; from the wings of the leaves
the foot-ftalks of the flowers arife, which are garnifh-
ed with fmall yellow flowers, growing in loofe {pikes,
and are extended beyond the leaves ; thefe are fuc-
ceeded by very fhort triangular pods, ending in a
point, which open in two cells, filled with Afli-co-
loured fquare feeds. This flowers in June or July,
and the feeds ripen in autumn. It is propagated by
feeds, which may be fown in the fpring, upon a
border of light earth, and treated in the fame man-
ner as the fourth fort, till the following autumn,
when the plants fhould be removed to an open fitu-
ation and a dry foil, and when they have taken root,
will require no farther culture. I have a root of
this fort growing in the Chelfea garden, which is
more than thirty years old, and produces plenty of
feeds every year.
The f ourteenth fort grows naturally upon the moun-
tains in Germany •, this never riles with a Italic, but
fends out divers winged leaves from the root, which
are compofed of many blunt lobes, placed by pairs,
and terminated by an odd one •, the foot-ftalks of the
flowers arife immediately from the root, and are
longer than the leaves, being terminated by fpikes
of blue flowers, which are fucceeded by fwelling awl-
fhaped pods, which are ered and hairy, having two
cells which are filled with greenifh feeds. It flowers
in July, and the feeds ripen in autumn. The root is
abiding, and the plant is propagated by feeds as the
fourth fort, but fhould have an open fituation.
The fifteenth fort grows naturally in Carolina, from
whence I received the feeds ; this hath a perennial
foot, but an annual ftalk, which decays in autumn ;
from the root arife feveral upright Italics three feet
high, garnifhed with winged leaves, compofed of
eighteen or twenty pair of oval fmooth lobes, termi-
nated by an odd one ; from the wings of the leaves
arife the foot-ftalks, which are terminated by fpikes
of greenifh yellow flowers, which are fucceeded by
oval cylindrical pods, to which adhere the ftyle,
which extends beyond the pods in a point. This
flowers in Auguft, but unlefs the feafon is warm, the
plants feldom ripen their feeds in England. It is
propagated by feeds, which fhould be fown upon a
moderate hot-bed in the fpring •, and when the plants
are fit to remove, they fhould be each planted in a
fmall pot filled with earth from the kitchen-garden,
and plunged again into the hot-bed, to forward their
making new roots ; and when they are eftablifhed in
the pots, they muft be inured to the open air, into
which they fhould be removed the end of May, pla-
cing them in a fheltered fituation, where they may re-
main till October, when they fhould be placed under
a common frame to fhelter them in winter ; and in
the fpring they may be turned out of the pots, and
planted in a warm border, where they will thrive and
flower ; and if the winter proves very fevere, a little
old tan fhould be laid over the roots, which will ef-
fectually preferve them.
The flxteenth fort grows naturally in moft parts of
North America ; this hath a perennial root, which
fends out many irregular ftalks about two feet high,
garniftied with winged leaves, compofed of many
pair of oval lobes, hairy on their under fide ; from
the wings of the leaves come out the foot-ftalks, fup-
porting fpikes of greenilh yellow flowers, which are
fucceeded by cylindrical pods, ending in a point.
This flowers in July, and the feeds ripen the begin-
ning of Oftober. It is propagated by feeds, which
fhould be managed as thofe of the fifteenth fort, but
the plants are hardier, fo will live thro 5 the winter
in a common bed of light earth without covering.
The feventeenth fort riles with upright hairy ftalks
*
AST
two feet high, garnifhed with winged leaves, com-
pofed of many pair of oval woolly lobes, terminated
by an odd one ; from the wings of the leaves arife
the foot-ftalks, which are terminated by clofe fpikes
of yellow flowers ; thefe are fucceeded by hairy awl-
fhaped pods, having two cells, filled with brown feeds.
This flowers in June, and the feeds ripen in autumn;
It grows naturally in Siberia, from whence the feeds
were fent to Dr. Amman, at Peterfburgh, who com-
municated them to me. It is a perennial plant, and
propagated by feeds in the fame manner as the fourth
fort.
The eighteenth fort is a biennial plant: the feeds of
this were fent me from Spain, where the plant grows
naturally. This fends out many trailing ftalks, which
are divided into many fmaller branches, garniftied
with many pair of narrow lobes, terminated by an
odd one ; the flowers are colledced into heads, which
terminate the foot-ftalks, and are white ; the foot-
ftalks are about the fame length as the leaves •, the
pods are fhort and triangular, and the whole plant is
covered with a filvery down. The feeds of this fhould
be fown upon an open bed of light earth, where the
plants are to remain, and the plants afterward treated
in the manner directed for the annual forts : the fe-
cond year they will flower and perfect their feeds,
after which they feldom continue.
The ninteenth fort grows upon the hills near Verona,
from whence I received it. This fends up an up-
right ftalk, feldom more than fix inches high, gar-
nifhed with fmall, winged, hoary leaves •, the foot-
ftalks arife from the wings of the leaves, fupport-
ing three or four pale flowers, which are fucceed-
ed by fickle-fliaped hoary pods. This is a biennial
plant, and fhould be treated in the fame manner as
the laft.
The twentieth fort was difcovered by Dr. Tournefort
in the Levant, who fent the feeds to the royal garden
at Paris. This hath a perennial root, which fends up
feveral ereft ftalks, garnifhed with winged leaves,
compofed of feveral pair of lobes, indented at the
top •, from the wings of the leaves come out long
foot-ftalks, fupporting a globular head of purple
flowers •, thefe are rarely fucceeded by pods in Eng-
land. It flowers the end of July. It is propagated
by feeds, which fhould be fown upon a moderate
hot-bed in the fpring, and the plants treated in the
fame manner as hath been directed for the fifteenth
fort.
The twenty-firft fort grows naturally in China : the
plant is annual ; the ftalks fpread on the furface of
the ground, which are clofely garniftied with winged
leaves, compofed of eight or ten pair of oval fmooth
lobes, fitting clofe to the midrib •, thefe are flightly
indented at their end. The foot-ftalks of tne flowers
are produced from the wings of the ftalk, two of them
generally ariftng at each place, and are equal to the
leaves in length, fupporting a globular head of pur-
ple flowers, which are fucceeded by three-cornered
pods growing ereft in a compacft head, opening in
two cells, filled with fmall triangular feeds. This
plant flowers in July and Auguft, and the feeds ripen
in autumn.
The feeds of this fort fhould be fown upon a hot-bed
in March, and when the plants come up and are fit to
tranfplant, they fhould be each put into a fmall pot
filled with light earth, and plunged into another mo-
derate hot-bed, being careful to fliade them from the
fun until they have taken new root ; after which they
fhould have free air admitted to them daily, propor-
tional to the warmth of the feafon, and frequently but
gently watered, with which management the plants
will flower and produce feeds.
The twenty-fecond fort grows naturally about Alep-
po, from whence the feeds were brought by Dr. Ruf-
lel. The plant is annual, fending out a few branch-
ing ftalks which trail upon the ground, garnifhed with
narrow winged leaves, whofe lobes are broader at
their points than their bafe, and are. indented Jb as
to
AST
ATM
to become almoft heart-fhaped ; the flowers are pro-
duced at the wings of the ftalks in fhort loofe fpikes ;
they are almoft white, and are fucceeded by fickle -
fhaped pods, having two cells filled with fquare brown
feeds. This flowers in July and Auguft, and the
feeds ripen in autumn.
This is propagated by feeds, which fhouid be fown
in the fpring upon an open bed of light earth, and
the plants treated afterward in the fame manner as
hath been directed for the annual forts before-men-
tioned.
ASTRANTIA, Mafterwort.
The Characters are.
It is a plant whofe flowers grow in an umbel ^ the gene-
ral umbel is compofed of four or five flmall ones. The in-
volucrum of the general umbel is in one fpecies compofed of
two large trifid leaves , and two entire. In another fpecies
of fever al fmall leaves : the involucrum of the fmall um-
bel is compofed of many fmall pointed leaves , which are
longer than the umbels , coloured and fpread open. The
empalernent of the flower is permanent , erebl , and cut into
five fioort acute fegments the flower is compofed of five
petals , which are erebl , bifid , and bend inward : it hath
five ftamina the length of the petals , crowned by Jingle
fummits ; the oblong germen is fituated below the recepta-
cle , fupporting two fender flyles , crowned by fpreading
Jligma *, the germen afterward becomes an oval , blunt ,
channelled fruit , divided into two parts , having two ob-
long oval feeds, inclofed in the cover.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond feftion
of Linnteus’s fifth clafs, entitled Pentandria Digynia,
the flower having five ftamina and two ftyles.
The Species are,
1. Astrantia {Major) foliis radicalibus quinquelobatis
ferratis, caulinis trilobatis acutis. Mafterwort with
the lower leaves divided into five flawed lobes , and thofe
on the ftalks cut into three acute lobes. Aftrantia major
corona floris purpurafcente. Inft. R. H. 314.
2. Astr.antia ( Candida ) foliis quinquelobatis lobis tri-
partite. Haller. Helv. 439. Mafterwort with leaves
having five tripartite lobes. Aftrantia major corona
floris Candida. Tourn. Inft. 314.
3. Ajtrantia {Minor) foliis digitatis .ferratis. Lin. Sp.
Plant. 2 55. Mafterwort with fingered leaves which are
flawed. Helleborus niger faniculs folio minor. C. B. P.
186.
The firft fort hath many fpreading leaves rifling from
the root, which are compofed of five large lobes,
fawed pretty deep on their edges •, from between thefe
the ftalks arife near two feet high, having at each
joint ,one leaf deeply cut into three fharp-pointed
lobes ; at the top of the ftalk is produced the umbel
of flowers, at the bottom of which is fituated the ge-
neral involucrum, compofed of two long trifid leaves,
and two entire ones of the fame length. The fmall
umbels ftand upon long foot-ftalks or rays, under
which is placed the involucrum, compofed of many
fpear-fhaped pointed leaves, which extend beyond
the rays, and are of a purplifh colour.
The fecond fort hath much the appearance of the
firft, fo has been fuppofed to be, only a variety of it ;
but it differs from that in having five lobes to the
leaves of the ftalks, which are much fhorter, and
rounder at the point than thofe of the other. The
general involucrum of the umbel is compofed of
fhort narrow leaves, and thofe of the fmaller umbels
are fhorter and white.
The third fort feldom rifes a foot high ; the foot-
ftalks of the leaves are four inches long •, the leaves
are divided into eight fegments at the bottom, and
fpread out like a hand ; thefe are deeply fawed on
their edges ; the involucrum of the general umbel is
compofed of feveral very narrow leaves ; the foot-
ftalks of the feparate umbels are very large and flen-
der, and toward the top often divide into three, each
having a fmall umbel. The involucrums of thefe
fmall umbels are fhort and white.
Thefe plants are very hardy ; they may be propa-
gated either by fowing their feeds, or parting their
roots. If they are propagated feeds, they fhouid
be fown in ailtumn, foon after they are ripe, dn a
fhady border and, when the plants are come up,
they fhouid be carefully weeded, and where they are
too ciofe, feme of the plants fhouid be drawn out, to
allow room for others to grow, until Michaelmas,
when they fhouid be tranfplanted where they are to
remain , which fhouid always be in a moift foil and
a ftiady fituatioff. The diftance thefe plants fhouid
be placed, is three feet, for their roots will fpread to
a confiderable width, if they are permitted to remain
long in the fame place. They require no other cul-
ture but to keep them clear from weeds, and every
third or fourth year to be taken up at Michaelmas,
and their roots parted and planted again. Thefe plants
are feldom preferved but in botanic gardens, there
being no great beauty in their flowers. They all
grow naturally upon the Alps.
A TH AM ANT A. Lin. Gen. Plant. 301. Meum.
Mourn. Inft. R. H. 312. Spignel.
The Characters are,
It is a plant with an umbellate d flower ; the general um-
bel fpr eads open , and is compofed of many fmall ones-, the
involucrum of the great umbel is compofed of many narrow
leaves , which are fhorter than the rays thofe of the fmall
ones are narrow, and equal with the rays: the flowers
of the great umbel are uniform ■, thofe of the fmaller have
five infiexed heart -ft: aped petals, which are a little unequal ;
each flower hath five fender ftamina, which are of the
fame length with the petals, and crowned by roundifh
fummits the germen is fituated below the receptacle ,
fupporting two reflexed ftyles, 'crowned by obtufie Jligma
the germen afterward becomes an oblong channelled fruit,
divided into two parts, each containing one oval channelled
feed.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond feftion
of Linnaeus’s fifth dais of plants, entitled Pentan-
dria Digynia, the flowers having five ftamina and two
ftyles.
The Species are,
1. Athamanta {Meum) foliolis capillaribus, femini-
bus glabris ftriatis. Plort. Cliff. 93. Spignel with hair -
like leaves , and fimooth channelled feeds. Meum foliis
Anethi. C. B. P. 148. commonly called Spignel.
2. Athamanta {Cretmfis) foliolis linearibus planis hir-
futis, petalis bipartitis, ieminibus Gbiongis hirfutis.
Lin. Mat. Med. 143. Spignel with plain hairy leaves,
petals divided into two parts, and oblong hairy feeds. Dau-
cus Creticus foliis fasniculi tenuiftimis. C. B. P.
3. Athamanta {Simla) foliis inferioribus nitidis, um-
bellis primordialibus fubfeflilibus, femirt&us pilofis.
Hort. Upfal. 60. Spignel with J, hiring under leaves , the
umbels at firft fitting ciofe , and hairy feeds. Daucus fe-
cundus ficulis fop bias folio. Zan. Hift. 80.
4. Athamanta {Oreofelinim) foliolis divaricatis. Flor.
Suec. 249. Athamanta with divaricated leaves. Apium
montanum folio ampliore. C. B. P. 153.
5. Athamanta {Cervaria) foliolis pinnatis decuffatis,
incilo-angulatis, ieminibus nudis. Lin. Sp. 352. A-
thamanta with winged leaves, whofe lobes are angularly
cut,' and naked feeds. Daucus rnontanus Apii folio
major. C. B. P. 150.
i he fiift fort is the common Spignel ufed in medi-
cine^ This grows naturally in Weftmorelahd, and
by the inhabitants there is called Bald-Money, or
Bawd-Money ; by feme it is called Men. This is a
perennial plant ; the ftalks rife a foot and a half high,
and are channelled ; the leaves are very ramofe, and
compoied of many fine hair-like leaves fet pretty ciofe,
of a deep green ; the ftalk is terminated by an umbel
of white flowers, which are fucceeded by oblong:
fmooth feeds.
i his may be propagated by parting the roots at
Michaelmas, or from feeds fown foon after they are
ripe •, the plants fhouid have a fhady fituation and
moift foil. It flowers in June, and the feeds ripen in
Auguft.
The fecond fort is the Daucus Creticus, of which
there are two forts, whole feeds are indifferently ufed
in the fliops, one of which is annual, but that here
mentioned is a perennial plant, which fends out many
E e ftalks.
A T H
{talks, garrphed with {lender narrow leaves like thofe
of Fennel, irregularly difpofed. The flower-ftalk
rifes about two feet high, fending out many branches,
garnifhed the whole length with the fame compound
capillary leaves, and at the top are terminated by'
compound umbels, compofed of near twenty fmall
ones ; thefe have white flowers with five petals, which
are fucceeded by oblong, hairy, channelled fruit, di-
vided into two parts, each containing one oblong
hairy feed.
This fort is propagated by feeds, which fhould be
fown in autumn on an open bed of light dry ground ;
and when the plants come up in the fpring,they fhould
be kept clean from weeds, and thinned where they
are too clofe, fo that they may have room to grow
till the following autumn, when they fhould be care-
fully taken up, and planted at about a foot diftance
in a ' bed of light fandy earth, where the roots will
continue feveral years, and annually flower and pro-
duce ripe feeds. It flowers in June, and the feeds
are ripe in September. This grows naturally in Can-
dia, but is rarely injured by cold in this country.
The third fort is a perennial plant; this fends up
from the root feveral upright ftalks, near three feet
high, which are terminated by compound umbels ;
thefe, at their firft: appearance, are very clofe and
compact:, but afterward fpread open, and divide into
feveral fmaller umbels ; the foot-ftalks or rays of
thefe are fhort and hairy. The flowers are compofed
of five white petals, which are not quite equal, and
are fucceeded by oblong woolly fruit, divided in-
to two parts, each containing one oblong channelled
feed.
This may be propagated in the fame manner as the
former, and is equally hardy ; it grows naturally in
Sicily, and lome parts of Italy.
The fourth fort is a perennial plant, which grows na-
turally in fome particular parts of England, France,
and Germany •, the leaves of this are linear, and
acutely cut into oblong fegments ; the ftalks rife two
feet high, dividing toward the top into three or four
branches, each being terminated by an umbel of
white flowers, which are fucceeded by oblong ftriated
feeds. It flowers in July, and the feeds ripen in
autumn.
The fifth fort grows naturally in the fo,uth of France,
and in Auftria : this hath a perennial root ; the ftalks
rife three feet high, garnifhed with winged leaves,
which are cut into angular fegments ; they are ter-
minated by umbels of white flowers, which are fuc-
ceeded by naked feeds. This flowers in July, and
the feeds ripen in autumn.
Thefe two forts are feldom admitted into any gar-
dens but thofe of botanifts, for the fake of variety,
being plants of little beauty or ufe. They are pro-
pagated by feeds, which fhould be fown in autumn
foon after they are ripe, and the plants will appear
the following fpring, when they will require no other
care but to thin them where they are too clofe, and
keep them clean from weeds. The, fecond fummer
they will flower and produce ripe feeds, but the roots
will abide feveral years where they are defired.
ATHANASIA. Lin. Gen. 943. Baccharis. Vaill. Ad.
Gall. 1719. Goldylocks,
The Characters are.
The empalement is imbricated , oval , and the fcales are
fpear-Jhaped ; the flozver is of the compound kind ; the
florets are uniform and longer than the corolla ; the her-
maphrodite florets are funnel-fid aped, cut into five feg-
ments , which are erebl ; they have each five fioort hair-like
ftaminaj with cylindrical tubulofe fummits , and an oblong
germen with a /lender Jlyle, terminated by an obtufe bifid
Jligma ; each floret has an oblong feed with a chaffy down
betzveen them.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft order of
Linnaeus’s nineteenth clafs, entitled Syngenefia Poly-
gam ia TEqualis ; the florets of this order are all her-
maphrodite.
The Species are,
1. Athanasia ( Dent at a ) corymbis impofttis, foliis in-
A T H
ferioribus linearibus dentatis, fuperioribus- ovatis fer-
ratis. Fin. Sp. 1 1 8 1 . Athanafia. with a compound
corymbus, the lower leaves linear and indented, the
upper oval* and fawed. Coma aurea Africana frutel-
cens, foliis inferioribus incifis, fuperioribus dentatis.
Com. Rar. PI. 41.
2. Athanasia [Trifurcata ) corymbis fimplicibus, foliis
trilobis cuneiformibus. Lin. Sp.ri8i. Athanafia with
a Jingle corymbus , and wedge-Jhdped leaves with three
lobes. Coma aurea Africana fruticans, foliis glands
& in extremitate trifidis. Hort. Amft. 2.p. 97.
3. Athanasia (firithmifdia) corymbis fimplicibus, fo-
liis femitrifidis linearibus. Lin. Sp. 1181. Athanafia
with a Jimple corymbus and linear femitrifid leaves. Co-
ma aurea fruticans foliis anguftiiiimis trifidis. Burm.
Afr. 186.
4. Athanasia (Pubefcens) corymbus fimplicibus, foliis
lanceolatis indivifis villofis. Amoen. Acad. 4. p. 329.
Athanafia with a Jimple corymbus , and fpear-flj aped, un-
divided, hairy leaves. Coma aurea Africana fruticofa,
omnium maxima, foliis tomentofis & incanis. Hort!
Amft. 2. p. 93.
5. Athanasia (Annua) corymbus fimplicibus coarcia-
tis, foliis pinnatifidis dentatis. Lin. Sp. 1182. Atha-
nafia with a Jimple corymbus , and winged indented leaves.
Elichryftim inodorum glabrum, coronopi folio gla-
brum. Magn. Montp. 307.
6. Athanasia (JMaritima ) pedunculis unifioris fubco-
rymbofis, foliis lanceolatis indivifis crenatis obtu-
fis tomentofis. Lin. Sp. 1182. Athanafia with Jingle
flowers on each foot-Jlalk formed like a corymbus , and
fpear-Jhaped, obtufe , woolly leaves. Gnaphaliurn mari-
tirrium. C. B. P. 263.
The firft fort grows naturally at the Cape of Good
Hope : this hath a low, fhrubby, branching ftalk,
which feldom rifes three feet high ; the branches are
garnifhed with two forts of leaves, thofe toward the
bottom are linear and indented, but the upper are
oval and fawed on their edges : the flowers are dif-
pofed in a compound corymbus at the end of the
branches ; they are of a pale yellow, and appear early
in fummer, and if the feafon proves favourable, will
be fucceeded by ripe feeds in autumn.
The fecond fort is a native of the Cape of Good
Hope : this rifes with a fhrubby ftalk five or fix fe.et
high, dividing into many irregular branches, gar-
nifhed with flat glaucous leaves cut at their extremity
into three fegments.; thefe have an agre-eable odour
when bruifed. The flowers are produced in a Am-
ple corymbus at the extremity of the branches ; they
are of a bright yellow colour, and appear in Auguft,
but are feldom fucceeded by ripe feeds in England.
The third fort grows naturally at the Cape of Good
Elope : this hath a fhrubby branching ftalk like the
former; the leaves are linear, and divided more than
half their length, fome into three, and others into
five narrow fegments : the flowers are produced at
the extremity of the branches in a Ample corymbus,
like thofe of the former fort in fhape and colour, of
which there is a fucceftion on the fame plant great
part of fummer ; but unlefs the feafon is warm, "they
are rarely fucceeded by ripe feeds in England.
The fourth fort rifes with a fhrubby ftalk fix or feven
feet high; the branches are garnifhed with hairy,
fpear-fhaped, entire leaves ; the flowers are yellow,
and produced in a Ample corymbus at the extremity
of the branches, but are not fucceeded by good-feeds
in. England.
T hefe four forts are eafily propagated by cuttings during
the fummer months. If thefe are planted either in pots
or upon an old hot-bed, arid clofely covered with
glaffes, fhading them in the heat of the day, and refrefh-
ing them with water when they require it, they will
put out roots in five or fix weeks ; and in two months
they may be taken up and planted in pots filled
with light earth, and placed in a fhady fituation un-
til they have taken new root ; after which they fhould
be removed to a fheltered fituation, mixing them with
other exotic plants, where they may remain till the
middle or end of Qdober, according, as the feafon
proves
- A T R
proves favourable; then fhould be removed either
into a green-houfe, or a glafs cafe, where they may
enjoy as much free air as poffible, but fecured from
froft, with which management they will thrive and
produce plenty of flowers; but where they are drawn
weak in winter, they will not appear lightly.
The fifth fort is an annual plant, which grows na-
turally in Africa. This hath an herbaceous ftalk
about nine inches high, which divides toward the top
into three or four branches, garnifhed with fmooth
leaves, divided into fegments like thofe of Bucks-
horn Plantain; the flowers are large, of a bright yellow
colour, and are produced at the extremity of the
branches in a compaft Ample corymbus; thefe ap-
pear in July and Auguft, but are rarely fucceeded
by ripe feeds in this country.
This is propagated by feeds when they can be ob-
tained good, which fhould be fown on a moderate
hot-bed the latter end of March ; when the plants are
come up they fhould have air in proportion to the
warmth of the feafon admitted to them, to prevent
their drawing up weak ; and fo foon as they are big
enough to remove they fhould be tranfplanted on
another gentle hot-bed, at three inchesdi ftance, obfer-
ving to fhade them until they have got frefh root; after
which they muft have air and water, and by the end
of May, the plants will have acquired ftrength enough
to be tranfplanted into the open air ; when feme may
be planted in pots to place among other exotic plants
in fummer, and the others into warm borders, where
they will flower all the autumn, but unlefs the feafon
is very warm, they will not ripen feeds.
The flxth fort grows naturally on the lea coafts in
the warm parts of Europe, and alfo in fome parts of
Wales, from whence I have received plants. The
ftalks trail on the ground, feldom growing more than
feven or eight inches long, garnifhed clofely with
woolly leaves, which are fpear-fhaped, entire, and ob-
tufe ; the flowers are of a bright yellow, each pro-
duced on a Angle foot-ftalk, forming a kind of co-
rymbus ; they appear in June and July, but rarely
ripen feeds in the garden.
This may be propagated by planting flips or cuttings
during the fummer months, in the fame way as the
African forts ; fome of the plants fhould be put into
pots to be placed under a hot-bed frame in winter,
the other may be planted in a warm border, where if
the winter proves favourable they will live, but they
rarely furvive cold winters.
ATMOSPHERE [ofWyk, a vapour, and fyouga,,
Gr. a fphere] is an appendage of the earth, which
confifts of a thin, fluid, elaftic fubftance, called air,
furrounding the terraqueous globe to a conflderable
height.
The whole mafs, or aflemblage of ambient air, is
commonly underftood to be the atmofphere.
But the more accurate writers reftrain the term at-
mofphere to that part of the air which is next to the
earthj which receives the vapours and exhalations,
and which is terminated by the refraftion of the light
of the fun.
Thofe fpaces that are higher,' and beyond thefe, are
called sether ; and, being fuppofed to be pofiefled by
a finer fubftance, are called the asthereal regions, tho’
thefe, perhaps, are not deftitute of air.
This atmofphere infinuates itfelf into all the vacuities
of bodies, and by that means becomes the great
fpring of rnoft of the mutations here below, as ge-
neration, corruption, diffolution of vegetables, &c.
to the preflure of the atmofphere, plants owe their
vegetation, as well as animals do their refpiration,
circulation, and nutrition.
ATRACTYLIS. Lin. Gen. Plant. 837. Diftaff
Thiftle.
The Characters are,
It hath a radiated compound flower , compofed of many
hermaphrodite florets, which are included in a common
flcaly unarmed empalement. This hath a permanent invo-
lucrim , compofed cf feveral narrow plain leaves, which
have jharp fpines on their flies. The hermaphrodite florets
A T R
which compofle the rays , or border , "are ftretched Gift on
one Jide like a -tongue, and are Jlightly indented in five parts,
Thofe which compofe the diflk , or middle , are flunnel-floaped,
cut at the top into five parts ; thefe have both five fiender
ftamina in each, which are flhort, and crowned by cylin-
drical fimmits ; in thofe of the diflk is flituated a flhort
crowned germen, fupporiing a fiender ftyle, crowned by a
bifid ftigm'a. The germen afterward becomes a turbinated
compreflfed feed, crowned with a plume of down , flhut up
in the empalement.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft feftion of
Linnaeus’s feven teerith clafs, entitled Syngenefia Po-
lygamia fE qualis, from the florets of the border and
diik being hermaphrodite.
The Species are,
1. Atractylis ( Cancellated) involticris cancellatis ven-
tricofis, .linearibus dentatis calycibus ovatis, floribus
flofculoiis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 830. Diftaff Thiftle with a
bellied netted involucrum , an oval, indented, linear em-
palement, and jlofculdus flowers. Crficus exiguus capite
cancellato femine tomentofo. Tourn. Inft. R. EL
2. Atractylis ( Hurnilis ) folks dentato-fmuatis,. flore
radiato obvallato involucro patente, caule herbaceo.
Lin. Sp. Plant. 829. Diftaff Thiftle with finuated in-
dented leaves, a radiated ftezver ftrongly guarded by its
fpreading involucrum, and an herbaceous ftalk. Cnicus
aculeatus purpureus humilior. Tourn. Inft. R. H.
45
3. Atractylis ( Gurnmifera ) flore acau'le. Lin. Sp. Plant.
829. Diftaff Tkftle with a flower without a ftalk. Cnicus
Carlinae folio acaulos gummifer aculeatus. Tourn.
Cor. 33.
The firft fort grows naturally in . Spain, Sicily-, and
other warm parts of Europe. This is an annual plant
which feldom riles more than eight or nine inches
- high, with a fiender ftern, thinly garniflied with nar-
row hoary leaves, having fpin,es on their edges ; at
the top of the ftalk there are two or three fiender
branches fent out, each being terminated by a head
of flowers, like thofe of the Thiftle, with an invo-
lucrum compofed of feveral narrow leaves, armed
with fpines on their fide, which are longer than the
head of flowers. The empalement is curibufly netted
over, and is narrow at the top, but fwelling below,
containing many florets of a purplifh colour. Thefe
are each fucceeded by a Angle downy feed ; it flow-
ers in July, and, if the feafon be warm and dry, it
will ripen its feeds in September, but in cold years
never perfects feeds here.
It is propagated by feeds, which muft be fown upon
an open bed of light earth, where the plants are to
remain, and . will require no other care but to keep
them clean from weeds, and thin the plants where
they come up too clofe together.
The fecond fort rifes with a ftalk near a foot high,
which is garniflied with indented leaves, having fmall
fpines on their edges ; the upper part of the ftalk is
divided into two or three fiender branches, each ftip-
porting a head of purple flowers, having rays in the
border, and florets in the diik, inclofed in a fcaly em-
palement. The roots of this will live two or three
years ; it flowers in June, but unlefs the fummer is
warm and dry, it will not perfect feeds in England..
The feeds of this fort fhould be fown where they are
to remain, and will require no other culture than the
former. It grows naturally about Madrid, from
whence I received the feeds.
The third fort grows naturally in Italy, and the iflands
of the Archipelago, and is what the College of Phy-
ficians have placed among the medicinal fimples, by
the title of Carline Thiftle ; the root of this is per-
ennial, and fends out many narrow leaves, which
are deeply finuated, and armed with fpines on their
edges. Thefe lie clofe on the ground, and between
them the flower is fituated, without ftalk, having
many florets, inclofed in a prickly empalement. Thofe
on the border are white, but thofe which compofe the
diik. are of a yellowiili colour. It flowers in July, but
never perfects feeds in England.
St
A T R
It is propagated by feeds, which mult be obtained
from the countries where it grows naturally ; thefe
■ fhould be fown upon a border of light earth, in a
warm fituation, early in April, and when the plants
come up, and are fit to tranfplant, they fhould be
thinned, and thole which are drawn out may be trans-
planted, leaving the other two feet afunder ; after
which the only culture they require is, to keep them
clean from weeds in fummer, and in winter to cover
the roots with fome old tanners bark, to prevent the
froft from penetrating the ground.
The fourth fort grows naturally at the Cape of Good
Hope ; this riles with a fhrubby (talk near three feet
high, garnifhed with oblong leaves, indented on their
ed ges, which have weak ipines at each indenture ;
there are feveral weak branches fent out on the fides,
each of which are terminated by a fingle head of
flowers, inclofed in a common empalement, which
fpreads open, and are of a golden colour, but are
never fucCeeded by feeds in England. This is pro-
pagated by flips, taken from the flower-ftalks in June,
and planted in pots filled with light earth, and
plunged into an old bed of tanners bark, where the
heat is gone, and fhaded with mats in the heat of the
day, until they have taken root ; after which time
they may be expofed in the open air till Offober,
when they muft be removed into fhelter, and, during
the winter, fhould have little water, and in fummer
expofed with other hardy exotic plants in a flieltered
fituation.
ATRAPHAXIS. Lin. Gen. Plant. 405. We have
no Englifh name for this.
The Characters are,
The flower hath a permanent empalement , eompofled of two
flmall coloured leaves placed oppojite. 'The flower hath two
roundifh finuated petals larger than the empalement , %vhich
are permanent ; it hath fix capillary ftamina , which are
the length ofl the empalement , crowned with roundifh fum-
niits ; in the center is fituated a compreffled germen , having
no ftyle , hut crowned by two ftigma ; the germen afterward
becomes a roundifh compreffled feed, flout up in the em-
palement.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond febtion
of Linnaeus’s fixth clafs, entitled Hexandria Digynia,
the flower having fix ftamina and two ftigma.
The Species are,
1. Atraphaxis ramis fpinofis. Horfi. Cliff. 138. Atra-
phaxis with prickly branches. Atriplex orientalis frutex
aculeatus fiore pulchro. Tourn. Cor. 38.
2. Atraphaxis inermis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 333. Atra-
phaxis without Jpines. Arbufcula Africana repens folio
ad lateras crilpo, ad Polygona relata. Hort. Elth.
3 6 - 1 .
The firft fort grows naturally in Media, from whence
Dr. Tournefort fent the feeds to the royal garden at
Paris.
This is a fhrub which rifes four or five feet high,
fending out many weak lateral branches, which are
armed with fpines, and garnifhed with fmall, fpear-
fhaped, ftpooth leaves, -of an Afh-colour. The flowers
come out at the ends of the fhoots in clufters, each
confifting of two white leaves tinged with purple ;
and are Excluded in a two leaved empalement, of a
white herbaceous colour-, thefe appear in Auguft,
but the feeds never ripen here, fo the plant is propa-
gated by cuttings, and muft be fcreened from hard
froft, which commonly def iroys thofe which are
planted in the open air.
The fecond fort fends out many (lender branches,
which trail on the ground when they are not fup-
- ' ported, garnifhed with fmall oval leaves, about the
fize of thofe of the Knot Grafs, waved and curled on
their edges, embracing the ftalk half round at their
bafe, and are placed alternate. The flowers come
out thorn the wings of the leaves, and have much
the appearance of an apetaious flower, being com-
peted of four herbaceous leaves, two of winch are
the empalement, the other two the petals; in the
center is fituated the compreffed germen, attended
by fix ftamina, but' the feeds are never produced in
\
this country. It flowers in June and July. This is
a native of the country about the Cape of Good Hope,
from whence it was brought into the gardens in Hol-
land, and has been feveral years in the Englifh gar-
dens, where it is allowed a place more for the fake
of variety, than Its beauty. It may be eafiiy pro-
pagated by cuttings any time in the fummer, and in
winter the plants muft be fcreened from froft.
A TRIPLE X, Orach, or Arach.
The Characters are.
It hath female and hermaphrodite flowers on the flame
plant. The hermaphrodite flowers have a permanent em-
palement of five oval concave leaves, with membranaceous
borders ; they have no petals , but five awl-floaped ftamina ,
placed oppoflite to the leaves of the empalement , fupporting
double fummits. In the center is placed the orbicular ger-
men, wi}h a floort bipartite ftyle, crowned with a reflexed
ftigma. The germen afterward becomes an orbicular com-
preffed feed, fhut up in the five-cornered empalement. The
female flowers have a two-leaved empalement, which are
large , plain , eretf, and pointed. They have no petals nor
ftamina , but in the center a compreffed germen, fupporting
a bipartite ftyle, crowned by a reflexed ftigma. The ger-
men afterward becomes an orbicular compreffled fleed, in-
clofed in the heart-Jhaped valves ofl the empalement.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft febtion of
Linnaeus’s twenty-third clafs, entitled Polygamia Mo-
ncecia, the lame plants having female and herma-
phrodite flowers.
The Species are,
1. Atriplex caule erebto herbaceo foliis triangulari-
bus. Hort. Cliff. 469. Orach with an upright herba-
ceous ftalk, and triangular leaves. Atriplex hortenfis
alba five pallide virens. C. B. P. 119.
2. Atriplex caule fruticofo foliis deltoidibus integris.
Hort. Cliff. 469. Orach with a fhrubby ftalk and en-
tire leaves , fhaped like the Greek delta. Atriplex lati-
folia five Halimus fruticofus. Mor. Hift. p. 2. 207.
commonly called Sea Purflane-tree.
3. Atriplex caule fruticofo foliis obovatis. Flor.
Suec. 829. Orach with a fhrubby ftalk and oval leaves.
Atriplex maritima fruticofa, Halimus & Portulaca
manna dibta anguftifolia. Raii Syn.
There are feveral other fpecies of this genus, fome of
which grow naturally in England, but as they are
plants of no beauty, they are rarely admitted into
gardens, for which reafon I fhall not enumerate them
O 7
here.
The firft of thefe plants was formerly cultivated in
the kitchen-gardens as a culinary herb, being ufed
as Spinage, and is now, by fome perfons, preferred
to it ; though, in general, it is not efteemed amongft
the Englifh'; but the French, at prefent, cultivate
this plant for ufe.
There are three or four different forts of this, whofe
difference is only in the colour of the plants ; one of
which is of a deep green, another of a dark purple,
and a third with green leaves and purple borders.
Thefe are fuppofed to be only accidental varieties
which have come from the fame feeds, but in forty,
years which I have cultivated thefe forts, I have never
yet obferved them to vary. But as there is no other
effential difference, I have not enumerated them
here.
Thefe plants are annual, fo muft be fown for ufe
early in the fpring, or at Michaelmas, foon after the
feeds are ripe ; at which time it generally fucceeds
better than when it is lbwn in the fpring, and will
be fit for ufe at leaft a month earlier. Thefe plants
require no other culture, but to hoe them when they
are about an inch high ; to cut them down where '
they are too thick, leaving them about four inches
afunder, and to cut down all the weeds. This muft
be done in dry weather, otherwife the weeds will take
root again, and render the work of little or no ufe.
When the plants are grown about four inches high,
it will be proper to hoe them a fecond time, in order
to clear them from weeds ; and, if you obferve the
plants are left too clofe in any part, they fhould then
be cut out. If this be well performed, and in dry
7 weather.
/
A T R
■weather, the -ground will remain clean until the plant
is fit for ufe. Where thefe plants are fown on a rich
foil, and allowed a good diftance, the leaves will be
very large, in which the goodnefs of the herb con-
fifts. This mull be eaten while it is young ; for,
when the ftalks become tough, it is good for nothing.
Some few plants of each kind may be permitted to
ftand for feed, to preferve their kinds, which will
ripen in Auguft, and may then be cut, and laid on
a cloth to dry •, after which the feeds may be beaten
out, and put up for ufe. The firft fort is ordered by
the College of Phyficians for medicinal ufe.
The fecond fort was formerly cultivated in gardens
as a Ihrub ; and, by fome perfons, they were formed
into hedges, and conftantly fheared, to keep them
thick ; but this plant is by no means fit for fuch pur-
pofes, on many accounts, for it grows too vigorous;
the flioots, in one month, at the growing feafon of
the year, will be two feet long, provided they have
a good foil ; fo that a hedge, of this plant cannot be
kept in tolerable order, nor will it ever form a thick
hedge. But a worfe inconvenience attends this plant;
for, in very hard winters, it is often deftroyed ; as
alfo, in very dry hummers, many of the plants will
decay, whereby there will become large gaps in the
hedge.
But although this plant will not be proper for hedges,
yet it may have a place in wildernefs quarters, where
it will ferve to thicken ; and the ftiver-coloured leaves
will add to the variety, among other fhrubs of the
fame growth. This will grow eight or ten feet high,
and, if luffered to grow wild, without pruning, will
fpread feveral feet in compafs, and v/ill fometimes
produce flowers.
It may be propagated by cuttings, which may be
planted in any of the fummer months, on a fhady
border ; where, if they are duly watered, they will
foon take root, and be fit to tranfplant the Michael-
mas following, when they fhould be planted where
they are to remain ; for they do not fucceed well in
tranfplanting, elpecially when they are grown pretty
large and woody.
The third fort grows wild in divers parts of England,
on the fea fide, from whence the plants may be pro-
cured ; or it may be propagated by cuttings, in the
fame manner as the former fort. This is a low under
fhrub, feldom rifing above two feet and a half, or at
' moft three feet high, but becomes very bufhy. The
leaves of this kind are narrow, and of a whitifh co-
lour, but are not fo white as thofe of the former.
This may have a place amongft other low fhrubs ;
and, if planted on a poor gravelly foil, will abide fe-
veral years, and make a pretty diverfity.
ATROPA. Lin Gen. Plant. 222. Belladonna. Tourn.
Inft. R. H. 77. Deadly Nightfhade.
The Characters are,
If he flower hath apermanent empalement of one leaf \ cut into
five parts ; it is bell-fhaped , the tube is fhort , and fwetts to-
ward the brim , where it Jpreads open , and is divided into
five equal parts. It hath five awl-fhaped ftamina rifing
from the bafe of the petal where they join^ but at the top
fpread from each other , and are crowned with large fium-
mits which ftand upward. In the center is fituated an
oval germen^ fupporting a J, lender ftyle , which is crowned
by an oblong tranfverfe ftigma. Dhe germen afterward
becomes a globular berry having three cells , fitting on the
empalement , and filled with kidney-Jhaped feeds.
1 his genus of plants is ranged in the firft fedtion of
Linn^us s fifth clafs, entitled Pentandria Monogynia,
the flower having five ftamina and one ftyle.
The Species are,
1. Atropa {Belladonna) caule herbaceo, foliis ovatis in-
tegris. Lin. Sp. Plant. 181. Deadly Nightfhade with
an herbaceous ft alk, and oval entire leaves. Belladonna
majoribus foliis & fioribus. Tourn. Inft. R. H.
77 -
2. Atropa (. Frutefcens ) caule fruticofo pedunculis con-
fertis, foliis cordato-ovatis obtufis. Lin. Sp. Plant.
182. Deadly Nightfhade with a fbrubby ftalk , foot-ftalks
in chfilers , and oval , heart-fhaped , obtufe leaves. Bel-
ladonna frutefcens rotiindifoiia Hifbanica. Tofirh.
Inft. R. H. 77.
3- Atropa ( Herbacea ) Caule herbaceo* foliis ovatis ner-
vofis marginibus undulatis. Deadly Nightfhade with an
herbaceous ftalk , and oval veined leaves waved on -their
. edges.
The firft fort grows wild in many parts of England*
but is not very frequent near London. I have ob-
ferved it in Woodftock Park in Oxfordftiire, and in
great abundance in Uppark in Hampfhire» This
plant hath a perennial root, which fends out ftrong
herbaceous ftalks of a purplifh colour, which rife to
the height of four or five feet, garniflied with oblong
entire leaves, which toward autumn change to a pur-
plifli colour; the flowers are large and come out be-
tween the leaves fingly, upon long foot-ftalks ; bell-
fliaped, and of a dufky brown colour on their out-
fide, but are purple within. After the flower is paft,
the germen turns to a large round berry, a little
flatted at the top, and is firft green, but when ripe
turns to a fhining black, fitting clofe upon the em-
palement, and contains a purple juice of a naufeous
fweet tafte, and full of fmall kidney-fhaped feeds. In
fome places this plant is called Dwale, but in general
Deadly Nightfhade, from its quality. It is rarely
admitted into gardens, nor indeed fhould it be buf-
fered to grow in any places -where children refort, for
it is a ftrong poifon : there have been feveral inftances
within a few years paft, of its deadly quality, by fe-
veral children being killed with, eating the berries,
which are of a fine black colour, and about the fize
of a black Cherry, and not unpleafant to the tafte.
Mr. Ray gives a good account of the various fynrp-
toms it produces, by what happened to a Mendicant
Frier, upon his drinking a glafs of Mallow wine, in
which this plant was infufed : in a fhort time he be-
came delirious, loon after was feized with a grinning
laughter, after that feveral irregular motions, and at
laft a real madnefs fucceeded ; and fuch a ftupidity
as thofe that are fottifhly drunk have, which after all*
was cured by a draught of vinegar.
There is alfo an inllance of the direful effects of this
plant recorded in Buchanan’s Hiftory of Scotland,
wherein he gives an account of the deftrubtion of the
army of Sweno, when he invaded Scotland, by mix-
ing a quantity of the juice of thefe berries with the
drink which the Scots by their truce were to fupply
them with ; which fo intoxicated the Danes, that the
Scots fell upon them in their deep, and killed the
greateft part of them, fo that there were fcarcely men
enough left to carry off their king.
The fecond riles with a flmibby Item to the height
of fix or eight feet, and divides into many branches,
garnifhed with round leaves, in fhape like thofe of
the Storax-tree ; thefe are placed alternately on the
branches. The flowers come out between the leaves
upon fhort foot-ftalks, which are fliaped like thofe
of the former, but much lels, of a dirty yellowifh
colour, with a few brown ftripes ; thefe are never
fucceeded by berries in England. It grows naturally
in Spain, from whence the feeds may be procured.
It is propagated by feeds, which fhould be fown in
the fpring upon a very moderate hot bed, juft to bring
up the plants ; when they are fit to remove, they
fhould be each put into a feparate fmall pot, filled
with loamy earth, and fhaded until they take root ;
then they may be placed with other hardy exotic
plants in a fheltered fituation, and in Odfober they
mufc be removed into the green-houfe, and treated
as other plants from the fame country. It flowers in
July and Auguft.
The feeds of the third fort were fent me from Cam-
peachy ; this hath a perennial root, which puts out
feveral channelled herbaceous ftalks, which rife about
two feet high; and toward the top divide into two or
three fmall branches, garnifhed with oval leaves
four inches long and three broad, having feveral
tranfyerfe ribs on their under fide, which are promi-
nent. The flowers come out from between the leaves
on fhort foot-ftalks ; they are white, and fhaped like
F f thofe
i
A V' E
thofe of the common fort, but are ftftaller. it Sowers I
mjuly and Auguft, but feldom ripens its fruit in |
' Engiancl. It is propagated by parting the roots in
the fpring, and the plants muft be kept in the bark-
ftove to. have them thrive well in this country.
A Y E N A.. Lin. Gen. Plant. 85. Tourn. IrifLR, H.
514. Oats.
The Characters are,
‘ The flowers are collected in a loofe panicle, without beards ;
thefe have a bivahular ernpalement, /welling in the mid-
dle, and pointed at both ends. 'The petal of the flower is
bivalve , the lower valve being of the fame fixe with the
ernpalement,. but harder , putting out from the back a fpiral
heard , twifting , jointed, and reflexed. There are two
oval neBarii fitting upon the upper fide of the. germen,
which is obiufe , fupporting two reflexed hairy ftyles ,
crowned by tzvo plain ftigma ; thefe are attended by three
jl nder ftamina, crozvned by oblong forked fumtnits. The
germen afterward becomes an oblong /welling feed , pointed
at l oth ends , having a longitudinal furrow , and clofely
f ait up in the cover or cbafl.
T h genus of plants is ranged in the fecond leftion
.01 Linnaeus's third clafs, entitled T riandna. Digynia,
fr m the flowers having three ftamina and two
ftyles.
Avek a ( Bifpermis) calycibus dilpermibus feminibus lae-
vibus. Hort. Cliff. 25. Oats with two fmooth feeds in each
ernpalement. There are three forts of thefe Oats culti-
vated in England, viz. the white, the black, and the
brown or reel Gat, which are fuppoied to be only acci-
dental varieties ; but where they have been many years
feparately cultivated, I have never obferved them to
alter. However, as their principal difference is in
the colour of their grain, I iliall not enumerate them
as diftindt fpecies. There is alfo a naked Oat, which
is fometimes cultivated in the diftant parts of England,
but is -rarely feen near London.
The white fort is the moil common about London •,
the black is more cultivated in the northern parts of
England, and is efteemed a very hearty food for
horfes ; but the firft makes the whiteft meal, and is
chiefly cultivated where the inhabitants live much
upon Oat-cakes.
The naked Oat gs lefs common than either of the
others, efpecially in the fouthern parts of England;
but in. the north of England, Scotland, and Wales,
it is cultivated in plenty. This fort is efteemed, be-
capfe the grain thrdh.es clean out of the hulk, and
need not be carried to the mill to be made into oat-
meal or grift. An acre of ground doth not yield fo
many bulhels of thefe, as of the common Oats, by
feaihn the grain is (mail and naked, and goes near in
meafure ; but what is wanting in the meaiure, is fup-
plied in value.
The red Oats are much cultivated in Derbylhire,
Staffordfliire, and Chdhire, but are rarely feen in any
of the counties near London ; though, as they are a
very hardy fort, and give a good increafe, they would
be well worth propagating, efpecially for all icrong
lands.
The ftraw of thefe Oats is of a brownifli red colour,
as is alfo the grain, which is very full and heavy, and'
efteemed better food for horfes than either of the
- former forts.
Oats are a very profitable grain, and abfolutely ne-
cefiary, being the principal grain which horfes love ;
- . an d are efteemed the moil wholfome food for thole
cattle, being fweet, and of an opening nature ; other
forts of grain being apt to bind, which is injurious
to labouring horfes : but if you feed them with this
grain foon 'after they are houfed, before they have
iweat in the mow, or are otherwife dried, it is as bad
on the other hand, for they are then too laxative.
This grain is a great improvement to many effaces in
' the north of England, Scotland, and Wales; for it
. will thrive on cold barren foils, which will produce
no other fort of grain ; it will alfo thrive on the hot-
ted: land : in fhort, there is no foil too rich or too
poor for it, too hot or too cold for it ; and in wet
harvefts, when other grain is ipoilcd, this will receive
A V E
little or no damage ; the ftraw and huffs being of To
dry a nature, that if they are houfed wet, they will
not heat in the mow, or become mouldy, as other
grain ufually do ; fo is of great advantage in the nor-
thern parts of England, and in Scotland, where their
harveit is generally late, and the autumns wet. ■
The meal of this grain makes tolerable good bread*
and is the common food of the country people in the
north. In the fouth it is efteemed for pottage, and
other meffes, and in feme places they make beer with
this grain.
The hell time for fowling of Oats is in February or
March, according as the'feafon is early or late; and,
fometimes I have known it fown in April upon cold
land, and has been early ripe. The black and red
Oats may be fown a month earlier than the white,
becaufe they are hardier.
Oats are often fown on land which has the former
years produced Wheat, Rye, or Barley. The com-
mon method is to plough in the ftubble about the
beginning of February, and fow the Oats, and har-
row them in ; but then they muft be harrowed the
fame way as the furrows lay, for if it be done croff-
ways, the ftubble will be raifed on the furface ; but
this ,is not a good method of hulbandry, for when
people have time to plough the ftubble in autumn,
it will rot in winter ; and then giving the land another
ploughing and a good harrowing juft before the Oats
are fown, it will make the ground finer and better
to receive the grain. Moft people allow four bulhels
of oats to an acre, but. I am convinced three bulhels
are more than enough ; the ufual produce is about
twenty-five' bulhels to an acre, though I have fome-
times known more than thirty bulhels on an acre.
Oats are alfo fown upon land when it is firft broken
up, before the ground is brought to a tilth for other
grain, and is frequently fown upon the fward with one
ploughing ; but it is much better to give the fward
time to rot before the Oats are fown, for the roots of
the grafs will prevent thofe of the Corn from ftriking
downward.
AVENUES are walks of trees leading to a houfe,
which are generally terminated by fome diftant ob~
jeft.
Thefe were formely much more in requeft than at
prelent, there being few old feats in the country but
have one or more of thefe avenues ; and fome have
as many of them as there are views from the houfe
but of late thefe are, with good reafon, difufed ; for
nothing can be more abfurd, than to have the fight
contra&ed by two or more lines of trees, which £hut
out the view of the adjacent grounds, whereby the
verdure and natural beauties of the country are loft ;
and where the avenues are of a conliderable length
(even where their breadth is proportionable) they .ap-
pear at each end to be only narrow cuts through a
wood, which never can pleafe any perfon of real tafte ;
and, when the road to the houfe is through the ave-
nue, nothing can be more difagreeable ; for in ap-
proaching to the houfe, it is like going through a
narrow lane, where the objects on each fide are Ihut
out from the view ; and when it is viewed from the
houfe, it at bell has only the appearance of a road,
which being extended to a length in a ftrait line, is
not near fo beautiful as a common road, which is
loft by the turnings, lb as feldom to be feen to a great
extent : but as thefe avenues muft be made exactly
ftrait, fo when the trees are grown to any fize, they
entirely break the view, whatever way the light is
directed through them ; and if this is in a park, the
lawn of grafs through which the avenue is planted,
is thereby entirely deprived of the beauty which it
naturally would afford, if left open and well kept :
therefore, whenever the filtration of a houfe will ad-
mit of a large open lawn in front, the road to the
houfe fhould be carried round at a proper diftance ;
and, if it be carried fometimes through trees, and
ferpented in an eafy natural way, it will be much
more beautiful than any ftiff formal avenue, how large
foever made.
V
A V E
.But as there may be fome perfons fo much wedded
to the old way of laying out and planting grounds
as to prefer the avenues to the moft beautiful difpo-
fition of lawns, woods, &c. I fhall mention the ufual
methods of defigning and planting them, that have
been efteemed the belt.
The ufual width allowed to tliefe avenues was generally
as much as the whole breadth of the houfe and wings ;
but if they are planted twelve or fourteen feet wider,
they will be the better ; becaufe when the trees are
grown to any confiderable fize, they will fpread and
overhang, fo will contradb the view.
And as for fuch avenues to woods or profpedts, &c.
they ought not to be lefs than fixty feet in breadth ;
and becaufe fuch walks are a long time before they
are fhady, it will be convenient to plant another row
on each fide, rather than to lofe the ftatelinefs that
the main walk will afford in time by being broad,
where any thing of a profped: is to be gained.
And as to the diftance one from another, they fhould
not be planted nearer one another than thirty-five or
forty feet, efpecially if the trees are of a fpreading
kind ; and the fame diftance, if they are for a regular
grove.
As to the trees proper for planting avenues, they
may be the English. Elm, the Lime-tree, the Horfe
Chefnut, the common Chefnut, the Beach, and the
Abele.
The Englifn Elm is approved for all places where it
will fucceed, and that it will do in moft places, ex-
cept in very wet or cold fhallow grounds, i. Becaufe
it will bear cutting, heading, lopping in any manner
whatfoever, and probably, with better fuccefs than
any other tree.
Secondly, the Lime-tree : this is approved by others,
becaufe it will do well in any tolerable foil, if the
bottom be not hot and gravelly ; and becaufe of the
regular fhape it has in growing, the agreeablenefs of
its lhade, and the beautiful colour of its leaves.
Thirdly, the Horfe Chefnut is alfo to be ufed in fuch
places as are very well defended from rcrong winds ;
becaufe, wherever it grows freely, if it be not fkil-
fully managed now and then by cutting, the branches
are fubjeft to fplit down. This tree is valuable on ac-
count of its quick growth, the earlinefs of its coming
out, the noblenefs of its leaves, and the beauty of its
flowers, being a fine plant both for fnade and orna-
ment. This delights in a ftrong hearty foil, but will
do well in any tolerable ground, if good care be taken
in the planting of it ; but wherever thefe trees are
planted in avenues, they fhould be placed thirty feet
afunder, that their heads may have room to fpread,
otherwife they will not appear fo beautiful.
Fourthly, the common Chefnut will do well in a
proper foil, and will rife to a confiderable height, if
planted clofe together ; but if it be planted lingly,
where the tree can take its own natural fliape, it is
rather inclined to fpread and grow globous than tall.
Fifthly, the Beech is recommended by fome; but this
feldom fucceeds well after tranlplanting, without ex-
traordinary care ; though it arrives to a very large
tree in many places in England, where it grows natu-
rally, and is the moft tedious and troubiefome to
raife, to any tolerable fize, in a nurfery way.
Sixthly, the Abele: this, indeed, grows more dif-
perfed and loofe in its head than any of the former,
and confequently, is-worfe for defence ; but yet is not
to be left out from the number of trees for avenues,
becaufe it is the quickeft in growth of all the foreft
trees, and will thrive tolerably well in almoft any foil,
and particularly in wet ground, where few of the be-
fore-mentioned trees will thrive, and this feldom fails
in tranfiplanting.
Seventhly, the Oak ; but this is feldom ufed in plant-
ing avenues, becaufe it requires fo long a time to
raife it up to any tolerable feature in the nurfery way;
nor is it apt to thrive much after it has been trans-
planted, if at any bignefs.
As for the. Alder, Afh,. Platanus, and Sycomore, they
are but rarely ufed for planting avenues.
A U ft
A V R A N TIU M [this plant is fo called frail, ail-
rum, Lat . gold, on account of its .golden colour,] the
Orange-tree.
The Characters are,
The empalement of the flower is finally of. one leaf. \ in-
dented in five parts. The flower hath five oblong fpread-,
mg petals , and many ftamina , which are frequently joined
in fmatt feparate bodies at bottom, and are crowned by ob-
long fiinmits. In the center is fituateq the round germen,
fupporiing a cylindrical ftyle , crowned by a globular fligma.
The germen afterward becomes a globular flefhy fruit , com-
prefjed at both ends , having a thick fiefloy pulp , and di-
vided into fever al cells , each containing two oval .callous
feeds.
This genus of plants, is by Dr. Linnaeus joined, to
the Citron, to which he has alfo added the Lemon,
making them only Ipecies of the fame genus, and
ranges It in his eighteenth clafs, entitled Polyadelphia
Icofandria, the flowers having more than twenty fta-
mina, which are joined in feveral bodies.
The Species are,
1. Aurantium ( Acri ) foliis ovato-lanceolatis glabris.
Orange-tree , with oval, fpear-Jh aped, fmooth leaves. Au-
rantium acri medulla vulgare. Ferr. Hefp. The Se-
ville Orange.
2. Aurantium ( Sinenfe ) foliis lamfcolatis acutis glabris:
Orange-tree , with pointed , fpear-jhped , fmooth haves.
Aurantium Sinenfe. Ferr. Hefp. The China Orange.
3. Aurantium ( Orientals ) foliis lineari-lanceolatis gla-
bris. Orange-tree with narrow , fpear-fhaped , fmooth
leaves. Aurantium angufto falicis folio diflum; Boerh.
Ind. alt 2. 238. Willovo-leavcd Orange , and by fome
called the Turkey Orange.
4. Aup.antium ( Decumana ) foliis ovato-lanceolatis craffis
lucidis, frudtu maximo. Orange-tree with thick , fhin-
ing , oval , fpear-fhaped leaves , and a large fruit. Au-
rantium frudtu maximo Indian Orientalis. Boerh. Ind*
alt. 2. 238. The Pumpelmoes, or Shaddock.
5. Aurantium ( Humile ). pumilum foliis ovatis floribus
fefiilibus. Dwarf Orange-tree with oval leaves , and
flowers growing clofe to the branches. Aurantium pu-
milum fub acri medulla. Bartol. The Dwarf \ or
Nutmeg Orange.
There are many varieties of this, as there is of molt:
other fruits which have arifen from culture ; but thofe
here enumerated may ftrictly be allowed to be diftindt
fpecies. The varieties in the Englifh gardens are,
1 . i he yellow and white ftriped-leaved Orange.
2. The curled- leaved Orange. 3. The homed Orange.
4. The double flowering Orange. And 5. The her-
maphrodite Orange.
1 he China Orange is not lb hardy as the Seville,
therefore muft be treated more tenderly, placing it in
winter in the warrneft part of the green-houfe, and
houfing it earlier in autumn, otherwife the fruit will
all drop from, the trees. This fort rarely produces
good fruit in England, nor are the leaves of the tree
near fo large or beautiful as thofe of the Seville
Orange ; therefore the latter fhould be preferred, and
only a tree or two of the China fort kept for variety.
I he Dwarf Orange is alfo tender, the leaves are very
fmall, growing in clufters ; the joints of the branches
are very near each other, and the flowers of thefe
grow very clofe together, and appear like a nofegay,
the branches being covered with them. This fort,
when in flower, is proper to place in a room or
gallery, to adorn them ; the flowers being very fweet,
v/ili perfume the air of the place ; but thefe are fel-
clom to be found in good health, becaufe they muft
be treated with more care than the common Orange
and Lemon-trees , as muft alfo the Shaddock, other-
wife the fruit will always drop off in winter. The
Pumpelmoes was brought from the Eaft-Indies by
one Capt. Shaddock, from whom the inhabitants of
the W eft-indies gave this fruit the name. But they
have greatly degenerated the fruit fince it has been in
the Weft-indies, by tailing the trees from feeds ; the
greateft part of which produce harfti four fruit, greatly
inferior to the original fort; the fleih or pulp of which
is red, whereas the greater part of the trees in Ame-
rica
A U R
S'ica produce fruit with, a pale yellow fie ill, and by I
conftantly railing th'efe trees from feeds, they dege-
nerate the fruit continually •> whereas, if they would
bud from the good fort, they might have it in as great
plenty as they pleaf^dj but there are few perfons in
that part of the world who underftand the method of
grafting or budding fruit trees, and if they did, they
are fo negligent of their fruits, &c. as to leave the
whole to nature, feldom giving tnemfelves any far-
ther trouble than to put the feeds into the ground, and
leave them to grow as nature (hall incline.
In proof of what I have here faid, I cannot omit to
mention, that a few years ago, I lent two fmall trees
of the true Seville Orange to Jamaica, where this fort
was wanting •, and from fhefe many other trees were
budded, which have produced plenty of fruit, fome
of which were fent to England a few years paid ; and
although they -were long in their paffage, yet when
they arrived here, they were greatly fuperior to any
of thole fruit which are imported hither from Spain
or Portugal, one of thofe affording three times the
quantity of juice, that a fruit of equal fize from either
of thofe countries does.
All the forts of Orange-trees with flriped leaves are
tender, therefore muft be placed in a warm part of
the green-houfe in winter, and muft be treated with
more care than the common fort, otherwife they will
not thrive. Thefe are varieties which fome perfons
are fond of, but they never produce good fruit, nor
are the flowers produced in fo great plenty, there-
fore a few only fhould be preferred for the fake of
Variety.
The horned Orange differs from the other forts in
the fruit dividing into parts, and the rind expanding
in form of horns : this and the diftorted Orange are
preferred by fome curious perfons for variety, but
are not fo beautiful as the common Orange. There
is alfo a great variety of fweet Oranges both in the
Eaft and Weft-Indies, fome of which are much more
efteemed than thofe we now have in Europe ; but as
they are much tenderer, they will not thrive in this
country with the common culture •, therefore I (hall
not enumerate them, but lhall proceed to give di-
rections for the management of Orange-trees in Eng-
land.
Where the trees are to be raifed for flocks to bud O-
ranges, you fhould procure fome Citron-feeds which
were duly ripened for the flocks of this kind are
preferable to any other, both for qu cknefsof growth,
as alfo that they will take buds of either Orange, Le-
mon, or Citron ; next to thefe are the Seville Orange
feeds. The beft feeds are ufually to be had from
rotten fruits, which are commonly eafy to be procured
in the fpring of the year ; then prepare a good hot-
bed, of either horfe-dung- or tanners bark ; the lad of
which is much the better, if you can eafily procure
it. When this bed is in a moderate temper for heat,
you muft fow your feeds in pots of good rich earth,
and plunge them into the hot bed ; obferving to give
them water frequently, and raife the glafies in the
great heat of the day, to give proper air, left the
feeds, fhould fuffer by too great heat : in three weeks
time your feeds will come up, and if the young-
plants are not ftinted, either for want of proper heat
or moiiture, they will be in a month’s time after their
appearance, fit to transplant into fingle pots : you
muft therefore! renew your hot-bed, and having pre-
pared a quantity of fmail halfpenny pots (which are
about five inches over at the top,) fill thefe half full
of good frefh earth, mixed with very rotten cow-
dung •, and then fhake out the young plants from the
Parse pots, with all the earth about them, that you
may the better feparate the plants without tearing
their roots * and having half filled the pots with earth,
put a fingle plant into each of the fen all pots ; then fill
them up with the fame earth as before directed,
plunging the pots into the new hot-bed, giving them
a good watering to fix the earth to their roots ; and
obferve to repeat the lame very often (for this plant,
when in a hot-bed, requires much water,) but be Jure
6
ADR
to 'fcreen them from the fun in the heat of the clay;
In this method, with due care, your plants will grow
to be two feet high by July, when you muft begin
to harden them by degrees, in raffing your glafies
very high, and when the weather is good, take them
quite off , but do not expofe them to the open fun in
the heat of the day, but rather take off' the glafies,
and Hi ado the plants with mats, which may be taken
off when the fun declines , for the violent heat in the
middle of the day would be very injurious to- them,
efpecially while young. Toward the end of Septem-
ber you muft houfe them, obferving to place them
Hear the windows of the green-houfe, to prevent the
damps from moulding their tender fhoots. During
the winter feafon they may be often refrefhed with
water, and in March or April, wafti their heads and
Items, to clear them from the filth that may have
fettled thereon, during their being in the houfe ; and
you muft alfo give them a moderate hot-bed in the
fpring, which will greatly forward them •, but harden
them by the beginning of June, that they may be in
right order to bud in Auguft ; when you fhould make
choice of cuttings from trees that are healthy and
fruitful, of whatever kinds you pleafe, obferving that
the fhoots are round ; the buds of thefe being much
better and eafier to part from the wood, than fuch
as are flat. W hen you have budded the flocks, you
fhould remove them into a green-houfe, to defend
them from wet, turning the buds from the fun ; but
let them have as much free air as poffible, and refrefli
them often with water. In a month’s time after
budding, you will fee which of them has taken *, you
muft then untie them, that the binding may not pinch
the buds, and let them remain in the green-houfe all
the winter •, then in the fpring, prepare a moderate
hot-bed of tanners bark ; and, after having cut off
the flocks about three inches above the buds, plunge
their pots into the hot-bed, obferving to give them
air and water, as the heat of the weather lhall require ;
but be lure to fcreen them from the violence of the
fun during the heat of the day. In this management,
if your buds fhoot kindly, they will grow to the
height of two feet or more, by the end of July ; at
which time you muft begin to harden them before the
cold weather comes on, that they may the better
Hand in the green-houfe the following winter. In
the fir ft winter after their fhooting, you muft keep
them very warm ; for, by forcing them in the bark-
bed, they will be Somewhat tenderer •, but it is very
neceffary to raife them to their height in one feafon,
that their Items may be flrait : for in fuch trees,
which are two or more years growing to their heading
height, the items are always crooked. In the fuc-
ceeding years, their management will be the fame as
in full grown trees, which will be hereafter treated
of : I fhall therefore, now, proceed to treat of the
management of fuch trees as are brought over every
year in chefls from Italy ; which is, indeed, by much
the quicker way of furnifhing a green-houfe with
large trees for thofe which are railed from feeds in
England, will not grow fo large in their items under
eighteen or twenty years, as thefe are when brought
over •, and although their heads are fmall when we
receive them, yet in three years, with good ma-
nagement, they will obtain large heads and produce
fruit.
In the choice of thefe trees obferve firft, the diffe-
rence of their fhoots and leaves (if they have any
upon them) to diftinguilh their different forts, for the
Shaddock and Citrons always make much flronger
ffioots than the Orange ; for which reafon, the Italian
gardeners, who raife thefe trees for fale, generally
propagate thofe forts, fo that they bring few of the
Seville Orange-trees over, which are much more va-
luable both for their flowers and fruit ; alfo prefer
thofe that have two good buds in each flock (for
many of them have but one, which will always pro-
duce an irregular head :) the ftraitnefs of the ftem,
frefhrtefs of the branches, and plumpnefs of the bark,
are neceffary observations,
■ * When
V-.
I
AUR
When you' have' furnifhed yourfelf with a parcel of
trees, you mufe prepare a moderate hot-bed of tan-
ters bark, in length and breadth according to the
number of trees to be forced ^ then put your trees
into a tub of water upright, about half way of the
items, leaving the head and upper part of the item
out of the water, the better to draw and imbibe the
moifture. In this fituation they may remain two or
three days (according to their plumpnefs when you
received them •,) then take them out, and clean their
roots from all filth, cutting off all broken or bruifed
roots, and all the fmall fibres, which are quite dried
by being fo long out of the earth, and fcrub the
Hems with a hard hair-brufh, cleaning them after-
wards with a cloth •, then cut off the branches about
fix inches from the item, and having prepared a
quantity of good freih earth, mixed with very rotten
neats dung, plant your trees therein, obferving never
to put them into large pots ■, for if they are but big
enough to contain their roots, it is fufficient at firft
planting ; and be fure to put fome potfherds and large
ftones in the bottom of each pot, to keep the holes
at the bottom of the pots from being flopped with
earth, that the water may freely pafs off, and wrap
fome haybands round their items, from bottom to
top, to prevent the fun from drying their bark •, then
plunge thefe pots into the bark-bed, watering them
well to fettle the earth to their roots, frequently re-
peating the fame all over their heads and ftems, be-
ing very careful not to over-water them, efpecially
before they have made good roots •, and oblerve to
fcreen the glaffes of your hot-bed from the fun in the
heat of the day.
If your trees take to grow kindly (as there is little
reafon to doubt of, if the directions given be duly ob-
ferved,') they will have made ftrong fhoots by the be-
ginning of June •, at which time you Ihould ftop their
fnoots, to obtain lateral branches to furnifh their
heads •, and now you mull give them air plentifully,
and begin to harden them, that in the middle of July
they may be removed into the open air, in fome warm
fituation, defended from the great heat of the fun,
and from winds, that they may be hardened before
winter. About the end of September you Ihould
houfe thefe plants, letting them at firft in the front of
the green-hqufe, near the glaffes, keeping the win-
dows open at all times when the weather will permit ;
and about the latter end of October, when you bring
in the Myrtles, and other lefs tender trees, you mult
fet your Oranges in the warmeft and belt part of
the houfe, placing lower plants or trees in the front,
jto hide their ftems. During the winter, let your
waterings be frequent, but give them not too much
at a time ; for now their heads are but fmall, and
therefore incapable to difcharge too great a quantity
of moifture, and take great care to guard them from
froft.
In the fpring, when you begin to take out fome of
your hard left forts of plants to thin your houfe,
walk and cleanfe the ftems and leaves of your Orange-
trees, taking out the upper part of the earth in the
pots, filling them up again with good, freih, rich
earth, laying thereon a little rotten neats dung round
the outfide of the pots, but do not let it lie near the
idem of the trees ; then place them at wider distances
in the houfe, that the air may circulate round their
heads, giving them air difcretionally, as the weather
grows warm ; but do not remove them into the
open air until the latter end of May, that the we a-
ther is fettled 5 for many times, when they are
removed out too foon, the mornings often proving
cold, give them at leaft a great check, which will
change the colour of their leaves, and many times kill
the. extreme weak part of the fhoots. Let the fitua-
tion for your Orange-trees, during the hummer feafon,
be as much defended from the fun in the heat of the
day, and ftrong winds, as poffible,' by tali trees or
hedges ; both of which, if they are expofed thereto,
are very hurtful to them.
As thefe trees advance, it will be neceffary in the
fummer to ftopllrong fhoots where they grow irregu-
larly, to force out lateral branches to fill the head *
but do not pinch off the tops of all the fhoots (as is
the practice of feme,) which will fill the tree with
fmall fnoots too weak to fupport fruit •, but endea-
vour to form a regular head, and obtain ftrong fhoots,
taking away weak trifling branches where they are
too dole.
During the fummer feafon, your Orange-trees will
require frequent waterings in dry weather, efpecially
if they are large ; therefore you fliould endeavour to
have the water as near the trees as poffible, to fave
the trouble of carrying it, which, in a large quantity
of trees, takes up much time. Your water Ihould
be foft, and expofed to the air, but never add dung
of any fort thereto ; which, although by many fre-
quently recommended, yet has always been found de-
ftrudtive to thefe, and ail other trees, if much ufed ,
it being like hot liquors to human bqdiel, which, at
firft taking, feem to add vigour, yet certainly leave
the body weaker after fome time than befbre.
Your Orange-trees will require to be fhifted and new
potted every other year, therefore you mu ft prepare
a quantity of good earth, at leaft a year before you
intend to ufe it, that it may be well mixed and per-
fecftly rotten. The belt feafon for this work is about
the end of April, that they may have taken freih root
-before they are removed out of the green -houfe *, and
when this work is performed, it will be neceffary to
let them remain in the houfe a fortnight longer than
ufual, to be well fettled.
In the performing this work, after you have drawn
the trees out of the pots, you muft cut off all the
roots round the outfide of the ball of earth, and take
away all mouldy roots (if any fuch be ;) then with a
fharp iron inftrument, get as much of the old earth
from between the roots as poffible, being careful not
to break or tear the roots ; then fet the root of the
tree into a large tub of water for about a quarter of
an hour, to foak the under part of the ball of earth ;
and afterwards fcrub the ftems of the trees with a hard
hair-brufh, cleaning them and the heads with water,
and a foft woollen cloth. Your pots being prepared,
with fome potflierds and large ftones in the bottom,
put fome of your frefh earth into the pot, about
three or four inches thick ; and having placed your
tree thereon, in the middle of the pot, upright, fill
it up with the fame rich earth, prefling it down hard
with your hands ; then water the tree all over the
head, with a watering-pot that has a rdfe upon the
fpout, to let the water fall light and thick (as in a
fhewer of rain •) and in watering thefe trees, do it in
the fame manner, during the time they abide in the
houfe after fhifting - s this will greatly refrefti their
heads, and promote their taking frefh roots.
When you firft fet thefe trees abroad after fhifting,
you ihould place them near the flicker of hedges, and
fallen their ftems to ftrong flakes, to prevent their be-
ing difturbed by winds, which fome times will blow
frefh planted trees out of the pots, if too much ex-
pofed thereto, and thereby greatly injure their new
roots.
If old Orange-trees have been ill managed, and their
heads become ragged and decayed, the befc method
to reftore them, is to cut off the greater! part of their
heads early in March, and draw them out of the
tubs or pots, and fhake off the earth from their
roots, cutting away all fmall fibres and mouldy roots ;
and then fbak and clean their roots, ftems, and
branches, planting them in good earth, and fetting
them into a hot-bed of tanners bark, as was directed
for fuch trees as came from abroad, managing them
in the fame manner : by this method they will pro-
duce new heads, and in two years time become good
trees again. But if thefe are large trees, and have
grown in tubs for feveral years, your beft way will
be to prepare a parcel of rough bafkets (fuch as are
ufed for baficeting Evergreens, when fentto a diftant
place :) let thefe be fomewhat lefs than the tubs you
defign to plant your trees into •, then plant your trees
G g herein,
' X
l
*
.
A U R
herein, plunging them into the hot-bed, and about
the beginning of July, when your trees have made
good {hoots, you may remove them into the tubs,
with their bafkets about them, filling the empty fpace
With the fame . good earth : this will preferve your
tubs from rotting in the bark, and the trees will do
equally well as if planted into the tubs at firft, pro-
vided you are careful in removing the bafkets, not
to difturb their roots ; and alfo let them remain in
the green-houfe a fortnight or three weeks after plant-
ing, before you fet them abroad.
Thefe trees being new potted or tubbed every other
year, tbofe years in which they are not fhifted, you
muft in April obferve to take out as much of the old
earth from the tops of the pots and tubs, and alfo
round the fides of them, as poffible, without injuring
the roots of the trees, and fill them up with frefh
earth you muft alfo wafh and clean their Hems and
leaves from filth, which will greatly ftrengthen their
flowering, and caufe them to fnoot vigoroufly the
following fummer.
In the management of Orange-trees which are in good
health, the chief care fhould be to fupply them with
Water duly, and not (as is fometimes praitifed) ftarve
them in winter, whereby their fibres are dried, and
become mouldy, to the great prejudice of the trees ;
nor to give them water in too great abundance, but
rather let their waterings be frequent, and given in
moderate quantities. You muft alfo obferve, that
the water has free paffage to drain off; for if it be de-
tained in the tubs or pots, it will rot the tender fibres
of the trees. During the winter feafon, they muft
have a large fhare of air when the weather is favour-
able ; for nothing is more injurious to thefe trees than
ftifling of them, nor fhould they be placed too near
each other in the green-houfe ; but fet them at fuch
diftance, that their branches may be clear of each
other, and that the air may circulate freely round their
heads. In fummer they fhould be placed where the
winds are not violent, and to have the morning and
evening fun ; for if they are too much expofed to the
mid-day fun, they will not thrive. The beft fitua-
tion for them is near fome large plantation of trees,
which will break the force of the winds, and fereen
them from the violent heat of the fun. In fuch a
fituation they may remain until the beginning of Oc-
tober, or later, according as the feafon proves fa-
vourable ; for if they are carried into the green-houfe
early, and the ' autumn fhould prove warm, it will
occafion the trees to make frefh fhoots, which will be
weak and tender, and fo liable to perifli in winter •,
and fometimes itwill occafion their flowering in winter,
which greatly weakens the trees ; nor 1 fhould they re-
main fo long abroad as to be injured by morning frofts.
The beft compoft for Orange-trees is two thirds of
frefh earth from a good pafture, which fhould not be
too light, nor over ftiff, but rather a hazel loam •,
this fhould be taken about ten inches deep with the
fward, which fhould be mixed with the earth to rot,
and one third part of neats dung •, thefe fhould be
mixed together, at leaft twelve months before it is
ufed, obferving to turn it over every month, to mix
it well, and to rot the fward ; this will alfo break the
clods, and caufe the mould to be finer. Before you
make ufe of this earth, you fhould pafs it through a
rough fereen, to feparate the great ftones and the
roots of the fward therefrom but by no means fift
the earth too fine, for this is very prejudicial to moft
plants, but particularly to Orange-trees.
Of late years there have been many of thefe trees planted
againft walls, againft which frames of glafs are made
to fix over them in winter and fome few curious per-
fons have planted thefe trees in the full ground, and
have erefted moveable covers to put over the trees
in winter, which are fo contrived as to be all taken
away in fummer : where thefe have been well execut-
ed, the trees have made great progrefs in their growth,
and produced a much larger quantity of fruit, which
have ripened fo well, as to be extremely good for
gating. If thefe are planted either againft walls with
A U R
defigft of training the branches to the walls, or in bot-
tlers at a fmall diftance, fo as to train them up as
ftandards, there fhould be a contrivance of a fire-
place or two, in proportion to the length of the wall,
and flues carried the whole length of the wall, to
warm the air in very cold weather, o'therwife it will
be very difficult to preferve the trees in very hard win-
ters alive •, or, - if they do live through the winter, they
will be fo much weakened by the cold, as not to be
recovered the following fummer to a proper ftrength
for bearing ; fo that wherever the trees are intended
to be placed againft or near old walls, the hues fhould
be built up againft the front, allowing four inches
thicknefs of the brick-work on each fide the flues,
obferving to fatten this with irons, at proper diftances,
to fecure it from feparating from the old wall : the
manner of making thefe flues, is fully explained under
the article of Hot Walls. Where this contrivance
is made, there will be no hazard of lofing the trees,
be the winter ever fo fevere, with a little proper care •,
whereas, if this is wanting, there will require great
care and trouble to cover and uncover the glalfes
every day, when there is any fun ; and if the wall
is not thicker than they are ufually built, the froft
will penetrate through the walls in fevere winters ; fo
that covering and fecuring the glaffes of the front will
not be fumcient to preferve the trees, be it done with
ever fo much care ; therefore the firft expence of the
walls will fave great trouble and charge, and be the
fecurelft method. ' •
If the ground is wet, or of a ftrong clay, fo as to
detain the moifture, the borders fhould be raifed
above the level of the ground, in proportion to the
fituation of the place ; for where the wet lies in win-
ter near the furface, it will greatly prejudice, if not
totally deftroy the trees ; fo that lime rubbifh fhould
be laid at leaft two feet thick in the bottom of the
border, to drain off the wet ; and the earth fhould be
laid two and a half or three feet thick thereon, which
will be a fufficient depth for the roots of the trees.
In thefe borders there may be a few roots of theGuern-
fey and Belladonna Lilies and LIsemanthus planted,
or any other exotic bulbous-rooted flowers, which do
not grow high, or draw too much nourifhinent from
the borders and thefe, producing their flowers * in
autumn or winter, will make a good appearance, and
thrive much better than if kept in pots.
The management of the Orange-trees in thefe places,
is nearly the fame as hath been directed for thofe in
pots or tubs, excepting that the borders in thefe
places fhould be dug, and refrefhed with fome very
rotten dung every year.
AURICULA MURIS, or Pilosella. Moufe Ear.
This is a fort of Hawkweed with fmall hairy leaves,
which are white underneath. : the plant trails upon the
ground, taking root at the joints, by which means it
will foon fpread over a large compafs of ground.
This is very common in England ; it grows chiefly on
dry barren places, or upon old walls, and is too often
a troublefome weed in grafs-plats in gardens.
AURICULA U R S I [i. e. Bear’s Ear, 'fo called
becaufe the ancients fancied it refembled the ear of a
bear.] Bear’s Ear, or Auricula.
Dr. Linnaeus has joined this genus to the Primula
veris of Tournefort, making this one fpecies under
the title of Primula.
To enumerate the diverfities of this plant, would be
almoft endlefs and impoffible ; for every year pro-
duces vaft quantities of new flowers, differing in
ftrape, fize, or colour of the flowers ; and alfo in the
leaves of thefe plants there is as great a variety, fo that
the fkilful fiorift is oftentimes capable of diftmguifh-
inp- many of the particular forts thereby.
But as it feldom happens, that fuch of thefe flowers
as are at one time in great efteem, continue to be re-
garded a few years after, (their being flill finer or
larger flowers produced .from feeds, which are what
the^ fiorifts chiefly feek after) it would be needlefs to
mention any of them •, wherefore I fh.aH proceed to
give the characters of a good Auricula.
D 7 * i. The
I
I ' '
A U R
1. The ftem of the flower jhould he lofty and flrong.
2. The foot-ftalk of the flower Jhould be floor t, that the
umbel may be regular and clofe.
•3. The fife or neck of each flower Jhould be Jhort , and
the flowers large , and regularly fpread , being no ways in-
clinable to cup.
4. That the colours are very bright , well mixed.
5. That the eye of the flower be large , round, and of a
good white , yellow ; that the tube or neck be not
too wide.
All the flowers of this kind that want any of the
above-mentioned properties, are now reje&ed by every
good ftorift ; for as the varieties every year increafe
from feeds, the bad ones are turned out to make
room for their betters ; but in fome people the paflion
for new flowers fo much prevails, that, fuppofing the
old flower greatly preferable to a new one, if it is of
their own railing, the latter mult take place of the
old one.
In order to obtain good flowers from feeds, you mufc
make choice of the bell flowers you have, which fliould
be expofed to the open air, that they may have the
benefit of fhowers, without which they feldom pro--
duce good feeds : the time of their ripening is in
June, which you will eafily know, by their feed-veffel
turning to a brown colour, and opening •, you mull
therefore be careful left the feeds be fcattered out of
the veftel, for it will not be all fit to gather at the
fame time.
The time for fowing this feed is commonly in Au-
guft, but if it be fown any time before Chriftmas, it
will be time enough.
The belt foil for this feed is good, frelh, light, fan-
dy mould, mixed with very rotten neats dung, or very
rotten dung from the bottom of an old hot-bed :
with this you fhould fill your pots, boxes, or balkets,
in which you intend to fow your feeds : and having
levelled the furface of the earth very fmooth, fow
your feeds thereon, covering it very lightly with rotten
Willow mould taken out of the ftems of decayed hol-
low Willow-trees ; then cover the box, &c. with a
net or wire, to prevent the cats, birds, &c. from
fcratching out, or burying the feeds too deep ; for
whenever this happens, the feeds will remain a year
jn the ground before the plants appear, if it fhould
grow at laft ; for which reafon many perfons never
cover thefe feeds, but leave them upon the furface
of the earth, in the boxes, for the rain to waftvthem
into the ground, which is often the belt method :
let thefe boxes, &c. be placed To as to receive half
the day’s fun, during the winter feafon ; but in ■ the
beginning of March, remove them where they may
only have the morning fun till ten of the clock •, for
the young plants will now foon begin to appear,
which, if expofed to one day’s whole fun only, will
be all deftroyed.
During the fummer feafon, in dry weather, often re-
frefh them with water, but never give them too great
quantities at once. In the July following, your plants
will be large enough to tranfplant, at which time
you muft prepare a bed, or boxes, filled with the
above-mentioned foil, in which you may plant them
about three inches fquare ; and (if in beds) you muft
fnade them every day, till they are thoroughly rooted,
as alfo in very hot dry weather ; but if they are in
balkets or boxes, they may be removed to a fhady
place.
When the feedling Auriculas are planted in beds,
there fhould be fome rotten neats dung laid about ten
inches under the furface, and beaten down clofe and
fmooth : this will prevent the worms from drawing
the young plants out of the earth, which they gene-
rally do where this is not pra&ifed. This dung fhould
be laid about half a foot thick, which will entirely
prevent the worms getting through it until the plants
are well eftablifhed in the beds ; and the roots of the
Auriculas will ftrike down into the dung by the fpring,
which will make their flowers ftronger than ufual :
thefe. beds fhould be expofed to the eaft, and fcreened
from the fouth fun.
t
A U R
When you have taken all your plants, which are now
come up, out of your boxes or pots, level the earth
gently again *, for it often happens, that fome of the
feeds will lie in the ground two years before they ap-
pear, efpeciaily if they were covered too deep when
fown, as was before obferved.
The fpring following many of thefe flowers will
fhew, when you may felect fuch of them as have good
properties, which fliould be removed each of them in-
to a pot of the fame prepared earth, and prefervcd
until the next feafon, at which time you will be capa-
ble to form a judgment of the goodnefs of the flow-
er ; but thofe that produce plain-coloured or fmall
flowers, fliould be taken out, and planted in borders
in the out-parts of the garden, to make a fhew, or
gather for nofegays, &c. the others, which do not
produce their flowers the faiqe year, rnayybe taken
up, and tranfplanted into a freih bed, to remain till
you fee how they will prove.
The manner of propagating 'thefe flowers when ob-
tained, is from offsets, or flips, taken from the old
roots in April, when the flowers are in bloom : thefe
offsets muft be planted into fmall pots filled with the
fame fort of earth as was before directed for the feed-
lings, and, during the fummer feafon, fliould be fet
in a fhady place, and muft be often, (but very gently)
refrefhed with water ; but in the autumn- and winter
fliould be flickered from violent rains. The fpring
following thefe young plants will produce flowers,
though but weak ; foon after they are paft flowering,,
you muft put them into larger pots, and the fecond
year they will blow in perfection.
But, in order to obtain a fine bloom of thefe flowers,
you muft obferve the following directions.
Firft, Preferve your plants from too much wet in
winter, which often rots and fpolls them but let
them have as much free open air as poflible ; nor
fliould they be too much expofed to the fun, which
is apt to forward their budding for flower too foon ;
and the frofty mornings, which often happen in March,
thereby deftroy their buds, if they are not protected
therefrom. To prevent which, thofe who are very
curious in thefe flowers, place their pots in autumn
under a common hot-bed frame, where, in good wea- ,
ther, the plants may enjoy the full air, by drawing
off the glaffes ; and in great rains, fnow, or froft, the
plants may be fcreened by covering them. Where
this method is practifed with judgment, the flowers
will be much ftronger, and the plants will increafe
falter than when they are expofed abroad.
Secondly, In the beginning of February, if the wea-
ther is mild, you muft take off the upper part of the
earth in the Auricula pots, as low as you can yrithout
difturbing their roots, and fill up the pots with frefh.
rich earth, which will greatly ftreftgthen them for
bloom ; as alfo prepare your offsets for tranfplanting
in April, by caufing them to pufii out new roots.
Thofe plants which have ftrong Angle heads, always
produce the largeft clufters of flowers ; therefore the
curious fiofiffs puli off the offsets- as foon as it can be
done with fafety to their growing, to encourage the
mother plants to flower the ftronger •, they alfo pinch
off the flowers in autumn, where they are produced,
and fuffer them not to open, that the plants fhould
not be weakened thereby.
Thirdly, You muff cover your pots with mats in
frofty weather, during this, time of their budding for
flower, left the fharp mornings blight them, and pre-
vent their blowing.
Fourthly, When your flower-ftems begin to advance
and the bloffom buds grow turgid, you muft protect
them from hafty rains, which would ‘wafh off their
white mealiy farina, and greatly deface the beauty of
their flowers •, but at the fame time obierve to keep
them as much uncovered as poffible, otherwife their
ftems will be drawn up too weak to fupport their flow-
ers (which is often the cafe when their pots are placed
near walls) give them gentle waterings to ftrengthen
them, but let none of. the water fall into the center
of the plant, or among the leaves.
1
\
A Z A
Fifthly, When your flowers begin to open, you
fliould remove their pots upon a it age (built with
rows of ffielves, one above another, and covered on
the top, to p refer ve them from wet : this ffiould be
open to the morning fun, but ffieltered from the heat
of the fun in the middle of the day :) in this pofition
they will appear to much greater advantage, than
when the pots ftand upon the ground for, their flow-
ers being low, their beauty is hid from us *, whereas,
when they are advanced uponftielves, we fee them in
a full view. In this fituation they may remain until
the beauty of their flowers is paft, when they muft
be fet abroad to receive the rains, and have open free
air, in order to obtain feeds, which will fail if they
are kept too long under flicker. When your feed is
ripe, obferve to gather it when it is perfectly dry, and
expofe it to the fun in a window upon papers, to pre-
vent its growing mouldy, and let it remain in the
pods till the feafon for fowing it.
AURICULA URSI MYCONI. See Ver-
BASCUM.
A X I S of a plant. Axis is properly that round fmooth
cylinder, about which a wheel is turned ; whence, by
way of metaphor, that long, round, fmooth part,
placed in the center of the iuli, or cat tails, on Nut-
trees, &c. about which the male organs are diipofed,
may be called the Axis. The Frencli call it Arne,
Noyau, or Poincon.
AZALEA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 195. American up-
right Honeyfuckle.
The Characters are.
It hath a [mall coloured empalement which is permanent ,
cut into Jive acute parts at the top. I he flower is
funnel- fa ape dj having a long naked tube , cut into five parts •,
the two upper fegments are reflexed backward , the two
Jides are bent inward , and the lower one turns downward.
It hath five flender ftamina of unequal lengths , which
have oblong erebl fummits. The round gennen fupports a
long flender Jlyle , crowned with an obtufle ftigma ; the ger-
men afterward becomes a roundifh cap fule, having five
cells , which are filled with roundifh fimall feeds .
This genus of plants is ranged in the firit fe&ion of
Linnsus’s fifth clafs, entitled Pentandria Monogynia,
the flower having five ftamina and one ftyle.
The Species are,
1. Azalea ( Vifcofa ) foliis margine fcabris, corollis pi-
lofo glutinofis. "Lin. 8p. Plant. 1 5 1 . Azalea with leaves
bavin 7 rough edges , the petals of the flower hairy and
glutinous. °Ciftus Virginiana flore & odore pericly-
meni. Pluk. Phyt. tab. 1 6 1 . f. 4.
2. Azalea ( Nndifiora ) foliis ovatis corollis pilofis ftami-
nibus ionjfiffimis. Lin. Sp., Plant. 150. Azalea with
oval leaves , hairy flowers and the longeft ftamina. Cii-
tus Virginiana periclymeni flore ampliori minus odo-
rato. Pluk. Mant. 49.
There are three or four other fpecies of this genus,
two of which grow naturally upon the Alps, chiefly
on bogs ; thefe are low plants, which have little
beauty, and very difficult to keep in gardens. The
others grow one in the eafty near Pontus, and the
other in India •, but as neither of thefe are in the Eng-
lifh gardens, I ffiall not enumerate them.
A Z E
The fifft of thefe here mentioned, is a low ffirub,
rifling with feveral Render Items near four feet high.
The leaves come out in clutters at the ends of the
.ffipots, without order : they are fpear-ffiaped, but nar-
row at their bafe L their edges are fet with very i'horf
teeth, which are rough. The flowers come out in-
clufters between the leaves, at the extremity of the
branches, which are white, with a mixture of dirty
yellow on their outftde : they have a tube an inch
long, and at the top are pretty deeply cut into five
fegments ; the two upper are reflexed, the two fide*
ones are bent inward, and the lower one is turned
downward. There are five flender ftamina, which
are a little longer than the petals of the flower, fup-
porting oblong Saffron-coloured fummits. The ftyle
is much longer than the ftamina, and crowned by an
obtufe ftigma. Thefe flowers have much the appear-
ance of thofe of the Honeyfuckle, and are as agreea-
bly fcented. They appear the middle of July, but
are not fucceeded by feeds in England.
The fec.ond fort grows taller than the firft, and in its
native country frequently rifes to the height of fifteen
feet, but in England is never more than half that
height. This fends out feveral ftems from the root,
which are garnifhed with oblong fmooth leaves, placed
alternately, having foot-ftaiks. The flower-ftalks
arife from the divifion of the branches, which are long
and naked, fupporting a clufter of red flowers, which
are tubulous, fwelling at their bafe like thofe of the
Hyacinth, and contracted at their neck they are di-
vided at the top into five equal fegments, which fpread
open. The five ftamina and the ftyle are much
longer than the petals, and ftand erect. This flowers
about the fame time as the former, but is not fo well
fcented.
Thefe plants grow naturally in ffiade, and upon moift
ground in moft parts of North America, from whence
many of the plants have been fent of late years to
England, and feveral of them have produced their
beautiful flowers in many curious gardens.
They muft have a moift foil and a fhady fituation,
otherwife they will not thrive. They can only be
propagated by fhoots from their roots, and laying
down their branches, for they do not produce feeds
here; and if good feeds could be obtained, they
would be difficult to raife, and a long time before
they would flower. But when they are in a proper
fituation, their roots extend, and put out fhoots,
which may be taken off with roots, and tranfplant-
ed. When any of them are laid down, it ffiould
be only the young fhoots of the fame year, for the
old branches will not put out roots. The beft time
for this is at Michaelmas, and if they are covered
with fome old tan, to keep out the , froft, it will be
of great ufe to them. The autumn is alfo the beft
time to remove the plants, but the ground about their
roots ffiould be covered in winter to keep out the
froft ; and if this is every year pra&ifed to the old
plants, it will preferve them in vigour, and caufe them
to flower well.
AZEDARACH. See Melia.
A Z E R O L E, or L’A ZAROLE. See Mespilus.
V
BACCA,
\
\
BAG
B A C C A, i. e. a berry, is a round fruit, for the
moft part foft, and covered with a thin fldn,
containing feeds in a pulpy fubftance; but, if
it be harder, and covered with a thicker fleffi,
it is called Pomum, i. e. an Apple.
BACCHARIS, Ploughman’s Spikenard, vulgo.
The Characters are,
<phe flower is compofled ofl many hermaphrodite and female
florets , which are included in one common , cylindrical,
flcaly empalement. The florets are equal, the hermaphrodite
and female are intermixed. The hermaphrodite florets are
funnel-Jhaped and quinquefid ; thefle have five flender fla-
~mina , crowned by cylindrical flummits , and an oval ger men,
flupporting a flender flyle, crowned by a bifid ftigma. The
germen afterward becomes a Jingle floor t feed crowned with
a long down. The female flowers have no ftamina, but in
ether refpedls are the fame.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fection
of Linnaeus’s nineteenth clafs, intitled Syngenella Po-
lygamia fuperfiua, the flowers being compofed of her-
maphrodite and female florets, which are both fruitful.
The Species are,
i. Baccharis ( 'Ivafolia ) foliis lanceblatis longitudina-
liter dentato-ferratis. Lin. Hort. Cliff. Ploughman's
■ Spikenard with fpear-fhaped leaves, which are longitudi-
nally indented and flawed. Senecio Africana arborelcens
folio ferrato. Boerh. Ind. alt. i. 117.
1. Baccharis ( Neriifolia ) foliis lanceolatis fuperne uno
alterove denticulo ferratis. Hort. Cliff. 404. Plough-
man’s Spikenard with fpear-Jhaped leaves flawed on the
edges. Arbufcula foliis nerii. Boerh. Ind. 2. p. 2 63.
3. Baccharis ( HaUmiflolia ) foliis obovatis fuperne ernar-
ginato-crenatis. Hort. Cliff. 405. Ploughman's Spike-
nard with oval indented leaves. Senecio Virginianus
arborefeens, atriplicis folio. Rail Hift. 1799.
4. Baccharis ( Fcetida ) foliis lanceolatis ferrato-dentatis,
corymbis foliofis. Flor. Virg. 12 1. Ploughman's Spike-
nard with fpear-Jhaped flawed leaves , and a leafy cory ra-
ins. Conyza Americana frutefeens feetidiflima. Hort.
Elth. tab. 89.
The Englifh name of Ploughman’s Spikenard has
been always applied to the Conyza major, or greater
Flea'bane •, but flnee moft of the modern botanifts
have applied the title of Baccharis to this genus, I have
added the old Englifh name to it, of Ploughman’s
Spikenard, rather than leave it without anEnglifh title.
The firft fort was brought from the Cape of Good
Hope, but grows naturally in Peru, and in other
parts of America. This plant has been long pre-
ierved by the curious in their gardens. It grows to
the height of five or fix feet, and is a manageable
flrrub •, it may be propagated by cuttings, which
fliould be planted in a fhady border during any of
the fummer months, or by feeds fown in a common
border in the fpring of the year, Thefe feeds ripen
well in this country ; and, if permitted to fcatter on
the ground, the plants will come up the following
fpring. It is pretty hardy, and will live abroad in
mild winters, if planted in a warm fituation ; but it
is ufuaily kept in green-houfes, and placed abroad in
fummer •, it requires much water in warm weather.
The fecond fort is alfo a native of Africa •, this hath
a foft fhrubby ftalk which rifes to the height of eight
or ten feet, putting out fide branches toward the top,
garnifhed with fluff fpear-fhaped leaves, having a few
indentures toward their top ; thefe are placed without
order : the flowers are produced at the extremity of
the branches in a clofe fpike, confifting of female and
BAN
hermaphrodite florets included in the common em-
palement •, they are of an herbaceous colour, fo make
little appearance, and are not fucceeded by feeds in
England.
This plant is difficult to propagate, for the cuttings
do with great difficulty take root •, and it is very rare
to find flioots near the root to lay down, fo that in
Holland they lay down the entire head of young
plants, flitting the fmaller branches in the fame
manner as is praftifed for Carnations, laying them
into the ground and forking each down to prevent
their riling *, thefe when duly watered put out roots
in one year, when they may be taken off,, and planted
in fmall pots filled with light earth, and placed in
the fhade till they have taken new root ; after which
they may be placed in ' a flickered fituation in film-
mer, but in winter nluft be kept in a green-houfe.
The third fort is pretty common in the nurferies
about London, where it is ufuaily called the Ground-
fell-tree ; this is a native of Virginia and other parts
of North America ; it grows to be a ihrub of about
feven or eight feet high, and flowers in Ocftober; the
flowers are white, and not very beautiful ; but the
leaves continuing green through the year, has oc-
cafioned this fnrub to be admitted into many curious
gardens.
This fort may be propagated by cuttings, which
fliould be. planted in April or May, upon a ihady
border, and duly watered in dry weather, until they
have taken root ; and, at Michaelmas, they will be
fit to tranfplant where they are to remain this will
live in the open air, and never is injured by the cold
of our ordinary winters ; but fevere froft will fome-
times deftroy them.
The fourth fort grows naturally in Carolina, and fome
other parts of North America ; it rifes with a lig-
neous ftalk fix or feven feet high, garnifhed with long
fpear-fhaped leaves, which are hoary on their under
fide, having a difagreeable feerit when handled; the
ftalks are terminated by loofe umbels of flowers,
which appear late in the autumn, fo are not fucceeded
by feeds in this country.
It may be propagated by cuttings, which fliould be
planted toward the end of May, which if fnaded and
duly watered will put out roots in two months; when
they fliould be potted, that they may be fheltered
under a frame in winter.
BACCIFERGUS [Baccifer, Pat. ofBacca, a Berry,
and fero, to bear] is an epithet applied to trees,
fhrubs, or plants, that bear berries, as Briony, Lily
of the Valley, Afparagus, Butchers Broom, Night-
fhade, Solomon’s Seal, and many others.
BALAUSTIA. See Punica.
BALA USTIUM is the cup of the flower of the
wild Pomegranate.
BALL GTE [b«*a dll Gr .] Black Horehound.
This is a common weed, growing on the fides of
banks in moft parts of England, fo is feldom allowed
a place in gardens ; there are two varieties of it, one
with a white, and the other a purple flower. As thefe
are not cultivated, I ftiall not trouble the reader with,
a farther ddcription of them.
BALM. See Melissa.
BALSA MIN A. The female Balfamine. See Im«
patiens.
BALSAMIT A. See T anacetum.
B A M I A MOSCH AT A. See Hibiscus.
BANANA. See Musa.
H h
RANIS-
BAN ,
BANISTERIA. Houft. MSS. Lin. Gen. 509.
Acer Scandens. Sloan. Cat. 137. Plum. Cat. 18.
The Characters are,
It hath a [mall ■permanent empalement , cut into five acute
flegments to the bottom ; the flower hath five petals , which
are Jh aped like thofe of the papilionaceous tribe , but flpread
open , having in J'ome fpecies one , in others two , and in
fame , [ev'eral neblarious glands. It hath ten [sort Jlamina ,
crowned with ftmple [ummits. > There are in [ome [pecies
three , £0 others bat me germen, each [upporting a Jingle
fiyle , crowned by an obtufe Jligma ; the ger men afterward
become [0 many winged fruit, like thofle o[ the Maple', each
containing a Jingle feed.
The title of this genus was given by the late Dr.
Houftoun, in honour to the memory of Mr. Banifter,
a curious botanift, who loft his life in the fearch of
plants, in Virginia.
The Doftor ranged this genus in the clafs. of papi-
lionaceous flowers, to which it has great affinity by
the form of its flower^ but the ten ftamina handing
feparale, induced Dr. Linnaeus to place it in his tenth
clafs ^ but although he has put it under his third lec-
tion, yet it would with greater propriety come under
his fecond, the greater number of fpecies having but
two ftyles.
The Species are,
1. ^Banisteria ( Angulofa ) folds ovato-oblongis rigiclis
racemis terminalibus caule fruticofo fcandente. Ba-
nifieria with oblong , oval, [iff leaves, [pikes of flowers ter-
minating the branches , and a Jhrubby, climbing Jlalk. Sir
Hans Sloane titles it, Acer fcandens foliis Laurinis.
Cat. Jam. .137.
2 . Banisteria ( Fulgens ) foliis ovatis glabris, floribus
corymbofis terminalibus, caule fruticofo fcandente.
Banifieria with oval flmooth leaves, flowers growing in a
corymbus at the extremity of the branches , and a Jhrubby
climbing Jlalk. Acer fcandens minus Apocyni facie
folio fubrotundo. Sloan. Cat. 138.
3. Banisteria (. Brachiata ) foliis ovatis acuminatis flo-
ribus laxe lpicatis, ramis diffufis fcandentibus. Ba-
nifieria with oval pointed leaves , flowers growing in loofle
fpikes , and climbing diffufed branches. Banifieria fcan-
dens & frutefeens folio fubrotundo, flore ex aureo
Coccineo. Houft. MSS.
4. Banisteria [Laurifolia) foliis ovatis nervofis fubtus
incanis, floribus lateralibus, caule fruticofo fcandente.
Banifieria with nervous heart-floaped leaves, hoary on
their under fide , flowers growing from the fide of the
branches, and ■ a florubby 'climbing jlalk. Acer Ameri-
canum fcandens foliis fubrotundis fubtus pubefcen-
tibus. Millar. Cat.
5. Banisteria (. Benghalenfis ) foliis ovato-oblongis acu-
minatis racemis lateralibus feminibus patentibus. Flor.
Zeyl. 176. Banifieria with oblong, oval, pointed leaves,
' [pikes of flowers growing from the fide of the branches.,
and flp reading feeds. Acer fcandens foliis Citrei flore
caeruleo fpicato. Plum. Cat. 18.
6. Banisteria (. Aculeata ) foliis pinnatis, foliolis oblongis
obtufis, floribus fpicatis caule ramolo aculeato. Ba-
nifieria with winged leaves , whofle flmall leaves are oblong
and blunt, flowers growing in a flpike, and a prickly
branching Jlalk.
7. Banisteria ( Purpurea ) foliis pinnatis foliolis ovatis
fpicis lateralibus feminibus ereffis. Banifieria with
winged leaves , whofle flmall leaves are oval, flpikes of
flowers growing from the fide of the branches, and ere H
feeds. Banifieria foliis ovatis fpicis lateralibus femini-
bus eredlis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 427.
The firft grows naturally in Jamaica. This hath a
woody ftalk, which twills itfelf round the neighbour-
ing trees, and riles to their top. It is garnifned
with leaves as large as thofe of the Bay-tree, and of
the fame thicknefs, growing oppofite; the flowers are
produced in long branching fpikes at the ends of the
branches, which are yellow, compofed of five small
leaves ; thefe are fucceeded by two or three winged
feeds like thofe of the greater Maple.
The fecond fort grows naturally in Jamaica, at Cam-
peachy, and feveral other parts of America. This
hath fiender winding Talks, which rife five or fix feet
7
BAN
high, and are thinly garnifhed with oval fmooth
leaves •, the flowers grow in a round bunch at the
extremity of the branches, which are of a brownifti
yellow colour, -and are fucceeded by winged feeds
like the former, but fmaller, and have narrower
wings.
The third fort was fent me from Carthagena, where
it naturally grows. This fends out many branches,
which divide again into others, growing without
order, and become very bufliy upward, fending out
tendrils by which they fallen themfelves to the neigh-
bouring trees, and mount to a great height ; thefe
are garnifhed with oval ftiff leaves, ending in a point.
The flowers are produced in loofe fpikes at the ends
of the branches, which are firft of a gold colour, and
fade to a fcarlet. Thefe are fucceeded by feeds of 1
the fame fnape with the former, but are fiender, thin,
and for the moll part Angle.
The fourth fort was fent me from Campeachy, by
Mir. Robert Millar ; this hath many irregular climbing
ftalks, which fallen themfelves to the neighbourinp-
J 0 [O o
trees, and rife to a great height, garnifhed with oval
leaves, which are hairy on their under fide, where
they have many tranfverfe ribs. The flowers come
out thinly from the fide of the branches, which are.
of a pale yellow colour, and are fucceeded by large
winged feeds, which are double.
The fifth fort hath ftrong woody ftalks, which twine
about the trees which grow near it, and rifes twenty
feet high, garnifned with oblong pointed leaves like
thofe of the Bay-tree, growing oppofite j from the
w ings of the leaves the flowers are produced in loofe
fpikes, upon long foot-ftaiks, which are blue, and
are fucceeded by fiender winged feeds, which fpread
open from each other.
The-fixth fort was fent me from Tolu in New Spain,
where it grows naturally. This hath climbing ftalks,
which divide into many branches, garnifhed with
long winged leaves, compofed of about twenty pair
of fmall, oblong, blunt pinnae, each having a deep
furrow on the under fide. At the wings ot the leaves
the ftalks are armed with fnort ftrong fpines, a little
crooked. The flowers grow in long loofe fpikes at
the end of the branches, which are fucceeded by Angle
feeds, as large as thofe of the greater Maple.
The feventh fort hath ftrong ligneous ftalks, covered
with an Afh-coloured bark, and divide into many
branches, garnifhed with winged leaves, compofed
of five or fix pair of oval fmall leaves, nearly of the
fize with thofe of the common Acacia, but are whitifh
on their under fide ; from the wings of the leaves are
produced fiender bunches of flowers, growing in a
racemus like thofe of the Currant-bufh, of a purplifh
colour ; thefe are fucceeded by broad winged feeds,
growing erect. It was lent me from Campeachy,
where it grows naturally.
Thefe plants are all of them natives of warm coun-
tries, fo cannot be preferved in England, unlefs they
are kept in a bark-ftove. They are propagated by
feeds, which muft be procured from the countries
where they grow naturally. Thefe feeds ftiould be
fully ripe when gathered, and put into fand or earth,
in which they fhould be fent to England, otherwife
they will loofe their vegetative quality ; for from a
large parcel of thefe feeds which were fent over in
papers, as frefti as they could pofiibly arrive here,
there was very few plants raifed, and thofe did not
appear till the fecond year ; for thefe feeds are not
only in ffiape like thofe of the Maple, but alfo are of
the fame quality, requiring’ to be fown as boon as
pofiible when they are ripe, or preferved in fand' or
earth till they are fown, otherwife they rarely iucceed;
therefore when the feeds arrive, they fhould be im-
mediately fown in pots, and, if it happens in autumn
' or winter, the pots fhould be plunged into a hot-bed
of tanners bark, where the heat is very moderate,
and fecured from froft and wet, till fpring, when they
muft be removed to a frefh hot-bed, which will bring
up the plants ; but if they fhould not 'appeal* the firft
year, the pots fhould be preferved till the next fpring,
to
BAR
to fee If the feeds will grow. When the plants come
up, they mult be planted in feparate pots, filled with
light earth, and plunged into the bark-bed, after
which they muft.be treated like other tender plants
from, the fame countries.
BAOBOB. See Adansonia.
BARBA CAPRiE. See Spiraea.
B A R B A J O V I S. See Anthyllis.
BARBAREA. See Erysimum.
BAR DAN A. See Arctium.
BARLERIA.
The name was given to this genus of plants by fa-
ther Plunder, in honour of Jacobus Barelier, of Paris,
who was a famous botanift.
The Characters are,
It hath a •permanent emp alement , divided into four parts ,
two large and two fmaller , oppofite. 'The fiower is of the
lip kind , of one leaf funnel-fhaped , and divided into five
parts at the top ; the upper fegment being broad and eredl ,
the two fide ones narrower , and the under one which turns
downward is divided into two. It hath four fender fia-
mina , two of which are very fioort ; the two upper are
longer , crowned by oblong fummits. In the center is placed
the oval germen , fupporting a f ender ftyle , crowned by a
bifid ftigma. The germen afterward becomes -an oblong ,
quadrangular , membranaceous vejfel , with two cells , which
is very elajlic , containing two or three roundifh coraprejfed
feeds.
This genus of plants is by Dr. Linnaeus ranged in the
fecond order of his fourteenth clafs, titled Didy-
narnia Angiofpermia, whofe flowers have two long
and two fhort ftamina, and their feeds are included
in a capfule.
The Species are,
1. Barleria ( Solanifolia ) fpinis axillaribus foliis lan-
ceolatis denticulatis. Lin. Sp. 887. Barleria with fpines
cn the fide of the branches , and fpear-fioaped indented leaves.
Barleria aculeata folani folio anguftiore flore caeruleo.
Plum. N. G. 31.
2. Barleria ( Prionitis ) fpinis axillaribus quaternis foliis
integer rimis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 636. Barleria with fpines
growing by fours from the fide of the branches , and entire
leaves. Coletta-veetla. Hort. Mai. 9. p. 77.
3. Barleria ( Buxifolia ) fpinis axillaribus oppofltis fo-
litaris, foliis fubrotundis integerrimis. Lin. Sp. 887.
Barleria with fpines at the wings of the ftalf and roundifh
entire leaves. Barleria Americana fpinofiima frutefeens,
buxi folio par vo flore. Amrn. Herb. 104.
4. Barleria ( Coccinea ) inermis foliis ovatis denticulatis
petiolatis. Lin. Sp. 888. Barleria without fpines , and
oval indented leaves having foot-fialks. Barleria folani
folio, flore coccineo. Plum. Nov. Gen. 3 1.
The firft fort rifes with upright fquare ftalks three
feet high, garnifhed with two oblong entire leaves
at every joint j above which the flowers come out in
whorls furrounding the ftalks, and under each whorl
there are fix fharp fpines, which are as long as the
empalement of the flowers. Thefe joints are about
three inches diftance; the flowers are blue, and have
more of the form of the labiated flowers, than any
of the other fpecies. I received this from Pa-
nama.
The fecond fort has been long in the curious gardens
in Holland, but has not been many years 'in this
country. This fends out many {lender Items from
the root, which rife eight or nine feet high, garnifhed
with oval pointed leaves, two growing oppofite at
each joint, which are attended by four long fpines
Handing crofs-ways. This plant hath not as yet flow-
ered in England, though there are large plants of it
in the Chelfea garden.
The third fort hath fhrubby ftalks which rife five or
fix feet high, garnifhed with roundifh entire leaves
placed oppofite, under which are placed ftrong fpines;
the flowers are produced in whorls toward the upper
part of the ftalk ; thefe are fucceeded by fhort feed-
vefiels, containing three or four flat feeds.' This grows
naturally in Jamaica.
The fourth fort grows naturally in the warm parts of
America. The ftalks of this are fmooth ; they rife
BAR
four feet high, are garnifhed with two oval indented
leaves Handing oppofite ; the flowers are fcarlet, and
are placed in whorls at the joints of the ftalks ; thefe
appear in July, Auguft, and September, and are
fucceeded by fhort pods inclofing flat feeds.
The roots of the firft fort will continue three or four
years, but after the feeond year, the plants grow too
rambling, and the lower part of the branches are
naked, fo are not fo lightly as the young plants ;
therefore a fucceiiion of theft fhould be raifed, and
the old ones turned out. They are propagated by
feeds, which will fow themfelves in the pots which
are near them in the ftove, when the plants are
once obtained ; but where the feeds are received from
abroad, they muft be fown upon a hot-bed in the
fpring ; and when the plants are fit to remove, they
muft be each planted in a feparate pot, and plunged
into a hot-bed of tanners bark, where they muft con-
ftantly remain, and managed in the ftrne manner as
other tender exotics from the fame countries ; giving
them water frequently in fummer, and letting the
frefh air to them everyday in warm weather, but in
winter they fhould have Ids water and be kept warm.
They flower from June to November, a ,d their feeds
ripen fQon after.
The feebnd fort hath flexible perennial Halits, which
if cut off during the fummer months, and made Into
lengths of fix or eight inches, and planted in pots*
plunging them into a hot-bed, and duly watered and
fhaded from the fan, will foon put out roots, io may
be planted each in a Email pop and plunged into the
tan-bed in the ftove ; for although this fort may be
kept in a dry ftove through the winter, yet die plants
will not grow near fo fall, nor will their leaves be fo
large as thofe which are plunged into bark. By this
method the plants may be propagated in plenty, but
as they rarely produce flowers in England, fo two
or three plants will be fufficient to maintain the
fpecies.
The third and fourth forts will produce feeds in Eng-
land, provided the plants are kept in the tan-bed in
the ftove, fo thefe may be propagated by feeds,
which fhould be fown in the hot-bed, and the plants
afterward treated in the fame manner as the firft
fort.
BAROMETER [fr oin Eciip©^, a weight, and firpovy
a meafure,] is an mftrument or machine for meafur-
ing the weight of the atmofphere, or the minute vari-
ation of the weight or prefftire of the incumbent air,
in order to determine the changes of weather.
This machine is founded on the Torricellian experi-
ment, fo called, from the inventor Torricellius.
1. It conflfts of a long tube of glafs, hermetically
fealed at one end ; and being filled with quiekfilver,
is inverted fo as to have one end of it immerged in a
bafon of ftagnant quiekfilver, and the other, herme-
tically fealed, which is expofed to the preimre of the
outward air ; out of which open end (after fuch im-
merfion) the quiekfilver in the tube being fuffered to
run as much as it will into the ftagnant quiekfilver, in
which that mouth or open end is immerfed, there is
wont to remain a cylinder of quiekfilver fufpended in
the tube, about twenty-eight, twenty-nine, or thirty
inches high, meafuring from the furface of the ftag-
nant quiekfilver perpendicularly; but more or lefs
within fuch limits, according as the weight or pref-
fure of the air incumbent on the external ftagnant
quiekfilver expofed to it, is greater or lefler, leaving
the upper part of the tube void, or at leaft empty of
common air.
The phenomena of the barometer are various, and
the caufes affigned for them, by Teveral authors,, as
various ; nor is the ufe of it in predicting the wea-
ther, yet perfectly afeertained.
The greateft height the pnercljfy has been known to
ftand at in London, is ’thirty inches three-eighths, and
its leaft, twenty-eight inches : and though, as Mr*
Boyle obferves, the phenomena of the barometer are
fo very precarious, that it is very difficult to form
any general rules about the rife and fall thereof, fince
itt
BAR
in that which feems to hold moft univerfally, viz.
that when the high winds blow, the mercury is the
lower, they iometimes fail, yet the following obfer-
vations have been made by feveral authors.
Dr. Halley obferves, that in calm weather, when
the air is inclined to rain, the mercury is continually
love •, in ferene good fettled weather, high.
That on great winds, though unaccompanied with
rain, the mercury is lowed of all, with regard to the
point of the compafs the wind blows on •, that, ce-
teris paribus , the greateft heights of the mercury are
on eafterly and north-eafterly winds •, that after great
ftorms of wind, when the mercury has been low, it
rifes again very faft.
That in calm frofty weather it hands high.
That the more northerly places find greater altera-
tions than the more fouthern ; and that within the
tropics, and near them, there is little or no variation
of the mercury at all.
Dr. B^al obferves, that, cateris paribus , the mercury
is higher in cold weather than in warm, and ufually
higher in morning and evening than at mid-day.
That the mercury is higher in fettled and fair weather,
than either a little before, or after, or in the rain ;
and that it generally defeends lower after rain, than
it was before it-, if it chance to rife higher after rain,
it is generally followed by a fettled ferenity.
That there are frequently great changes in the air,
without any perceptible alterations in the barometer.
As to the predidtions from the barometer. Dr. Hal-
ley lias found,
That the riling of the mercury forebodes fair weather
after foul, and an eafterly or north-eafterly wind.
That the falling of the mercury portends foutherly
or wefterly winds, with rains, or ftormy winds, or
both.
That in a ftorm the mercury beginning to rife, is a
pretty fure fign that it begins to abate.
Mr. Patrick obferves, that the falling of the mercury
in hot weather prefages thunder ; that when foul wea-
ther happens after the fall of the mercury, it leldom
holds long ; and the fame is obferved, if .fair weather
fucceeds prefently after its rife.
Hence Mr. Pointer conceives, that the principal
caufe of the rife and fall of the mercury, is from the
variable winds which are found in the temperate
zones, and whofe great inconftancy here in England
is moft notorious.
A fecond caufe he takes to be, the uncertain exha-
lation and perfpiration of the vapours lodging in the
air, whereby it comes to be at one time much more
crowded than at another, and confequently heavier ;
but this latter, in a great meafure, depends upon the
former.
And from thefe principles, he endeavours to explain
the feveral phrenomena of the barometer,
i. The mercury’s being low, inclines it to rain; be-
caufe the dir being light, the vapours are no longer
fupported thereby, being become fpecifically heavier
than the medium wherein they are floated; lo that
they defeend towards the earth, and in their fall, meet-
ing with other aqueous particles, they incorporate
together, and form little drops or rain -, but the mer-
cury’s being at one time lower than another, is the
effedt of two contrary winds blowing from the place
where the barometer (lands, whereby the air of that
place is carried both ways from it, and. confequently
the incumbent cylinder of air is diminilhed, and ac-
cordingly the mercury finks. As for inftance, if in
the German ocean it ftiould blow a gale of wefterly
wind, and at the fame time an eafterly wind in the
Irifti fea ; or if in France it ftiould blow a northerly
wind, and in Scotland a foutherly, it muft be grant-
ed, that that part of the atmofphere impendent over
England, would thereby be exhaufted and atte-
nuated, and the mercury would fubfide and the
vapours which before floated in thofe parts of the air, ‘
-of equal gravity with tnemfelves, would fink to the
earth.
,a. The greater height of the barometer is occafioned
BAR
by two contrary winds blowing towards the place of
obfervation, whereby the air of other places is brought
thither and accumulated ; fo that the incumbent cy-
linder of air being increafed both in height and
weight, the mercury preffed thereby muft needs rife
and (land high, as long as the winds continue fo to
blow ; and then the , air being fpecifically heavier, the
vapours are better kept fufpended, fo that they hav®
no inclination to precipitate and fall clown in drops,
which is the reafon of the ferene good weather, which
attends the greater heights of the mercury.
3. ' The mercury finks the lowed of all by the very
rapid motion of the air in ftorms of winds.
For the trad of the region of the earth’s furface,
wherein thefe winds rage, not extending all round
the globe, that ftagnant air which is left behind, as
likewife that on the hides, cannot come in fo faft as to
fupply the evacuation made by fo fwift a current ; fo
that the air muft neceffarily be attenuated when and
where the faid winds continue to blow, and that more
or lefs, according to their violence : add to which,
that the horizontal motion of the air being fo quick as
it is, may, in all probability, take off fome part of
the perpendicular preffure thereof ; and the great agi-
tation of its particles is the reafon why the vapours are
diffipated, and do not condenfe into drops, fo as to
form rain, otherwife the natural confequence of the
air’s rarefadtion.
4. The mercury Hands the higheft upon an eafterly
or north-eafterly wind ; becaufe ? in the great Atlan-
tic ocean, oh this fide the thirty-fifth degree of north
latitude, the wefterly and fouth-weflerly winds blow
almoft always trade : fo that whenever here the winds
come up at eaft and north-eaft, it is Eire to be checked
by a contrary gale as foon as it reaches the ocean :
wherefore, according to what is made out in the fe-
cond remark, the air muft needs be heaped over this
ifland, and confequently, the mercury muft (land
high, as often as thefe winds blow.
5. In calm frofty weather, the mercury generally
(lands high, becaufe, as he conceives, it feldom freezes
but when the winds come out of the northern or
north-eaftern quarters, or at lead, unlefs thofe winds
blow at no great difcance off.
For the northern parts of Germany, Denmark, Swe-
den, Norway, and all that trad, from whence north-
eaftern winds come, are fubjedt to almoft continual
froft all the winter, and thereby the lower air is very
much condenfed, and in that (late is brought hither-
ward by thofe winds ; and, being accumulated by
the oppofition of the wefterly wind blowing in the
ocean, the mercury muft needs be preffed to a more
ordinary height; and, as a concurring caufe, the
(hrinking of the lower parts of the air into leffer room
by cold, muft needs caufe a defeent of the upper parts
of the atmofphere, to reduce the cavity made by this
contradlion to an equilibrium.
6. After great ftorms of winds, when the mercury
has been very low, it generally rifes again very faft :
he fays, he once obferved it to rife an inch and a half
in lefs than fix hours, after a long continued dorm of
fouth-weft wind.
The reafon is, becaufe the air being very much rare-
fied by the great evacuations that fuch continued
' ftorms make thereof, the neighbouring air runs in
more fwiftly, to bring it to an equilibrium, as we fee
water runs the fader for having a greater declivity.
7. The variations are greater in the more northerly
places, as at Stockholm greater than at Paris [com-
pared by Mr. Pafchal ;] becaufe the more northerly .
parts have ufually greater ftorms of wind than the more
foutherly, whereby the mercury fhould fink lower in
that extreme ; and then the northerly winds bringing
the condenfed and ponderous air from the neighbour-
hood of the pole, and that again being checked by a
foutherly wind, at no great diftance, and fo heaped
up, muft of neceffity, make the mercury in fuch cafe
(land higher in the other extreme.
8. This remark, that, there is little or no variation
near the equinoctial, does, above all others, confirm „
the
the hypothecs of the ■variable winds beirfg the caufe
of thefe variations of the height of the mercury ■, for
in the places above-named, there is always an eafy gale
of wind, blowing nearly upon the fame point, viz.
E. N. E. at Barbadoes, and E. S. E. at St. Helena ;
fo that there being no contrary currents of the air to
exhauft or accumulate it, the atmofphere continues
much in the fame ftate.
Mr. Patrick gives us the following rules and obfer-
vations for the rifing and falling of the mercury, in
order to foreknow the weather by the barometer.
1. It has been obferved, that the motion of the mer-
cury does not exceed three inches in its rifing or fall-
ing in the barometer of the common form.
2. That its leaft alterations are to be minded, in or-
der to the right finding of the weather by it.
3. The rifing of the mercury prefages in general fair
weather, and its falling, foul, as rain, (now, high
winds, and ftorms.
4. In very hot weather, the falling of the mercury
forefhews thunder.
5. In winter, the rifing of the mercury prefages froft ;
and in frofty weather, if the mercury falls three or
four degrees, there will certainly follow a thaw ; but
if the mercury rifes in a continued froft, it will cer-
tainly fnow.
6. When foul weather happens foon after the falling
of the mercury, you may expeCt but little of it ■, and
you may judge the fame, when the weather proves
fair flaortly after the mercury has rifen.
7. When the mercury rifes much and high in foul
weather, and continues fo for two or three days before
the foul weather is over, you may expecft a continu-
ance of fair weather to follow.
8. When the mercury falls much and low in fair
weather, and continues fo for two or three days be-
fore the rain comes, then you may expeCt a great deal
of wet, and probably high winds.
9. The unfettled motion of the mercury denotes un-
certain and changeable weather.
10. You are not fo ftridtly to mind the words engraven
on the plates, though for the moft part they will
agree with them, as the rifing and falling of the mer-
cury *, for if it ftands at much rain, and rifes up to
changeable, it prefages fair weather, although not
to continue fo long as it would have done, if the
mercury were higher, and fo on the contrary.
Thefe rules and obfervations are fufficient to inftrudt
perfons who are unacquainted with this inftrument,
how to make their obfervations ; and with conftantly
remarking what alterations happen in the weather on
the variations of the mercury, a perfon may nearly
predidt the great alterations of the weather a day or
two before they happen, which is frequently of great
- ufe to the gardener and farmer, but particularly to
the latter, who may begin to mow his grafs when he
finds there is a profpedt of fair weather, or poftpone
it a few days until he forefeps a likelihood of fuch.
The fame alfo may be of great moment in reaping
his corn, as alfo in fowing his grain, and moft of his
other bufinefs. Therefore the ufe of this inftrument
fhould be more generally known by the practical far-
mer and gardener.
BART RAMI A. See Triumfetta.
B A S E L L A, or climbing Nightfhade from Malabar.
The Characters are,
1 ’The flower hath no empalement •, it is /hoped like a
pitcher , fieflhy at the bafe and fuelling , but clofled toward
the brim , where it is divided into fix parts, two of which
are larger than the others. It hath five awl-Jhaped
fliamina , which are equal , flaftened to the petal , crowned
with roundijh fummits. flhe globular gerrnen , which is
fituated in the center , fupports three fender fiylcs , crowned
by oblong fiigma. Rhe pet ad of the flower remains , and
inclofes a roundijh fi.efjy berry , including one round feed.
This genus of plants is ranged in the third fedftion
of Linnaeus’s fifth clafs, entitled Pentandria T rigynia,
the flower having five ftarnina and three ftyles.
The Species are,
x. Basella (Rubra) folks pianis, pedunculis fimplici-
* :
" bus. Lin. Sp. 59a. Bafella with plain leaves and -finrpU
foot-ftalks. Cufcuta folks fubcordatis. Hort. Clink
39. Climbing Nightfhade.
•2. Basella (Alba) folks ovatis undatis, pedunculis fini»
plicibus folio longioribus. Lin. Sp. 390. Bafella with
oval waved leaves , and foot-folks longer than the leaf..
Bafella Siniea, folks & cauiibus viridibus minus fuc-
culentibus fruCtu minore. JuiT.
The firft fort has thick, ftrong, fucculent ftalks and
leaves, which are of a deep purple colour. The
plant requires to be fupported, for it will climb to the
height of eight or ten feet, when the plants are kept
in a ftove or glafs-cafe, and produce a great number
of fide branches : but if they 1 are expofed to the open
air, they will not grow fo large, nor will they perftdt
their feeds, except it be in very warm feafons when
they are placed in the bark-ftove, they will often live
through the winter, and produce great quantities of
flowers and feeds. The flowers of this plant have
no great beauty, but the plant is preferved for the odd-
appearance of the ftalks and leaves.
The feeds of the fecond fort I received from Dr<-
Juffieu of Paris, from whence I have obtained two
varieties •, one of which hath purple ftalks and leaves,
and the other hath leaves variegated with white ; but
both of them retain their fmall ftalks, and oblong
flaccid leaves, fmaller flowers and fruit, in which
they effentially differ from the firft.
Thefe plants are propagated by feeds, which mould
be fown in a hot-bed in the fpring ; and when the
plants are fit to remove, they fhould be each planted
into a feparate pot filled with rich earth, and plunged
into the tan-bed, where they muft be treated in the '
fame manner as other tender exotics. They may alfo
be propagated by cuttings, which fhould be laid to
dry a day or two after they are taken from the plants,
before they are planted, that the wound may heal,
otherwife they will rot. Thefe cuttings muft be plant-
ed into pots filled with light frefh earth, and plunged
into a moderate hot-bed of tanners bark, where they
will take root in a fortnight or three weeks time, when
they fhould be treated in the fame manner as the feed-
ling plants. But as thefe rife fo eafily from feeds, it
is feldom they are propagated any other way, becaufe
they are plants of fhort duration. Thefe flower from
June to autumn, and the feeds ripen in September
and December.
Thefe plants will climb to a confiderable height, and
fend forth a great number of branches, fo that they
fhould have a place near the back of the ftove, where
they may be trained up to a trellife, or fattened to the
back of the ftove, otherwife they will twift them-
felves about whatever plants ftand near them, and
be very injurious to the other plants ; whereas, when
they are regularly trained to a trellife, they will have
a good effect in adding to the variety. -
From the berries of the firft fort, I have feen a beau-
tiful colour drawn, but when ufed for painting, did
not continue very long, but changed to a pale colour - 3
though I believe there might be a method invented,
■whereby this beautiful colour might be fixed, fo as to
become very ufeful ; for I have been affured, that
the juice of thefe berries has been ufed for flaming
of callicoes in India.
BASILIC U M, or BASIL. See Ocymum.
BASONS or fountains, &c. which ferve either for
the ornament or ufe of gardens, are made in divers
forms, fome round, feme oblong or oval, others
fquare, oCtangular, &c. but their moft common form
is circular ; and, if the, ground will permit, the larger
they are the better; and when they exceed in fize,
they are called pieces of water, canals, fifh ponds,
pools, and refervoirs.
In making thefe, care ought to be taken to avoid
both the extremes, and not to make them either too
big or too little, that a water work may not take
up the beft part of a fmall fpot of ground 5 nor to
make too little a bafon in a large fpot. This muft
entirely on the judgment of the defigner of
the garden.
I i Some-
A
BAS
Some would have the fize of a bafon to be proper-
tioned to the jet d 5 Eau, that the water thrown up in
the air, may not, by being blown by the air, be car-
ried beyond the edge of the bafon, but all fall down
without wetting the walk.
As to the depth of bafons it is ufually from two to
three feet, this depth being Efficient to fecure the
bottom of the bafons from froft, and to dip watering
pots.
But if they are to ferve for refervoirs, or to keep Mi
in, then they may be made four or live feet deep,
which will both hold water enough, and be deep
.enough for the hill to breed in, and alfo to bear a
boat.
Deeper than this they need not be, and if they were
deeper, they would be dangerous as to the drowning
of perfons who might chance to fall in.
In making bafons, great care ought to be taken in
making them at firft ; for the water always naturally
endeavouring to run away, and by its weight and
p re Eure in a bafon, making its way out at the leaft
cranny, it will grow conftantly bigger and bigger ^ fo
that if it be not well made at firft, it will be very dif-
ficult to repair it.
Bafons are made either with clay, cement, or lead ;
they are moft ufually made of clay •, in making fuch,
at the marking out the dimenfions, the diameter
ought to be four feet bigger on each fide, yet the
bafon will not be the wider, for it will be taken up
with the walls on each fide ; and the clay- work, which
is to fill the fpace between •, the bafon mu ft alfo be
dug two feet deeper than the depth of the water is
defigned to be, becaufe it is to be laid pver eighteen
inches thick with clay, and fix inches with gravel and
paving.
The clay ought to be well wrought with the hands
and water, and when it is fpread, fhould be trodden
in with the naked feet, that the water of the bafon
may not dilute through it, and the roots of any trees
that may grow near, may not penetrate into the out-
ward wall, which may be made of fhards, rubble, or
flints, with mortar made of the natural earth, and is
called the ground wall, becaufe it is only made to re-
fill the prefifure of the ground about it. The inward
wall ought to be made with good rubble ftones that
will not fcale and come off in flafhes in the water, or
elfe of flints and ftones from the hills, which will
make durable work, but will not look fo neat as the
pointed rubble •, and there ought to be laid here and
there ftones, the thicknefs of the wall, to render it
the more fubftantial.
The method of making bafons of cement is as fol-
lows : after you have marked out the dimenfions of
the bafon, as before, if you enlarge it one foot nine
inches, it will be fufficient, and the fame depth deeper
at the bottom will be enough.
This being done, you muft begin to back up and
raife againft the ground ; cut perpendicularly a wall
of mafonry a foot thick, which muft go to the bot-
tom, and fhould be built with fhards and rubble ftones
laid in mortar of lime and fand.
When the wall is finifhed round the circumference,
then the bottom is to be wrought a foot thick with
the fame materials j and the folid work or lining of
cement is to be backed up againft the walls nine
inches thick, including the plaftering and inward fur-
lace. This folid ought to be made of fmall flints,
laid in beds of mortar made of lime and cement.
When this folid is eight inches thick, it ought to be
plaftered over the whole furface of the bottom 'with
cement well fifted before it be tempered with lime •,
and with this it fhould be wrought over fmooth with
the trowel.
The proportion of this cement fhould be two thirds
-of cement or powdered tile to one third of lime.
This cement has the property to harden fo under wa-
ter, that it will be as hard as (tone or marble, and
the body will be fo folid as never to decay.
After the finiffiing of the bafon, the plaftering fhould
be for four or five days fucceffively anointed over with
BAS
oil, or bullock’s blood, to prevent it from cracking
or flawing this being done, the water fhould be let
into the bafon as foon as may be.
Thofe bafons which are made of lead, are to be thus
wrought ^ the outlines ought to be enlarged one foot
of a fide, and digged half a foot deeper than the ba-
fon is to be.
The wall muft be made a foot thick, that it may be
able to bear up againft the earth lying againft it j but
the bottom wilf not require to be more than half a
foot thick.
Thefe walls muft be built in rubble laid in mortar all
of plafter, becaufe the lime v/ill eat the lead, and then
the lead muft be laid on the walls and bottom, and
be beamed with folder.
But bafons of lead are not much in ufe, becaufe of
their great charge in making, and the danger of the
lead being fcolen.
Great care ought to be taken to keep the upper edge
and fuperficies of a bafon upon a level, that the wa-
ter may cover all the walls equally.
As to the waile pipes of bafons, whether at the bot-
tom or fuperficies, they ought not to be made too
fmall, left they fhould be choked, notwithftanding the
cawls that are drawn before them.
When this wafte water is only to be loft in finks and
common fewers, it is carried away in drains or earthen
pipes •, but when it ferves to pi y the bafons that lie
below it, it muft pafs through leaden pipes.
Thefe bafons are now pretty generally rejected by per-
fons of good tafte, as being no ways ornamental ;
therefore where there is a neceffity to make refervoirs
for water for the ufe of gardens, they are commonly-
dug in the loweft part of gardens, or where the fpot
is moft convenient for receiving the water, which may
run from the adjacent grounds in hard rains thefe
ponds fhould have their fides made very eafy, for, if
they are too upright, the earth frequently breaks down
by the water waffling, and making it hollow below ;
the Aides and bottoms of thefe ponds fhould be laid
nine or ten inches thick with well wrought clay ; and,
as the clay is finifhed, it fhould be well covered to
prevent the fun and wind from cracking it before the
water is let in. The figures of thefe ponds fhould
not be regular, for the fhape of the hollow, where
they are made, fhould be followed, which will fave
expence, and have a better appearance.
BASTERIA. Nov. Gen. All-fpice.
As this plant had no proper title given to it, I have
given it this in honour of my worthy friend Dr. Job
Bafter, F. R. S. of Zurich Zee, in Elolland, who is
a gentleman well fkilled in botany, and has a fine
garden ftored with rare plants, of which he is very-
communicative to his friends, as I have many years
experienced.
The Characters are.
The emp dement cf the flower is Jhort , of me leaf, and
cut into five narrow fiegments at the top. It hath a dou-
ble feries of narrow petals , which fpread open , and turn
inward at their extremity. Under the receptacle is Jiiu-
ated an oval germen, having no ftyle , but five fiigma refil-
ing upon it, and is furreunded by many jh<rrt ftamina y
crowned by obtufie fiummits. The germen afterward be-
comes a rGundifh fruit , ccmprejfed at both ends , having
cells , containing oblong feeds.
We have but one Species of this genus at prefent
in England, which is,
Basteria folds ovatis oppofifis, floribus lateralibus
caule fruticofo ramofo. Bafteria with oval leaves placed
oppofite, flowers coming from the fides of the ftalks, and a
branching fhrubby ftalk. Frutex Corni foliis conjugatis
floribus Anemones ftellatas, petalis craffis rigidis ^co-
lore fordide rubente, cortice Aromatico. Catefb. Hift.
Carol. Yol. I. p. 46. commonly called in Carolina All-
fpice.
This ffirub grows naturally in America. Mr. Catefby,
who firft introduced it into the Engliffi gardens, pro-
cured it from the continent, fome hundred miles on
the back of Charles Town, in Carolina.
It
l
B A U
BAt j
B
It feldom rifes more than four feet high in this coun-
try, dividing into many {lender branches near the
ground, which are garnifhed with two oval leaves
placed oppofite at every joint, which are entire 5 thefe
have fhort foot-fcalks •, the flowers grow Angle at the
extremity of the foot-ftalk, which comes out from
the wings of the leaves j they have two feries of nar-
row thick petals, which fpread open, and turn inward
at the top, like thofe of the Starry Anemone, or the
Virgin’s Bower : thefe are of a fullen purple colour,
and have a difagreeable fcent ; they appear in May.
The embryo fits beneath the flower, and fupports Ave
ftigma ; this afterward appears to have Ave cells, but
it never comes to perfeftion in this country, therefore
I can only give a defcription of it from an imperfeff
rudiment, which a few years paft, was fairer than any
I had before feen. The bark of this fhrub is brown,
and has a very ftrong aromatic fcent ; from whence
the inhabitants of Carolina gave it the title of All-
fpice, by which it is generally known in the nurferies
near London.
This fhrub will thrive in the open air in England, if
it is planted in a warm Atuation and a dry foil. It is
propagated by laying down the young branches, which
will take root in one year, and may then be taken
from the mother plant, and planted where they are
deflgned to remain, for they do not bear tranfplanting
well, after they are grown to any Aze. When the
layers are tranfplanted, the furface of the ground
Ihould be covered with mulch, to prevent the drying
winds from penetrating the ground to their roots j
and if the feafon proves dry, they muft be watered
once a week, but Ihould not have too much wet, for
that will rot their tender Abres.
The belt time for laying down the branches, is in the
autumn, but they fhould not be tranfplanted till the
fpring twelve months after, for the fpring is the fafeft
time to remove thefe plants. After the branches are
laid down, there fhould be fome old tanners bark
laid upon the furface of the ground, to keep out the
froft, which ihould alfb be done every winter, wdflle
the plants are young, which will prevent the froft
from penetrating to their root, and thereby fecure
them.
This plant was veiy fcarce in England, till within a
few years paft, that many of them have been brought
from Carolina, where they have been greatly increafed
in the gardens near Charles Town.
Dr. Kempfer has given a flgure and defcription of a
plant, in his Amcenitates Exoticarum, which feems
to be of this genus ; but he mentions the fruit to be
compofed of eight cells ; whereas, fo far as I have
been able to examine this, it appears to have but Ave ;
however, the flower and general ftruAure of the
plant, agrees very well with this, but I fuppofe it to
be a diftind fpecies, the leaves of this being much
longer, and the flowers ftand upon naked foot-ftalks ;
whereas thofe of our fort have commonly two An all
leaves, which are narrower, and more pointed than
thofe upon the branches : but I And Dr. Linmeus and
Monfieur Du Hamel, both fuppofe they are the fame
plant.
After I had given a flgure of this plant, in plate LX.
of my Figures of Plants, I received Monfieur Du Ha-
mePs book of the trees and ihrubs, which will grow
in the open air about Paris, in which he has given a
bad flgure of tnis plant, under the title of Butneria j
but as my plate was flrft publiftied, and I was not ap-
pnfed of his title, I have continued my title to it ;
not from any attachment to it, as being my own, but
rather to avoid confuflon, which muft attend the fre-
quent alteration of the names of plants, which is too
much in fafhion at prefent.
AUHINIA, Mountain Ebony, vulgo. This plant
was fo named by father Plumier, in honour of the
two famous botanifts, John and CaiDar Bauhin.
The Ch aracters are,
^he empalement of the flower is permanent, bibulous , cf
one leap, and cut into jive parts at the top the flower
is compofed of five petals, which in fane fpecies are fpear-
1.
2.
3 -
Jhdped , waved and reflexed , but in others roundifi
concave : it hath ten ftaimna, which are of unequal lengths ,*
fome of thefe are crowned by oval fumniits, but other /have
none. c £'he oblong germen fits upon the foot-jialk, fipport-
ing a j, lender declining ftyle , which turns upward at the
point , crowned by an obivfe ftigma ; the germed after-
ward becomes along taper pod, inclofing a* row of roundiflo
comprejfed feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the Arft fedlon of
Linnaeus’s tenth clafs, entitled Decandria Monogynia,
the flower having ten ftamina and one ftyle.
The Species are,
B AUHiNiA ( Aculeata ) caule . aculeate?. Hort. Cliff-
156. Bauhmia with a prickly flalk. Bauhinia aculeata
folio rotundo emarginato. Plum. Nov. Gen. 23.
Bauhinia (flomentofa) folds cordaiis, lobis femiof-
biculatis tomeniofls. Lin. Sp. 536. Bauhinia with
heart-fihaped leaves, and femiorbicular woolly lobes. Bau-
hinia flare luteo fpicato folio fubrotundo bicorni.
Houft.
Bauhinia ( Acuminata ) folds ovatis lobis acuminafis
femi-ovatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 375 - Bauhinia with oval
leaves, and pointed lobes which are half oval. Bauhi-
nia non aculeata folio ampliori & bicornd Plum. Now-
Gen. 23.
4. Bauhinia ( Unguhta ) folds, lobis parallelis. Lin. Sp,
535. Bauhinia with oval leaves , whofe lobes are parallel.
Bauhinia non aculeata folio nervofo bicorni, floribus
• albicantibus. Houft.
5. Bauhinia ( Emarginata ) caule aculeato, folds corda-
tis lobis orbiculatis, fubtus tomentoAs. Bauhinia with
a prickly flalk, and heart fioaped leaves with round lobes ,
which are woolly on their under fide. Bauhinia acu-
leata folio rotundo emarginato flore magno albo.
Houft,
6. Bauhinia ( Purpurea ) folio fubcordatis bipartite; ro-
tundatis, fubtus tomentoAs. Lin. Sp. 536. Bauhinia
with almofl heart-floaped leaves divided in two roundifh
lobes woolly on their under fide. Bauhinia non aculeata
folio fubrotundo bicorni, floribus albis. Houft.
7. Bauhinia ( Rotundata ) foliis fubcordatis bipartitis ro-
tundafis caule aculeato, floribus fparfts. Bauhinia with
heart-floaped, bifid, rounded leaves , a prickly flalk , and
flowers growing fparfly. Bauhinia aculeata foliis fubro-
tundis bicornis flore magno albo. Houft.
8. Bauhinia ( Variegata ) foliis ccrdatis lobis coadunatis
obtufis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 375. Bauhinia with heart-
floaped leaves , and cbtufe lobes which join together. Clio-
vanna-mandaru. Hort. Mai. 1. p. 57.
9. Bauhinia (Scandens) caule cirrhifero. Lin. Sp. Plant.
374. Bauhinia with a flalk having tendrils.
10. Bauhinia ( Divaricata ) foliis ovatis lobis divarica-
tis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 374. Bauhinia with oval leaves
whofe lobes fpread different ways. Bauhinia foliis quin-
quenerviis laciniis acuminatis remotMimis. Hort.
Cliff. 156.
The Arft fort grows plentifully in Jamaica, and the’
other fugar iflands in America, where it rifes to the
height of Axteen or eighteen feet, with a crooked
ftem, and divides into many irregular branches, armed
with fhort ftrong fpines, garnilhed with compound
winged leaves, each having, two or three pair of
lobes, ending with an odd one, which are oblique,
blunt, and indented at the top. The ftalks are ter-
minated by feveral long fpikes of yellow flowers,
which are fucceeded by bordered pods, about three
inches long, which contain two or three fwelling feeds.
Thefe pods are glutinous, and have a ftrong bal-
famic Icent, as have alfo the leaves when bruifed.
It is called in America, the Indian Savin-tree, from
its ftrong odour, fomewhat refembling the common
O * °
bavin.
The fecond fort was fent me from Campeachy, in
1730, by the late Dr. Houfton, where he found it
growing naturally. This rifes to the height of twelve
or fourteen feet, with a fmooth ftem, dividing into-
many branches, garnifhed with heart-fhaped leaves,
having two fmooth-pointed lobes ; the extremity of
every branch is terminated by a long fpike of yellow
flowers, fo that when thefe trees are in flower, they
make
B A U
ftislcc a fine appearance. The pods are dwelling, and
about , five inches long, each containing five or 'fix
roundifh com prelied feeds.
The third fort grows naturally in both Indies, where
it riles with feveral pretty ftrong, upright, imooth
items, fending out many flender branches, garnifhed
with oval leaves, deeply divided into two lobes. The
leaves come out without order, and have long foot-
ftalks, but are much thinner than thofe of the ipecies
before-mentioned. The flowers come out at the
extremity of the branches, three or four in a loofe
bunch the petals are red, or ftriped with white,
others are plain upon the fame branch ; the ftamina
and ftyle are white, and ftand out beyond the petals.
Thefe flowers are fucceeded by long flat pods of a
dark brown colour, each containing five or fix
roundifh compreffed feeds. The wood of this tree
is' very hard, and veined with black, from whence
the inhabitants of America call it Mountain Ebony.
The fourth fort grows naturally at Campeachy, from
whence I received the feeds. This riles to the height
of twenty feet, with a fmooth item, dividing into
many fmall branches, garnifhed with oblong, heart-
fhaped leaves, having two pointed parallel lobes,
which have each three longitudinal veins. The leaves
are placed alternately on the branches, which are
terminated by loofe bunches of white flowers •, thefe
are fucceeded by very long narrow compreffed pods,
which have eight or ten compreffed roundifh feeds
in each.
The fifth fort was fent me from Carthagena, in New
Spain, where it grows in plenty. This feldom rifes
more than ten feet high, dividing into many irregular
branches, armed with fhort crooked fpines ; the
leaves grow alternate, are heart- Ah aped, and have two
roundifh lobes •, they are woolly on their under fide,
and have fhort foot-ftalks. The flowers grow at the
extremity of the branches, two or three together ;
thefe are large, and of a dirty white colour, and are
fucceeded by fhort fiat pods, each containing two or
three feeds.
The fixth fort grows naturally at La Vera Cruz.
This rifes to the height of twenty-five, or thirty feet,
with. many irregular items, which divide into many
flender branches ; garnifhed with heart-fhaped leaves,
having two roundifh lobes. The flowers come out
in loofe fpikes at every joint from the wings of the
leaves, with naked foot-ftalks, and are of a dirty
white colour, and are fucceeded by oblong com-
preffed pods, which are broadeft at their extremity,
where they are rounded, each containing three or four
compreffed feeds. s
The feventh fort grows naturally at Carthagena, in
New Spain. This rifes twenty feet high, with a ftrong
upright item, which fends out many branches toward
the top ; armed with fpines growing by pairs, which
are ftrong and crooked. The leaves are heart-fhaped
and grow alternately, having two rounded lob.es.
The flowers are large and white, coming out thinly
at the ends 'of the branches. The petals of thefe are
near two inches long, and ipread open wide ; the fta-
mina and ftyle are nearly of the fame length. The
flowers are fucceeded by long flat pods, which are
narrow, each containing five or fix feeds.
The eighth fort grows naturally in both Indies. This
rifes with a ftrong item, upward of twenty feet high,
dividing into many ftrong branches, garnifhed with
heart-fhaped leaves, having obtufe lobes which clofe
together. The flowers are large and grow in looie
panicles ; at the extremity of the branches, of a
purplilli red colour, marked with white, and have a
yellow bottom. Thefe have a very agreeable fcent.
The flowers are fucceeded by compreffed pods, about
fix inches long, and three quarters of an inch broad,
containing three or four compreffed feeds in each.
The ninth fort grows naturally in both Indies, where
it rifes with many flender ftalks, which put out ten-
drils, and fatten themfelves to the neighbouring trees,
whereby they rife to a great height ; the leaves come
cat alternately, are 'heart-fhaped, {landing upon long
B E L
foot-ftalks , thefe are .fix inches long, and three inches
and a half broad in the middle, and are deeply cut
into two pointed lobes, each having three prominent
ribs running longitudinally. This hath not produced
flowers in England, nor had I any account of them
with the feeds, which were lent me from Casi-
peaehyt
The tenth fort grows naturally in great plenty on the
north fide of the ifland of Jamaica. This is a low
flirub, feldom riling more than five or fix feet high,
but divides into feveral branches, garnifhed with oval
leaves, divided into two lobes, which Ipread’ from
each other. The flowers grow in loofe panicles at
the end of the branches, which are white, and have
a very agreeable fcent. Thefe appear the greateft
part of fumnier, fo is one of the great beauties of the
hot-houfe. The flowers are fucceeded by taper
pods, about four inches long, each containing four
or five roundifh compreffed feeds, of a dark colour.
All thefe plants are natives of the vyarm countries.,
fo will not thrive in England, unlefs they are kept in
a warm ftove. They are propagated by feeds, which
muft be procured from the countries where they
grow naturally, for they do not perfect their feeds
in England.
The laft fort has feveral times produced pods In the
Chelfea garden, but they have never come to ma-
turity. The feeds fhould be brought over in their
pods, which will preferve them good. Thefe mu®:
be fown in pots filled' with light fxefh earth, amd
plunged into a moderate hot-bed of tanners- bark v if
the feeds are good, the plants will come up in about
fix weeks, and in a month after, will be fit to tranf-
plant, when they fhould be carefully fliaken out of
the feed pot, lb as not to tear oft’ die roots, and each
planted into a feparate fmall pot filled with light
loamy earth, and plunged into the hot-bed again,
being careful to (hade them until they have taken
frefh. root, after which they fhould have frefh air
admitted to them every day in warm weather. In
the autumn they muft be placed in the hark-ftove,
and treated in the fame way as other tender exotics,
giving them but little water in winter. As thefe
plants frequently flower, they are worthy of a place
in the ftove.
BAY. See Laurus.
BEANS. See Faba.
BEANS, (KIDNEY or FRENCH.) See Pha-
se olus.
BEAN-TREFOIL. See Cytisus.
B E A R’s-E A R. See Auricula.
BEAR’s-EAR SANICLE. See Yerbascum.
B E A R.’s-F O O T. See Helleborus.
BECABUNGA, or Brook-lime.
This is a fort of Veronica, or Water Speedwell; of
which there are two forts, one with a long leaf, and
the other round; they are both very common in
ditches, and watery places, almoft every where m
England ; the fecond fort is ufed in medicine.
BEE, or G N A T-F LOWE R. See Orchis.
B E E C H-T R E E. See Fagus.
BELLADONA. See Atropa.
BEL L-F LOWE R. See C amp anul a.
B E L L I S [is fo called Belfus, Let. pretty, handibme,
&c.] the Daily.
The Characters are.
It hath a radiated difeous flower , ccmpofed of many her-
maphrodite florets in ike dijk , and jhnale florets in the
rays ; included in a common empalernent , with a double fe-
mes of fmall leaves of equal length. The hermaphrodite
florets in the dijk, are funnel-fhaped . and cut into five
parts at the brim ; the female florets are tongue-Jhaped ,
and make the border ; thefe have no ftamina , but an oval
germen fupporting a fender ftyle, crowned by two fpr end-
ing ftigma ; the hermaphrodite florets have an oval gprmen,
Jupporting a Jimple ftyle , crowned by a bordered ftigma.
This is attended ly five fhort ftamina , crowned by tubular
cylindrical fummits. The germen afterward becomes a Jingle
naked feed placed vertically .
This
BEL
'This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fedtion
of Linnaeus’s nineteenth ciafs, intitled Syngenefia*
Polygamia fuperflua, the flowers being compofed of
female and hermaphrodite florets, included in a com-
mon ernpalement.
The Species are,
1. Bellis ( Perennis ) fcapo nudo umfloro. Hort. Clift.
418. Unify with a naked fialk , having one flower. Bellis
fylveftris minor. C. B. P. 267. Smaller wild Daify.
2. Bellis {Annua) caule fubfoiiofo. Lin. Sp. Plant.
887. Daijy with leaves on the lower part of the ftalk.
Bellis minor pratenfls caule fohofo. Bocc. Muf. 2.
p. 96.
3. Bellis ( Hortenfis ) hortenfis fiore pleno majore. C. B.
P. 261. Garden Daijy with a larger double flower.
The firft fort is the common Daily, which grows
naturally in pafture land in molt parts of Europe, and
is often a troublefome weed in the grafs of gardens,
fo is never cultivated.
The fecond fort is a low annual plant, which grows
naturally on the Alps, and the hilly parts of Italy.
This feidom rifes more than three inches high, with
an upright ftalk, which is garnifhed with leaves on
the lower part ^ but the upper part is naked, flip-
porting a Angle flower like that of the common Daily,
1 but fmalier. This is preferved in fome botanic gar-
dens for the fake of variety it was lent me from Ve-
rona, near which place it grows wild.
The Garden Daily is generally fuppofed to be only a
variety of the wild fort, which was firft obtained by
culture. This may probably be true, but there has
not been any inftance of late years of the wild fort
having been altered by culture •, for I have kept the
wild fort in the garden upward of forty years, and
have conftantly parted the roots, and raifed many
plants from feeds, but they have conftantly remained
the fame ; nor have I ever obferved the Garden Daify
to degenerate to the v/ild fort, where they have been
fome years negledted, tho’ they have altered greatly
with regard to the fize and beauty of their flowers.
I have alfo obferved the feveral varieties of the Gar-
den Daify vary from one to the other, therefore I
lliall not conftder them as diftinct lpecies, but fhall
only mention the varieties, which are cultivated in the
gardens.^
1. The red and white Garden Daify, with double
flowers.
-2. The double variegated Garden Daify.
3. The Childing, or Hen and Chicken Daify.
4. The Cockfcomb Daify with red and white flowers.
The Garden Daifies flower in April and May, when
they make a pretty variety, being intermixed with
plants of the fame growth •, they lhould be planted
in a fhady border, and a loamy foil without dung,
in which they may be preferved without varying,
provided the roots are tranfplanted and parted every
autumn •, which is all the culture they require, except
the keeping them clear from weeds.
Thefe were formerly planted for edgings to borders,
but they are very unfit for this purpofe •, becaul'e where
they are fully expofed to the fun, they frequently die
in large patches, whereby the edgings become bald
in many places.
BELLIS MAJOR. See Chrysanthemum.
BELLONI A.
This plant was fo named by Father Plumier, in ho-
nour of the famous Petrus Bellonius, who has left
many valuable tracts on natural hiftory, &c.
The Characters are.
It hath a -permanent ernpalement which is of one leaf cut
into five parts at the top-, the flower is wheel-fhaped , of
one leaf, with a fhort tube , but fpread open above , and
cut into five obtufe fegments. It hath five awl-fhaped fta-
mina , which are fhort, and (gowned by fhort eredl fum-
mits , which elefe together. The germen is fituated under
the receptacle of the flower, fupporting an awlfhaped fltyle,
which is longer than the fiamina , and crowned by an acute
fligma. The germen afterward becomes an oval turbinated
feed-veffel, ending in a point, having one cell filled with
fra all round feeds.
B E R '
This gefius of plants is ranged in the firft fedtion of
Linnaeus’s fifth ciafs, intitled Pentandria Monogynia,
the flower having ftye ftamina and one ftyle.
We have but one Species of this genus, viz.
Bellonia. Lin. Sp. Plant. 172.- Bellonia frutefeens, fo-
lio meliflse afpero. Plum. Nov. Gen. 19.
This plant is very common in feveral of the warm
iflands in America, from whence I have received the .
feeds.
It hath a ligneous ftalk, which rifes ten or twelve
feet high, fending out many lateral branches, gar-
nifhed with oval rough leaves placed oppolite ; the
flowers come out from the wings of the leaves, in
loofe panicles, which are of the wheel ftiape, of one
leaf, divided into five parts ; thefe are fucceeded by
oval capfules, ending in a point, which are full of
fmall round feeds.
It is propagated by feeds, which fhould be fown early
in the fpring, in a pot filled with light frefli earth,
and plunged into a hot-bed of tanners barks, ob-
ferving to water it frequently, as the earth appears
dry ; but you mull be careful not to wain the feeds
out of the ground. When the plants are come up
half an inch high, they fhould be carefully tranf-
planted into pots filled with light frefli earth, and
plunged into the hot-bed again, obferving to water
and lhade them until they have taken root ; after
which time they fhould have air admitted to them every
day, when the weather is warm ; they muft alfb be
frequently watered. When the plants have filled
thefe pots with their roots, they fhould be carefully
fhaken out of them, and their roots trimmed, and
put into larger pots filled with light frefh earth, and
plunged into the hot-bed again. In warm weather
they fhould have free air admitted to them every
day but in autumn they muft be plunged into the
bark-ftove, and treated in the fame manner as other
tender exotic plants. The fecond year thefe plants
will fometimes flower, but they rarely produce good
feeds in this climate ; however, they may be propa-
gated by cuttings in the fummer months, provided
they are planted in light earth on a moderate hot-bed,
and carefully watered and fhaded until they have
taken root. Thefe plants muft be conftantly kept in
the ftove, and lhould have a large lhare of free air in
warm weather ; but if they are ftt abroad, they will
not thrive in this climate.
BELVEDERE. See Chsnopqdium.
BEN Z O I N, the Benjamin-tree. See Laurus.
BERBERIS, the Barberry, or Pipperidge-bulh.
The Characters are.
It hath a coloured ernpalement, which fpreads open, com-
pofed of fix concave leaves , three of which are alternately
larger than the other the flower is of fix leaves, which
are roundifh , concave , and little larger than the empale-
ment there are two coloured netiarii, faflened to the bafe
of each petal, and fix obtufe, compreffed , erect ftamina , with
two fummits faflened on each fide their apex. The germen
is cylindrical, the length of the ftamina, having no
ftyle, but crowned by an orbicular fligma broader than the
g ermen, having a fharp border : the germen afterward
becomes an obtufe , cylindrical , umbilicated berry , having a
pundlure, and one cell inclcflng two cylindrical J'eeds.
This genus is ranged in Linn^us’s firft fedtion of his
fixth ciafs, intitled Hexandria Monogynia, the flower
having fix ftamina and one ftyle.
The Species are,
1. Berberis ( Vulgaris ) pedunculis racemofis. Mat. Med.
290. Barberry with branching Jcot-ftalks. Berberis du~
metorum. C. B. P. 454. The common Barberry.
2. Berberis {Canadenfis) foliis obverse-ovatis. Barberry
with oval cbverfe leaves. Berberis latiftimo folio Ca-
nadenfis. H. R. Par.
3. Berberis ( Cretica ) pedunculis unifloris. Lin. Sp.
Plant. 331. Barberry with a Jingle flower on each foot -
ftalk. Berberis Cretica buxi folio. Tourn. Cor. 42.
The firft fort grows naturally in the hedges in many
parts of England, but is alfo cultivated in gardens
for its fruit, which is pickled, and ufed for garnifh-
ing difties. This fhrub rifes with many ftalks from
K k th«
K
BES
, S V
the root, to the height of eight or ten feet, which
have a white bark, yellow on the infide ; the ftalks
and branches are armed with fharp thorns, which
commonly grow by threes •, the leaves are oval, ob-
tufe, and Slightly fawed on their edges. The flowers
come out from the wings of the leaves, in final! ra-
mofe bunches, like thofe of the Currant-buSh, which
are yellow ; thefe are Succeeded by oval fruit, which
are firft green, but when ripe turn to a fine red co-
lour. The flowers appear in May, and the fruit ripens
in September.
There are two or three varieties of this Shrub, which
have been mentioned as diftindt fpecies •, one is the
Berberis fine nude©. C. B; P. Barberry without ftone.
The fecond is Berberis frudiu albo. Barberry with
white fruit. The third is the Berberis orientalis pro-
cerior frudtu nigro fuavifiimo. Tourn. Cor. 'Taller
Eafiern Barberry with a black fweet fruit. The firft
of thefe is certainly accidental, becaufe the fuckers,
taken from thofe bufhes being transplanted, com-
monly produce fruit with ftones ; fo it is the age of
the plant which occafions that variation. The fort
with white fruit feldom bears •, the leaves of this are
of a lighter green colour, and the bark of the ftalks
are whiter than thofe of the common, which are the
only differences between them, for the fruit is feldom
produced here. The third fort appears the fame with
the common, and only differs in the colour and fla-
vour of the fruit, fo is only a variety.
The common fort is generally propagated by fuckers,
which are put out in great plenty from the root ;
but thefe plants are very fubjedt to- fend out fuckers,
in greater plenty than thofe which are propagated by
layers ; therefore the latter method Should be pre-
ferred. The belt time for laying -down the branches
is in the autumn, when their leaves begin to fall •,
the young Shoots of the fame year are the belt for
this purpofe •, thefe will be well rooted by the next
autumn, when they may be taken off, and planted
‘ where they are defigned to remain. Where this plant
is cultivated for its fruit, it Should be planted Angle,
(not in hedges, as was the old practice) and the
fuckers every autumn taken away, and all the grofs
Shoots pruned out : by this method the fruit will be
much fairer, and in greater plenty, than upon thofe
which are Suffered to grow wild. A few of thefe
Shrubs may be allowed to have place in wilderneffes,
or plantations of Shrubs, where they will make a
pretty variety, and the fruit will be food for the birds;
but they ihould not be planted in great quantities,
near walks which are much frequented, becaufe their
flowers emit a very Strong difagreeable odour.
The Canada Sort was more common in the EngliSh
gardens, Some years paft, than at prefent. The leaves
of this are much broader, and Shorter than thofe of
the common fort, and the fruit is black when ripe.
This may be propagated in the fame way as the
common fort, and is equally hardy.
The Box-leaved fort is at prefent very rare in Eng-
land ; and while young, the plants are Somewhat
tender, fo have been killed by fevere froft. This
never rifes more than three or four feet high in Eng-
land, but fends out many ftalks fro A the root, which
are Strongly armed with fpines at every joint ; the
leaves are produced without order, and are Shaped
like thofe of the narrow-leaved Box- tree ; the flowers
come out from between the leaves, each upon a
Slender foot-ftalk; but thefe are not fucceeded by fruit
in England.
This fort may be propagated by laying down the
branches in the fame manner as the firft ; but when
the young plants are taken off, they Should be planted
in pots, and Sheltered under a frame in the winter,
till they have obtained Strength, when they may be
turned out of the pots, and planted in a warm Si-
tuation.
BERMUDI A N A. , See Sisyrinchium.
BERN A RBI A. See Croton.
BES LERI A
This plant was named- after Bafilius Befler, an apo-
' 7 /
BES
thecary at Nuremberg, who was the author of a book,
intitled Hortus Eyftetenfis.
The Characters are,
The fewer is of the perforated or lip kind , with an ent -
palement of one leaf which is eretl y and cut into five
acute parts at the brim : the flower is of one leaf and
quinquefd ; the fegments being rounaijh , the lower being
large j, and the two upper are lefs divided ; it hath four
- Jlamina in the tube of the ftower , two of which are longer
than the other , crowned by fmall fummits : the oval ger-
med fupports an awl-Jhaped ftyle , crowned by an acute
ftigma ; this afterward becomes an oval berry , with one
cell filled with fmall feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fecHon
of Linnaetis’s twelfth clafs, intitled Didynamra An-
giofpermia, the flower having two long and two
Short Stamina, and the feeds being included in a
capfule.
The Species are,
1. Besleria ( Melitiifolia ) pedunculis ramofis, fbliis
ovatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 619. Bejleria with branching
foot-ftalks and oval leaves . Be fieri a Meliftae Tragi foilo.
Plum. Nov. Gen. 29.
2. Besleria ( Lute a ) pedunculis fimplicibm confertis,
folds lanceolatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 619. Bejleria with
Jimple foot-ftalks growing in clufters , and jpear-fhaped-
leaves. Befleria virgas aurese folks (lore luteo minor.
Plum. Nov. Gen. 29.
3. Besleria ( Criftata ) pedunculis fimplicibus folitariis,-
involucris pentaphyliis propriis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 619.
Bejleria with Jimple folks growing Jingle ^ and a five-leaved
involucrum. Befleria fcandens criftata fructu nigro.
Plum. Nov. Gen. 29.
The firft fort hath a fmooth woody ftalk which is
jointed ; at each joint are placed two oval nervous
leaves oppofite, which are crenated on their edges ;
the flowers come out from the wings of the leaves,
upon Short branching foot-ftalks, each Sustaining fix
or eight flowers, which Stand each upon a Separate
fmaller foot-ftalk. Thefe are of one leaf, of an
anomalous figure, and quinquefid •, after the flower
is paft, the germen becomes an oval loft berry, with
one cell filled with fmall feeds.
The fecond fort rifes with a ligneous item fix or fe-
ven feet high, dividing toward the top into many ir-
regular branches, garnifhed with fpear-fhaped fawned
leaves, which have many tranfverfe veins ; the flowers
come out at the wings of the leaves, in large clufters,
each having a feparate foot-ftalk : thefe are fmall,
tubulous, and of a pale yellow colour, and are fuc-
ceeded by round foft berries, inclofing many fmall
feeds.
The third fort hath a creeping ftalk, which fends out *
roots at every joint, garnimed with oval leaves
placed oppofite, which have many tranfverfe ribs,
and are Sharply fawed on their edges ; from the wings
of the leaves come out the foot-ftalks of the flowers
Single, each Sustaining one tubulous, irregular, hairy
Slower, divided at the top into five obtufe parts, with
a large five-leaved involucrum, deeply fawed on the
border : after the flower is paft, the germen becomes
a hairy placenta, in the center of the empalement,
containing many fmall feeds.
Thefe plants grow naturally in the warm parts cf
America. The feeds ihould be Sown on a hot-bed
early in the Spring ; and when the plants are come
up half an inch high, they Should be each tranfplanted
into a fmall pot filled with light frefh earth, and
plunged into a hot-bed of tanners bark, obferving to
water and fhade them until they have taken root ;
after which time they Should have air and water in
proportion to the warmth of the feafon, and the heat
of the bed in which they are placed. When the
plants have filled thefe fmall pots with their roots,
■ they Should be Shaken out of them, and their roots
trimmed, and put into larger pots filled with light
frefh earth, and plunged into the hot-bed again ; where
they Should have a large Share of air in warm
weather, and muft be frequently watered. With this,
management the plants will thrive very well iaftjmmer.
BET
but in winter they muft be removed into the ftove,
where they muft be placed in a temperate warmth,
and fhould be often, but fparingly, watered. The
fecond year thefe plants will flower, and fometimes
they will perfect their feeds in this country ; but they
muft be conftantly preferved 'in the ftove, for they
will not live in the open air.
BETA, the Beet.
The Characters are.
The flower hath a five-leaved concave empalement , which
is permanent. It hath no petal , hut five awl-fhaped fta-
mina , placed oppofite to the leaves of the empalement ,
crowned by roundifh fummits. The germen is Jituated
below the receptacle , fupporting two ftoort erebf fiyles ,
• crowned by pointed fiigma. The germen af terward becomes
a capfule with one cell , having a fingle feed , wrapped up
in the empalement.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond feftion
of Linnaeus’s fifth clafs, intitled Pentandria Digynia,
' the flower having five ftamina and two ftyles.
The Species are,
1. Beta {Maritime!) caulibus decumbentibus, foliistri-
angularibus petiolatis. Beet with declining ftalks , and
triangular leaves having foot -jialks. Beta fylveftris ma-
ritima. C. B. P. 118.
2. Beta ( Hortenfis ) foiiis radicalibus petiolatis, caulinis
• fefliiibus, fpicis lateralibus longifiimis. Beet with the
lower leaves having foot-ftalks , thofe upon the jialks with-
out , and very long fpikes of flowers. Beta alba vel pal-
lefcens, quae cicla ofneinarum. C. B. P. 1 1 8.
3. Beta {Vulgar is) caule erect o. Lin. Sp. 322. Common
red Beet. Beta rubra radice rapacea. C. B. P. 118.
Red Beet with a Turnep root.
There are feveraP varieties of this genus, fome of
which are cultivated in the gardens for the kitchen ;
but as thefe have been improved by culture, fo they
muft not be deemed diftinft fpecies. There are fome
who have fuppofed all the fpecies were only feminal
variations, but from having cultivated them upward
• of forty years, 1 could never obierve, that either of
the three fpecies here enumerated have altered from
one to the other. The only alteration- which I have
obferved in the third fpecies, has been in the colour
of the leaves and roots, which will be hereafter men-
tioned.
The firft fort grows naturally on the banks of the
fea, and in fait marfhes in divers parts of England.
This has been fuppofed by many, to be the fame with
the fecond fpecies •, but I have brought the feeds
from the places where they grow naturally, many
times, and have cultivated the plants with care, but
could not find any of the plants vary from their parent
plants in their characters, fo that I can make no doubt
of its being a diftindt fpecies.
The fecond fort is cultivatad in gardens for its leaves,
which are frequently ufed in loups ; the root of this
fort feldom grows larger than a man’s thumb •, the
ftalks grow erect, and are garniflied with oblong
fpear-fhaped leaves, growing ciofe to the ftalk ; the
fpikes of flowers come out from the wings of the
leaves, which are long, and have narrow leaves placed
between the flowers. The lower leaves of the plant
are thick and fucculent, and their foot-ftalks are
broad. The varieties of this are, the White Beet,
the Green Beet, and the Swifs or Chard Beet. Thefe
will vary from one to the other by culture, as I have
qften experienced, but never alter to the firft or third
fort.
The third fort hath large, thick, fucculent leaves,
which are for the moft part of a dark red, or purple
colour. The roots of this are large, and of a deep
red colour, on which their goodnefs depends ; for the
larger thefe roots grow, the tenderer they will be ;
and the deeper their colour, the more they are
efteemed. The varieties of this are, the common
• Red Beet, the Turnep-rooted Red Beet, the Green-
leaved Red Beet, and the Yellow- rooted Beet.
The fecond fort, which is cultivated in gardens for
its leaves, which are ufed in the kitchen, is com-
monly down by itfelf, and not mixed with other crops.
This is fawn the beginning of March, upon an open
fpot of ground, not too-moift; the feeds fhould be
fown thinly, becaufe the plants require room to
fpread ; for when they are too ciofe, the leaves will
be fmali and full of fibres, do unfit for the purpoles
defigned. When the plants have put out four leaves,
the ground fhould be hoed, as is pradtifed for Car-
rots, carefully cutting up ail the weeds, and alfo the
plants where they are too near each other, leaving
them at leaft four inches ailmder : if this is performed
in dry weather, all the prelent weeds will be deferoyed;
but as young weeds will ibon appear, fo in three
weeks or a month’s time, the ground fhould be a fe-
cond time hoed over, to cut up the weeds, and thin
the plants to a greater diftance ; for by this time they
will be paft danger, fo fhould not be left nearer than
fix inches, if regard is had to the goodnefs of their
leaves : and if it is of the Swifs kind, with broad
leaves, the plants muft not be nearer than nine or ten
inches. If the fecond hoeing is well performed, and
in dry weather, the ground will remain clean a month
longer, when it fhould be hoed %ver a third time;
which, if properly done, will deftroy all the weeds
fo that after this, the plants will fpread and prevent
the weeds from growing, therefore will -want but little
cleaning for a confiderable time, and the leaves will
foon be fit for ufe, when the outer large leaves fhould
be firft gathered, leaving the fmali inner leaves to
grow larger ; 1b that a fmali foot cf ground will fup-
ply a moderate family, and will furnifh a new fupply
of leaves for two years, provided the plants are not
permitted to run up to feed, for after that, their leaves
will not be good : therefore thofe who are curious in
their herbs, muft fow a frefii fpot of ground annually,
becaufe thefe plants naturally run up the fecond year;
and although die roots may be continued longer, by
cutting off the ftalks when they begin to ihoot, yet
the leaves will not be fo large or tender upon thefe
roots, as upon the young plants.
The Red Beet is frequently fown with Carrots, Parf-
neps, or Onions, by the kitchen gardeners near Lon-
don, who draw up their Carrots or Onions when they
are young, whereby the Beets will have room to grow,
when the other crops are gathered ; but where the
crops are not timely removed front them, it will be
a better method to fow them feparately. This fort
requires a deep light foil, for as their roots fun deep
in the ground, fo in fliallow ground they will be
fliort and ftringy. The feeds fhould be fown in
March, and muft be treated in the fame manner as
the former fort ; but the plants fhould not be left
nearer than a foot diftance, or hi good land a foot
and a half, for the leaves will cover the ground at
that diftance. The roots will be fit for ufe in the au-
tumn, and continue good all the winter ; but in the
fpring, when they begin to flioot, they will be hard
and ftringy. A few roots may be left for feed, or
fome of the faireft roots tranfplanted to a fheltered
fpot of ground, where they may be defended from
ftrong winds, which frequently break down their
ftalks, if they are not well fupponted, efpecially when
the feeds are formed •, which becoming heavy as it
increafes in bulk, is apt to weigh down the flender
ftalks upon which they grow. The feed will ripen in
September, when the ftalks fhould be cut off, and
fpread 011 mats to dry, and afterward threfhed out
and cleaned, and put up in bags for ufe.
BETONICA [or Vettonica, fo called from the Vet-
tones, an ancient people of Spain, who firft ufed this
plant], Betony.
The Characters are,
It hath a permanent empalement of one leaf which is tu-
bulous , cut at the brim into five parts. The flower is of
one leaf. \ of the lip kind , with a cylindrical incurved tube ;
the upper lip is roundifh ^ plain , ereff, and entire ; the
lower lip is cut into three parts , the middle fegment being
broad , rmndifto, and indented at the end. It hath four
awl-fhaped ftamina , two long and two.fhcrter , which in-
cline to the upper lip ; thefe have romdifty fummits. The
germen is quadripartite , fupporting a ftyle of the length
and
BET
BET
id figure of the fiamina , crowned by a bifid jtmnd. The
germen afterward becomes four naked oval feeds , lodged in
the empalement .
This genus of plants is ranged in the hr it fection of
Linnaeus’s tweltth clafs, intitled Didynamia Gym-
nofpermia, the flower having two long and two ffiorter
ftamina, which are fucceeded by naked feeds. *
The Species are,
1. Betonica ( Officinalis ) fpica interrupt^, corollafum
lacinia labii intermedia emarginata. Flor. Leyd. Prod.
316. Betony with an interrupted fpike , and the middle
fegment of the lower lip of the flower indented at the end.
Betonica purpurea. C. B. P. 235. Purple or JVocd
Betony.
2. Betonica (JDanica) foliis radicalibus ovato-cordatis,
caulinis lanceolatis obtufis fpica craffiore. Betony whofe
under leaves are heart fhaped , thofe on the ftalks fpear-
Jloaped and obtufle , and a thicker fpike of flowers. Beto-
nica major Danica. Park. Theat. 615. Mor. Hift. 3.
3 6 5 -
3. Betonica ( Alpina ) foliis triangularibus obtufis fpica
breviore. Beton$ with obtufle triangular leaves , and a
Jhorter fpike of flowers. Betonica minima Alpina Hel-
vetica. Park. Theat. 650.
4. Betonica [Orient alls) fpica Integra, corollarum la-
cinia labii intermedia integerrima. Flor. Leyd. Prod.
316. Betony with a whole fpike , and the middle fegment
of the lower lip entire. Betonica Orientalis anguftiffimo
& longiffimo folio, fpica florum craffiori. Tourn.
Corol. 13.
5. Betonica ( Inc ana ) foliis lanceolatis obtufis incanis
fpica florum craffiori. Betony with obtufle , fpear-Jhaped ,
hoary leaves , and a, thicker fpike of flowers. Betonica
Italica incana flore carneo. Barrel. Icon. 340.
The firft fort grows naturally in woods and on ffiady
banks in moft parts of England, fo -is feldom cul-
tivated in gardens. This is the fort which is ufed in
medicine, and is greatly efteemed as a vulnerary herb.
There is a variety of this with a white flower, which
I have often found growing naturally in Kent.
The fecond fort grows naturally in Denmark. This
differs greatly from our common fort, the lower
leaves being much broader and heart-ffiaped ; thole
upon the ftalks are fpear-fhaped and rounded at the
end, and the ftalks are larger, ftand upright, and are
terminated by thicker fpikes of flowers. Thefe diffe-
rences are conftant, for I have many years propagated
them by feeds, and have never found the plants fo
raffed to vary.
The third fort groves naturally upon the Alps, where
it feldom rifes more than four inches high •, and when
cultivated in a garden, not above feven or eight. The
leaves of this are much broader at the bafe than thofe
of the common fort, and are very different in their
ffiape, being triangular and blunt at the end. The
flowers grow in very ftiort clofe fpikes, on the top
of the ftalks. Thefe differences conftantly hold in
the plants railed from feeds.
The fourth fort was difeovered by Dr. Tournefort in
the Levant. The leaves of this are very long, narrow,
and hairy, and are neatly crenated on their edges.
The flowers grow in very clofe thick fpikes at the top
of the ftalks, which are larger, and of a lighter pur-
ple colour than thofe of the common fort.
The fifth fort grows naturally in Italy, upon the hills,
from whence I received the feeds. The leaves of
this fort are broader, and not fo long as thofe of the
■ common fort, and are hoary j the ftalks are Ihorter
and much thicker, as are allb the fpikes of flowers,
than thofe of the common, and the flowers are larger
and of a flelli colour. This fort conftantly keeps the
fame from feeds.
There is another fort which Tournefort and others
mention, by the title of Betonica rubicundiffimo flore
mentis aurei ; which differs but little from the fifth,
except in the colour of the flower, fo I doubt of its
being fpecifically different from that.
All the forts are perennial plants, which may be pro-
pagated by feeds, or parting of their roots. They
are all very hardy, but require a ffiady fituation and
a moift ft ifx foil, in which they will thrive better than
in rich ground. The beft time to tranfplant and fe~
parate the roots is in the autumn, but the feeds fhould
be fown in the fpring upon a ffiady border, and when
the plants come up, they will require no other care
but to keep them clean from weeds, and to thin them
where they are too clofe.
Thefe all of them flower in May and June, and the
feeds ripen in Auguft.
BETONICA A QJJ A T I C A. See Scrophu-
L ARIA.
BETONICA PAULI. See Veronica.
BETULA, the Birch-tree.
The Characters are,
It hath male and female flowers , at feparate diftances on
the fame tree •, . the male flowers are collected in a cylin-
drical katkin , which is fcaly , looje , and imbricated on
every fide, each fcale having three flowers ., which have
two minute fleales on the fide. The flower is compofed of
three equal florets , fixed to the Impalement by a Jingle fcale-,
each floret is of one leaf, divided into four oval figments
which fpread open-, thefe have four fmall ftamina, crowned
by double fummits. The female flowers grow in a katkin ,
in the flame manner as the male. The common katkin is
imbricated, having three fleales which are every way op -
pofite , faftened to the central firing or axis , having two
heart-fhaped flowers pointing toward the apex, where it is
fituated. They have no vifible petals , but a fhort oval
germen , fupporting two brifily ftyles, which are the length
of the fleales of the empalement, and crowned with a plain
Jligma. It hath no pericarpium , but the feeds are in-
cluded in the fleales of the katkin , which are oval and
winged.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fourth feftion
of Linnaeus’s twenty-firft clafs, intitled Moncecia Te-
trandia, there being male and female flowers on the
lame plant, and the malk having four ftamina.
The Species are,
1. Betula {Alba) foliis ovatis acuminatis ferratis. Hort.
Cliff. 442. Birch -tree with oval flawed leaves ending in
points •, the common Birch-tree.
2. Betula {Nana) foliis orbiculatis. Flor Lap. 2 66 .
Birch-tree with round crenated leaves. Betula pumila
foliis fubrotundis. Amman. Dwarf Birch.
3. Betula {Lenta) foliis cordatis oblongis acuminatis
ferratis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 983. Birch-tree, with oblong ,
pointed , heart-fhaped, fawed leaves.
4. Betula {Nigra) foliis rhombeo-ovads acuminatis du~
plicato-ferratis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 982. Birch-tree with
rhomboid, oval, pointed leaves, which are doubly fawed.
Betula nigra Virginiana. Pluk. Aim. 67. Black Vir-
ginia Birch-tree.
The firft is the common Birch-tree, which is fo well
known as to need no defeription. This is not much,
efteemed for its wood, but however it may be culti-
vated to advantage upon barren land, where better
trees will not thrive for there is no ground fo bad,
but this tree will thrive in it ; for it will grow in mcift
fpringy land, or in dry gravel or fand, where there
is little furface : fo that upon ground which produced
nothing but mofs, thefe trees have fucceeded fo well,
as to be fit to cut in ten years after planting, when
they have been fold for near iol. per acre ftanding,
and the after produce has been conflderably increafed.
And as many of the woods near London, which were
chiefly flocked with thefe trees, have been of late
years grubbed up, fo the value of thefe plantations
have adyanced in proportion. Therefore thofe per-
fons who are poffefted of fuch poor land, cannot
employ it better, than by planting it with thefe trees,
efpecially as the expence of doing it is not great.
The beft method to cultivate this tree, is to furniffi
yourfelf with young plants from the woods where,
they naturally grow, and are generally found there in
great plenty ; but in places where there are no young
plants to be procured near, they may be raffed from
feeds, which fhould be carefully gathered in the au-
tumn, as foon as the feales under which they are lodg-
ed begin to open, otherwife they will foon fall out and.
be loft: the feeds are fmall, fo fhould not be buried
deep
BET
deep in the ground. The autumn is the bell feafon
to fow them, and in a fhady fituation, the plants will
thrive better than when they are expofed to the full
fun ; for in all places where there are any large trees
their feeds fall, and the plants come up well without
care ; fo that if the young plants are not deftroyed by
cattle, there is generally plenty of them in ail the
woods where there are any of thefe trees. Thefe wild
plants fhould be carefully taken up, fo as not to de-
ftroy their roots. The ground where they are to be
planted, will require no preparation ; all that is ne-
celfary to be done, is to loofen it with a lpade
or mattock, in the places where the plants are to Hand,
making holes to receive their roots, covering them
again when the plants are placed, and clofing the earth
hard to their roots. If the plants are young, and
have not much top, they will require no pruning ;
but where they have bufhy heads, they fhould be
fhortened to prevent their being fliaken and dilplaceci
by the wind. When the plants have taken root, they
will require no other care, but to cut down the great
weeds which would over-hang the plants ; which may
be done with a fickle, being careful not to cut or in-
jure the young trees. This need not be repeated of-
tener than two or three times in a fummer the two firfl
years, after which time the plants will be ftrong enough
to keep down the weeds, or at leaf! be out of danger
from them.
Thefe may be planted any time from the middle of
O&ober till the middle of March, when the ground is
not frozen ; but in dry land the autumn is the bed
feafon, and the fpring for moifl. The diflance which
they fhould be planted, is fix feet fquare, that they
may foon cover the ground, and by handing clofe,
they will draw each other up ; for in fituations where
they are much expofed, if they are not pretty dole,
they will not thrive fo well.
If the plants take kindly to the ground, they will be
fit to cut in about ten'years ; and afterward they may
be cut every feventh or eighth year, if they are de-
flgned for the broom-makers only ; but where they
are intended for hoops, they fhould not be cut oftener
than every twelfth year.
The expence of making thefe plantations in places
where the young plants can be eafiiy procured, will not
exceed forty {hillings per acre, and the after expence
of cleaning about twenty {hillings a year more ; fo that
the whole will not be more than 3 1. and if the land
fo planted be of little value, the proprietor cannot
make better ufe of his money j for whefi the/ wood is
cut, it will repay the expence with intereft, and a
perpetual flock upon the ground. I have feen feve-
ral of thefe plantations made upon land which would
not lett for one fhilling per acre, which has produced
from 10 to 12I. an acre, clear of the expence in cut-
ting, and this every twelfth year. The broom-makers
are conflant cuftomers for Birch, in all places within
twenty miles of London, or where it is near water
carriage ; in other parts the hoop-benders are the pur-
chafers j but the larger trees are often bought by the
turners, and the wood is ufed for making ox-yokes,
and other inflruments of hufbandry.
In fome of the northern parts of Europe, the wood
of this tree is greatly ufed for making of carriages
and wheels, being hard and of long duration. In
France it is generally ufed for making wooden fhoes.
It makes very good fuel.
In fome places thefe trees are tapped in the fpring,
and the fap drawn out to make Birch wine, which has
been recommended for the Bone and gravel, as- is alfo
the fap unfermented. The bark of the Birch-tree is
almoB incorruptible. In Sweden the houfes are co-
vered with it, where it laBs many years. It fre-
quently happens, that the wood is entirely rotten, and
the bark perfectly found and good.
The fecond fort grows naturally in the northern parts
of Europe, and upon the Alps *, this feldom rifes above
two or three feet high, having {lender branches, gar-
nifhed with round leaves, but feldom produces either
male or female flowers here. It is preferved in fome
curious gardens for the fake of variety, but is a plant
of no ufe.
The third and fourth forts grow naturally in North
America, from whence their feeds have been brought
to Europe, and many of the plants have been raifed,
which thrive very fail here. In Canada thefe trees
grow to a large fize, where the third fort is called
Merifier. The natives of that .country make canoes
of the bark of thefe trees, which are very light, and
of long duration.
Both thefe forts may be propagated by feeds in the
fame manner as the Aril, and are equally hardy ; fome
of the trees now begin to produce their katkins in
England, fo that we may hope to have plenty of their
feeds of our own growth, for at preient we are fup-
plied with them from America. As thefe grow more
vigoroufly than the common fort, and thrive on the
moil barren ground, they may be cultivated to great
advantage in England, for their wood is much
efleemed in Canada, where the trees grow to a large
fize : and they are by no means an unfighdy tree In
parks, for their ferns are ft r ait, the hark fmooth,
and their leaves are much larger than thole of the
common Birch, fo may be planted in , fuch places
where few other trees will thrive.
BIDENS. Tourn. I ml. R. Li. 362. tab. 262. Lin.
Gen. Plant. 840. Water Hemp Agrimony.
The Characters are,
The common ernpalement is erebl, and often equals com-
pofed of finall , oblong, concave leaves ; it hath a com-
pound flower ; the middle cr dijk is compofed of herma-
phrodite florets, which are funnel-fhaped and quinquefld.
Thefe have five floort capillary ft amina, with cylindrical
flummits , and an oblong germen flupporting a fmgle fly le the
length of the ftamina , crowned by two oblong reflexed flig-
ma. The female florets which compofe the border are
naked thefe are all fucceeded by a Jingle , angular , oh t ufe
feed, having two or more briflles or teeth , by which they
faften themf elves to whatever pafj'es by them when ripe.
This genus is ranged in the firft fedlion of Linnteus’s
nineteenth clafs, intitled Syngenefia Polygamia se-
qualis, the flowers being compofed of hermaphro-
dite and female florets, which are fucceeded by
feeds.
There are feveral fpecies of this plant, which are
feldom admitted into gardens, fome of which are
common weeds in England, therefore I fliall only
mention thofe which are frequently preferved in the
gardens of the curious.
1. Bidens ( Frondofa ) foliis pinnatis ferratis feminibus
ereblo-confiantibus calycibus frondofis corollis radia-
tis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 832. Water Hemp Agrimony with
winged Jawed leaves, feeds ft ending ere A, a very bufloy
emp element, and radiated flower. Bidens Canadeniis
latifolia flore luteo. Tourn. Infl. 362.
2. Bidens ( Nodiflora ) foliis obiongis integerrimis caule
dichotomo fioribus folitariis feffilibus. Lin. Sp. Plant.
832. Hemp Agrimony with oblong entire leaves , a
forked ftalk, atid a fmgle flower growing elefe to the
ftalk. Bidens nodiflora brunellae folio. Hort. Elth.
52 .
3. Bidens ( Nivea ) foliis fimplicibus fubhaftatis ferratis
petiolatis, fioribus globoids, pedunculis elongatis fe-
minibus las vi *ous. Lin. Sp. Plant. 8 3 3 • Hemp Agri-
mony with fmgle Jawed leaves having foot-ftalks , globu-
lar flowers with longer foot-ftalks, and fmooth feeds.
Bidens fcabra flore nivea, folio trilobate. Hort. Elth.
55 -
4. Bidens ( Frutefcens ) folds ovatis ferratis petiolatis,
caule fruticofo. Hort. Cliff. 399. Hemp Agrimony with
oval flawed leaves having foot-ftalks , and a Jhrubby
ftalk.
5. Bidens (Jean dens) foliis ternatis acutis ferratis caule
fcandente fioribus paniculatis. Three-leaved Hemp A-
grimony , with pointed flawed lobes , a climbing ftalk, and
flowers growing in panicles. Chrysanthemum trifoliatum
fcandens, flore luteo femine longo rofirato bidente.
Sloan. Cat. Jam. 125.
6. Bidens ( Bullata ) foliis ovatis ferratis, inferioribus op-
pofitis, fuperioribus ternatis intermedio majore. Lin.
L 1 Sp.
f
B I D
Sp. Plant. 833. Hemp Agrimony with oval f awed leaves,
the lower ones growing oppofite , but the upper having three
lobes - , the middle of which is the largeft . Cryfanthemum
conyzoides nodiflorum femme roftrato bidente. Sloan.
Cat, Jam. 126.
The firft fort grows naturally in Virginia, Maryland,
and Canada,, where it is often a troublefome weed.
It, rifes about three feet high, lending; out many ho-
rizontal branches, garnifhed with trifoliate leaves,
deeply fawed on their edges ; the flowers are pro-
duced at the end of the branches in fmall clufters,
which are yellow, and fucceeded by oblong fquare
feeds, having two crooked horns, by which they fallen
themfelves to the clothes of thole who pafs near them,
There are two forts of this, one whole flowers have a
fliorl: empalement, which is Tournefort’s broad-leaved
■Canada Bidens •, the other hath a leafy empalement,
and is by Juffieu diftinguifhed by the title of Capite
foliofo. But I am not very fure of their being dif-
tinft fpecies, though I have many years cultivated
both ; for their feeds when ripe fpread fo far, that in
a fmall garden they cannot be kept feparate. It is
eafily propagated by feeds fown in the fpring, in an
open- fituation, where, if the feeds are permitted to
fcatter, the plants will come up the following fpring,
and two or three of them may be tranfplanted where
they are to grow, and after they are rooted, will re-
quire no farther care. This is an annual plant, fo
decays foon after the feeds are ripe.
The lecond fort grows naturally in warm countries.
This is an annual plant, which rifes near three feet
hio-h, dividing upward into feveral branches, which
are garnifhed with oblong entire leaves ; the flowers
come out Angle at the diviflons of the branches, fit-
ting clofe j thefe are white, and fucceeded by fmooth
feeds.
This fort mull be fown upon a moderate hot-bed in
the fpring, and afterward treated like other hardy an-
nual plants, planting them into the full ground the
latter end of May. They will flower in June, and
their feeds ripen in autumn, foon after which the
plants will decay.
The third fort grows naturally in South Carolina, and
alfo at Campeachy. This is alfo an annual plant,
which rifes three feet high, dividing upward into
many ilender branches, whofe joints are far afunder j
the leaves come out by pairs at each joint upon long
Ilender foot-ftalks, which are oval, ending in a point.
The flowers grow at the extremity of the branches in
fmall globular heads, which are very white, Handing
upon very long foot-ftalks, and fire fucceeded by
fmooth feeds. This muft be fown upon a hot-bed,
and treated as the former. It flowers and feeds about
the fame time.
The fourth fort 'rifes with a Ihrubby ftalk to the
height of fix or feven feet, dividing into many
branches, whofe joints are very diftant, at each of
which are placed two oval leaves, ftightly lawed on
their edges, and have ftiort foot-ftalks. The flowers
are produced at the end of the branches in fmall cluf-
ters, each Handing upon a long naked foot-ftalk •,
thefe are fucceeded by flat feeds, having two fliort
teeth at their extremity. I received the feeds of this
fort from Carthagena in New Spain. This is propa-
gated by feeds, which Ihould be fown on a hot-bed
m the fpring •, and when the plants are fit to remove,
- they muft be each planted into a feparate fmall pot,
and plunged into a frefh hot-bed, and treated as other
. tender plants from the fame countries, and in au-
tumn placed in the ftove : the following fummer they
will abide forne years with proper management.
The fifth fort rifes with a climbing Ilender ftalk to
the height of ten feet, dividing into many branches,
garnifhed with trifoliate fawed leaves: the flowers
grow in large panicles at the end of the branches ;
they are yellow, and are fucceeded by flat feeds hav-
- ing two teeth. This plant grows naturally in Jamai-
ca, from whence I received the feeds. It muft be
treated in the fame manner as the former fort, and
will continue two or three years.
7
B 1 G
The fixth fort is annual. This rifes about two feet
high, and fends out feveral lateral fhoots, which at
the bottom have oval leaves placed by pairs at the
joints, but upward they are trifoliate, the middle lobe
being very large, and the two fide ones fmall , the
flowers are produced at the wings of the leaves upon
fliort leafy foot-ftalks, and are yellow, but very fmall.
It flowers in July, and the feeds ripen in autumn ;
the feeds of this muft be fown upon a hot-bed, and
treated as the fecond fort.
B I F O L I U M, Twyblade. See Orhrys.
BIG NON! A. Tourn. Inft. 164. Lin. Gen. Plant.
677. [M. Tournefort called this plant Bignonia, in
memory of abbot Bignon, librarian to Lewis XIV,
king of France, he being a great encourager of learn-
ing.] The Trumpet Flower, or Scarlet Jafmine.
The Characters are,
A he empalemnet is cup-JJoaped , quinquefid , and of one
leaf. The flower is of the r in-gent, or grinning kind , tu-
bulous , with long chaps , which are fwelling , and bell-
jhaped , divided into five parts at the top ; the two upper
fegments are reflexed , and the under fpread open ; it hath
four awl-flo aped ftamina floor ter than the petal, two longer
than the other, having oblong reflexed fummits. In the
center is an oblong germen , fupporting a fender flyle,
crowned by a roundifh fiigma. The germen afterward be-
comes a bivalve pod , with two cells, filled with compref-
fed winged feeds , lying over each other imbricatim.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond divi-
fion of Linnaeus’s fourteenth cl aft, intitled Didyna-
mia Angiofpermia, the flower having two long and
two fliort ftamina, and the feeds included in a cap-
fule.
The Species are,
1. Bignonia ( Radicans ) folks pinnatis, foliolis incifis,
caule geniculis radicatis. Lin. Hort. Cliff. 217. Big-
nonia with winged leaves, which are cut on their edges ,
and roots coming out at the joints of the ftalk. Bignonia
Ame-r-i cana Fraxini folio flore amplo Phcenicio. Tourh.
Inft. 164.
2. BignoniA ( Catalpa ) foliis fimplicibus cordatis, caule
eredto, fioribus diandris. Lin. Sp. Plant. 622. Big-
nonia with Jingle heart-Jhaped leaves, an upright ftalk,
and flowers with two ftamina. Bignonia Urucu foliis,
flore fordide albo, intus maculis purpureis & luteis
adfperfo, filiqua longiffima & anguftiffima. Catefb.
Carol. 1. p. 49.
3. Bignonia ( Frutefcens ) foliis pinnatis, foliolis lanceo-
latis acutis ferratis, caule eredto, fioribus paniculatis
erect is. Bignonia with winged leaves, having acute fawed
lobes , an upright ftalk, and flowers growing in panicles
eredi. Bignonia arbor flore luteo Fraxini folio. Plum.
Sp. Plant. 5.
4. Bignonia ( Pubefcens ) foliis conjugatis cirrhofis folio-
lis cordato-lanceolatis foliis imis fimplicibus. Yir.
Cliff. 59. Bignonia with conjugated leaves having ten-
drils, the leaves fpear-floaped, and the lower leaves fingle.
Bignonia Americana Capreolis donata filiqua breviore.
Breyn. Ic. 33.
5. Bignonia ( Unguis Cali) foliis conjugatis, cirrho bre-
viffimo arcuato tripartito. Lin. Sp. Plant. 623. Big-
nonia with conjugated leaves , and Jhor t arched tendrils ,
divided into three parts. Bignonia Americana capre-
olis aduncis donata, filiqua longiffima. Tourn. Inft.
1 64.
6. Bignonia ( AEquinocIiadis ) foliis conjugatis cirrhofis,
foliolis ovato-lanceolatis, pedunculis bifioris flliquiis
linearibus. Lin. Sp. 869. Bignonia with conjugated
leaves , having tendrils , whofe lobes are oval , fpear-fhap-
ed, and linear pods.
7. Bignonia ( Sempervirens ) foliis fimplicibus lanceolatis
caule volubili. Lin. Sp. Plant. 623, Bignonia with
Jingle fpear-Jhapsd leaves , and a twining ftalk. ^ Gelfe-
mfnum five jafminum luteum odoratum Virginia-
num fcandens & fempervirens. Park. Catefb. 1.
p. 53.
8. Bignonia ( Pentaphylla ) foliis digitatis foliolis inte-
gerrimis obovatis. Hort. Cliff. 497' Bignonia with fin-
gered leaves , whofe lobes are entire. Bignonia arbor pen-
taphylla flore rofeo. Plum. Sp. Plant. 5 .
9. Bigno-
B I G
9. Bignonia ( Leucoxylon ) foliis digitatis foliolis integer-
rimis ovatis acuminatis. Lin- Sp. Plant. 870. Bigno-
nia with fingered leaves , whofe lobes are oval , pointed ,
and entire. Leucoxylon arbor filiquofa, quinis foliis,
floribus Nerii, alato femine. Pluk. Aim. 215. tab.
200. f. 4. commonly called in America 'Tulip Flower.
10. Bic-nonia ( Paniculata ) foliis conjugatis cirrholis,
• foliolis cordato-ovatis, floribus racemofo-paniculatis,
Lin. Sp. Plant. 623. Bignonia with conjugated leaves ,
having, tendrils, the lobes oval and heart -fib aped , and flow-
ers in branching panicles . Bignonia bifolia fcandens,
flore violaceo odoro, frudtu ovato duro. Plum. Cat. 5.
11. Bignonia ( C<erulea ) foliis bipinnatis foliolis lanceo-
latis integris. Lin. Sp. Plant. 625. Bignonia with dou-
ble winged leaves , which are entire and fpear-Jhaped. Ar-
bor Guajaci latiore folio, Bignonke flore casruleo,
frudtu duro in duas partes difiiliente feminibus alatis
imbricatim pofitis. Catelb. Carol. 1. p. 42.
12. Bignonia ( Crucigera ) foliis conjugatis cirrhofis fo-
liolis cordatis. Vir. Cliff. 60. Bignonia with conjugated
heart-Jhaped leaves , having tendrils , and a Jlalk having ten-
drils. Pfeudo Apocynumfolliculis maximis obtufisfemi-
nibus ampliflimis alis membranaceis. Mor. Hill. 2„p. 62.
13. Bignonia (Capreolata ) foliis conjugatis cirrholis fo-
liolis cordato-lanceolatis, foliis inns limplicibus. Lin.
So. 870. Bignonia with conjugated heart-Jhaped leaves ,
having tendrils , whofe lower leaves are Jingle , growing
in panicles , and long comprejfed pods.
14. Bignonia ( Triphylla ) foliis ternatis glabris, foliolis
ovatis acuminatis, caule fruticolb eredto. Lin. Sp.
870. Smooth three-leaved Bignonia, with oval lobes end-
ing in a point , and a Jhrubby Jlalk. Bignonia frutefcens
triphylla glabra, flliquis longis compreffis. Hoult.
Cat.
The firlt fort grows naturally in Virginia and Ca-
nada. It hath large rough items, which fend out
many trailing branches, putting out roots at their
joints, which fallen themfelves to the trees in their
natural places of growth, whereby they climb to a
great height ; and in Europe, where they are gene-
rally planted againlt walls, they fallen themfelves
thereto by their roots, which ftrike into the mortar
of the joints fo fixongly, as to lupport their branches,
and will rife to the height of forty or fifty feet. The
branches are garnilhed with winged leaves at every
joint, placed oppofite, compofed of four pair of fmall
leaves, terminated by an odd one ; theie are fawed
on their edges, and end in a long lharp point. The
flowers are produced at the ends of the Ihoots of the
fame year, in large bunches ; thefe have long fwell-
ing tubes, lhaped fomewhat like a trumpet, from
whence it had the appellation of Trumpet Flower.
They are of an Orange colour, and appear the be-
ginning of Augult.
This fort is very hardy, fo will thrive in the open
air •, but as the branches trail, they mult be fupport-
ed, therefore are ufually planted againlt walls or build-
ings, where, if the branches have room, they will
fpread to a great diltance, and rife very high, fo are
very proper for covering of buildings, which are un-
flghtly. They may alio be trained up againft the
Items of trees, where they may be fo managed, as to
make a fine appearance when they are in flower.
This is propagated by feeds, but the young plants fo
raifed do not flower in lefs than feven or eight years ;
therefore thofe which are propagated by cuttings or
layers from flowering plants, are molt elteemed, be-
caule they will flower in two or three years after
planting. The old plants alfo fend out many fuck-
ers from the roots, which may be taken off, and
tranfpianted where they are to remain, for thefe plants
will not tranfplant fafe-ly if they are old.
The neceflary culture for thefe plants after they are
eltablifhed, is to cut away all the fmall weak Ihoots
of the former year in winter, and fhorten the ftrong
ones to about two feet long, that young Ihoots may
be obtained for flowering the following fummer •, thefe
plants are of long duration. There are feme in gar-
dens which have been planted more than flxty years,
which are now very vigorous, and produce flowers in
plenty every feafcn.
If the plants are propagated by feeds, they fhould be
fown upon a moderate hot-bed to bring them up,
which fhould be foon inured to the open air, to pre-
vent their being drawn up weak : and the firlt win-
ter thefe young plants fhould be fereened from hard
frolt, which will kill their tender Ihoots 1 but the
fpring following they may be planted in the full
ground, in a nurfery-bed, at a foot diltance from each
other, where they may remain one or two years to get
ftrength, and afterwards be planted where they are
defigned to grow.
The fecond fort was brought into England by Mr.
Catefbv, about forty years paft, who found it grow-
ing naturally on the back of South Carolina, at a
great diltance from the Engihh fettlements. It is
now very plenty in the Englifh gardens, efpecially
near London, where there are feme of them near
twenty feet high, with large items, and have the ap-
pearance of trees.
This fort rifes with an upright Item, covered with a
fmooth brown bark, and fends out many ftrong la-
teral branches, garnifned with very large heart-iliaped
leaves, placed oppofite at every joint. The flowers
are produced in large branching panicles toward the
end of the branches, of a dirty white colour, with
a few purple fpots, and faint Itripes of yellow on their
inflde. The tube of the flower is much fnorter, and
the upper part more expanded, than thofe of the for-
mer fort, and the fegments deeper cut, and waved
on their edges. The flowers are in America fuo
ceeded by very long taper pods, filled with fiat winged
feeds, lying over each other like the Icales of fifh.
In England there has nor as yet been any of the pods
produced, but the feeds are annually brought over
from South Carolina. Thefe fhould be fown in pots,
and plunged into a moderate hot-bed to bring up the
plants, which fhould be inured to the open air by
degrees ; and, in the beginning of June, placed abroad
in a Iheltered fltuation till autumn, when they ihould
be placed under a common frame to fcreen them
from frolt in winter ; but in mild weather they mull
be fully expofed to the open air. The following
fpring thefe may be taken out of the pots, and planted
in a nurfery-bed, in a warm fltuation, where they
may remain two years to get ftrength, and afterwards
■planted in the places where they are defigned to re-
main. Thefe plants, when young, are frequently in-
jured by frolt, for they fhoot pretty late fin the au-
tumn, fo that the early frofts often kill the extremity
of their branches ; but as the plants advance in
ftrength, they become more hardy, and are feldom
injured but in very fevere winters. It is late in the
fpring before thefe trees come out, which has often
caufed perfons to believe they were dead ; and home
have been fo imprudent, as to cut them down on that
fuppofition, before the tree was well known.
It may alfo be propapated by cuttings, v/hich fhould
be planted in pots in the fpring before the trees begin
to puflh out their Ihoots, and plunged into a moderate
hot-bed, obferving to lhade them from the fun in the
middle of the day, and refrdli them occafionally with
water, which mult not be given to them in too great
plenty. In about fix weeks thefe will have taken
root, and made Ihoots above, fo Ihould have plenty
of air admitted to them conftantly, and hardened by
degrees to bear the open air, into which they fhould
be removed, and treated in the fame manner as the
feedling plants, and the fpring following planted out
into a nurfery-bed, as is before directed.
As thefe trees have very large leaves, they require a
Iheltered fltuation , for where they are much expofed
to ftrong winds, their leaves are often tom and ren-
dered unfightly, and many times their branches are
fplit and broken by the winds, their leaves being fo
large, as that the wind has great force againft them.
Thefe produce their flowers in Augufc. They de-
light in a light moift foil, where they make great pro-
grefs, and in a few years will produce flowers. It
is generally known in the gardens by the Indian title
of Catalpa. '
The
*
B 1 G
B I G
The third fort is a native of the warmer parts of A-
merica, where it was difcovered by father blunder,
who made a drawing of it, and gave the title of Cle-
matitis to it, which he afterward altered to Bignonia,
when he became better acquainted with Tournefort’s
Syftem of Botany, This rifes with an upright Item,
to the height of twelve or fourteen feet, fending out
many fide branches, garnifhed at every joint by two
long winged leaves placed oppofite •, the fmall leaves
which corn pole thefe, are long and fpear-fhaped, end-
ing in a point, and flightly fawed on their edges,
each leaf being compofed of fix pair, terminated by
an odd one. The flowers are produced in loofe pa-
nicles at the ends of the branches, and are fhaped
like thofe of the other fpecies, but fpread open more
at the top. Thefe are yellow, and fucceeded by
comprefTed pods about fix inches long, having two
rows of flat winged feeds, like thofe of the other
fpecies.
I received this fort fifft in 1729, from La Vera Cruz,
in New Spain, where the late Dr. Houftoun found it
growing naturally in great plenty •, fince which time
I have received the feed from the ifland of Bermuda,
by the title of Candle "Wood.
It is propagated by feeds, which muft be fown on a
hot-bed, and the plants afterward tranfplanted into
feparate fmall pots, filled with light frefh earth, and
plunged into a frefh hot-bed to bring them forward,
that they may obtain ftrength before winter ; in the
autumn they muft be removed into the bark-ftove,
and during the winter fhould have but little water,
but in fmtimer they muft be frequently refrefhed with
it, but not given in too great plenty. The plants
fhould conftantly remain in the bark-ftove, and be
treated in the fame manner as other tender plants
from thofe countries. The third year from feed
they will flower, but they do not produce feeds in
England.
The fourth fort grows naturally in Virginia, and fe-
veral other parts of America ; this hath very flender
trailing ftalks, which muft be fupported ; in the places
where it naturally grows, the branches fallen them-
felves by their tendrils to whatever plants are near
them, and extend to a great diftance. In this coun-
try they require the afiiftance of a wall, and to have
a good aipebt, for they are impatient of much cold,
fo fhould be flickered in fevere froft ; the branches
are garnifhed with oblong leaves, which are green all
the year ; thefe are often Angle at bottom, but up-
ward are placed by pairs oppofite at each joint ; the
flowers are produced at the wings of the leaves, which
are yellow, and fhaped like thofe of the Foxglove.
Thefe appear in Auguft, but are not fucceeded by
pods in this country. This is propagated by feeds,
which fhould be fown on a moderate hot-bed, and
treated in the fame manner as the nrft fort. When
thefe plants are planted in the full ground againft
walls, the ground about the roots fhould be covered
in the autumn with feme old tanners bark to keep
out the froft in winter •, and in very fevere froft, the
branches fliould be covered with mats, to prevent
their being deftroyed. With this management I have
had the plants flower very well in the Chelfea garden.
The fifth fort hath flender flalks like the former,
which require the fame fupport •, thefe are garnifhed
with fmall oval leaves, which are entire, placed op-
pofite at every joint ; at the fame places come out the
tendrils, by which they fallen themfelves to the plants
which grow near them •, thefe end in three diftindt
parts ; the flowers come out from the wings of the
leayes, which are fhaped like thofe of the former
fort, but are fmaller, and are not fucceeded by feeds
in this country. This grows naturally -.in Carolina
and the Bahama Iflands, but will live in the open air,
if it is planted againft a wall to a fouth afpebt, and
flickered in very fevere froft. It is propagated in the
fame manner as the former fort.
The fixth fort hath very weak flender branches, which
put out tendrils at the joints, by which they fallen
themfelves to the neighbouring plants : at each joint
there are four leaves, two on each fide oppofite ;
thefe are oval pointed, and waved on their edges, of
a bright green, and continue through the year ; the
branches ramble very far where they have room : the
flowers are large, yellow, and are produced at the
joints of the, ftalks, but are not fucceeded by pods in
this country. I received this fort from La Vera Cruz,
in New Spain ; but it thrives againft a warm wall in
the open air very well, with the fame treatment as the
two former forts.
The feventh fort grows naturally in South Carolina,
where it fpreads over the hedges, and at the feafom
of flowering, perfumes the air to a great diftance ; k
alfo grows in 1'ome parts of Virginia, but not in fo
great plenty as at Carolina. The inhabitants there
call it Yellow Jafmine, I luppofe from the fweet odour
of its flowers.
This rifes with flender ftalks, which twill themfelves
round the neighbouring plants, and mount to a con-
flderable height ; the branches are garnifhed with ob-
long pointed leaves, which come out Angle and op-
polite to each other at every joint ; thefe remain
green through the year. The flowers come out from
the wings of the leaves at every joint, fometimes but
two, at other times four at each joint; thefe Hand
erect, are trumpet-fhaped, yellow, and have a very
fweet icent •, and in the countries where they naturally
grow, they are fucceeded by fhort taper pods, filled
with fmall winged feeds.
The plants of this fort, when young, are impatient
of cold, fo muft be flickered in the winter until they
have obtained ftrength, when they fhould be planted
againft a warm wall, and in winter protected from
froft by coverings of mats, and the ground about
their roots covered with tan. With this management
I have had them flower very well in the Chelfea gar-
den. It is propagated by feeds in the fame manner
as the former forts.
The eighth fort was fent me from Jamaica by the late
Dr. Houftoun. This rifes with an upright ilem near
twenty feet high, fending out many lateral branches,
covered with a white bark. The leaves come out
oppofite at the joints upon long foot-ftaiks ; they are
compofed of five oval fliff leaves, which are joined in
one center at their bafe, where they are narrow, but
widen toward the top, where they are rounded and
obtufe. They are of a pale green, inclining to white
on their under fide the flowers are produced at the
ends of the branches four or five together, on very
fliort foot-ftalks ; they are narrow at bottom, but the
tube enlarges upward, and at the top fpreads open
wide, of a pale bluifh colour, and fmell fweet ; they
are fucceeded by taper crooked pods about four inches
long, which are filled with oval comprefTed feeds*
with wings of a filver colour.
This fort is a native of the warmer parts of America,
therefore will not thrive in this country, but in a flove.
It is propagated by feeds, which muft be fown on a
hot-bed, and the plants treated in the fame manner as
the fourth fort.
The ninth fort I received from Barbadoes, by the ti-
tle of White Wood. This rifes with an upright fern
to the height of forty feet, in the natural country of
its growth ; and the feeds are difperfed by wind to
the neighbouring lands, where the plants come up in
great plenty. This and the former fort have been
generally confounded, and fuppofed to be the fame,
but the growing plants are extremely different ; for
the under leaves of this are fometimes compofed of
five, at other times of four oval leaves ; and on the
upper part of the branches, they come out Angle,
placed by pairs oppofite : thefe are as large as thofe
of the Bay-tree, and of equal thicknefs, rounded at
their end ; each of thefe have a long foot-ftalk, whereas
thofe of the former join at their bafe to one center.
The flowers of this fort are produced Angle at the
wings of the leaves, which have a narrow tube near
two inches long, but fpread open very wide at the
top, where they are cut into five unequal fegments,
which are fringed on their borders. The flowers are
white,
B I G
white, and have an agreeable odour, but the pod I
have not feen.
The plants muft be preferred in the bark-ftove, and
treated as the fourth fort. It is propagated by feeds,
and will alfo take root from cuttings in the hammer,
if they are planted in pots, and plunged into a bark-
bed. It has flowered feveral years in the Chelfea
garden, in Auguft.
The tenth fort was fent me from La Vera Cruz, by
the late Dr. Houfloun ; this rifes with ligneous (talks,
which put out tendrils at the joints, whereby they
fallen themfelves to the neighbouring plants; the
leaves come out on each fide the branches, upon
pretty long foot-fcalks, two at each joint oppo-
fite, which are heart-fhaped and entire, having a fine
hairy down on their under fide. The flowers grow
in loofe fpikes at the end of the branches, -which
are tubulous, and do not fpread much at the top ;
they are of a Violet colour, and fmell very fweet.
Thefe in their native country are fucceeded by oval,
hard, ligneous feed-veffels, which open in four parts,
and are full of comprefied winged feeds.
This fort is propagated by feeds, which mufl be fown
on a hot-bed, and the plants muft be treated in the
fame manner as the third fort, for they will not
thrive in this country unlefs they are placed in the
bark-ftove.
The eleventh fort grows naturally in the Bahama
Iflands, from whence Mr. Catefby fent the feeds in
1724, and many of the plants were railed in the gar-
dens near London. This, in the country where it
grows naturally, rifes to the height of twenty feet,
fending out many lateral branches, garnifhed with
compound winged leaves, each having eleven alter-
nate wings, with lpear-fhaped frnall lobes, which grow
alternate, and are entire at the ends of the branches
the flowers are produced in very loofe panicles ; the
foot-ftalks branching into three or four, each fuftain-
ing a fingle blue flower, with a long fwelling tube,
cut into five unequal fegments at the top, where it
fpreads open. The flowers are fucceeded by oval feed-
vefiels, which open in two parts, and are filled with
flat winged feeds*
The twelfth fort hath a woody ftem, fending
out many branches, which have four narrow borders
or wings running longitudinally, fo as to refemble a
fquare ftalk-, the leaves are produced by pairs,
on each fide the branches ; they are heart-fnaped,
fmooth, and have fhort foot-ftalks -, thefe have
tendrils coming out by their foot-ftalks, which
fallen themfelves to the plants which grow near them,
and thereby rife to a great height. The flowers are
produced in (mall clufters from the wings of the
leaves, which have pretty long tubes, fpread open
at the top, and are of a pale yellow colour -, thefe are
fucceeded by flat pods a foot in length, which have
two rows of flat winged feeds, joined to the inter-
mediate partition.
This fort was fent me from Campeachy, where it na-
turally grows, and rifes to the tops of the tailed
trees, to whofe branches thefe plants fallen themfelves
by their tendrils or clafpers, and are thereby fup-
ported. This is propagated by feeds, which muft
be fown on a hot-bed, and the plants treated in the
fame manner as the fourth fort for they will not
thrive in this country, unlefs they have a warm ftove,
where the branches will rife to the height of twenty
feet in three years and if permitted, will fpread to
a great diftance. It has flowered in the garden at
Chelfea, but doth not produce pods in England.
The thirteenth fort was fent me from Campeachy,
by Mr. Robert Millar ; this hath woody ftalks, which
rife to a great height, climbing on the trees which
grow near it, faftening themfelves to their branches
by its clafpers, and fending out many ligneous branches,
which are garniftied with oval heart-fhaped leaves,
by fours, two on each fide, growing oppofite at the
joints ; thefe are covered on their under fide with a
loft hairy down, of a yellowifh colour. The flowers
are produced in loofe panicles at the end of the
B I S
branches, which are ft raped like thofe of the Fox*
glove, and are of a pale yellow colour, and are flic-
ceeded by flat pods a foot long, having a border on
each fide, and contain two rows of flat winged feeds.
This plant is tender, lb muft be conftantly kept in
the Mrk-ftove, and treated in the fame manner as the
fourm fort. It is propagated by feeds, which muft
be obtained from the country where it grows naturally,
for it doth not produce any in England.
The fourteenth fort was fent me from La Vera Cruz
in New Spain, by the late Dr. Houfton. This hath
a woody ftem covered with an Afh-coloured bark,
which rifes to the height of ten feet, fending out
many fide branches, garnifhed with trifoliate leaves,
placed oppofite at each joint, which are very fmooth,
oval, and ending in points. The flowers come out
at the extremity of the branches in loofe panicles,
and are of a dirty white colour. Thefe are fucceeded
by fiat narrow pods, containing two rows of flat;
winged feeds.
This fort is propagated by feeds, which muft be fown
on a hot-bed, and the plants afterward treated as the
fourth fort, and muft conftantly remain in the bark-
ftove.
B I H A I. See Musa.
BINDWEED. See Convolvulus.
BIRCH-TREE. See Betula.
BiSCUTELLA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 7 24. Thlafpi-
dium. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 214. tab. 101. Buckler
Mallard, or Ballard Mithridate Milliard,
The Characters are,
1 The emp dement is compofed of four leaves , which are
pointed. The flower hath four petals , placed in form of
a crofts, which are obtufe and fpread open ; it hath fix
ftamina , four long and two fhort , placed 'oppofite, having
fingle fummits. In the center is fimated an orbicular com-
prefl'ed germsn, fupporting a fingle permanent ftyle, crowned
with an obtufe ftigma the gerrnen afterward becomes a
plain , comprefl'ed , erebi capflule , with two convex lobes,
having two cells , terminated by the rigid ftyle , which is
joined to the fide of the partition , each cell containing one
comprefl'ed feed.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft feflion of
Linnseus’s fifteenth clafs, intitled Tetradynamia Si' -
culofa, the flower having four long, and two fhort
ftamina, and are fucceeded by very fhort pods.
The Species are,
1. Biscutella ( Auriculata ) calycibus neflario utrinque
gibbis, filiculis in ftyium coeuntibus. Lin. Hort. Cliff.
329. Buckler Muflard , with the enp of the neblarium
fwelling on each fide , and frnall pods joined to the ftyle.
Thlafpidium hirfutum calyce Boris auricular©. Inft.
R. H. 214.
2. Biscutella (Didyrna) filiculis orbiculato-didymis a
ftylo divergentibus. Hort. Cliff. 329. Buckler Muft ard,
with a double orbicular pod diverging from the ftyle .
Thlafpidium Monipelienfe hieracii folio hirfuto.
Tourn. Inft. 214.
3. Biscutella ( Apula ) hirfuta foliis oblongis dentatis
femiamplexicaulibus fioribus fpicatis ftylo breviore.
Hairy Buckler Muftard , with oblong indented leaves which
half embrace the ftalk , flowers growing in fpikes , and a
floor ter ftyle. Thlafpidium Apulum fpicatum. Tourn.
Inft. 214.
■ The firft fort grows naturally in the fouth of France
and Italy, where it rifes about a foot high -, but in a
garden generally grows near two feet high, dividing
into feveral branches ; and at every joint there is one
oblong entire leaf a little indented, thofe on the
lower part of the ftalk being broader and more ob-
tufe than thofe on the upper.. The flowers are pro-
duced at the ends of the branches in loofe panicles,
which are compofed of four obtufe petals of a pale
yellow colour ; thefe are fucceeded by double, round,
comprefied feed-veffels, fwelling in the middle, where
is lodged a fingle, round, fiat feed, the ftyle of the
flower (landing upright between the two (mail ve fiefs,
joined to their borders. .
The fecond fort grows naturally in the fouth of
France, Italy, and Germany, from whence I received
Mm the
82 .
I
B I S
the feeds, and dried famples of the plant, which are
not more than fix inches high, though they are the
entire plants with their roots, but in the garden they
-grow almoft two feet high. This hath many long,,
narrow, hairy leaves, fpreading near the ground,
which are deeply indented on each fide, refqpibling
thofe of Hawkweed ; from the center arifes the ftalk,
which divides upward into many fmall branches,
having no leaves on them, and are terminated by
loofe panicles of yellow flowers, compofed of four
petals, placed in form of a crofs. Thefe are fuc-
ceeded by round compreffed feed-veffels like the
former, but are fmaller, and the ftyle of the flowers
bends from them.
The third fort fends out many oblong hairy leaves,
which are (lightly indented on their edges; from among
thefe there arifes a hairy branching ftalk, which grows
two feet high, and at each joint is placed one oblong
indented leaf, which half embraces the ftalk at the
bafe ; each branch is terminated by a clofe fpike of
pale yellow flowers, which are fucceeded by round
compreffed feed-veffels like the other forts, but the
ftyle of the flower, which is joined to them, is (horter
than thofe of the other fpecies.
Thefe are all annual plants, which perifti foon after
they have perfected their feeds. Thefe ftiould be
fown either in fpring, or the autumn, upon a border
- of light earth, in an open fituation, where they are
- to remain for good. Thofe which are fown in au-
tumn will come up in about three weeks, and the
plants will live through the winter without any pro-
tection, fo will flower earlier the following lummer,
whereby good feeds may always be obtained ; whereas
thofe which are fown in the fpring, do, in bad feafons,
decay before their feeds are ripe. The autumnal
plants flower in June, and the fpring in July, and
■ their feeds ripen about fix weeks after; which, if per-
mitted to fcatter, there will be plenty of young plants
produced without any care.
Thefe require no farther culture, but to keep them
clean from weeds, and thin the plants where they are
too clofe, leaving them eight or nine inches afunder.
They are preferved in the gardens of thofe who are
curious in botany, but they have no great beauty to
recommend them. I have cultivated thefe forts
many years, and have never obferved either of them
to vary, therefore make no doubt of their being
diftindl fpecies.
BISERRULA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 800. Pelecinus.
Tourn. Inft. 417. tab. 234.
The Characters are,
'The flower hath a tubulous empalement of one leaf, which
is ereli , and flightly indented at the top in five equal parts ,
the two upper ftanding at a difiance. The flower is pa-
pilionaceous , having a large roundijh ftandard , whofe edges
are refiexed. The wings are oblcng , hut floor ter than the
ftandard ; and the ohtufie keel is of the fame length with
the wings , bending upward. It hath ten ftamina , nine
of which are joined, and the other fingle, with their ends
pointing upward. In the center is fituated an oblong com-
prejfed germen , fupporting an uwl-foaped ftyle, crowned by
a fingH, ftigma ; thefe are included in the keel. The germen
afterward becomes a flat narrow pod, indented on both
edges like the flaw of the fivord fiflo, having two cells, filled
with kidney-floaped feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the third fedlion of
Linnaeus’s feventeenth clafs, intitled Diadelphia De-
candria, the flower having ten ftamina, joined in two
bodies.
We have but one Species of this genus, which is,
Biserrula. ( Pelecinus .) Hort. Cliff. 361. We have no
Englifh name for this plant. Pelecinus vulgaris.
Tourn. Inft. 417.
This is an annual plant, which grows naturally in
Italy, Sicily, Spain, and the fouth of France. It fends
out many angular ftalks, which trail on the ground,
fubdivicled into many branches, garniflied with long-
winged leaves, compofed of many pair of lobes, ter-
minated by an odd one ; thefe are heart-fhaped : to-
ward the upper part of the branches come out the
foOE-ftalk of the Lowers, - which fuftains fe vend fmall
Butterfly flowers, of a purplifh colour, cclLcicd. to-
gether, which are fucceeded by. plain pods, about one
inch long, indented on both (ides the whole length,,
divided in the middle by a longitudinal nerve, con-
taining two rows of kidney-draped feeds.
It is, propagated by feeds, which in this country
ftiould be fawn in the autumn, on a bed of light
earth, where the plants will come up in about three
weeks, and will live in the open air very well. Thefe
ftiould be fown where they are defigned to remain,
or tranfplanted very young ; for when they are large,
they will not bear removing. When the plants are
come up, they will require no other care, but to keep
them clean from weeds ; and where, they are too near,
tliey ftiould be thinned to about a foot diftance from
each other. They flower in June, and the feeds ripen
in September.
The feeds of this plant may alfo be fown- in the fpring,
and treated in the fame manner as before directed ;
but thefe will not flower till the middle or end of July,
fo unlefs the autumn proves warm, they will not
ripen feeds ; for which reafon I have direftedj their
being fown in the autumn, as foon as they are ripe.
Two or three of thefe plants may be allowed a place
in gardens for the fake of variety, but they have not
much beauty.
BISLINGUA. See Ruscus.
BISTORT A [fo called, becaufe the root is turned
or wreathed into various rings or fpires,] Biftort,. or
Snakeweed.
This genus isjoinedto the Polygonum by Dr. Linnaeus.
This plant flowers in May, and if the feafon proves
moift, will continue to produce new (pikes of flowers
till Auguft : it may be propagated by planting the
roots in a moift fhady border, either in lpring or au-
tumn, which will foon furnifh the garden with plants,
for it greatly increafes by its creeping roots.
The roots of this plant have been recommended for
tanning of leather, but the trouble of procuring them
in a fufficiept quantity is too great to anfwer the in-
tention.
BIVALVULAR, or Bivalve [of bivalvis] Hufk,
is one that opens and gapes the whole length, like a
door that opens in two parts.
B IX A. Lin. Gen. Plant. 581. Urucu. Sloan. Cat. Jam.
Orleana. H. L. Mitella. Tourn. Inft. 242. Anotta,
by the French Roucou. N
The Characters are.
It hath a plain, fmall, obtufe empalement, which is per-
manent ; the flower hath a double feries of petals, the cuter
confifting of five, which are large, oblong , and equal, the
inner of the fame number and jhape , but narrower. It '
hath a great number of briftly ftamina, which are but
half the length of the petals, terminated by ereht fummits.
In the center is fituated an oval germen , fupporting a
fender ftyle of the fame length with the ftamina, crowned
by a bifid , compreffed, parallel ftigma. The germen after-
ward becomes an oval heart-fhaped capfule , a little corn-
prejfed , covered with fharp briftles, opening with two
valves, with one cell, and filled, with angular feeds, ad-
hering to a linear receptacle, which runs longitudinally
through the capfule.
This genus is ranged in the firft feftion of Linnaeus’s
thirteenth clafs, intitled Polyandria Monogynia, the
flower having many ftamina and one ftyle.
We have but one Species of this genus, viz.
Bixa. {Orellana.) Llort. Cliff. 2 1 1 . The Arnotta, or Anotta,
by the French Roucou. Mitella Americana maxima
tinctoria. Achioti of Hernandez,
This ftirub grows naturally in the warm parts of
America, where it rifes with an upright ftem to the
height of eight or ten feet, fending out many branches
at the top, forming a regular head. Thefe are gar-
nifhed with heart-fnaped leaves ending in a point,
which have long foot-ftalks, and come out without
any order. The ftov/ers are produced in loofe panicles
at the end of the branches, of a pale Peach colour,
having large petals, and a great number of briftly
ftamina of "the fame colour, in the center. After the
flower
B LI
- flower is paft, the germen becomes a heart-fhaped,
or rather a mitre-fhaped feed-veffel, covered on the
• outfide with briftles, opening with two valves, and
filled with angular feeds, covered with a red pulp
or pafte, which colours the hands of thofe who
touch it, and is collected for the ufe of dyers and
painters.
This plant is propagated by feeds, which are annually
brought from the Weft-Indies in plenty. Thefe
fhould be fown in a fmall pot, filled with light rich
. earth, and plunged into a hot-bed of tanners bark ;
where, if the bed is of a proper temperature of heat,
the plants will appear in about a month after : when
thefe are about an inch high, they fhould be fhaken
out of the pot and carefully feparated, fo as not to
tear off their tender roots, and each planted in a fmall
pot filled with fome rich light earth, and plunged into
a frefh hot-bed of tanners bark, obferving to fhade
them every day until they have taken new root ; after
which they muft be treated as other tender plants
from the fame country, by admitting frefn air to them
,fl in proportion to the warmth of the feafon ; and when
~ the heat of the tan declines, it fhould be turned up
to the bottom, and, if neceffary, fome frefh. tan added
; to renew the heat. The plants muft be refrefhed three
times a week with water in fummer, but they muft
not have it in great quantities, for their roots often
rot with much wet. If the plants are raifed early in
the fpring, and properly managed, they will be a foot
and a half high by the autumn, when they fhould be
removed into the bark-ftove, and plunged into the
tan-becf. During the winter, they muft have but little
water, and while the plants are young, they muft
have a good fhare of warmth, otherwife they are very
fubjeft to caft their leaves,, and frequently lofe their
tops, which renders them unfightly. They muft be
, conftantly kept in the bark-ftove, for thofe plants
. which have been placed in a dry ftove, have never
made much progrefs. I have had many of thefe plants
feven or eight feet high, with ftrong ftems and large
heads, but have only had one produce flowers •, nor
have I heard of its flowering in any of the gardens in
, Europe, for in the Dutch gardens they have no plants
of any fize.
The pafte which fur rounds the feeds is taken off, by
fteeping the feeds in hot water, and with the hands
wafhed until the feeds are clean ; then after pouring
away the water, they leave the fediment to harden,
and make it up in balls, which, are fent to Europe,
where they are ufed in dying and painting. It is alfo
ufed by the Americans to dye their chocolate, and
the natives ufed to paint their bodies with it when
they went to the wars.
B LADDE R-N U T. See Staphy-lea*
BLATT ARIA. See Y erb ascum.
-BLIGHTS.
There is nothing fo deftruftive to a fruit garden as
blights ; nor is there any thing in the buflnefs of gar-
dening which requires more of our ferious attention,
than the endeavouring to prevent or guard againft
this great enemy of gardens.
In order therefore to remedy this evil, it will be ne-
ceft'ary firft to underftand the true caufes of blights
, for, although many curious perfons have attempted
to explain the caufes of them, yet very few of them
have come near the truth, except the Rev. and learned
Dr. Hales, who hath, in his curious book, intitled
- Vegetable Statics, given us fome accurate experi-
ments upon the growth and perfpiration of plants,
together with the various effefts the air hath upon
vegetables ; that by carefully attending thereto, to-
gether with diligent obfervations, we need feldom to
be at a lofs how to account for the caufes of blights
whenever they may happen.
But here I cannot help taking notice of the feveral
' . caufes of blights, as they have been laid down by
, fome of our modern writers on gardening, together
. . with their. various methods- prefcrifced to prevent their
.h...deftruftion of fruits, . &c., *
? »< : SQn^e, h^ye foppofed, .that blights are. ufual.ly pro-
-'fo V*
BH
duced by an eafterly wind, which brings vmft quail"
tities of infefts eggs along with it from fome difhuft
place ; which, being lodged upon the furface of the
leaves and flowers of fruit-trees, caufe them to flirive! .
up and perifh. To cure this diftemper, they aclvife
the burning; of wet litter on the windward fide of the
trees, that the fmoke thereof may be carried to them
by the wind, which they fuppofe will ftifie and deftroy
thofe infefts, and thereby cure the diftemper.
Others direft the ufe of Tobacco-duft, or to wafh the
trees v/ith water wherein Tobacco-Balks have been
infufed for twelve hours, which, they fay, will deftroy
thefe in lefts, and recover the trees •, and Pepper-duft,
fcattered upon the blofibms of fruit-trees, has been
recommended as very ufefui in this cafe : and there
are fome that advife the pulling off the leaves of the
tree, as the beft remedy when they are ftirivelled up
and wither ; and to cut off the fmaller branches when
they produce crooked and unnatural fhoots, and to
fprinkle the tree with a watering-pot, or a hand-
engine.
Thefe conjectures concerning blights, how fpeaqus
foever they may appear at firft fight, yet, when duly
confidered, will be found far ftiort of the true caufe,
as will hereafter be fhewn.
But let us now examine the true caufes of blights, fo
far as we have been enabled to j udge from repeated
obfervations and experiments.
i. Blights then are often caufed by a continued dry
eafterly wind for feveral days together, without the
intervention of fhowers, or any morning dew, by
which the perfpiration in the tender blofibms is
flopped, fo that in a ftiort time their colour is changed,
and they wither and decay ; and if it fo happen, that
there is a long continuance of the fame weather, it
equally affefts the tender leaves •, for their perfpiring
matter is hereby thickened and rendered glutinous,
clofely adhering to the furface of the leaves, and be-
comes a proper nutriment to thofe fmall infefts, which
are always found preying upon the leaves and tender
branches of fruit-trees, whenever this blight happens y
but it is not thefe infefts which are the firft caufe. of
blights, as hath been imagined by fome •, though it
muft be allowed, that whenever thefe infefts meet
with fuch a proper food, they multiply exceedingly,
and are inftrumental in promoting the diftemper ;
fo that many times, when the feafon proves fa»
vourable to them, and no proper care hath been
taken to prevent their mifchief, it is furprifihg to
think how whole walls of trees have fuffered by this
infeftion.
The beft remedy for this diftemper, . that I have yet
known fucceed, is, gently to wafh and iprigkle over
the trees, from time to time, with common water
(that is, fuch as hath not had any thing fteeped in
it 5) and the fooner this is performed (whenever we
apprehend danger,) the better ; and if the young and
tender fhoots feem to be much infefted, wafh. them
with a woollen cloth, fo as to clear them, if poffibie,
from all this glutinous matter, that their refpi ration
and perfpiration may not be obftrufted ; and if we
place fome broad flat pans or tubs of water near the
trees, that the vapours exhaled from the water may
be received by the trees, it will keep their tender
parts in a duftile ftate, and greatly help them but
whenever this operation of waffling the trees is per-
formed, it fhould be early in the day, that the moifture
may be' exhaled before the cold of the night comes
on 5 efpecialiy if the nights are frofty : nor ftiould it
be done when the fun fflines very hot upon the wall,
which would be fubjeft to fcorch up the tender
bloffoms. .
Another caufe of blights in the fpring is, fharp hoary
frofts, which are often fucceeded by ■ hot funftifne in
the day. time •„ which is the moil Bidden and certain
deftrover of fruits that is known ^ for the cold of the
*• ■
night ftarves the tender parts, of the bioiToms, and
the fun rifing hot. upon the walls before the moifture
is dried from the bloffoms (which, being; in fmall.
globules, collefts the rays of the fun,) a fcalding heat
is thereby acquired-, which fcorches the tender flowers,
and other parts of plants.
But that blights are frequently no more than an in-
ward weaknels or diftemper in trees, will evidently
appear, if we consider how often it happens, that
trees againft the fame wall, expofed to the fame afpedt,
and equally enjoying the advantages of fun and air,
with every other cireumftance which might render
them equally healthy, yet very often are obferved to
differ greatly in their ftrength and vigour ; and as
often we obferve the weak trees to be continually
blighted, when the vigorous ones, in the fame fi-
tuation fhall efcape very well ; which mnft, therefore,
in a great meafure, be afcribed to their healthy con-
ftitution. This weaknefs, therefore, in trees, mull
proceed either from a want of a fufficient fupply of
nourifhment to maintain them in perfedt vigour, or
from fome ill qualities in the foil where they grow,
or, perhaps, from fome bad quality in the flock, or
inbred diftemper of the buds or cyons, which they
had imbibed from their mother tree, or from miff
management in the priming, &c. all which are pro-
ductive of diflempers in trees, and of which they are
with difficulty cured. Now, if this is occafioned by
a weaknefs in the tree, we fhould endeavour to trace
out the true caufe ; firft, whether it ha,s been oc-
cafioned by ill management in the pruning, which
is too often the cafe ; for how common is it to obferve
Peach-trees trained up to the full length of their
branches every year, fo as to be carried to the top of
the wall in a few years after planting, when at the fame
time the flioots for bearing have been fo weak, as
fcarcely to have ftrength to produce their flowers: but
this being the utmoft of their vigour, the bloffoms fall
off, and, many times, the branches decay, either the
greateft part of their length, or quite down to the
place where they were produced ; and this, whenever
it happens to be the cafe, is afcribed to a blight.
Others there are, who fuffer their trees to grow juft
as they are naturally difpofed, during the fummer
feafon, without flopping of fhoots, or difburdening
their trees of luxuriant branches ; by which means
two, three, or four fhoots fhall exhauft the greateft
part of the nourifhment of the trees all the fummer
which fhoots, at the winter pruning, are entirely cut
out ^ fo that the ftrength of the tree was employed
only in nourifhing ufelefs branches, while the fruit
branches are thereby rendered fo weak, as not to be
able to preferve themfelves. The remedies to this
evil fhall be explained in the article of Pruning
Peach-trees, &c.
But if the weaknefs of the tree proceeds from an in-
bred diftemper, it is the better way to remove the
tree at firft and after renewing your earth, plant a
new one in its place.
Or if your foil be a hot burning gravel or fand, in
which your Peach-trees are planted, you will gene-
rally find this will be conftantly their cafe, after their
roots have got beyond the earth of your borders ; for
which reafon, it is much more advifeable to dig them
up, and plant Grapes, Figs, Apricots, or any other
fort of fruit, which may do well in fuch a foil, rather
than to be annually difappointed of your hopes ; for,
by a variety of experiments, it hath been found, that
Apricots attract and imbibe moifture with a much
greater force than Peaches and Nedtarines and con-
fequently, are better able to attradt the nutritive par-
ticles from the earth, than the other, which require
to be planted in a generous foil, capable of affording
them a fufficiency of nourifhment without much dif-
ficulty : and it is in filch places we often fee Peaches
do wonders, efpecially if affifted by art ; but as for
the Vine and Fig-tree, they perfpire very flowly,
and are very often in an imbibing ftate (fo that a
great part of that fine racy flavour, with which their
fruits abound when planted in a dry foil, is probably
owing to thofe refined aerial principles, which are
coffecied when in a ftate of refpiration ;) and there-
fore, as thefe trees delight not in drawing much
watery nourifhment from the earth, fo they will much
7
better iucceed in fuch a foil, than in one that is mori
generous : we fhould therefore always endeavour to
fait the particular forts of fruits to the nature of our
foil, and not pretend to have ail forts of fruit good in
the fame.
But there is another fort of blight, againft which it
is very difficult to guard our fruit-trees - 5 this is iffiarp,
pinching, frofty mornings, which often happen at the
time when the trees are in flower, or while the fruit
is very young, and occafion the bloffoms or fruit to
drop off ; and, fometimes, the tender parts of the
flioots and leaves are greatly injured thereby.
The only method yet found out to prevent this miff
chief, is, by carefully covering the walls, either with
mats, canvas, reeds, &c. which being faftened fo as
not to be difturbed with the wind, and fuffered to
remain on during the night, and taking them off
every day, if the weather permits, is the beft and
fureft method that hath yet been found fuccefsful ;
which, although it has been flighted, and thought
of little fervice by fome, yet the reafon of their being
not fo ferviceable as has been expedted, was, becaufe
they have not been rightly ufed, either by ftiffering
the trees to remain too long covered by which means
the younger branches and leaves have been rendered
too weak to endure the open air, when they are ex-
pofed to it j which has often proved of worfe con-
fequence to trees, than if they had remained entirely
Uncovered, or by incautioufly expofing them to, the
air, after having been Jo nr.- covered.
Whereas, when the covering before-mentioned has
been performed as it ought to be, it has proved very
ferviceable to fruits j and many times, when there
has been almoit a general deftruction of fruits in the
neighbouring gardens, there has been a plenty of
them in fuch places where they have been properly
covered : and though the trouble may feem to fome
' very great, yet, if thefe coverings are fixed near the
upper part of the wall, and are faftened to pullies,
fo as to be drawn up, or let down, it will be foon and
eafily performed-, and the fuccefs will fufficiently re-
pay the trouble.
But there is another fort of blight that jpmetimeg
happens later in the fpring, viz. in April or May,
which is often very deftrudtive to orchards, and open
plantations, and againft which we know of no remedy.
This is what is called a fire blaft ; which, in a few
* hours, hath not only deftroyecl the fruit and leaves,
but, many times, parts of trees, and, fometimes,
entire trees have been killed by it.
This is fuppofed to be effedted by volumes of tranff
parent flying vapours, which, among the many forms
they revolve into, may fometimes approach fo near
to an hemifphere, or hetnicylinder, either in their
upper or lower furfaces, as thereby to make the
beams of the fun converge enough to fcorch the plants
or trees they fall upon, in proportion to the greater
or lefs convergency of the fan’s rays.
The learned Boerhaave, in his Theory of Chemiftry,
obferves, 44 That thofe white clouds which appear in
44 fummer time, are, as it were, fo many mirrors,
44 and occafion exceffive heat : thefe cloudy mirrors
44 are fometimes round, fometimes concave, poly-
44 gonous, &c. When the face of the heavens is co-
44 vered with fuch white clouds, the fun, ffiining
44 among them, muff, of neceftity, produce a ve~
44 hement heat-, fince many of his rays, which would
44 otherwife, perhaps, never touch our earth, are
44 hereby reflected to us : thus,' if the fun be on one
44 fide, and the clouds on the oppofite one, they will
44 be perfect burning glaffes : and hence the phsno-
44 menon of thunder.
44 I have fometimes, continues he, obferved a kind
“ of hollow clouds, full of hail and fnow, during
44 the continuance of which the heat was extreme ;
44 fince, by fuch condenfation, they were enabled to
44 reflect much more ftrongly : after this came a fharp
44 cold, and then the clouds difeharged their hail in
44 great quantities, to which fucceeded a moderate
44 warmth. Frozen concave clouds therefore, by
44 their
B L I
ic their great reflexions, produce a vigorous heift •,
« and the fame, when rcfolved, cxceffive cold.”
Whence (as Dr. Hales obferves) we fee, that blafts
may be occafioned by the reflexions of the clouds, as
well as by the above-mentioned refraction of denfe
tranfparent vapours.
Againft this enemy to fruits, &c. as hath been faid,
there is no guard to our fruit-trees, nor any remedy
to cure it : but as this more frequently happens in
clofe plantations (where the ftagnating vapours from
the earth, and the plentiful perforations from the
trees, are pent in for want of a free air to diflipate
and difpel them ; which are often obferved, in ftill
weather, to afcend in fo plentiful a manner, as to.be
feen by the naked eye, but efpecially with, reflecting
telefcopes, fo as to make a clear and diftinft object
become dim and tremulous,) than in thofe that are
planted at a greater diftance, or are not furrounded
with hills or woods •, this diredts us, in the firft plant-
ing of kitchen-gardens arldorchards, &c. that we fhou-ld
allow a greater diftance between the trees, and to
make choice of clear healthy filiations, that the air
may freely pafs between the trees to diflipate thofe va-
pours before they are formed into fuch volumes,
whereby the circumambient air will be clear, and lefs
fubjedt to injuries ; as alfo the fruits which are pro-
duced in this clearer air, will be much better tailed
than thofe that are furrounded with a thick rancid air ;
for as fruits are often in a refpiring ftate, they confe-
quently, by imbibing a part of thefe vapours, are ren-
dered crude and ill-tafled, which is often the cafe
with a great part of our fruits in England.
BLITUM. Lin. Gen. Plant. 14. Chenopodio-morus,
Boerh. Ind. Morocarpus. Rupp. Strawberry Slice.
The Characters are,
It hath a tripartite fpreading empalement , which is per-
manent •, the flower hath no petals , but one briftly fta-
mina the length of the empalement , with a double fim-
mit. In the center is fituated an oval pointed germen fup-
porting two ftyles , the length of the ftamina , with a Jingle
fligma. 'The empalement afterward becomes an oval com-
prefled capfule , including one globular compreffed feed , the
fize of the capfule.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond order of
Linnaeus’s firfl clafs, intitled Monandria Digynia,
the flower having but one ftamina and two ftyles.
The Species are,
1. Blxtum ( Capitatum ) capitellis fpicatis terminalibus.
Hort. Upfal. 3. Blite with fpikes terminated by little
heads. Chenopodio-morus major. Boerh. Ind. alt.
2. 91. Commonly called Strawberry Blite , or Strawberry
Spinach.
2. Blitum ( Virgatum ) capitellis fparfis lateralibus. Hort.
Upfal. 3. Blite with fnall heads growing flatteringly
from the fides of the ftalks. Chenopodio-morus minor.
Boerh. Ind. alt.- 2. 91. Wild Atriplex with a Mulberry
fruit.
3. Blitum ( Tartaricum ) foliis triangularibus acute den-
tatis, capitellis fimplicibus lateralibus. Blite with tri-
angular leaves fharply indented, and fmgle heads proceed-
ing from the fides of the ftalks. Blitum fragiferum maxi-
mum polyfpermum. Amman. Ruth.
The firft fort grows naturally in Spain and Portugal,
but hath been long preferved in the Englifh gardens.
This is an annual plant, which hath leaves fomewhat
like thofe of Spinach; the ftalk rifes about two feet and
a half high, the lower part of which is garnifhed with
leaves of the fliape with thofe at bottom, but fmaller ;
the upper part of the ftalk hath flowers coming out
in fmall heads at every joint, and is terminated by
a fmall duller of the fame : after the flowers are paft,
the little heads fwell to the fize of Wood Strawber-
ries, and when ripe have the fame appearance ; being
very fucculent, and full of a purple juice, which
ftains the hands of thofe who bruife them, of a deep
purple colour.
The fecond fort grows naturally in the fouth of France
and Italy. This leldom grows more than one foot
high, with fmaller leaves than the firft, but of the
lame fliape ; the flowers are produced at the wings
of the leaves, aimoft the length of the ftalk, which
are fmall, and collected in little heads, which are
fhaped like thofe of the firft, but fmaller and not fo
deeply coloured.
The feeds of the third fort were font me by the late
Dr. Amman, who was profeffor of botany at Peterf-
burgh. This rifes near three feet high ; the leaves
are triangular, ending in very acute points, as do alfo
the indentures on the edges of the leaves; The flow-
ers come out from the wings of the leaves in fmall
heads, which are fucceeded by berries of the fame
fhape and colour as thofe of the firft, but fmaller.
This fort differs from the firft in the fliape and inden-
tures of the leaves, and in having leaves placed be-
tween the berries the whole length of the ftalk, which
is not terminated by heads as the firft, but hath leaves
above the heads.
Thefe are all of them annual plants, which will drop
their feeds if permitted, and the plants will come up.
in plenty the following fpring : or if the feeds of
either of the forts are fown in March or April, upon
a bed of common earth, in an open fituatioiu the
plants will come up in a month or five weeks after ;
and, if they are to remain in the place where they are
fown, will require no other care but to keep them
clear from weeds, and to thin them out, fo as to leave
them fix or eight inches apart ; and in July the
plants will begin to fhew their berries, when they will
make a pretty appearance. But many people trarif-
plant them into the borders of the flower-gar-
dens, and others plant them in pots, to have them
ready for removing to court-yards, or to place upon
low wails, among other annual flowers, to adorn thofe
places.
When thefe plants are defigned to be removed, they
fhould be tranfplanted before they fhoot up their fiow-
er-ftems, for they will not bear tranfplanting well af-
terward : and if they are planted in pots, they will
require to be duly watered in dry weather, otherwife
the plants will flint, and not grow to any fize ; and,
as the flower-ftems advance, they fhould be fupported
by flicks ; for if they are not, the branches will fall
to the ground, when the berries are grown pretty
large and weighty.
BLOODWORT. See Lapathum.
BOCCONIA.
This plant was fo called after the Reverend Paul BoC-
cone, of Sicily, who has publifhed fome curious books
of botany.
The Characters are.
The flower hath an empalement compofed of two oval , ob-
tufl , concave leaves it hath four narrow petals , with
a great number of very fhort ftamina , crowned by ere A
fummits , which are the length oft the empalement. In
the center is fituated a roundijh germen , contracted at both
ends , fupporting a fingle ftyle , which is bifid at the top ,
crowned by a fingle fligma. The germen afterward be-
comes an oval fruit, contracted at both ends, and a little
compreffed, having one cell, full of pulp, including a fingle
round feed.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fedlion of
Linnaeus’s thirteenth clafs, intitled Polyandria Mo-
nogynia, the flower having many ftamina and one
ftyle.
There is but one Species of this genus at prefent
known, which is,
Bocconia. ( Fruteflens .) Lin. Sp. Plant. 505. Bocconia
racemofa, fphondylii folio tomentofo. Plum. Nov.
Gen.
This plant is called, by Sir Hans Sioane, in his Na-
tural Hiftory of Jamaica, Chelidonium majus arbo-
reum, foliis quercinis ; or Greater Tree Celandine with
Oak leaves.
It is very common in Jamaica, and feveral other parts
of America, where it grows to the height of ten or
twelve feet, having a ftrait trunk as large as a man’s
arm, which is covered with a white finooth bark.
At the top it divides into feveral branches, on which
the leaves are placed alternately. Thefe leaves are
eight or nine inches long, and five or fix broad, deeply
-N n finu-
1
i O E
imuated, fometimes almoft to the mid-rib, and are of
a line glaucous colour y fo that this plant makes a
beautiful variety among other exotic plants in the
ftove. The whole plant abounds with a yellow juice
like the greater Celandine, which is of an acrid na-
ture ; fo that it is ufed by the inhabitants of America,
to take off warts, and fpots from the eyes.
It is propagated by feeds, which fhould be fown in a
pot filled with light frefh earth, early in the fpring,
and plunged into a hot-bed of tanners bark* obferv-
ing to water it now and then gently, otherwife the
feeds will not grow. When the plants are come up,
they fhould be each tranfplanted into feparate fmall
pots filled with light fandy earth, and plunged into
the hot-bed again, obferving to fhade the glafles in
the heat of the day, until the plants have taken root.
They muft be alfo gently watered, but it fliould be
done fparingly while they are young-, for their Items
being very tender, and full of juice, will rot, if they
receive too much moifture y but after their items are
become woody, they will require it often, efpecially
in hot weather when alfo they fhould have a large
fhare of air, by raifing the glafles of the hot-bed.
The plants, in two months after tranfplanting, will
have filled thefe fmall pots with their roots therefore
they fhould be fhaken out of them, and planted into
pots one fize larger, filled with light frefh earth, and
plunged into the bark-ftove, where they fliould have
a good fhare of frefh air in warm weather. With this
management I have railed thefe plants upwards of two
feet high in one feafon, which were alfo very ftrong
in their fie ms : they muft be conftantly kept in the
ftove, being too tender to thrive in this country in any
other fituation. This plant has flowered in the phyfic
garden at Chelfea, and perfected feeds ; but if it were
not to flower, the Angular beauty of the plant renders
it worthy of a place in every curious cohesion of
plants and it feems the Indians were very fond of it,
for Hernandez tells us, the Indian kings planted it in
their gardens.
B O E R H A A V I A. This genus of plants was fo
named by Monf. Vaillant, profeflor of botany at Pa-
ris, in honour of the famous Dr. Boerhaave, who was
profefTor of botany, chemiftry, and phyfic, in the
univerfity of Leyden.
The Characters are,
The flower hath no empalement , and hut one bell-Jhaped
petal , which is pentangular and entire. It hath in fome
fpecies one , and in others two Jhort flamina , crowned by a
double globular flummit. The ger men is fituated below the
receptacle , fupporting a jhort J, lender ftyle , with a kidney-
Jhaped ftigma y the germen afterward becomes a Jingle ob-
long feed , having no cover.
This genus of plants' is ranged in the firft fedion of
Linnaeus’s firft clafs, intitled Monandria Monogynia,
the flower having but one ftamina and a Angle
ftyle.
The Species are,
x. Boerhaavia ( Eredia ) caule eredo glabro. Lint Sp.
Plant. 3. Boerhaavia with an ere hi fialk. Boerhaavia
Solanifolia e recta glabra, fioribus carneis laxius dif-
pofitis. Houft. MSS.
2. Boerhaavia (Diffufa) caule diffufo. Lin. Sp. Plant.
3 . Boerhaavia with a diffufed fialk. Boerhaavia Sola-
nifolia major. Vail. Def. 50.
3. Boerhaavia ( Scandens ) caule fcandente fioribus dian-
dris. Lin. Sp. Plant. 3. Boerhaavia with a climbing
fialk. Boerhaavia alfines folio fcandens, fioribus pal-
lide luteis majoribus in umbells modum difpofitis fe-
mine afpero. Houft. MSS.
4. Boerhaavia ( Coccinea ) foliis ovatis, fioribus laterali-
bus compadis, caule hirfuto procumbente. Boerhaavia
with oval leaves , flowers coming from the wings of the
leaves in clofe heads , and a hairy trailing fialk. Boerhaa-
via Solanifolia procumbens & hirfuta fioribus cocci-
meis compadis. Houft. MSS.
The firft fort was difcovered by the late Dr. Houf-
toun, at La Vera Cruz, in 1731. This rifes with an
upright fmooth ftalk, two feet high, and at each
joint hath two oval pointed leaves growing oppofite,
2
B O M
upon foot-ftalks, an inch long, of a whitifh colour
bn .their under fide. At the joints, which are far
afunder, come out fmall fide branches, growing ered -
thefe, as alfo the large ftalk, are terminated by loofe
panicles of flefh-coloured flowers, which are each
fucceeded by oblong glutinous feeds.
The feeds of the feconci fort were fentme by the fame
gentleman from Jamaica, where it naturally grows.
This fends out many diffufed ftalks a foot and a half
or two feet long, garnifhed with fmall roundifh leaves
at each joint. The flowers grow very fcatterino-jy
upon long branching foot-ftalks from the wings of
the leaves, as alfo at the end of the branches, which
are of a pale red colour, and are fucceeded by feeds
like the former.
The third fort was fent me from Jamaica with the
former. This fends out feveral ftalks from the root,
which divide into many branches, and trail over what-
ever plants grow near them, and rife to the height of
five or fix feet, garnifhed with heart-fhaped leaves,
growing by pairs at each joint upon long foot-
ftalks, which are of the colour and confidence
of thofe of the greater Chickweed. The flowers
grow in loofe umbels at the extremity of the branches,
which are yellow, and are fucceeded by fmall, oblong,
vifcous feeds.
The fourth fort was fent me from Jamaica with the
two former : this fends out many trailing hairy (talks,
which divide into fmaller branches, garnifhed with
oval leaves at every joint ; and at the wings of the
leaves come out the naked foot-ftalks, fuftaining a
fmall clofe head of fcarlet flowers, which are very fu-
gacious, feldom Handing more than half a day before
their petals drop ; thefe are fucceeded by fhort oblong-
feeds. b
The firft, fecond, and fourth forts are annual plants,
which decay in autumn, but the third fort is peren-
nial : they are all tender plants, fo will not thrive in
the open air in England y they are propagated by
feeds, which muft be fown on a hot-bed in the fpring,
and when the plants are fit to be removed, they fhould
be each planted in a fmall pot and plunged into the hot-
bed, and treated as other tender exotic plants. When
they are grown too tall to remain under a common
frame, a plant or two of each fort fhould be placed
in the ftove the other may be turned out of the pots,
and planted in a warm border, where, if the feafon
proves warm, they will perfed their feeds ; but as
thefe are fubjed to fail in cold feafons, fo thofe in the
ftove will always ripen their feeds in autumn ; the
third fort may be preferved in a warm ftove two or
three years.
BOMB AX. Lin. Gen. Plant. 580. Ceiba. Plum.
Nov. Gen. 32. Silk Cotton-tree.
The Characters are,
It hath a permanent empalement of one leaf which is
bell-Jhaped , erebl, and quinquefid. The flower is quinque-
fid and fpreading , the petals are oval and concave. It
hath many awl-Jhaped ftamina , which are the length of the
petal , crowned with oblong incurved fummits. In the cen-
ter is fituated the round germen , fupporting a flender ftyle
the length of the ftamina , with a round ftigma. - The em-
palement afterward becomes a large , oblong , turbinated
cap fide ^ having five cells , opening with five valves , which
are ligneous , containing many roundifh feeds , wrapped in a
foft dozvn , and fixed to a five-cornered column.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fifth order of
Linnaeus’s fixteenth clafs, intitled Monadelphia Po~
lyandria, the flower having many ftyles and ftamina
joined to a column.
The Species are,
1. Bombax {Ceiba) fioribus polyandris, foliis quinatis.
Jacq. Amer. 2 6 . Silk Cotton-tree whofe flowers have
many ftyles , and leaves with five lobes. Ceiba viticis
foliis caudice aculeate. Plum. Nov. Gen. 42.
2. Bombax ( Bentandrum ) fioribus pentandris. Jacq. A-
mer. 26. Silk Cotton-tree whofe flowers have five ftyles.
Ceiba viticis foliis caudice glabro. Plum. Nov. Gen.
42.
3. Bombax
g. Bombax ( Villofus ) foliis quinque-angularibus villofis,
caule geniculato. Silk Cotton with five-cornered hairy
leaves, and a jointed fialk.
The firft and fecond forts grow naturally in both In-
dies, where they arrive to a great magnitude, being
fome of the tailed: trees in thofe countries ; but the
wood is very light, and not much valued, except for
making of canoes, which is the chief ufe made of
them. Their trunks are fo large, as when hollowed,
to make very large ones. In Columbus’s firft voyage
it was reported, there was a canoe feen at the ifland
of Cuba, made of the hollowed trunk of one of thefe
trees, which was ninety-five palms long, and of a
proportional width, which would contain a hundred
and fifty men : and fome modern writers have af-
firmed, that there are trees of thefe forts now grow-
ing in the Weft-Indies, fo large, as not to be fathom-
ed by fixteen men, and fotall as that an arrow cannot
be fhot to their top.
Thefe trees generally grow with very ftrait ftems ;
thofe of the firft fort are clofely armed with fhort
ftrong fpines, but the fecond hath very frnooth ftems,
which in the young plants are of a bright green, but
after a few years, they are covered with a grey, or
Afh-coloured bark, which turns to a brown as the
trees grow older : they feldom put out any fide
branches till they arrive to a confiderable height, un-
lefs their leading fhoot be broken or injured. The
branches toward their top are garnifhed with leaves
compofed of five, feven, or nine oblong frnooth lobes,
which are fpear-fhaped, and join to one center at
their bafe, where they adhere to the long foot-ftalk.
Thefe fall away every year, fo that for fome time the
trees are naked, and before the new leaves come out,
the flower-buds appear at the end of the branches,
and foon after the flowers expand, which are com-
pofed of five oblong purple petals, with a great num-
ber of ftamina in the center ; when thefe fall off, they
are fucceeded by oval fruit larger than a fwan’s egg,
having a thick ligneous cover, which, when ripe,
opens in five parts, and is full of a dark Ihort cot-
ton, inclofing many roundifh feeds as large as fmall
Peafe.
The down which is inclofed in thefe feed-veffels is
feldom ufed, except by the poorer inhabitants to fluff
pillows or chairs, but it is generally thought to be
unwholefome to lie upon.
Thefe two fpecies have been fuppofed the fame by
many writers on natural hiftory, who have affirmed,
that the young trees only have prickles on their
trunks, and as they grow old, their trunks become
frnooth ; but from many years experience I can affirm,
that the feeds which have been fent me of the two
forts, have always produced plants of the different
kinds for which they were lent, and continue the
fame in plants, which are more than twenty years
growth.
There was a few years paft a fine plant of another
fort in the garden of the late Duke of Richmond, at
Goodwood, which was raifed from feeds that came
from the Eaft-Indies. The ftem of this was very ftrait
and frnooth; the leaves were produced round the
top upon very long foot-ftalks, each being compofed
of feven or nine long, narrow, filky, fmall lobes,
joined at their bafe to the foot-ftalk, in the fame man-
ner as thofe of the two former, but they were much
longer, and reflexed backward, fo that at firft fight
it appeared very different from either of them. This
may be the fpecies, titled by Jacquin, Bombax flori-
ribus pentandris, foliis feptenatis. Amer. 26.
The third fort was fent me from the Spanilh Weft-
Indies, where it grows naturally, but I do not know
to what fize ; the plants which have been raifed here,
have foft herbaceous ftalks very full of joints, and
do not appear as if they would become woody, for
the plants of feveral years growth have foft pithy
ftems. The leaves come out on long hairy foot-
ftalks toward the top of the plants ; thefe have the
appearance of thofe of the Mallow-tree, but are
larger, and of a thicker confiftence ; on their under
fide are covered with a fhort, brown, hairy down, and
are cut on their edges into five angles. Thefe plants
have not as yet flowered in England, nor have I re-
ceived any information what flower they produce;
but by the pods and feeds, it appears evidently to be
ot this genus'. The down inclofed in thefe pods, is
of a fine purple colour •, and I have been informed
that the inhabitants of the countries where the trees
grow naturally, fpin it, and work it into garments,
which they wear without dyeing it of any other
colour.
I received a few years fince, a few pods of another
fort from Panama, which were not fo large as thofe of
the common, but were rounder. The down of thefe
was red, but the plants raifed from the feeds were fo
like thofe of the third fort, as not to be diftinguifhed
from them, fo 1 doubt of their being diftimft fpecies.
I alfo received fome feeds from Siam, which produced
plants of the fame kind, fo that thefe trees may be
common to many of the hot countries.
The plants are propagated by feeds, which muft be
fown on a hot-bed in the fpring ; if the feeds are good,
the plants will appear in a month, and thofe of the
two firft forts will be ftrong enough to tranfplant in a
month after, when they fliould be each planted in a
fmall pot, filled with frelh loamy earth, and plunged
into a moderate hot-bed of tanners bark, being care-
ful to fliade them from the fun till they have taken
frefh root ; after which they ifiould have a large fhare
of air admitted to them when tlie weather is warm, to
prevent their being drawn up weak ; they muft alfo be
frequently refrefhed with water, which muft not be
given in large quantities, efpecially the third fort,
whofe ftalks are very fubject to rot with much moil-
ture. In this bed they may remain till autumn (pro-
vided there is room for the plants under the glaffes)
but if the heat of the bed declines, the tan fliould be
ftirred up, and frelh added to it; and if the plants have
filled the pots with their roots, they fliould be fluffed
into pots a little larger; but there muft be care taken
not to over-pot them, for nothing is more injurious
to thefe plants, than to, be put into large pots* in
which they will never thrive. In the autumn they
muft be removed into the bark-ftove, where they
muft conftantly remain, being too tender to thrive in
this country in any other fituation. In winter they
muft have but little wet, efpecially if they call their
leaves ; but in the fummer they fhould be frequently
refrefhed with water, and in warm weather muft have
plenty of frelh air admitted to them. With this ma-
nagement the plants will make great progrefs, and
in a few years ; will reach the glaffes on the top
ot the ftove, efpecially if the building is not pretty
lofty.
The plants make an agreeable variety in a large ftove
where they have room to grow, their leaves having
a different appearance from molt other plants ; but
as they are feveral years old before they flower in the
countries where they grow naturally, there is little
hopes of their producing any in England.
BONDUC See Guilandina.
B O N T I A. Lin. Gen. Plant. 709. Plum. Nov. Gem
23. Hort. Elth. 49. Barbadoes Wild Olive*
The Characters are,
It hath a j, mall eredt empalement , which is quinquifid and
■permanent. 'The flower is of the ringent kind , having a
long cylindrical tube , gaping at the brim ; the upper lip
is ereit and indented , the lower lip is trifid and turns
backward. It hath four awl-Jhaped ftamina , which arO
as long as the petal , and incline to the upper lip , two of
them being longer than the other , having Jingle fumnits.
In the center is fituated the oval ger men, Supporting a fen-
der ftyle the length of the ftamina , crowned by a bifid ob-
tufe ftigma . The germen afterward becomes an oval berry
with one cell , including a nut of the fame form.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fefliori
of .Linnaeus’s fourteenth ciafs, intit led Didynamia
Angiofpermia, the flower having two long and two
fhort ftamina, and the feeds are included jn a cover.
.The
BON
The S'PSECl-E§ are,
1. Bontia. ( Daphnoides .) Lin* Sp. Plant. Barbadoes Wild
Olive. . Bontia arborefcens thymelaafe facie. Plum.
Nov. Gen. 32.
2. Bontia ( Germinans ) foliis oppofttis, pedunculis fpi-
catis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 891. Bontia with leaves growing
oppoftie , and fpiked foot-Jlalks of flowers. Avicennia.
Flor. Zeyl. 57.
The firft fort is greatly cultivated in the gardens at
Barbadoes, for making of hedges, than which there is
not a more proper plant for thofe hot countries, it be-
ing an Evergreen, and of quick growth. I have been
informed, that from cuttings (planted in the rainy
feafon, when they have immediately taken root) there
has been a complete hedge, four or five feet high, in
eighteen months. And as this will very well bear
cutting, it is formed into a very clofe thick hedge,
which makes a beautiful appearance. In England it
is preferred in ftoves, with feveral curious plants of
the fame country. It may be raifed from feeds, which
Hi 011 Id be fown on a hot-bed early in the fpring (that
the plants may acquire ftrength before winter.) When
the plants are come up, they mull be tranfplanted
out each into a feparate half-penny pot filled with
light freih earth, and plunged into a moderate hot-
bed of tanners bark, obferving to water and fhade
them until they have taken root ; after which they
mull: have a large lhare of air in warm weather, and
be often refrelhed with water. In winter they muft
be placed in the ftove, where they fhould have a mo-
derate degree of warmth, and but little water during
that feafon. In fummer they muft have a great lhare
of air, but will not do well if expofed abroad, efpe-
cially in -cold fummers ; fo that they fhould remain
in the ftove among plants which require a great lhare
of air, which may be admitted by opening the glaffes
in very hot weather. With this management, thefe
plants will produce flowers and fruit in three or four
years from feed. They may alfo be propagated by
cuttings, which fhould be planted in the fummer.
They muft be put into pots filled with light rich
earth, and plunged into a moderate hot-bed, obferv-
ing to water and lhade them until they have taken
root •, after which they muft be treated as hath been
directed for the feedling plants. Thefe plants being
evergreen, and growing in a pyramidal form, make
_ a pretty variety in the ftove amongft other exotic
plants.
The fecond fort is fuppofed to be the Anacardium
Orientale ; but whether this is the true fort, I cannot
' determine, having feen only the feeds of that plant,
which are frequently brought to Europe for marking
nuts ; and thofe have been too old to grow, fo I
cannot take upon me to determine how far Mr. Jac-
quin is right.
BONUS HENRICUS. See Chenopodium.
B O R B O N I A. Lin. Gen. Plant. 764.
The Characters are,
It hath a turbinated empalement of one leaf, \ cut at the
top into five acute fegments , which are ft iff, pungent , and
about half the length of the petals. I he flotver hath five
leaves , and is of the butterfly Jhape. The ftandard is
cbtufe and reflexed. 'The wings are heart-Jhaped and floor ter
than the Jiandard. The keel hath obtufe lunulated leaves.
It hath nine ft amina joined in a cylinder , and one upper
ftanding Jingle , turning up its point. Thefe have fmall
fmnmits. In the center is Jituated an awl-fhaped germen ,
fupporting a floortftyle , crowned by an obtufe indented ftig-
ma. The germen afterward becomes a round pointed pod
terminated with a fpine , having one cell . , incloflmg a kid-
ney -Jhaped feed.
This genus of Wants is ranged in the third order of
Linnaeus’s feventeenth clafs, intitled Diadelphia De-
candria, the flower having ten ftarnina, nine of which
are joined, and the other ftands feoarate.
The Species are,
1. Borbonia ( Lanceolata ) foliis lanceolatis multinerviis
integerrimis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 707. Borbonia with en-
tire fp ear- Jhaped leaves having many nerves. Genifta A-
fricana. frutefcens rufci nervolis foliis. Raii Hift. 3.
107. 6
BON
2. Borbonia ( Cor data ) foliis cdrdatis mnltlirerviL inte-
gerfimis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 737. Borbonia with entire
heart-Jhaped leaves having many nerves. Spartium A~
fricanum frutefcens rufci folio caulem arnplexante.
Com. Hort. Amft. 2. 195.
3. Borbonia ( Trinefvia ) foliis lanceolatis trinerviis in-
tegerrimis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 707. Borbonia with entire
fpear-flsaped leaves , having three veins.
Thefe plants grow naturally at the Cape of Good
Hope, from whence I received their feeds. In the
natural place of their growth, they rife to the height
of ten or twelve feet ; but in Europe they feldom are
more than four or five, having flender Items di-
vided into feveral branches, which are gamifhed with
ftiff leaves, placed alternately ; thofe of the firft fort
are narrow, long, and end in a ftiarp point. The
flowers come out from between the leaves at the end
of the branches in fmall duffers ; thefe are yellow,
and fhaped like thofe of the Broom. It flowers in
Auguft and September, but doth not perfect feeds
in England.
The fecond fort hath broader leaves than the firft:
the ftalks of this are flender, covered with white bark.
The leaves embrace thefe at their bafe, where they
are broadeft, and are terminated by fharp points like
thofe of Kneeholm, or Butchers Broom. The flowers
are produced in fmall clufters at the end of the
branches, which are the fame fliape and colour as
thofe of the former, but larger. This flowers at the
fame time with the former, but never produces feeds
here.
The third fort hath ftronger ftalks than either of the
former, garnifhed almoft their whole length, as are
alfo the branches with ftiff fpear-fhaped leaves, hav-
ing three longitudinal nerves on each ; thefe are
placed clofer together than thofe of the other fpecies.
The floWers are produced at the extremity of the
branches, each ftanding on a feparate foot-ftalk:
they are of the fame fhape and colour with the for-
mer, but larger.
As thefe plants .do not perfect their feeds in this
country, they are with difficulty propagated here.
The only method by v/hich I have yet fucceeded,
hath been by laying down their young fhoots ; but
thefe are commonly two years before they put out
roots fit to be feparated from the old plant. In lay-
ing of thefe down, the joint which is laid in the
ground fhould be flit upward, as is praftifed in lay-
ing Carnations, and the bark of the tongue at bottom
taken off. The beft time to lay thefe down, is in
the beginning of September ; and the fhoots moft .
proper for this purpofe, are thofe which come out
immediately, or very near the root, and are of the
fame year’s growth, not only from their fltuation be-
ing near the ground, and thereby better adapted for
laying, but thefe are alfo more apt to put out roo'ts
than any of the upper branches.
But where good feeds can be procured, that is the
more eligible method of propagating the plants ; for
thofe raifed from the feeds make the ftraiteft plants,
and are quicker of growth. When good feeds are
obtained, they fhould be fown in pots filled with light
loamy earth, as foon as they are received; which, if
it happens in the autumn, the pots fhould be plunged
into an old bed of tanners bark, under a frame, where
they may remain all the winter, being cafeful that
they are fecured from froft, and have not much wet.
In the fpring, the pots fhould be plunged into a hot-
bed, which will bring up the plants in five or fix
weeks. When thefe are fit to remove, they fhould
be each planted into a feparate fmall pot, filled with
the like loamy earth, and plunged into a moderate
hot-bed, obferving to fnade them until they have
taken frefh root, as alfo to refrefh them with water,
as they may require it. After this they muft by de-
grees be inured to the open air, into which they fhould
be removed in June, and placed in a flickered flota-
tion, where they may remain till autumn, when they
muft be removed into the green-houfe, and placed
“where they may enjoy the air and Tub ; during the
4 winter
' BOR
winter feafon, thefe plants muft be fparingly watered ;
but in fummer, when they are placed abroad, they
will require to be frequently refrefhed, but muft not
have too much water given them each time.
Thefe plants make a pretty variety in the green-houfe
in winter, and as they do not require any artificial
heat to preferve them, they are worthy of a place in
every garden where there is conveniency forkeeping
them.
BORDERS. The ufe of thefe in a garden, is to
bound and inclofe parterres, to prevent them being
injured by walking in them : thefe are commonly ren-
dered very ornamental by means of the flowers,
flhrubs, &c. that are planted in them.
Thefe ought to be laid with a riling in the middle,
becaufe, if they are flat, they are not agreeable to
the eye.
As for their breadth, five or fix feet are often allowed
for the largeft, and four for the lefier.
Borders are of four forts : thofe are the molt com-
mon, that are continued about parterres without any
interruption, and are wrought with a gentle riling
in the middle, like an afs’s back, and planted with
flowers.
The fecond fort of borders is fuch as are cut into
compartments, at convenient diftances, by fmall paf-
fages ; and being alfo raifed in the middle, as before-
mentioned, are likewife fet off with flowers.
The third fort is fuch as are laid even and flat with-
out flowers, having only a verge of grafs in the mid-
dle, being edged with two fmall paths, raked fmooth
and fanded. Thefe are fometimes garnilhed with
flowering Ihrubs, and flowers of large growth, or
with vales and flower-pots, placed regularly along
the middle of the verge of grafs.
The fourth fort is quite plain, and only fanded, as
in the parterres of orangery, and is filled with cafes
ranged in a regular order along thofe borders which are
edged with Box on the, fides next to the walks ; and
on the other, with verges and grafs-work next the
parterre.
Borders are either made ftrait, circular, or in cants,
and are turned into knots, fcrolls, and other com-
partments.
Florifts alfo make borders either along walks, or de-
tached, and in thefe they raife their fineft and cnoiceft
flowers. Thefe are frequently encompaflfed with bor-
der-boards painted green, which make them look ex-
ceeding neat.
But, in large parterres, this is not to be expected ;
fince, if they be flocked with flowers fucceeding one
another in their feveral feafons, it is fufficient, fo that
nothing appears bare and naked,
it is ufualto difeontinue the borders at the ends next
to the houfe, that the embroidery and rife of the par-
terre may not be hidden by the Ihrubs and flower-
ing plants, and that the delign may be better judg-
ed of.
Since the modern way of gardening has been intro-
duced in England, all the French tafte of parterres,
fcroll-borders, and fret- work in Box, has been juftly
banilhed our gardens : therefore I have only men-
tioned them here, to expofe the tafte of thofe archi-
tect-gardeners, who have no idea of the noble ftm-
plicity of an open lawn of grafs, properly bounded
by plantations ; but, inftead of this, divide, the part
of the garden near the houfe, into various forms of
borders edged with Box, with fand, Ihell, or gravel-
walks leading about them, by which the ground is
cut into many angles, fcrolls, &c. which is very hurt-
ful to the eyes of a judicious perfon : therefore, where
flowers are defired, there may be borders continued
round the extent of the lawn, immediately before
the plantations of flirubs ; which, if properly planted
with hardy flowers to fucceed ea^ch other, will afford
a much more pleaflng profpect than the ftiff borders
made in fcrolls and compartments, after the French
manner, can poffibly do.
Thefe borders may be made fix or eight feet wide,
in proportion to the extent of the garden and fize of
BOR
the lawn : for a final! lawn fhould not have very
broad borders, nor ought a large lawn to be bounded
by fmall borders •, fo that a due proportion fhould be
always obferved in the laying out of gardens.
BORR AGO [or Borago, which fignifies milch the
fame as courage, becaufe it is a good raifer of the Spi-
rits..] Borage.
The Characters are,
The empalement is divided into five farts at the top , and
is permanent. The flower is of one leaf , having a fihort
tube, fipread wide open above , being divided into five
acute fegments at the brim. The chaps of the flower are
crowned by five prominences , which are oh t ufe and indent-
ed. It hath five ftamina . zvhich are joined together ,
crowned by oblong Jimmits. It hath four germen jituated
in the center , and a Jingle ftyle longer than the jlahina ,
fupporting a frngle ftigma. The four germen afterward
become fo many rmndijh rough feeds , inferted in the cavi-
ties of the receptacle , and included in the large fwojlen
empalement.
This genus of plants is ranged in the Hrft fefjtiori
of Linnaeus’s fifth clafs, intitled Pehtandria Mono-
gynia, the flower having five ftamina and a Angle
ftyle.
The Species are,
1. Borragq ( Officinalis ) folds omnibus alternis, ealyci-
bus patentibus. Hort. Uplal. 34. Borage with all the
leaves growing alternate , and a fpr ending' flower-cup ^
Borrago fioribus caeruleis. J. B.
2. Borrago ( Orientals ) calycibus tubo corollre brevio-
ribus, foliis cordatis. Hort. Cliff. 45. Borage with a
flower-cup floor ter than the tube of the flower , andheart-
fJoaped leaves. Borrago Conftantinopolitana flare re-
flexo caeruleo calyce veficareo. Tourn. Cor. 6.
3. Borrago ( Africana ) foliis ratnificationum oppofitis
petiolatis, calycinis foliolis ovatis acutis erectis. Lin.
Sp. 197. African Borage with leaves growing oppojiteic )
the branches upon foot folks, and the leaves of the em-
palement oval , pointed , and eredi. CynogdofTum Bora-
ginis folio & facie fEthiopicum. Pluk. Aim.
4. Borrago ( Indica ) foliis ramificationum oppofitis ca-
lycinis foliolis fagittatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 137. Borage
with oppofite leaves on the branches, and fpear-Jhaped
leaves to the flower-cup. Cynogloffoldes folio caulem
amplexante. Ifnard. A£t. Scien. 1718.
The firft is the common Borage, whofe flowers are
ufed in medicine, and the herb for cool tankards in
fummer. Of this there are three varieties, which ge-
nerally retain their difference from feeds ; one hath a
blue, the other a white, and another a red flower ;
and there is one which hath variegated leaves. Thefe
variations have continued feveral years in the Chelfea
garden, with very little alteration ; but as they do
not differ in any other refped from the common, I
have only mentioned them as varieties.
This is an annual plant, which, if permitted to flat-
ter its feeds, the plants will come up in plenty with-
out care , the feeds may alfo be fown either in fpring
or autumn, but the latter feafon is preferable, on a
fpot of open ground where the plants are defigned
to remain ; when the plants have obtained a little
ftrength, the ground fhould be hoed to deftroy the
weeds, and the plants muff be cut up where they are
too near each other, leaving them eight or ten inches
afunder. After this they will require no farther care,
unlefs the weeds fhould come up again ; then the
ground fhould be a fecond time hoed over to deftroy
them, which, if well pefbrmed, and in dry weather,
will clear the ground from weeds, fo it will require no
more cleaning till the Borage is decayed. The plants
which are railed in the autumn, will flower in May,
but thofe which are raifed in the fpring, will not flower
till June ; fo that where a continuation of the flowers
are required, there fhould be a feqon,d fdwing in the
fpring, about a month after the firft 5 but this fliould
be on a fhady border, and if the feafon fhould prove
dry, the ground muft be watered frequently, to bring
up the plants; this latter bowing will continue flow-
er ir. 2 till the end of fummer.
O o The
Sfo
S
)
BOS
The fetond fort was brought from Conftantinbple,
where it grows naturally. This is a perennial plant,
having thick flefliy roots, which fpread under the
furface of the ground, and is thereby propagated
with great facility. This fends out many * oblong
heart-fhaped leaves from the root, without any order,
having long hairy foot-ftalks ; from the root arifes
the fiower-ftem, which is more than two feet high
when fully grown, having at the joints a fingle Small
leaf without a foot-ftalk. The upper part of the ftalk
branches out into feveral fmall foot-ftalks, which are
terminated by look panicles of flowers; thefe are of
a pale blue colour, and the petal is reflexed backward,
fo that the connected ftamina and ftyle are left naked.
After the flowers are fallen, the four germen become
fo many rough feeds, frnaller than thofe of the com-
mon Borage. It flowers in March, and the feeds
ripen in May. When the flower-ftalk firft appears,
the flowers feern collected into a clofe fpike, fame
of which often fpread open before the ftalk is fix
inches high •, but as the ftalks advance, they divide
into many loofe fpikes.
It is eafily propagated by the root, which may be
parted in the autumn : thefe fhould have a dry foil
and a warm fituation, for as the flower-ftalks appear
early in the fpring, fo when they are much expofed,
they are often killed by the froft, and thereby pre-
vented flowering •, if thefe plants are planted in dry
rubbifh, they will not grow too luxuriant, fo wiil
not be in danger of differing by froft. Some of the
feeds of this have fcattered into the joints of an old
wall in the Cheifea garden, where the plants have
grown without care for feme years, and are never in-
jured by cold or heat.
The third and fourth forts grow naturally in Africa;
thefe are both annual plants, which rarely rife a foot
high, having rough ftalks ; thofe of the third fort
are fet on by pairs oppofite, with fliort foot-ftalks,
but the leaves of the fourth clofely embrace the ftalks
at their bafe ; the flowers come out on fliort foot-
ftalks from the wings of the leaves, and alfo at the
top of the ftalks. Thofe of the third fort are white,
and thofe of the fourth a pale fiefh colour; but
neither of them make any great appearance, fo are
feldom cultivated but in botanic gardens for va-
riety.
The feeds of thefe plants fliould be fown upon a hot-
bed in March, and when the plants are ftrong enough
to be removed, they fliould be each planted in a fmall
pot filled with light earth, and plunged into a new
hot-bed to bring them forward, otherwife they will
not perfeft their feeds in this country ; but in hot
weather they muft have a great fliare of air, otherwife
they will draw up weak, and fail before the feeds
are ripe.
BOSEA, Yervamora, or Shrubby Golden-rod.
The Characters are,
It hath an empalement compofed of five roundifh , concave ,
equal leaves ; it hath no corolla , hut five awl-fh aped fta-
mina longer than the empalement , terminated by Jingle
fummits ; and -an oblong , oval? pointed germen^ with two
fiigma fitting clofe upon it. The empalement afterward
becomes a globular berry with one cell? inclojing one roundifh
feed.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fetftion
of Linnaeus’s fifth clafs, intitled Pentandria Digynia,
the flower having five ftamina and two ftyles.
We have but one Species of this plant, viz.
Bosea. ( Tervamora .) Lin. Hort. Cliff. 84. Arbor bacci-
fera Canarienfis, fyringiae c Semite foliis, purpuran-
tibus venis, fruftu monopyreno Yervamora Hifpa-
norum. Pluk, Phyt. Commonly called Golden-rod-tree.
This plant is a native of the iflands of the Canaries,
and it hath alfo been fincc found in fome of the Bri-
tifh iflands in America ; but was firft brought into
England from the Canaries, and has been long an
inhabitant of the Englifli gardens ; but I have not as
yet feen any of thefe plants in flower, though I have
had many old plants under my care more than forty
years : it makes a pretty ftrong woody flirub, growing
BRA
with a fteiii as large as a middling perlbri’s leg; the
branches come out very irregular, and make con-
fiderable flioots in fummer, which fliould be fliortened
every fpring, to preferve the heads of the plants in
any tolerable order : thefe branches retain their leaves
till toward the fpring, when they fall away, and new
leaves are produced loon after : it may be propagated
by cuttings planted in the fpring, and the plants muft
be houfed in winter, being too ^tender to live in' the
open air through the year, in this country.
BOS QJJ E T S are little groves ; fo called from Bof-
chetto, Italian, which is a diminutive of Bofco, a
wood or grove.
Thefe are fmall compartments in gardens, which are
formed of trees, fhritbs, or tall large growing plants,
planted in quarters ; and are either difpofed regularly
in rows, or in a more wild or accidental manner, ac-
cording to the fancy of the owner : thefe quarters are
commonly furrounded with Evergreen hedges, and
the entrance formed into regular porticos with Yews,
which are by far the belt and moft tonfile trees for
this purpofe. In the infide of thefe quarters may be
made fome walks, either ftrait or winding ; which,
if the quarters are large, fhould be five or fix feet
broad, and may be laid with turf, and kept well
mowed and rolled, which will render the walking
much eafier and pleafanter than if the walks are only
the common earth ; which in frnaller quarters cannot
be otherwife, for if the trees are clofe, and the walks
narrow, io as to be ihaded and over-hung by the trees,
the grafs will not grow.
Thefe quarters may be alfo furrounded with hedges
of Lime, Elm, Hornbeam, or Beech ; which ftiould
be kept well fheared, and not fuffered to rife too high ;
that the heads or the trees may be fully feen over
them, an :rom the fight, when
in the walks on the outlide of the quarters.
.. . :s, you fhould obferve
to mix be v;oes, whicb produce their leaves of dif-
ferent ftia.pt r , and various fhades of green, and hoary
or me rdy leaves, fo as to afford an agreeable profpect :
befides, there is a great variety of different fruits,
which thefe trees produce in autumn ; which, altho’
of little or no uie, that we know of, yet have a very
good eifiecL, in affording an agreeable variety for fome
time after the leaves are gone ; as the Euonymus, or
Spindle-tree, the Opulus, or Marin Elder, the Cock-
fpur Hawthorn, with many other forts, too nume-
rous to mention in this place ; whofe berries afford
food for the birds, fo that they will be thereby invited
to ftay and harbour in thefe little groves, which by
their different notes, will render thefe places very
agreeable in the fpring. But I would advife never to
mix Evergreens with deciduous trees ; for, befides
the ill effeeft it hath to the fight (especially in winter,)
they feldom thrive well together ; fo that thofe quar-
ters where you intend to have Evergreens, fhould
be wholly planted therewith ; and in the other parts
mix as many varieties of different tree's, which caft
their leaves, as you can conveniently ; and alfo plant
fome of the largeft growing flowers (efpecially near
the outfide of the quarters,) which will add greatly
to the variety, if they have but air enough to grow ;
but if any of the Evergreen trees, are mixed, with the
deciduous, it fhould be only to border the wood.
Thefe bofquets are proper only for fpacious gardens,
being expenfive in their firft making, as alfo in
keeping. v
BOTRYS. See Ci-ienopodium.
BOX-TREE. See Buxus.
B R A B E J U M, African Almond, vulgo.
The Characters are,
The flower hath no empalement •? it is compofed of four
narrow obtufie petals which are erehi ? forming a tube ? hit
are turned backward at top ; it hath four fender ftamina
which are inferted in the bottom of the petals , and are of
the fame length , having fmall fummits. In the center is
a fmall hairy germen , fupporting a fender ftyle , crowned
by a fingle ftigma ; the germen afterward becomes an oval ?
hairy ? dry berry ? indofing an oval nut ,
This
B R A
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft feftion of
Linnaeus’s fourth clafs, intitled Tetrandria Monogy-
' nia, the flower having four ftamina and one fcyle.
We have but one Species of this plant, viz.
B r a b e jum . ( Stellatifolium. ) Hort. Cliff. AmygdalusfEthi-
pica, frucdu holoferico. Breyn. Cent. African , or
Ethiopian Almond.
This tree is a native of the country about the Cape
of Good Hope.
In Europe it feldom grows above eight or nine feet
high, but in its native foil it is a tree of middling
growth ; but as it muft be kept in pots, or tubs,
being too tender to live through the winter in the open
air, fo we cannot exped to fee it grow to a great fize.
It rifes with an upright ftem, which is foft, and full
of pith within, covered with a brown bark. From
the ftem are lent out horizontal branches at every
joint, the lower being the longeft, k and every tier
dimjnifhing to the top, fo as to form a fort of py-
ramid. The branches are garniffied with leaves at
each joint, which are from four to fiye inches long,
and half an inch broad in the middle, of a deep green
on their upper fide, but of a pale ruffet colour on
their under, indented on their edges, ftanding on very
fhort foot-ftalks. The flowers are produced toward
the end of the flioots, coming out from between the
leaves quite round the branches, which are of a pale
colour, inclining to white ; thefe appear early in the
fpring, and fall away without any fruit lucceeding
them in this country.
This plant is, with difficulty, propagated by layers ;
being often two years before they make roots ftrong
enough to be taken from the old plants ; when the
branches are laid down, it will be a good method to
flit them at ajoint (as is praftifed in laying Carnations)
which will promote their taking root.
Thefe muft have but little water given them, efpe-
cially in winter, for as the young fhoots are chiefly
pith within, fo they are very fubjedt to rot with much
moifture. The beft time to make the layers is in
April, juft as the plants are beginning to moot; the
layers muft always be made of the former year’s
fhoots. As this plant is very difficult to propagate,
fo it is very fcarce in Europe, there being very few
in the Dutch gardens at prefent.
The plants muft have a good green-houfe in winter,
but in fummer fhould be fet abroad in a iheltered ft-
tuation, where they will thrive, and annually produce
flowers in the fpring, fo will make a pretty variety
among other exotic plants in the green-houfe.
BRANCA URSINA. See Acanthus.
B R A S S I C A, the Cabbage.
The Characters are,
The empalement is compofted of four upright , fpear-fhaped ,
finall leaves , which are convex at their bafe , and fall off.
The flower is crofs-fhaped , having four oval plain petals ,
which fpread open , and are entire. It hath four oval
nefarious glands , one being fituated on each fide of the
Jhcrt ftamina and point af and one on each fids the
empalement . It hath fix ftamina , which are awl-
fkaped and ere 51 , two of which are oppojite , and the
length of the empalement, the other four are longer-, thefe
have ere 5 t pointed fummits. It hath a tapemgermen the
length of the ftamina , having a fhort ftyle thicker than
the germen , and crowned by an entire ftigma. The ger-
men afterward becomes a long taper pod , depreffed on each
fide , and is terminated by the apex of the intermediate
partition , which divides it into two cells , filled with round
feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fetftion
of Linnaeus’s fifteenth clafs, intitled Tetradynamia
Siliquofa, the flowers having four long and two fhort
ftamina, and are fucceeded by long pods.
I fliall firft enumerate the fpecies, which are diftindt,
and afterward mention the varieties, which are cul-
tivated for the table ; ■ for although moft of thefe may
be continued diftindt by proper care, without altera-
tion ; yet as they are liable to vary when planted near
each other for feeds, fo we muft not admit of their
being different fpecies. To this genus Dr. Linnaeus
6
BRA
has joined the Turnep, Nave#, and Rocket, whkfi
by their generical characters, may in a fyftem of bo-
tany, come under the fame title * s but in a treatife
of gardening, it may occafion confufioh ; therefore
I fhall treat of them under their former tftks, by
which they are generally known.
The Species are,
1. Brassica ( Oleracea ) radice caulefcente tereti Cariiofaf
Hort. Cliff. 338. Cabbage with a taper fteftoy ftalk. Braf-
fica capitata alba. C. B. P. in. The common white
Cabbage. ' ,
2. Brassica ( Napobraffica ) radice caulefcente orbicular!
carnofo, Tojiis feftilibus. Cabbage with a round fiefhy
ftalk , and leaves growing clofe to the ftalks. Braffica ra-
dice napiformi. Tourn. Lift. ' R. H. 219. Turnep-
rooted Cabbage.
3. Brassica ( Botrytis ) radice caulefcente tfcreti car-
nofa, fioralibus multicaulis. Cabbage with a taper fiefhy
ftalk at the root , and many branching flower-ftalks. This
is the Braffica Cauliflora. Cafp. Bauh. Pin. in. The /
Cauliflower.
4. Brassica ( Sylveftris ) radice cauleque tenth ramofo
perenni foliis alternis marginibus incifis. Cabbage with
a branching perennial ftalk and root , and leaves growing
alternate , which are cut on their edges. Braffica mari-
tima arborea five procerior ramofa. Mor. Hift. 2. p,
208. Taller fhrubby Sea Cabbage.
5. Brassica ( 'Violacea ) foliis lanceolato-ovatis glabris in-
divifis dentatis. Llort. Upf. 19 1. Cabbage with entire,
oval , fpear-fhaped, fmooth leaves , which are indented.
6 . Brassica ( Purpurea ) foliis oblongo-cordatis amplexi-
caulibus, integerrimis. Cabbage with oblong heart-Jhaped
leaves embracing the ftalks, which are entire. Braffica
campeftris perfoliata fiore purpureo. C. B. P. 112.
7. Brassica ( Orientals ) foliis cordatis amplexicaulibus
glabris. Lin. Sp. 931. Colewort with heart-Jhaped fmooth
leaves which embrace the ftalk. Braffica Orientalis
perfoliata flore albo filiqua quadrangula. Tourn.
Cor. 16.
8. Brassica ( Gongylodes ) radice caulefcente tereti, foliis
inferioribus' petiolatis fuperioribus femiamplexicau-
libus. Cabbage with a taper ftalk , the under leaves with
foot-ftalks , and the upper half embracing the ftalk. Na-
pus Sylveftris. C. B. P. 95. The wild Nave-tv, or Cole
Seed.
The Varieties of the firft fort are,
1. Brassica (Sabauda) fabauda hyberna. Lob. Icon. The
Savoy Cabbage , commonly called Savoy.
2. Brassica [Rubra) capitata rubra. C. B. P. ni. The
Red Cabbage.
3. Brassica iPyramidalis) capitata alba pyramidalis.
The Sugar-loaf Cabbage.
4. Brassica (Pracox) capitata alba prascox. The early
Cabbage.
5. Brassica ( Peregrina ) peregrina mofchtim olens. H,
R. Par. Foreign Mujk Cabbage.
6 . Brassica ( Mufcovitica ) capitata alba minor Mufco-
vitica. H. A. Small Ruffia Cabbage.
7. Brassica ( Capitata ) capitata alba comprefta. Bberh.
Ind. alt. 11, The large fided Cabbage.
8. Brassica ffViridis) capitata viridis fabauda. Boerhn
Ind. 11. The green Savoy.
9. Brassica (JLaciniata) fimbriata. C. B. P. m. The
Borecole.
10. Brassica ( Selenifta ) fimbriata virefcens. Boerh. Ind.
2. 12. Green Borecole.
11. Brassica ( Fimbriata ) fimbriata Siberica. Boerh.'
Ind. 2. 12. Siberian Borecole , called by ftome Scotch
Kale.
I he fecond fort is undoubtedly a diftindl; fpecies, for
I have always found the feeds produce the fame, with
this difference only, that in good ground the ftalks
will be much larger than in poor land.
The Varieties of the third fort are,
1. Brassica Italica purpurea Broccoli dkfta. Juffi Purple
Broccoli.
2. Brassica Italica alba Broccoli dicta. Juffi White
Broccoli.
The fecond fort, I believe, never varies, for I have
cultivated it many years, and have not found it to
alter.
BRA
alter. This, grows naturally on ' the fea-fliore, near-
Dover. It hath a perennial branching ftaik, in which
it differs from all the other fpecies. i have continued
thefe three or four years, and have eaten the young
fhoots after they had been much frozen, when they
werfe very fweet and good ; but at other times they
are Very throng and ftringy. In very fevere winters,
when the 'Other forts are defcroyed, this is a neceifary
plant, for the. moil fevere frofts do not injure it. The
leaves of this are inclining to a purple colour, and
are' placed alternately on the branches. The flower-
ftalks grow from the end of the branches, and fpread
out horizontally ; but thofe which arife from the
center of the plants, grow erect, and feldom put out
branches.
The third fort, which is the Cauliflower, has been
fuppoied a variety of the common Cabbage; but from
more than fifty years experience in cultivating thefe-
plants, I could never find’ the leaft appearance of
either fpecies approaching each other ; and they, are
fo different in their leaves, as to be eafily difringuifhed
by perfons of ikill, when the plants are young. But
there is one eflentiai difference between them in their
flower-ftems ; for the common Cabbage puts out one
upright item from the center of the Cabbage, winch
afterward divides into feveral branches, whereas the
Cauliflower fends out many flower-ftems from the
part which is eaten; which is only a compact col-
lection of the heads of thefe italics, which afterward
divides into lb many fcems, branching out into many
fpreading fhoots, fo as to form a large fpreading head
when in flower, but. never rifes pyramidically like the
Cabbage*,
The two forts of Broccoli I take to be only varieties
of the Cauliflower, for although thefe may with care
be kept diftinaf, yet I doubt, if they were to Hand
near each other for feeds, if they would not intermix;
and I am the rather inclined to believe this, from the
various changes v, r hich I have observed in all thefe
forts ; for I have frequently had Cauliflowers of a green
colour, with flower-buds regularly formed at the ends
of the fhoots, as thole of Broccoli, though the colour
was different; and the white Broccoli approaches fo
near to the Cauliflower, as to be with difficulty dif-
tiriguiflied from it ; yet when thefe are cultivated with
care, and never buffered to Hand near each other,
when left to produce feeds, they may be kept very
diftinct in the fame garden; for the variations of thefe
plants is not occafioned from the foil, but the mixing
of the farina of the flowers with each other, where
they are planted near together; therefore thofe perfons
who are curious to preferve the feveral varieties dif-
tinbt, fhould never fuffer the different kinds to Hand
near each other for feed.
The Cauliflower - vfcas fir ft brought to England from
the ifland.of Cpyrus, where I have -been informed
they arc on very great perfection at prefent : but it is
fuppofed, they were originally brought thither from
fome other country : moft of the old writers mention
it to have been brought from that ifland, to the dif-
ferent parts of Europe, fo that from thence all the
gardens in Europe have been fupplied ; and although
this plant was cultivated in a few Englifh gardens
long fince, yet it was- not brought to any degree of
perfection, till about 1680, at leaft not to be fold in
the markets ; and fince the year 1 700, they have been
fo much improved in England, as that fuch of them
as before were greatly admired, would at prefent be
little regarded.-
This plant has been much more improved in Eng-
land, than in any other parts of Europe. In France
they rarely have Cauliflowers till near Michaelmas,
and Holland is generally fupplied with them from
England. In many parts of Germany there was none
of them cultivated till within a 'few years paft; and
moft parts of Europe are fupplied with feeds from
hence.
The eighth fort, which is generally known by the
title of Rape .or Cole Seed, is much cultivated in the
ifle of Ely, and fome other parts of England for its
BRA.
feed, from which the Rape Oil is drawn ; and it hath
alio been cultivated of late years in other places,
for feeding of cattle, to great advantage. This hath
been lately joined to the Mapus Sativa, or Garden
Navew, fupppfmg them to be the fame fpecies ; but
I have cultivated both forts more than twenty years,
and could never obferve either of them to vary;- in-
deed the whole appearance of the plants, is ffifficient
to determine them as diftinct fpecies; but as the
Garden Navew approaches nearer the Turnep than
the Cabbage, fo I ffiall treat of that under the title
of Rapa.
-The Cole Seec!,when cultivated for feeding of cattle,
ftiould be fown about the middle of June. The
ground for this fhould be prepared in the fame
manner as for Turneps. The quantity of feeds for
an acre of land, is from fix to eight pounds, and as
the price of the feeds is not great, fo it is better to
allow eight pounds ; for if the plants are too clofe in
any part, they may be eafily thinned when the ground
is hoed.^ When the plants have put out fix leaves,
they will be fit to hoe, which muft be performed in
the fame manner as is praftifed for Turneps, with
this difference only, of leaving thefe much nearer to-
gether ; for as they have, fibrous roots and flender
italics, fo they do not require near fo much room.
I hefe plants fhould have a fecond hoeing, about five
or iix weeks after the drift, which, if well performed
in dry weather, will entirely deftroy- the weeds, fo
they will require no farther culture. By the middle
of November thefe will be grown large enough for
feeding, when, if there is a fcarcity of fodder, this
may be either cut or fed down ; but where there is
not an immediate want of food, it had better be kept
as a referve for hard weather, or fpring feed, when
there may be a fcarcity of other green food. If the
heads are cut off, and the ftalks left in the ground,
they will fhoot again early in the fpring, and produce
a good fecond crop in April, which may be either
fed off, or permitted to run to feeds, as is the practice
where this is cultivated for the feeds : but if the firft
is fed down, there fliouid be care taken that the cattle
do not deftroy their ftems, or pull them out of the
ground. As this plant is fo hardy as not to be de-
itroyed by froft, fo it is of great fervice in hard win-
ters for feeding of ewes ; for when the ground is fo
hard frozen, as that Turneps cannot be taken up,
thefe plants may be cut off for a conftant iiipply.
In feveral places where I have fown this feed, I have
found that one acre of land will produce as much
food, as almoft two acres of Turneps ; and this will
afford late food after the Turneps are run to feed ;
and if it is afterward permitted to Hand for feed, one
acre will produce as much as, at a moderate compu-
tation, will fell for five 'pounds, clear of charges.
Partridges, pheafants, turkeys, and moft other fowl,
are very fond of this plant ; lb that wherever it is
cultivated, if there are any birds in the neighbour-
hood, they will conftantly lie among thefe plants.
The feeds of this plant are fown in gardens for
winter and fpring fallads, this being one of the fmall
fallad-herbs.
The common white, red, flat, and long-fided Cab-
bages are chiefly cultivated for winter ufe : the feeds
of thefe forts muft be fown the end of March, or
beginning of April, in beds of good frefh earth ; and
in May, when the young plants will have about eight
leaves, they fhould be pricked out into fhady bor-
ders, about three inches fquare, that they may ac-
quire ftrength, and to. prevent their growing long
fnankcd.
About the beginning of June you muft tranfplant
them out, where they are to remain for good (which
in the kitchen-gardens near London, is commonly
between Cauliflowers, Artichokes, Sic. at about two
feet and a half diftance in the rows ;) but if they are
planted for a full crop in a clear fpot of ground, the
diftance from row to row fliouid be three feet and a
half, and in the rows two feet and a . half afunder: if
the feafon fliouid prove dry- when they are tranlplanted
out,
B R A 1
out, you mu ft water them every other evening, until
they have taken frefh root ; and afterwards, as the
plants advance in height, you fhould draw the earth
about their ftems with a hoe, which will keep the
earth moift about their roots, and greatly ftrengthen
the plants : you muft alfo obferve to keep them clear
from weeds, which are apt to draw the plants up
tali (if fuffered to grow amongft them,) and often
fpoil them.
Thefe Cabbages will forne of them be fit for ufe foon
after Michaelmas, and will continue until the end of
February, if they are not deftroyed by bad weather ;
to prevent which, the gardeners near London pull
up their Cabbages in November, and trench their
ground up in ridges, laying their Cabbages againft
their ridges as dole as polfible on one fide, burying
their ftems in the ground : in this manner they let
them remain till after Chriftmas, when they cut them
for the market ; and although the outer part of the
Cabbage be decayed (as is often the cafe in very wet
or hard winters,) yet, if the Cabbages were large and
hard when laid, the infide will remain found.
The Ruffian Cabbage was formerly in much greater
efteem than at prefent, it being now only to be found
in particular gentlemens gardens, v/ho cultivate it
for their own ufe, and is rarely ever brought to the
market. This muft be fown late in the fpring of the
year, and managed as thofe before directed; with
this difference only, that thefe muft be fooner planted
out for good, and muft have an open clear fpot of
ground, and require much lefs diftance every way ;
for it is but a very frnall hard Cabbage. Thefe will
be fit for ufe in July or Auguft, but will not con-
tinue long before they will break, and run up to
feed. The beft method to have thefe Cabbages good,
is to procure frefh feeds from abroad every year, for
it is apt to degenerate in England in a few years.
The early and Sugar-loaf Cabbages are commonly
Fown for fummer ufe, and are what the gardeners
about London commonly call Michaelmas Cabbages.
The feafon for fowing of thefe is about the end of
July, or beginning of Auguft, in an open fpot of
ground ; and when the plants have got eight leaves,
you muft prick them into beds at about three inches
diftance every way, that the plants may grow ftrong
and fhort fbanked; and in the middle of October
you fhould plant them out for good ; the diftance
that thefe require is, three feet row from row, and
two feet and a half afunder in the rows. The gar-
deners near London commonly plant thefe Cabbages
upon the fame fpot of ground, where their winter
Spinach is fown ; fo that when the Spinach is cleared
off in the fpring, the ground will have a crop of
Cabbages upon it; you. muft therefore clear off the
Spinach juft round each plant early in the fpring, that
with a hoe you may draw the earth up to the ftem
and when all your Spinach is cleared off, which is
commonly in the beginning of April, you muft hoe
down all the weeds, and draw up the earth again
about your Cabbage plants.
In May, if your plants were of the early kind, they
will turn in their leaves for cabbaging •, at which
time, the gardeners near London, in order to obtain
them a little fooner, tie in their leaves clofe with a
flender Ofier-twig to blanch their middle ; by which
means, they have them at leaft a fortnight fooner than
they could have if they were left untied.
The early Cabbage being the firft, we fhould choofe
(if for a gentleman’s ufe) to plant the fewer of them,
and a greater quantity of the Sugar-loaf kind, which
comes after them; for the early kind will not fupply
the kitchen long, generally cabbaging apace when
they begin, and as foon grow hard, and burft open ;
but the Sugar-loaf kind is longer before it comes,
and is as flow in its cabbaging ; and, being of an
hollow kind, will continue good for a long time. I
have known a large quarter of ground, which was
planted with this fort of Cabbage for market ufe,
which hath afforded a fupply for near three months
together. This, though of fmgular fervice to a gen-
1 tie maids garden, is not fo much for the advantage
of the market gardener, who loves to have his ground
cleared fooner, that he may have another crop upon
it, of Celery, Endive, &c. which is more to his
purpofe ; for they, paying large rents for their land,
are obliged to have as many crops in a year as
poffible.
Although I before have aclvifed the planting out of
Cabbages for good in Odtober, yet the Sugar-loaf
kind may be planted out in February, and will fuc-
ceed as well as if planted earlier, with this difference
only, that they will be later before they cabbage.
You fhould alfo referve fome plants of the early kind
in fome well-flickered foot of ground, to fupply your
plantation, in cafe of a defect ; for in mild winters
many of the plants are apt to run to feed, efpecially
when their feeds are fown too early, and in fevere
winters they are often deftroyed.
The Savoy Cabbages are propagated for winter ufe,
as being generally efteemed the better when pinched
by the froft : thefe muft be fown about the middle
of April, and treated after the manner as was diredted
for the common white Cabbage ; with this difference,
that thefe may be planted at a clofer diftance than
thole ; two feet and a half fquare will be fufficient.
Thefe are always much better when planted in an
open fituation, which is clear from trees and hedges;
for in clofe places they are very fubjeft to be eaten
almoft up by caterpillars, and other vermin, efpecially
if the autumn prove dry.
The Borecole may be alfo treated in the fame manner,
but need not be planted above one foot, afunder in
the rows, and the rows two feet diftance : thefe are
never eaten till the froft hath rendered them tender,
for otherwife they are tough and bitter.
The feeds of the Broccoli, (of which there are fe-
veral kinds, viz. the Roman, or purple, and the
Neapolitan, or white, and the black Broccoli, with,
fome others ; but the Roman is chiefly preferred to
them all) fhould be fown about the latter end of
May, or beginning of June, in a moift foil ; and
when the plants are grown to have eight leaves, tranf-
plant them into beds (as was directed for the com-
mon Cabbage ;) and toward the middle of July they
will be fit to plant out for good, which fhould be
into fome well fheltered fpot of ground, but not under
the drip of trees : the diftance thefe require is about
a foot and a half in the rows, and two feet row from
row. The foil, in which thiey fhould be planted,
ought to be rather light than heavy, fuch as are the
kitchen gardens near London : if your plants fucceed
well (as there will be little reafon to doubt, unlefs
the winter prove extreme hard,) they will begin to
fhew their fmall heads, which are fomewhat like a
Cauliflower, but of a purple colour, about the end
of December, and will continue eatable till the middle
of April.
The brown or black Broccoli is by many perfons
greatly efteemed, though it doth not deferve a place
in the kitchen-garden, where the Roman Broccoli
can be obtained, which is much fweeter, and will
continue longer in feafon : indeed, the brown fort is
much hardier, fo that it will thrive in the coldeft fi-
tuations, where the Roman Broccoli is fometimes
deftroyed in very hard winters. The brown fort
fhould be fown in the middle of May, and managed
as hath been directed for the common Cabbage, and
fhould be planted at the fame diftance (which is about
two feet and a half afunder.) This will grow very
tall, fo fhould have the earth drawn up to their ftems
as they advance in height. This doth not form
heads fo perfect as the Roman Broccoli ; the ftems
and hearts of the plants are the parts which are
eaten.
The Roman Broccoli (if well managed) will have
large heads, which appear in the center of the plants,
like clutters of buds. Thefe heads fhould be cut
before they run up to feed, with about four or five
inches of the ftem ; the fkin of thefe ftems fliould be
ftripped off, before they are boiled: thefe will be
P p very
/
BRA
very tender and little inferior to Afparagus. After
the firft heads are cut off, there will be a great num-
ber of fide fnoots produced from the Items, which
will have fmall heads to them, but are full as well fla-
voured as the large. Thefe fhoots will continue good
until the middle of April, when the Afparagus will
come in plenty to fupply the table.
The Naples Broccoli hath white heads, very like
thofe of the Cauliflower, and eats fo like it, as not to
be diftinguifhed from it. This is much tenderer than
the Roman Broccoli, fo is not fo much cultivated in
England •, for as the gardens near London generally
produce great plenty of late Cauliflowers, which, if
the feafon prove favourable, will continue till Chrift-
mas, the Naples Broccoli, coming at the fame time,
is not fo valuable.
Befides this firft crop of Broccoli (which is ufually
fown the end of May,) it will be proper tofow ano-
ther crop the beginning of July f which will come
in to fupply the table the latter end of March, and
the beginning of April, and being very young, will
be extremely tender and fweet.
In order to fave good feeds of this kind of Broccoli
in England, you fhould referve a few of the largeft
heads of the firft crop, which fhould be let remain
to run up to feed, and all the under ftioots fhould be
conftantly ftripped off, leaving only the main ftem
to flower and feed. If this be duly obferved, and
no other fort of Cabbage permitted to feed near them,
the feeds will be as good as thofe procured from
abroad, and the fort may be preferved in perfe6tion
many years.
The manner of preparing the Naples Broccoli for the
table is this : when your heads are grown to their full
bignefs (as may be eafily known by their dividing,
and beginning to run up,) then you fhould cut them
off, with about four inches of the tender ftem to
them •«, then ftrip off the outer flcin of the ftem, and
after having waflied them, boil them in a clean linen
cloth (as is pradtifed for Cauliflowers,) and ferve them
up with butter, &c. and, if they are of a right kind,
they will be tenderer than any Cauliflowers, though
very like them in tafte.
The Turnep-rooted Cabbage was formerly more cul-
tivated in England than at prefent, for fince other
forts have been introduced which are much better
flavoured, this fort has been negledted. There are
fome perfons who efteem this kind for foups ; but it
is generally too ftrong for moft Englifh palates, and
is ieldom good but in hard winters, which will ren-
der it tender and lefs ftrong.
It may be propagated by fowing the feeds in April,
on a bed of fight frefh earth •, and when the plants are
come up about an inch high, they fhould be tranf-
planted out in a fhady border, at about two inches
diftance every way, obferving to water them until
they have taken root ; after which time they will re-
quire no other culture but to keep them clear from
weeds, unlefs the feafon fhould prove extremely dry ;
in which cafe it will be proper to water them every
four or five days, to prevent their being ftinted by
the mildew, which is fubjed to feize thefe plants in
very dry weather.
In the beginning of June, the plants fhould be tranf-
planted out where they are to remain, allowing them
two* feet diftance every way, obferving to water
them until they have taken root ; and as their Items
advance, the earth fhould be drawn up to them with
a hoe, which will preferve a moifture about their
roots, and prevent their Items from drying and grow-
ing woody, fo that the plants will grow more freely ;
but it fhould not be drawn very high, for as it is the
globular part of the ftalk which is eaten, fo that fhould
not be covered. In winter they will be fit for ufe,
when they fhould be cut off, and the {talks pulled
out of the ground, and thrown away, as being good
for nothing after the Items are cut off.
The curled Colewort of Siberian Borecole, is now
more generally efteemed than the former, being ex-
treme hardy, fo is never injured by cold, but is always
7
BRA
Tweeter in fevere winters than in mild feafons. This
may be propagated by fowing the feeds the be vim
ning of July and when the plants are ftrong enough
for tran {planting, they fhould be planted in rows
about a foot and a half allinder, and ten inches dif-
tance in the lows ; this work fhould be performed at
a moift time, when the plants will fo on take root, and
require no farther care. Thefe will be fit for ufe
after Chriftmas, and continue good until April, fo
that they are very ufeful in a family.
The Mufk Cabbage has, through negligence, been
almoft loft in England, though for eating it is one of
the belt kinds we have ; but being tenderer than many
other forts, is not profitable for gardeners who fup-
ply the markets ; but thofe who cultivate them for
their own table, fhould make choice of this, rather-
than any of the common Cabbage, for it is always
loofer, and the leaves more crifp and tender, and has
a moft agreeable mufky fcent when cut. This may
be propagated in the fame manner as the common.
Cabbage, and fhould be allowed the fame diftance.
It will be fit for ufe in OCcober, November, and De-
cember •, but, if the winter proves hard, thefe will be
deftroyed much fooner than the common fprt.
The common Colewort, or Dorfetinire Kale, is now
almoft loft near London, where the markets are ufu-
ally fupplied with Cabbage plants, inftead of them ;
and thefe being tenderer, and more delicate in win-
ter, are much more cultivated than the common Cole-
wort, which is better able to refill the cold in fevere
winters than thofe, but is not near fo delicate till
pinched by froft. And fince the winters in Eng-
land have been generally temperate of late years, the
common Cabbage plants have conftantly been culti-
vated by the gardeners near London, and fold in the
markets as Coieworts, which, if they are ' of the Su-
gar-loaf kind, is one of the fweeteft greens from De-
cember to April yet known. Indeed, where farmers
fow Coieworts to feed their milch-cattle in the. fpring,
when there is a fcarcity of herbage, the common
Colewort is to be preferred, as being fo very hardy
that no froft will deftroy it. The beft method to cul-
tivate this plant in the fields is, to fow the feeds about
the beginning of July, choofing a moift feafon, which
will bring up the plants in about ten days or a fort-
night •, the quantity of feed for an acre of land is nine
pounds : when the plants have got five or fix leaves*
they fhould be hoed, as ispradtiied forTurneps, cut-
ting down all the weeds from amongft the plants*
and alfo thinning the plants where they are top thick ;
but they fhould be kept thicker than Turneps, be-
caufe they are more in danger of being deftroyed by
the fly : this work fhould be performed in dry wea-
ther, that the weeds may be killed ; for if it fhould
prove moift foon after, the weeds will take root again,
and render the work of little ufe. About fix weeks
after, the plants fhould have a fecond hoeing, which,
if carefully performed in dry weather, will entirely
deftroy the weeds, and make the ground clean, fo
that they will require no farther culture. In the
fpring they may either be drawn up and carried out
to feed the cattle, or they may be turned in to feed
upon them as they ftand ; but the former method is
to be preferred, becaufe there will be little wafte
whereas, when the cattle are turned in amongft the
plants, they will tread down and deftroy more than
they eat, efpecially if they are not fenced off by
hurdles.
The perennial Colev/ort is alfo little cultivated in the
gardens near London at prefent. This is very hardy,
and may be cultivated in the fame manner as the for-
mer fort. This will continue two years before it runs,
up to feed, and will afterwards produce many fide
fhoots, and in poor land will continue three or four
years ; but in rich foils it will not laft fo long. This
may be ufed as the former fort, to feed cattle , for
it is not fo good for the table (unlefs in very fevere
froft) as the plants which are now cultivated for that,
purpofe.
The
B R A
The fifth fort came from China, where it is culti-
vated as an efculent plant ; of this there are two or
three varieties which I have cultivated fome years,
but I find them as variable as our common Cabbage.
Thefe are annual plants, which, if town in April,
will flower in July, and perfect their feeds in Octo-
ber. They never dole their leaves to form a head,
like the common Cabbage, but grow open and loofe,
more like the wild Navew, and are very unfit for the
table. As thefe are generally in their perfedion for
ufe the beginning of July, I imagined their ftrong
flavour and toughnefs might be occafioned by the
warmth of the feafon ; therefore I fowed fome of the
feeds in July, that I might make trial of them in
winter ; but in the midft of froft, I found them milch
worfe than our common Colewort, fo I thought them
not worth propagating. _ ■ _
The other two forts of Cabbage are varieties fit for
a botanic garden, but are plants of no ufe. Thefe
may be propagated by fowing their feeds on a bed of
light earth, early in the fpring, in the place where
they are defigned to remain (for they do not bear
tranfplanting well.) When the plants are come up
pretty ftrong, they fhould be thinned, fo as to leave
them four or five inches apart •, and they muft be con-
ftantly kept clear from weeds. In June they will
flower ; and their feeds will ripen the beginning of
Auguft, which, if permitted to fall, the plants wall
come up, and maintain themfelves without any far-
ther care but to keep them clear from weeds. They
are annual plants, and perilfi when they have per-
fected their feeds.
The beft method to fave the feeds of all the beft
forts of Cabbages is, about the end of November
you fhould make choice of fome of your beft Cab-
bages, which you fhould pull up, and carry to fome
fhed, or other covered place, where you fhould hang
them up for three or four days by their ftalks, that
the water may drain from between their leaves •, then
plant them in fome border, under a hedge or pale,
quite down to the middle of the Cabbage, leaving
only the upper part of the Cabbage above ground,
obferving to raife the earth about it, fo that it may
ftand a little above the level of the ground ; efpecially
if the ground is wet, they will require to be raifed
pretty much above the furface.
If the winter fhould prove very hard, you muft lay a
little ftraw or Peafe-haulm lightly upon them, to fe-
cure them from the froft, taking it off as often as the
weather proves mild, left by keeping them too clofe
they fhould rot. In the fpring of the year thefe Caff
bages will fhoot out ftrongly, and divide into a great
number of fmall branches : you muft therefore fup-
port their ftems, to prevent their being broken off by
the wind ; and if the weather fhould be very hot and
dry when they are in flower, you fhould refrefh them
with water once a week all over the branches, which
will greatly promote their feeding, and preferve them
from mildew.
When the pods begin to change brown, you will do
well to cut off the extreme part of every fhoot with
the pods, which will ftrengthen your feeds •, for it is
generally obferved, that thofe feeds which grow near
the top of the fhoots, are very fubjeft to run to feed
before they cabbage f fo that by this there will be no
lofs, but a great advantage, efpecially if you have
more regard to the quality than to the quantity of the
feeds, which indeed is not always the cafe, when it is
Intended for fale ; but thofe who fave it for their own
ufe, fhould be very careful to have it good.
When your feeds begin to ripen, you muft be parti-
cularly careful, that the birds do not deftroy it •, for
they are very fond of thefe feeds. In order to prevent
their mifchief, fome ufe old nets, which they throw
over their feeds, to prevent their getting to it : but
this will not always do, for, unlefs the nets are very
ftrong, they will force their way thro 5 them, as I have
often feen •, but the beft method I know, is to get a
quantity of birdlime, and dawb over a parcel of {len-
der twigs, which fhould be faftened at each end to
BRA
ftronger flicks, and placed near the upper part of
the feed, in different places, fo that the birds may
alight upon them, by which means they will be fas-
tened thereto, where you muft let them remain a con-
fiderable time, if they cannot get off themfelves : and
although there fhould be but few birds caught, yet it
will fufficiently terrify the reft, that they will not
come to that place again for a confiderable time after
(as I have experienced.)
When your feed is fully ripe, you muft cut it off;
and, after drying, threffi it out, and preferve it in
bags for ufe. '
But in planting Cabbages for feed, I would advife
never to plant more than one fort in a place, or near
one another : as for example, never plant red and
white Cabbages near each other, nor Savoy with either
white or red Cabbages ; for I am very certain they
will, by the commixture of the effluvia, produce a
mixture of kinds ; and it is wholly owing to this ne-
glebl, that the gardeners rarely fave any good red
Cabbage-feed in England, but are obliged to procure
frefli feeds from abroad, as fuppofmg the foil or cli-
mate of England alters them from red to white, and
of a mixed kind between both ; whereas, if they
would plant red Cabbages by themfelves for feeds,
and not fuffer any other to be near them, they might
continue the kind as good in England, as in any other
part of the world ; for in the Dutch gardens, from
whence the beft feeds of red Cabbages are procured,
they cultivate no other fort.
Cauliflowers have of late years been fo far improved
in England, as to exceed in goodnefs and magnitude
what are produced in moft parts of Europe •, and by
the fkill of the gardener, are continued for feveral
months together ; but the moft common feafon for
the great crop, is in May, June, and July. I fhail
therefore begin with directions for obtaining them in
this feafon.
Having procured a parcel of good feed, of an early
kind, you muft low it about the twenty-firft of Au-
guft, upon an old Cucumber or Melon-bed, fifting
a little earth over the feeds, about a quarter of an
inch thick , and if the weather fhould prove extreme
hot and dry, you fhould ftiade the bed with mats, to
prevent the earth from drying too faft, which would
endanger the fpoiling your feed •, and give it gentle
waterings, as you may fee occafion. In about a week’s
time your plants will appear above ground, when
you muft take off your coverings by degrees, but do
not expole them too much to the open fun at firft. In
about a month’s time after fowing, your plants will
be fit to prick out, you fhould therefore put feme frefh
earth upon your old Cucumber or Melon-beds ; or
where thefe are not to be had, fome beds fhould be
made with a little new dung, which fhould be trodden
down clofe, to prevent the worms from getting thro’
it •, but it fhould not be hot clung, which would be
hurtful to the plants at this feafon, efpecially if it
proves hot •, into this bed you fhould prick your young
plants, at about two inches fquare, obferving to flhade
and water them at firft planting ; but do not water
them too much ' after they are growing, nor fuffer
them to receive too much rain, if the feafon fhould
prove wet, which would be apt to make them black
fhanked (as the gardeners term it, which is no lefs
than a rottennefs in their ftems,) and is the deftruffion
of the plants fo affected.
In this bed they fhould continue till about the thir-
tieth of October, when they muft be removed into
the place where they are to remain during the winter
feafon, which, for the firft fowing, is commonly un-
der bell or hand-glafles, to have early Cauliflowers,
and thefe .fhould be of an early kind : but in order to
have a fucceffion during the feafon, you fhould be
provided- with another more late kind, which fhould
be fown four or five days after the other, and ma-
naged as was directed for them.
In order to have very early Cauliflowers, you fhould
make choice of a good rich fpot of ground, that is
well defended from the north, eaft, and weft winds,
with.
Vkh hedges, pales, or walls ; hut the firft is to be
preferred, if made with reeds, becatife the winds will
fall dead in thefe, and not reverberate as by pales or
walls. This ground fhould be well trenched, bury-
ing therein a good quantity of rotten dung •, then
level your ground, and if it be naturally a wet foil,
you fhould raife it up in beds about two feet and a
half, or three feet broad, and four inches above the
level of the ground •, but if your ground is moderately
dry, you need not raife it at all : then plant your
plants, allowing about two feet fix inches diftance
from glafs to glafs, in the rows, always putting two
good plants under each glafs, which may be at about
four inches from each other ; and if you defign them
for a full crop, they may be three feet and a half,
row from row : but if you intend to make ridges for
Cucumbers or Melons between the rows of Cauli-
flower plants (as is generally pradtifed by the garden-
ers near London,) you mult then make your rows
eight feet afunder.
When you have planted your plants, if the ground
is very dry, you fhould give them a little water, and
then fet your glafles over them, which may remain
clofe down upon them, until they have taken root,
which will be in about a week or ten days time, un-
lefs there fhould be a kindly fliower of rain ; in which
cafe you may fet off the glafles, that the plants may
receive the benefit of it ; and in about ten days after
planting, you fhould be provided with a parcel of
forked flicks or bricks, with which you fhould raife
your glafles about three or four inches on the fide
toward the fouth, that your plants may have free air.
In this manner your glafles fhould remain over the
plants night and day, unlefs in frofty weather, when
you fhould fet them down as clofe as poflible : or if
the weather fhould prove very warm, which many
times happens in November, and fometimes in De-
cember ; in this cafe, you fhould keep your glafles
off in the day-time, and put them on only in the night,
left, by keeping the glafles over them too much, you
fhould draw them into flower at that feafon, which is
many times the cafe in mild winters, efpecially if un-
Ikilfully managed.
Toward the latter end of February, if the weather
proves mild, you fhould prepare another good fpot
of ground, to remove fome of the plants into from
under the glafles, which fhould be well dunged and
trenched (as before -,) then fet off the glafles, and,
after making choice of one of the molt promifing
plants under each glafs, which fhould remain for
good, take away the other plant, by raifing it up with
a trowel, &c. fo as to preferve as much earth to the
root as poflible ; but have a great regard to the plant
that is to remain, not to difturb or prejudice its roots :
then plant your plants which you have taken out, at
the diftance before diredted, viz. if for a full crop,
three feet and a half, row from row •, but if for ridges
of Cucumbers between them, eight feet, and two
feet four inches diftance in the rows : then, with a
fmall hoe, draw the earth up to the items of the
plants which were left under the glafles, taking great
care not to let the earth fall into their hearts ; and fet
your glafles over them again, raifing your props an
inch or two higher than before, to give them more
air, obferving to take them off whenever there may
be fome gentle ihowers, which will greatly refreih
the plants.
In a little time after, if you find your plants grow
fo faft as to fill the glafles with their leaves, you
fhould then flightly dig about the plants, and raife
the ground about them in a bed broad enough for
the glafles to ftand about four inches high, which
will give your plants a great deal of room by raifing
the glafles fo much higher, when they are fet over
them *, and by this means they may foe kept covered
until April, which otherwife they could not, without
prejudice to the leaves of the plants : and this is a
great advantage to them ; for many times we have
returns of fevere frofts at the latter end of March,
which prove very hurtful to thefe plants, if expofed
thereto, efpecially after having been nurfed up under
glafles.
After you have finifhed your beds, you may let your
glafles over your plants again, obferving to raife your
props pretty high, efpeciaily if the weather be mild,
that they may have free air to ftrengthen them ; and
in mild foft weather fet off your glafles, as alfo in
gentle fhowers of rain ; and now you muft begin to
harden them by degrees to endure the open air :°how-
ever, it is advifeable to let your glafles remain over
them as long as poflible, if the nights fhould be frofty,
which will greatly forward your plants ^ but be fure
do not let your glafles remain upon them in very hot
fun-fliine, efpecially if their leaves prefs againft the
tides of the glafles - 3 for I have often obierved, in
fuch cafes, that the moifture which hath rifen from
the ground, together with the perfpiration of the
plants, which, by the glafles remaining over them,
hath been detained upon the leaves of the plants,
and when the fun hath Ihone hot upon the Tides of the
glafles, hath acquired fuch a powerful heat from the
beams thereof, as to fcald all their larger leaves, to
the no fmall prejudice of the plants : nay, fometimes
I have feen large quantities of plants fo affedted there-
with, as never to be worth any thing after.
If your plants have fucceeded well, toward the end
of April fome of them will begin to fruit ; you muft
therefore look over them carefully every other day,
and when you fee the flower plainly appear, you muft
break down fome of the inner leaves over it to guard
it from the fun, which would foake the flower yellow
and unfightly, if expofed thereto •, and' when you find
your flower at its full bignefs (which you may know
by its outfide, parting, as if it would run,) you muft
then draw it out of the ground, and not cut them off,
leaving the ftalk in the ground, as is by fome prac-
tifed ; and if they are deiigned for prefent ufe, you
may cut them out of their leaves ; but if defigned to
keep, you fhould preferve their leaves about them,
and put them into a cool place : the belt time for
pulling of them is in a morning, before the fun hath
exhaled the moifture ; for Cauliflowers, pulled in the
heat of the day, lofe that firmnefs which they natu-
turally have, and become tough.
But to return to our fecond crop (the plants being
raifed and managed as was directed for the early crop,
until the end of Odtober;) you muft then prepare
fome beds, either to be covered with glafs-frames, or
arched over with hoops, to be covered with mats, &c.
Thefe beds fhould have fome dung laid at the bot-
tom, about fix inches or a foot thick, according to
the fize of your plants ; for if they are fmall, the bed
fhould be thicker of dung, to bring them forward,
and fo vice verfa : this dung fhould be beat down
clofe with a fork, in order to prevent the worms from
finding their way through it j then lay fome good
frefh earth about four or five inches thick thereon, in
which you fhould plant your plants about two inches
and a half fquare, obferving to fhade and water them
until they have taken frefh root : but be fure do not
keep your coverings clofe, for the warmth of the
dung will occafion a large damp in the bed, which,
if pent in, will greatly injure the plants.
When your plants have taken root, you muft give
them as much free open air as poflible, by keeping
the glafles off in the day-time as much as the weather
will permit ; and in the night, or at fuch times as
the glafles require to be kept on, raife them up with
bricks or other props to let in frefh air, unlefs in
frofty weather ; at which time the glafles fhould be
covered with mats, ftraw, and Peafe-haulm, &c. but
this is not to be done except in very hard frofts : you
muft alfo obferve to guard them againft great rain,
which in winter time is very hurtful to them •, but in
mild weather, if the glafles are kept on, they fhould
be propped to admit frefh air ; and if the under leaves
grow yellow and decay, be fure to pick them off
for if the weather fhould prove very bad in winter,
fo that you fhould be obliged to keep them clofe co-
vered for two or three days together, as it fometimes
- happens.
BRA
happens, thefe decayed leaves will render the inclofed
air very noxious ; and the plants perfpiring pretty
much at that time, are often deftroyed in vaft quan-
tities.
In the beginning of February, if the weather proves
mild, you muft begin to harden your plants by degrees,
that they may be prepared for tranfplantation ; and
the ground where you intend to plant your Cauli-
flowers out for good (which fhould be quite open
from trees, &c. and rather moift than dry,) having
been well dunged and dug, fhould be fown with Ra-
difhes a week or fortnight before you intend to plant
out your Cauliflowers : the reafon why I mention the
lowing of RadiPnes particularly, is this, viz. that if
there are not fome Radifhes amongft them, and the
month of May fhould prove hot and dry, as itfome-
times happens, the fly will feize your Cauliflowers,
and eat their leaves full of holes, to their prejudice,
and fometimes their deftrudtion ; whereas, if there
are Radifhes upon the fpot, the flies will take to them,
and never meddle with the Cauliflowers fo long as
they laft. Indeed, the gardeners near London mix
Spinach with their Radifh-feed, and fo have a double
crop, which is an advantage where ground is dear,
or where perfons are ftraitened for room •, otherwife it
is very well to have only one crop amongft the Cau-
liflowers, that the ground may be cleared in time.
Your ground being ready, and the feafon good,
about the middle or end of February, you may begin
to plant out your Cauliflowers : the diftance which
is generally allowed by the gardeners near London
(who plant other crops between their Cauliflowers to
fucceed them, as Cucumbers for pickling, and winter
Cabbages) is every other row four feet and a half
apart, and the intermediate rows two feet and a half,
and two feet two inches diftance in the rows ; fo that
in the latter end of May, or beginning of June (when
the Radifhes and Spinach are cleared off,) they put
in feeds of Cucumbers for pickling, in the middle of
the wide rov/s, at three feet and a half apart ; and
in the narrow rov/s, plant Cabbages for winter ufe,
at two feet two inches diftance, fo that thefe ftand
each of them exadtly in the middle of the fquare be-
tween four Cauliflower-plants ; and thefe, after the
Cauliflowers are gone off, will have full room to grow,
and the crop be hereby continued in a fucceffion thro’
the whole feafon.
About three weeks or a month after your Cauliflow-
ers are planted out, the Radifhes between them will
be fit to hoe •, at which time, when you are hoeing
out the Radifhes where they are too thick, you fhould
cut off all fuch as grow immediately about the Cauli-
flowers, and would prove hurtful to them, by draw-
ing them up tall and weak •, and alfo at that time
draw the earth up to the ftems of the plants, being
careful not to let any get into their hearts (as was
before direfted;) and when your Radifhes are fit to
pull, be fure to clear round the Cauliflowers firft, and
keep drawing the earth up to their ftems as they ad-
vance in height, which will keep their ftems from be-
ing hardened by the weather, and be of fingular fer-
vice to your plants.
There are many people who are very fond of water-
ing Cauliflower-plants in fummer, but the gardeners
near London have almoft wholly, laid afide this prac-
tice, as finding a deal of trouble and charge to little
purpofe ; for if the ground be fo very dry as not to
produce tolerable good Cauliflowers without water,
it feldom happens, that watering them renders them
much better ; and when once they have been watered,
if it is not conftantly continued, it had been much
better for them if they never had any •, as alfo if it be
-given them in the middle of the day, it rather helps
to fcald them : fo that, upon the whole, if care be
taken to keep the earth drawn up to their ftems, and
clear them from every thing that grows near them,
that they may have free open air, you will find that
they will fucceed better without than with water,
where any of thefe' cautions are not ft rifely obferved.
When your Cauliflowers begin to fruit, you muft
B R E
often look over them, to turn down their leaves, as-
was before directed, to preferve their whitenefs and
when they are full grown, obferve the former direc-
tions in, pulling them, &c. but wherever you meet
with an extraordinary good Cauliflower, whofe curd
is hard and white, and perfectly free from any frothi-
nefs about the edges, you fhould fuffer it to remain
for feed, keeping the leaves ciofe down upon it un-
til the flower hath fhot out ftems, and then remove
the leaves from them by degrees, but do not expofe
them too much to the open air at firft. As the ftems
advance, you muft take the leaves quite av/ay 5 and
when they begin to branch out, you fhould fix three
pretty ftrong flakes, at equal angles, about it, fur-,,
rounding them with packthread, &c. to fupport their
branches, which would be otherwife liable to break
with the wind.
When your pods begin firft to be formed, if the
weather proves dry, you fhould give them a little
water all over (with a watering-pot that hath a rofe
to it ;) which will promote the prog refs of the feeds,
and preferve them from mildew, which is often hurt-
ful to the feeds 5 and, when your feeds are ripe,
you muft cut it off, and hang it up to' dry, and rub
it out as was directed for Cabbage-feed : and although,
your flowers do not produce fo much feed as thole
which v/ere of a fofter or frothy nature, yet the good-
nefs of fuch feeds will fufficiently recompenfe for the
quantity •, and any perfon who was to purchafe his
feeds, had better give ten fh filings an ounce for fuch
feed than two for the feeds commonly faved for fale,
as the gardeners about London have experienced,
who will never buy any feeds of this kind, if they do
not know how they were faved.
But in order to have a third crop of Cauliflowers,
you fhould make a flender hot-bed in February, in
which you fhould fow the feeds, covering them a
quarter of an inch thick with light mould, and co-
vering the bed with glafs-frames : you fhould now
and then gently refrefh the bed with water, obferving
to raife the glaffes with bricks or props in the day-
time, to let in frefh air ■, and when the plants are
come up, and have gotten four or five leaves, you
fhould prepare another hot-bed to prick them into,
which may be about two inches fquare ; and in the
beginning of April harden them by degrees, to fit
them for tranfplanting, which fhould be done the
middle of that month, at the diftance dire&ed for
the fecond crop, and muft be managed accordingly :
thefe (if the foil is moift where they are planted, or
the feafon cool and moift) will produce good Cauli-
flowers about a month after the fecond crop is gone,
whereby their feafon will be greatly prolonged.
J here is alfo a fourth crop of Cauliflowers, which
is railed by lowing the feed about the 23d of. May j
and being tranfplanted, as hath been before directed,
will produce good Cauliflowers in a kindly feafon
and good foil, after Michaelmas, and continue thro*
October and November ; and, if the feafon permit,
often a great part of December.
The reafon why I fix particular days for the fowing of
this feed, is becaufe two or three days often make a
great difference in their plants ; and becaufe thefe are
the days ufually fixed by the gardeners near London,
who have found their crops to fucceed beft when
fown at thofe times, although one day, more or lefs,
will make no great odds. I have alfo, in this edition,
altered the days to the nevfr ftyle.
B R E Y N I A. See Capparis.
BROMELIA. Plum. Nov. Gen. 46. tab. 8. Lin.
Gen. Plant. 356.
The Characters are,
It hath a three-cornered permanent empalement cut Into
three parts , , upon which the germen is fituated . The
flower hath three long narrow petals , which are eredt ,
each having a nedtarium joined to it above the bafe. It
hath ft x ftamina the length of the petals , which are ter-
minated by oblong fummits. The germen is fituated below
the receptacle , fupporting a fender ftyle , crowned by a
trifld obtufte ftigma. The empalement afterward becomes
Q... -! cm
4
B R O
B R O
an oblong capfule , divided by a partition in the middle , to
which the feeds are fixed quite round \ thefe are fmooth and
almoft cylindrical.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fedlion of
Linnaeus’s fixtli clafs, intitled Alexandria Monogynia,
the flower having fix ftamina and one ftyle. Dr. Dil-
lenius lias fuppofed this to be the fame with Plunder's
Karatas, which miftake he was led into by Plumier’s
drawing, where the flower of his Caraguata is joined
to the fruit of his Karatas, and vice verfa ; and from
, hence Dr. Linnaeus has been induced to join thefe
and the Ananas together, making them only fpecies
of the fame genus.
The Species are,
1. Bromelia (. Nudicaulis ) foliis radicalibus dentato-fpi-
nofis caulinis integerrimis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 286. Bro-
melia with lower leaves indented and prickly , and thofe of
the fialks entire. Bromelia pyramidata, aculeis nigris.
Plum. Nov. Gen. 4 6.
2. Bromelia (. Lingulata ) foliis ferrato-fpinofis obtufis,
fpicis alternis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 285. Bromelia with
Jawed , prickly , obtufe leaves , and fpikes of flowers grow-
ing alternate. Bromelia ramofa & racemofa foliis A-
rundinaceis ferratis. Plum. Nov. Gen. 46.
The firft fort hath leaves very like fome of the forts
of Aloes, but not fo thick and fucculent, which are
Iharply indented on their edges, wh^re they are armed
with ftrong black fpines ; from the center of the plant
arifes the flower-ftalk, which is near three feet high,
the lower part of which is garnifhed with entire leaves,
placed alternately at every joint. The upper part of
the (talk is garnifhed with flowers, fet in a loofe fpike
or thyrfe •, thefe have three narrow herbaceous petals
fitting upon the germen, and fix fender ftamina, with
the ftyle, which are fhorter than the petals. Thefe
flowers in the country where they naturally grow, are
’ fucceeded by oval feed-vdffels, having a longitudinal
partition, in the center of which are faftened cylindri-
cal feeds on every fide, which are fmooth.
The fecond fort hath fhorter leaves than the firft,
which ftand eredt, and are narrow at the bafe, increaf-
ing in width gradually to the top, where they are
broadeft ; thefe are fharply fawed on their edges, and
are of a deep green colour. The flower-ftem arifes
from the center of the plant, which divides upward
Into feveral branches ; the upper part of thefe are
garnifhed with fpikes of flowers, which come out al-
ternately from the fides of the brandies, each having
a narrow entire leaf juft below it, which is longer than
the fpike. The flowers are placed very clofe on the
fpikes, each having three fhort petals fituated upon
the globular empalement *, when thefe decay, the em-
palement turns to an oval pointed feed-veffel, inclof-
ing feeds of the fame fhape with the former.
Both thefe plants grow naturally in very warm coun-
tries. Father Plunder, who gave this title to the ge-
nus, found them growing in the French Iflands in
- America ; and the late Dr. Houftoun obferved them
growing in Jamaica, and in feveral parts of the Spa-
nifh Weft-Indies. The firft fort alfo grows on the
coaft of Guinea, from whence I received the feeds ;
and the fecond fort was fent me from St. Chrifto-
pher’s.
Thefe plants are propagated by feeds, which muft be
procured from the country where they grow naturally,
for they do not produce any in England. Thefe
muft be fown in fmall pots filled with light kitchen-
garden earth, and plunged into a moderate hot-bed
of tanners bark ; the earth in thefe pots fhould be
fprinkled over with water two or three times a week,
according to the heat of the weather, but muft not
have too much moifture. If the feeds are good, the
plants will appear in about five or fix weeks, and in a
month after will be fit to tranfplant, when they
fhould be carefully flraken out of the pots, and each
planted in a feparate fmall pot filled with the fame
earth as before $ then they muft be plunged again into
a moderate hot bed, obferv.ing frequently to fpri-nkle
them over with water, but be cautious of giving tnem
too much, left the roots fhould be thereby rotted.
During the fummer feafon the plants fhould have a.
moderate fhare of air, in proportion to the heat of
the weather •, and, in autumn, they muft be removed
in the bark-ftove, and treated in the fame manner as
the Ananas, or Pine Apple, with which management
they will make good progrefs ; but after the firft win-
ter, they may be placed upon ftands in the dry ftove,
though they will thrive , much better if they are con-
ftantly kept in the tan-bed, and treated like the A-
nanas, and will flower in three or four years ; whereas
thofe in the dry ftove will not flower in twice that
time.
The other parts of their culture is only to fhift them
into frefh earth when they require it ; but they fhould
by no means be put into large pots, for they will
not thrive if they are over-potted ; nor muft they have
much wet, efpecially in winter.
Thefe plants make a pretty variety in the hot-houje,
fo thofe who have room, may allow a plant or two of
each fort to have a place in their colledtion s of exotic
plants.
BROO M, the common. See Spartium.
BROOM, the Spamfh. See Spartium and Genista.
BROWALLIA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 691. Flore.
Cliff. 318.
The Characters are,
The empalement is tubulous , of one leaf , and indented at
the top in five unequal parts. The flower is funnel-floaped,
of one leaf, having a cylindrical tube twice the length of
the empalement ; the upper part is fpread open , and di-
vided into five parts , the upper fegment or lip being a
little larger than the others, which are equal. It hath
four ftamina included in the chaps of the petal, the two
upper being very floor t, and the two under broad, longer ,
and reflexed to the mouth of the tube, which inclofe them ;
thefe are terminated by Jingle incurved fummits. In the
center is fituated an oval germen, fupporting a fender
ftyle the length of the tube, crowned by a thick, com-
prefied, indented ftigma. The empalement afterward be-
comes an oval obtufe vejfel with one cell, opening at the
top in four parts, and filled with fmall comprejfed
feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fedlion
of Linnaeus’s fourteenth clafs, intitled Didynamia
Angiofpermia, the flower having; two long; and two
fhort ftamina, and the feeds included in a capfule.
The Species are,
1. Browallia ( Demijfa ) pedunculis uniftoris. Hort.
Cliff. 318. Browallia with one flower on a foot-ftalk.
The title of Browallia was given to it by Dr. Lin-
naeus, in honour of profeffor Browall, of Amfter-
dam.
2. Browallia (. Elata ) pedunculis unifloris multiflorif-
que. Lin. Sp. 880. Browallia ■ with one flower on each
foot-ftalk , and fometimes many.
The feeds of the firft fort were fent me by Mr. Ro-
bert Millar, from Panama, in the year 1735 ; which
fucceeded in the Chelfea garden, where it has conti-
nued to flower, and produce feeds every year, but
the plants are annual, fo perifli in autumn : the feeds
of this plant muft be fown upon a hot-bed in the
fpring, and the plants brought forward on another,
otherwife they will not perfedt their feeds in England.
Some of thefe plants may be tranfplanted in June
into the borders of the flower-garden, where, if the
feafon proves warm, they will flower and perfedt
feeds ; but left thefe fhould: fail, there fhould be two
or three plants kept in the ftove for that purpofe.
The plants ufually grow about two feet high, and
fpread out into lateral branches, garnifhed with oval
leaves which are entire, ending in a point, having
fhort foot-ftalks. Toward the end of the branches
the flowers are produced fingly, upon pretty long
foot-ftalks, arifing from the wings of the leaf. Thefe
have a fhort empalement of one leaf, which is cut
into five parts ; out of the center of the empalement
the flower arifes, which is crooked and bent down-
ward ; the top of the tube is fpread open, and the
brim, or open part of the flower, Mas fome refem-
blance to a lipped flower, being irregular. It is of a
bright
I
BRU
bright blue colour, fometimes inclining to a purple
or red, and often there are flowers of three colours
on the fame plant. When thefe fall away, the ger-
men in the center becomes an oval capfule of one
cell, filled with fmall, brown, angular feeds. It flowers
in July, Auguft, and September, and the feeds are
ripe in five or fix weeks after.
When this plant was firft raifed in the Chelfea garden,
I gave it the title of Dalea, in honour to Mr. Dale,
an eminent botanifl, and a great friend of Mr. Ray’s.
By this title it was delivered to the Royal Society,
and printed in the Philofophical Tranfa&ions, and
alfo in the catalogue of the Chelfea garden : and bv
the fame I communicated the feeds to Doctor Lin-
naeus, who afterward changed the name to Browallia,
and printed it in the catalogue of Mr. Clifford’s
garden ; where there is a figure of it exhibited, fo
that this latter title is become almoft univerfal among
botanifts.
The fecond fort grows naturally in Peru, from whence
the younger Juffieu fent the feeds ; this plant rifes
about the fame height as the firft, but hath ftronger
ftalks, and fends out a greater number of branches,
fo is much more buffry than that ^ the flowers are pro-
duced upon foot-ftalks, which proceed from the wings
of the leaves •, fome of thefe foot-ftalks fuftain one,
others three, or more flowers, of a dark blue colour ;
thefe are fucceeded by oval capfules, filled with fmall
angular feeds.
This plant is annual, and requires the fame culture
as the firft fort, with which it will produce plenty of
feeds.
BRUNELLA, Self-heal. See Prunella.
BRUNSFELSIA. Plum. Nov. Gen. 12. Lin.
Gen. Plant. 230. This plant takes its name from Dr.
Brunsfelfius, a famous phyfician.
The Char.acters are.
The empalement is permanent , bell-ftoaped , and of one leaf
•which is cut into five blunt fegments at the top. The
flower is of one leaf and funnel-foaped , having a long
tube , but fpreads open at the top , where it is divided into
five obtufe fegments •, it hath five Jlamina the length of the
tube , which are inferted in the petal , and are terminated
by oblong fummits. In the center is placed a fmall round
germen , fupporting a fender Jlyle the length of the tube ,
•which is crowned by a thick ftigma. The empalement af-
terward becomes a globular berry with one cell , inclofing
a great number of fmall feeds , which adhere to the fikin of
the fruit.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fedtion of
Linnaeus’s fifth clafs, intitled Pentandria Mono-
gynia, the flower having five ftamina and but one
ftyle.
We know but one Species of this genus, viz.
Brunsfelsia. ( Americana .) Lin. Sp. Plant. 19 1. American
Brunsfelfia. Brunsfelfla flore albo, fructu croceo rnolli.
Plum. Nov. Gen. 12.
This plant rifes with a woody ftem to the height of
eight or ten feet, fending out many fide branches,
which are covered with a rough bark, garniflied with
oblong leaves which are entire, and on the lower
part of the branches come out Angle ; but toward their
extremity, they are placed on every fide, and are
unequal in fize. At the extremity of the branches,
the flowers are produced, generally three or four to-
gether. Thefe are almoft as large as thofe of the
greater Bindweed, but have very long, narrow, hairy
tubes *, the brim is expanded in the form of the
Convolvulus, but is deeply divided into five obtufe
fegments, which are indented on their border. After
the flower is paft, the empalement turns to a round
foft fruit, inclofing many oval feeds, which are ft-
tuated clofe to the cover or fkin, to which they
adhere.
This plant grows naturally in moft of the fugar iflands
in America, in which places they call it Trumpet
Flower •, but in the Englifh gardens, it is at prefent
very rare. It may be propagated from feeds, which
ihould be fown early in the fpring in pots filled with
light earth, and ■ plunged into a hot-bed of tanners
B R Y
bark, obferying to water the earth as often as you
find it neceffary. When the plants are come up,
they fhould be tranfplanted each into a feparate fmall
pot filled with frefti light earth, and plunged into the
hot-bed again, , obferving to water and ftiade the
plants until they have taken root ; after which they
muft have air admitted to them every day, in propor-
tion to the warmth of the feafon. When the plants
have advanced fo high as not to be contained in the
frames, they ihould be removed into the bark-ftove,
where, during the fummer .months, they fhould have
a large fhare of free air, but in winter they muft be
kept very clofe. With this management the plants
will be very ftrong, and produce their flowers every
feafon. Thefe plants may alfo be increafed by plant-
ing cuttings in the fpring, before they begin to
make new fhoots, in pots filled with frefti light earth,
and plunged into a hot-bed of tanners bark, ob-
ferving to water and fhade them until they have taken
root ^ after which, they muft be managed as hath
been directed for other tender exotic plants from the
fame countries.
BRU SC US. See Ruscus.
BRYONIA [this plant is fo called from ByjT, mofs,
or hair, becaufe it bears a flower which is foft and
hairy,] Briony.
The Characters are.
It hath male and female flowers on the fame plant. The
male flowers have an empalement of one leaf which is
bell-Jhaped , and indented in five parts at the top. The
flower is bell-fhaped , adhering to the empalement , and cut
into five fegments. It hath three fort ftamina and five
fummits , two of the ftamina having double fummits , and
the other one. The female flowers fit upon the germen ,
and have a deciduous empalement , but the petal is the
fame with thofe of the male. The germen which is itkder
- the flower , fupports a trifid fpreading ftyle , crowned by a
fpr ending indented ftigma. The germen afterward becomes
a frnooth globular berry , containing oval feeds adhering to
the fkin.
This genus of plants is ranged in the tenth fedlion
of Linnaeus’s twenty-firft clafs, intitled Monoecia Syn-
genefia, from its having male and female flowers on
the fame plant, and the ftaminajoined with the ftyle.
The Species are,
1. Bryonia {Alba) foliis palmatis utrinque callofo-fca-
bris. Hort. Cliff'. 453. Bryony with palmated leaves ,
which are rough and callous on both fides. Bryonia af-
pera, five alba baccis rubris. C. B. P. 297. White
Briony with red berries.
2. Bryonia ( Africana ) foliis palmatis quinquepartitis
utrinque laevibus, laciniis pinnatiftdis. Lin. Sp. 1438.
Briony with palmated leaves cut into five fegments , which
are frnooth on each fide. Bryonia Africana laciniata,
tuberofa radice, floribus herbaceis. Par. Bat. 107.
3. Bryonia ( Cretica ) foliis palmatis fupra callofo-punc-
tatis. Hort. Cliff. 453. Cretan Briony with palmated
leaves , who ft upper fur face is Jludded with callous fpots.
Bryonica Cretica maculata. C. B. P. 297.
4. Bryonia (. Racemofa ) foliis trilobis fupra callofo-
punctatis, fructu racemofo ovali. Briony with trilobate
leaves , whofe upper fides are marked with callous fpots,
and oval fruit growing in bunches. Bryonia olivae rructu
rubro. Plum. Cat. 3.
5. Bryonia ( Variegata ) foliis palmatis, laciniis lanceo-
latis, fupra punbtatis interne laevibus, fructu ovato
fparfo. Briony with palmated leaves , whofe figments are
fpear-jhaped , and their upper fide fpotted , but their under
frnooth , and an oval fcattered fruit. Bryonia Americana
frudtu variegato. Dillen.
6. Bryonia ( Bonarienfis ) foliis palmatis quinquepartitis
hirfutis, laciniis obtufis. Briony with hairy palmated
leaves divided into five parts, and obtufe figments. Bryonia
Bonarienfis fici folio. Hort. Elth. 58.
The firft fort grows upon dry banks, under hedges,
in many parts of England •, but may be cultivated in
a garden for ufe, by fowing the berries, yn the fpring
of the year, in a dry poor foil •, whefe they will in
two years time, grow to be large roots, provided
they are not too clofe. The roots of this plant have
been
BUB
•mg
B U B
been formerly, by impoftors, brought into an human
fhape, and carried about the country, and fhewn for
Mandrakes to the common people, who were eafily
impofed on by their credulity, and thefe got good
livings thereby. The method which thefe people
pradtifed, was to find a young thriving Briony plant,
then they opened the earth all round the plant, being
careful not to difturb the lower fibres j and (being
prepared with fuch a mould, as is ufed by the people
who make planer figures) they fixed the mould clofe
to the root, fattening it with wire, to keep it in its
proper fituation ; then they filled the earth about the
root, * leaving it to grow to the fhape of the mould,
which is efrefited in one fummer:, lb that if this be
done in March, by September it will have the fhape.
The leaves of this plant, are alfo often impofed on the
people in the market for Mandrake leaves, although
there is no refemblance between them, nor any agree-
ment in quality.
The fecond and fourth forts are perennial plants, their
roots remaining feveral years, but their branches de-
cay every winter. Thefe roots mutt be planted in
pots filled with frefh light earth, and in winter mutt
be placed in the green-houfe, to protect them from
frott and great rains ; which would deftroy them,
if they were expofed thereto. During the winter
feafon, they fliould have very little water given them
but in fummer, when they are expofed to the open
air, they mutt be frequently refreilied with -water in
dry weather. 'They flower in July, and in warm
fummers will perfedt their feeds.
The third, fifth, and fixth forts, are annual plants ;
thefe mutt be raifed on a hot-bed early in the fpring,
and when the plants are about three inches high,
they fhould be each tranfplanted into a fmall pot filled
with frefh light earth, and plunged into a hot-bed of
tanners bark, obferving to water and fhade them
until they have taken root. When the plants are
grown fo large, as to ramble about on the furface of
the bed, and begin to entangle with other plants, they
fhould be fhifced into larger pots, and placed in the
bark-ftove, where their branches may be trained to
the wall, or againfc an efpalier, that they may have
fun and air, which is absolutely necefiary for their
producing fruit. When thefe plants are full of fruit,
they make a pretty variety in the ftove amongft other
exotic plants.
The fecond and fourth forts are alfo propagated from
feeds, which fhould be fown on a hot-bed ; and when
the plants are fit to tranfplant, they fliould be put
into pots •, and after they have taken root, fliould be
inured to bear the open air by degrees where they
may remain during the fummer feafon, but in winter
they mutt be flickered under a hot-bed frame. The
fourth fort is much tenderer than the former.
BRYONIA NIG-RA. See Tamnus.
BUB ON. Lin. Gen. Plant. 312. Apium. C. B. 154.
Ferula. Herm. Par. 163. Macedonian Parfley.
The Characters are,
It hath an umbelliferous flower •, the greater, or general
umbel , is compcfed of about ten fmaller , thofe which are
fituated in the middle being the Jhortefi , the fmall umbels
■ have near twenty rays. Hoe general involucrum bath five
■pointed fpear-Jh aped leaves , which fipread open and are
permanent * thofe of the fmaller umbels , confifi of many
little leaves of the fame length with the umbel: the em-
palement of the fewer is permanent , final! and indented
in five parts-, the flower is compofed of five fpear-Jhaped
petals , which turn inward ; it hath five ftamina the length
of the -petals, terminated by fugle fummits. The. oval
germen is fituated below the flower, fupporting two briftly
Jiyles which are permanent , and the length of the ftamina ,
. crowned by obiufe ftigma. The germen afterward becomes
an oval , channelled , hairy fruit , dividing in two parts ,
each having an oval, feed, plain on one fide , but convex on
the other.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fection
of Linnaeus’s fifth clafs, intitled Pentandria Digynia,
the flower having five ftamina and two ftvlcs.
The Species are,
1. Bubon ( Macedonicum. ) foliolis rhombeo-ovatis ere-
natis, umbellis numerofiffimis. I 'sort. Cliff. 95. Bubon
with oval , rhomboid , crenated leaves , and many umbels.
Apium Macedonicum. C. B. P. 154. Macedonian
Parfley.
2. Bubon ( Rigidius ) foliolis linearibus. Hort. Cliff. 94,
Bubon with very narrow leaves. Ferula d-urior five" ri-
gidis & breviflimis folds. Boccon. Muf. 2. 84.
3. Bubon ( Galbanum ) foliolis rhombeis dentatis glabris
ftriatis umbellis paucis. Hort. Cliff. 96. Bubon with
fimooth rhomboid leaves and few umbels. Ferula Afri-
cana galbanifera folio & facie liguftich Par. Bat,
163.
4. Bubon ( Gumiferum ) foliolis glabris inferioribus rhom-
beis ferratis, fuperioribus pinnatifidis tridentatis. Prod.
Leyd. 100. Bubon with fimooth rhomboid under leaves
which are fawed, and upper leaves winged and indented
in three parts. Ferula Africans, galbanifera folio myr-
rhidis. Hort. Amft. p. 1 t 5.
The firft fends out many leaves from the root, the
lower growing almoft horizontally, Tpreading near the
furface of the ground : the foot-ftalk of each leaf di-
vides into feveral other fmaller, garnifhed with finooth
rhomb-fhaped leaves, which are of a bright, pale,
green colour, indented on their edges. In the- center
of the plant arifes the flower-ftem, which is little
more than a foot high, dividing into many branches,
each being terminated by an umbel of white flowers,
which are fucceeded by oblong hairy feeds. It flowers
in July, and the feeds ripen in autumn, foon after
. which the plant decays.
This plant in warm countries is biennial-, the plants
which rife from feeds one year, produce flowers and
feeds the next, and then perifh : but in England,
they feldon flower till the third or fourth year from
feed ; but whenever the plant flowers, it always dies.
It is propagated by feeds, which fhould be fown on
a bed of light fandy earth, either early in the autumn,
or in April ; and if the feafon prove warm and dry,
the ground fhould be fhaded in the heat of the day,
and frequently refrefhed with water, which is a lure
method to bring up the plants ; for where this is not
praritifed, the feeds often fail, or remain long in the
ground. When the plants come up, they will re-
quire no other care but to be kept dean from weeds,
till the beginning of October, when they fhould be
carefully taken up, and planted in a warm border of
dry ground ; and a few of them fhould be put into
pots, that they may be fheltered under a frame in
winter for in fevere frott, thofe which are expofed
to the open air, are frequently killed ; though, in
moderate winters, they will live abroad without co-
vering but it is a fecure way to preferve the fpecies,
to keep two or three plants in pots, in fhelter, during
the winter, left thofe abroad fliould be deftroyed.
The feeds of this plant is one of the ingredients in
Venice treacle.
The fecond fort grows naturally in Sicily, from whence
I received the feeds. This is a low perennial plant,
having fliort ftiff leaves, which are very narrow: the
fiower-ftalk rifes near a foot high, which is terminated
by an umbel of fmall white flowers, which are fuc-
ceeded by fmall, oblong, channelled feeds. It flowers
in June, and the feeds ripen in September. It is
propagated by feeds, and fhould have a dry foil and
a warm fituation, where the plants will continue fe-
veral years. It is a plant of little beauty or ufe, fo
is only preferred for the fake of variety.
The 'third fort rifes with an upright ftalk to the
height of eight or ten feet, which at bottom is lig-
neous, having a purplifh bark, covered with a whitifh
powder, which comes off when handled j the upper
part of the ftalk is garnifhed with leaves at every joint,
the foot-ftalks half embracing them at their bafe j
branching out into feveral fmaller, like thofe of the
common Parfley, and are fet with leaves like thofe
of Lovage, but fmaller, of a grey colour the top
of the ftalk is terminated by an umbel of yellow
flowers.
E U D
flowers, which are fucceeded by oblong channelled
feeds, having a thin membrane or wing on their
border. It flowers in Auguft, but hath not produced
feeds in England. When any part of the plant is
broken, there iflfues out a little thin milk of a cream
colour, which hath a ftrong fcent of Galbanum,
The fourth fort rifes with a ligneous ftalk about two
feet high, garnifhed with leaves at each joint, which
branch out like the former ; but the fmall leaves or
lobes are narrow and indented, like thofe of Ballard
Hemlock. The ftalk is terminated by a large um-
bel of fmall white flowers, which are fucceeded by
feeds like thofe of the former fort.
Thefe plants are both natives of Africa. They are
propagated by feeds, which fhould be fown in pots
filled with light loamy earth, as foon as they arrive ;
which, if it happens toward autumn* Ihould be
plunged into a bed of tanners bark, where the heat
is gone, and fcreened from froft in winter. In the
fpring the plants will come up, and by the middle of
April will be fit to remove, when they ihould be
carefully lhaken out of the pots, being careful not to
tear off their roots, and plant them each into a fe-
parate fmall pot, filled with the fame earth as before;
then plunge the pots into the tan again, and water
them to fettle the earth to the roots of the plants, and
lhade them from the fun in the day time, until they
have taken new root ; after this they muft be inured
gradually to bear the open air; into which they Ihould
be removed in June, and placed with other exotic
plants in a flieltered fituation, where they may remain
till autumn, when they muft be removed into the
gre-en-houfe, and placed where they may enjoy as
much of the fun and air as pofiible, but defended from
froft.
In winter thefe plants Ihould have but little water
given them, for much wet is very injurious to them:
in fummer, when they are expofed to the open air,
they muft be frequently refrefhed v/ith water in diy
weather ; but at no time Ihould have too much wet,
for that will rot their roots.
Thefe plants make a pretty variety in the green-houfe
in winter, and when they are placed abroad in the
fummer with other green-houfe plants, they have a
good effe£l, efpecially when they are grown to a large
fize. They generally flower the third year from feeds,
but their flowers are produced fo late in fummer,
that the feeds have feidomtime to form before the cold
comes on in the autumn ; at leaft for fome years paft,
as the feafons have been cold and moift ; but in warm
fummers, the fourth fort will perfedt feeds, if they
Hand in a warm flieltered fituation.
The Galbanum of the fhops is fuppofed to be pro-
cured from the third fort, for upon breaking the
leaves, the juice which flows out from the wound,
hath a ftrong odour of the Galbanum, which is a con-
firmation of it.
BUCKSHORN, or HARTSHORN. See
Plantago.
IJU D D I N G. See Inoculating.
B IJ D D LE J A. Houft. MSS. Lin. Gen. Plant. 1 3 1 .
The Characters are.
It hath, a j mall ■permanent empalement , which is J lightly
cut at the top into five acute parts . ’The flower is of one
leaf , hell-fhaped , and quadrifid , the petal being fir etched
out beyond the empalement ; it hath four Jhort fiamina ,
which are placed at the divifions of the petal, terminated
by Jhort fummits. The oblong germen is Jituated in the
cen ter , Jupporhng a file or t ftyle , crowned by an obtufe flig-
?na ; the germen afterward becomes an oblong capfule , having
two cells filled with fmall feeds .
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fedlion of
Linnams’s fourth clafs, intitled Tetrandria Monogy-
nia, the flower having four ftamina and but one
ftyle.
The Species are,
U Buddleja ( Americana ) foliis ovatis ferratis oppofitis
fioribus fpicatis racemofis, caule fruticofo. Buddleja
with oval flawed leaves , growing oppofite, flowers growing
in branching flpikes , and a Jhrubby flalk. Buddleja fru-
BUD
tefcens foliis coniugatis & ferratis fioribus fpicatis id-
teis. Houft. MS S.
2. Buddleja (Occidentals) foliis lariceolatls aCuminatis
integerrirnis oppofitis, fpicis interruptis. Buddleja with
pointed fpearfhaped leaves which are entire , placed
oppojite , and broken flpikes of flowers. ' Buddleja fru-
tefcens foliis oblongis mueronatis, fioribus fpicatis
albis. Houft. MSS.
The firft fort grows naturally in Jamaica, and moll
of the other iflands in America, where it rifes to the
height of ten or twelve feet, with a thick Woody
ftem, covered with a grey bark ; this fends out many
branches toward the top, which come out oppofite ;
as are alfo the leaves fo placed, which are oval, and
covered with a brown hairy down. At the end of
the branches the flowers are produced in long clofe
fpikes, branching out in clufters, which are yellow,
conflfting of one leaf, cut into four fegmerits ; thefe
are fucceeded by oblong capfules, filled with fmall
feeds. This was fent me by Dr. Houftoun, from Ja-
maica, in 1730, under the title Verbafci folio minor
arbor, fioribus fpicatis luteis tetrapetalis feminibus
fingulis oblongis in fingulis vafculis ficcis. Sloan. Cat.
Jam. 139. But as this was a vague title, the
dodor afterward conftituted a new genus, and gave
it the title of Buddleja, in memory of Mr. Buddie,
an eminent Englifh botanifh
The fecond fort the fame gentleman feint me from
Carthagena, where it grows naturally. This is the
Ophioxylon Americanum, foliis oblongis mueronatis*
leviter ferratis bardanae inftar, fubtus lanuginofis.
Pluk. Aim. 2 70. tab. 210. fig. s. and was by Plukenet
fuppofed to be the fame with the former, which
was denied by Sir Hans Sloane in his Hiftory of Ja-
maica.
This fort rifes much taller than the firft, and divides
into a great number of {lender branches, which are
covered with a rufiet hairy bark, garriifhed with long
fpear-fhaped leaves, ending in fharp points: thefe
grow oppofite at every joint; at the end of the
branches are produced branching fpikes of white
flowers, growing in whorls round the ftalks, with
fmall fpaces between each* It hath long, narrow,
fpear-fhaped leaves growing between the fpikes.
Whereas thofe of the other fort are naked. The leaves
of this are much thinner than thofe of the firft fort*
and have fcarce any , down on their under fide ; the
fpikes of flowers grow more eredt, fo form a large
loofe fpike at the end of every branch.
The plants grow naturally in gullies or other low
flieltered fpots, in the Weft-Indies, their branches
being too tender to refill the force of ftrong winds, fo
are rarely feen in open fituations.
They are propagated by feeds, which fhould be ob-
tained from the countries where they naturally grow,
for they do not perfedt them in England. Thefe
fhould be brought over in their capfules or pods, for
thofe which are taken out before they are fent feldoni
grow. They Ihould be fown in fmall pots, filled
with rich light earth, and very lightly covered with
the fame ; for as thefe feeds are very fmall, fo if they
are buried deep in the ground, they perifh. The
pots fhould be plunged into a moderate hot-bed, and.
muft be every third or fourth day gently watered,
■ being very careful not to wafh the feeds out of the
ground, by too hafty watering them„ If the feeds are
frefh and good, the plants will come up in about fix
weeks, provided they are fown in the fpring ; and if
they grow kindly, will be large enough to tranfplant
in about two months after. Then they fhould be
carefully feparated, and each planted into a fmall pot,
filled with light rich earth, and plunged into the
hot-bed again, obferving to fhade them from the fun
until they have taken new root, as alfo to refreflt
them with water when they require it. After the
plants have taken frefh root in the pots, there fhould
be frefh air admitted to them every day, in pro-
portion to the warmth of the feafon ; they muft: alfo
be frequently, but moderately, refrefhed with water.
If the plants thrive well, they will have filled thefe
R r fmall
1 •
BUG
Ifflall pots with their roots by the middle of Augfift,
at which time it will be proper to fhift them into
pots one ike larger, that they may have time to take
good root again, before the cold weather comes on.
When thefe are new potted, the tan fhould be turned
over to renew the heat ; and if it is wanted, lome
frejh tan muft be added to the bed, to encourage
the roots of the plants* In this bed they may remain
till autumn, when they muft be removed into the
ftove, and plunged into the tan-bed ; where they muft
conftantly remain, for they are too tender to thrive in
this country, if they are not fo treated. During the
winter they muft have but little water, and fhould be
kept warm ; but in fummer they fhould have frefh
air admitted to them conftantly when the weather is
warm, and frequently fprinkled all over with water.
With this management, the plants will flower the
fourth year from feeds, and continue fo to do every
year after, and will make a good appearance in the
ftove.
BUGLOSSUM. See Anchusa, and Lycopsis.
BUGULA. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 208. tab. 98. Ajuga.
Lin. Gen. Plant.- 624. Bugle.
The Characters are,
It hath a ftoort permanent empalement of one leaf ■which
is Jlightly cut into five parts ; the flower is of one leaf \
of the lip kind , having ah incurved cylindrical tube ; the
upper lip is very ftnall, ereff , and bifid ; the under lip or
beard is laige , open, and divided into three obtufe feg-
ments , the middle being large , and the two fides f mall ;
it hath four erebl ftamina , two of which are longer than
the upper lip , and two Jhorter , terminated by double fum-
mits. In the center is Jituated the four germen , fupporting
a fender flyle the length of the ftamina , crowned by
two f lender ftigma . The, germen afterward become four
naked feeds inclofed in the empalement.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fedtion of
Linnaeus’s fourteenth clafs, intitled Didynamia Gym-
nofpermia, the flower having two long, and two
ihort ftamina, and is fucceeded by naked feeds.
The Species are,
1. Bugula ( Reptans ) foliis caulinis femiamplexicauli-
bus, ftolonibus reptatricibus. Bugle whofe leaves half
embrace- the ftalks , and jhoots which put out roots. Bu-
gula. Dod. Pempt. 135. Common Bugle \
2. Bugula ( Decumbens ) foliis oblongo-ovatis, caufibus
decumbentibus, verticillis difcantibus. Bugle with ob-
long oval leaves , declining fialks , and the whorls of flowers
wide afunder. Bugula folio maximo flore pallide cas-
ruleo. Boerh. Ind. alt. 1. 184.
3. Bugula ( Pyramidalis ) foliis obtufe-dentatis, caule
fimplici. Bugle with blunt indented leaves , and a fingle
ftalk. Ajuga tetragono pyramidalis. Lin. Sp. Plant.
5 6 r -
4. Bugula ( Genevenfis ) foliis oblongis tomentofis, ca-
lycibus hirfutis. Bugle with oblong woolly leaves , and
hairy flower-cups. Bugula carneo flore. Cluf. Hift. 2.
P- ftL
5. Bugula ( Orientals ) villofa, foliis ovato-dentatis fef-
filibus, floribus refupinatis. Hairy Bugle with oval in-
dented leaves , placed clofe to the ftalks , and inverted flow-
ers. Bugula orientalis villofa flore inverfo candido
cum oris purpureis. Tourn. Cor. 14.
The firfc fort grows naturally in woods, and fhady
moift places, in moft parts of England, where it
fpreads and increafes greatly by the fide fhoots, which
put out roots at their joints. There are two varieties
of this, one with a white, and the other a pale purple
flower, which I obferved growing in feveral parts of
Weftmoreland •, but thefe do not differ in any other
refpect than in the colour of their flowers from the
common, therefore I have only mentioned them as
varieties. ■
The common Bugle is greatly efteemed as a vulne-
rary herb, and is ufed both internally and externally;
it enters as an ingredient into the vulnerary decoc-
tions of the Burgeons, and is commended externally,
applied to ulcers. This is conftantly mixed with
the vulnerary herbs, imported from Switzerland. It
is, tided Confolida Media, or Middle Confound. As
B U L
1
f
.
I
this grows naturally wild in great plenty, fo it is
feldom admitted into gardens.
The fecond fort grows naturally on the Alps; the
leaves of this are much longer than thofe of the com-
mon Bugle, the ftalks are weaker, and decline on
every fide, and the whorls of flowers are much fmaller,
and are ranged at a greater diftance. This is ad-
mitted into feme gardens for the fake of variety, and
propagates in plenty by its trailing ftalks. This re-
quires a moift fhady fituation.
The third fort grows naturally in France, Germany,
and other countries, but is not a native in England.
This grows about four or five inches high, with a
Angle ftalk, which is garnifhed with leaves at each
joint; placed oppofite ; thefe are oval, and indented
bluntly on their edges. The flowers grow in whorls
round the ftalks, and toward the top form a clofe
thick fpike, and are of a fine blue colour.
The fourth fort grows naturally in many parts of
Europe. This approaches near to the common Bugle,
but the leaves of this are woolly; and the flower-cups
are very hairy, in which the chief difference confifts.
There are two varieties of this, one with a white, and
the other a red flower.
The fifth fort was brought from the Levant by Dr.
Tournefort, and is preferved by thofe who are curious
in collecting rare plants. There are two or three va-
rieties of it, which only differ in the colour of their
flowers.
This fort requires a little protection in winter, there-
fore the plants lhould be planted in pots filled with
a loamy foil, and placed in a fhady fituation in fum-
mer ; but in the winter they muft be removed under
a common frame, where they may enjoy as much
free air as poffible in mild weather ; but in hard froft
fhould be covered, otherwife they will not live thro 9
the winter in this country, unlefs it proves very fa-*
vourable.
This may be propagated by feeds, which fhould be
fown fcon after it is ripe, in a pot filled with loamy-
earth, and placed in a fhady fituation till autumn,
when it fhould be removed under a frame, where it
may be fereened from hard froft. In the fpring the
plants will come up, which fhould be tranfplanted
into feparate pots as foon as they are ftrong enough
to remove, and, in fummer, placed in the fhade, and
treated as the old plants. It flowers in May, and the
feeds ripen the latter end of July. It may alfo be
increafed by offsets, but this is a flow method, be-
caufe the plants put out but few of them, efpecially
while they are young, fo the other method is chiefly
pradtifed.
All the other forts are hardy enough, and are eaflly
multiplied by their fide fhoots ; thefe delight in a moift
fhady fituation, where they are apt to fpread too
much, efpecially the two firft forts.
BULB [ Bulbus , Lat. of BoaSo?, Gr.] Bulbous roots are
of two forts, viz. tunicated (or coated) and fquamous
(or fealy.) A tunicated root confifts of many coats,
involving each other; as in the Onion, Tulip, &c.
whofe roots, if cut through the middle, plainly fhew
the feveral coats. A fquamous root confifts of many
feales, lying over each other like tiles upon a houfe,
or feales on fiih ; of this kind are the Lily, Marta-
gon, &c.
BULBINE. See Anthericum.
BULBOCASTANUM. See Bunium.
BULBOCODIUM. Tourn. Cor. 50. Lin. Gen.
Plant. 368.
The Characters are.
The flower hath no empalement , it is funnel-Jhaped, and
compofed of fix petals , which are concave , having long ,
narrow necks , connected at the mouth , but are ftpear-
fhaped above. It hath fix awl jh aped ftamina Jhorter than
the petals , and are inferted in their middle , having in-
cumbent fummits. It hath an oval , blunt, three-cornered
germen, fupporting a fender ftyle , crowned by three ob-
long erect ftigma. The germen afterward becomes a
triangular pointed capfuls, having three cells , which are
. filled with angular feeds.
This
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fetlion of
Linnaeus’s fixth clafs, intitled Hexandria Monogynia,
the flower having ,flx ftamina and one ftyle.
The Species are,
1. Bulbocodium ( Alpinunt ) foliis fubulato-knealibus.
Prod. Leyd. 41. Bulbocodium with narrow awl-floaped
leaves. Bulbocodium Alpinum juncifolium flore umco
intus albo extus fquallide rubente. Raii Syn. Ed. 3.
p. 374.
2. Bulbocodium ( Vernum ) foliis lanceolatis. Prod. Leyd.
jjpi. Bulbocodium with fpear-Jhaped leaves. Colchicum
vernum Hifpanicum. C. B. P. 69.
The firft fort grows naturally upon the Alps, and
alfo upon Snowdon hills, in Wales. This hath a fmall
bulbous root, which is covered with a rough hairy
Ikin •, from which arifes a few long narrow leaves,
fomewhat like thofe of the Saffron, but narrower j in
the middle of thefe the flower comes out, which
Hands on the top of the foot-ftalk, growing erect, and
is fhaped like thofe of the Crocus, but fmaller; the
foot-ftalk rifes about three inches high, and hath four
or five fhort narrow leaves placed alternately upon it
below the flower. This flowers in March, and the
feeds are ripe in May, when it grows in a garden, but
where it grows naturally it is much later.
The fecond fort grows naturally in Spain, but hath
been long cultivated in gardens. It hath a bulbous
root, fhaped like thofe of the Snowdrop, covered with
a brown fkin, fending out three or four fpear-fhaped
concave leaves, between which comes out the flower,
Handing on a very fhort foot-ftalk, compofed of fix
petals, three Handing on the outflde, and three within
between the other; thefe, when they firft appear,
are of a pale colour, but afterward change to a bright
purple; when thefe decay, they are fucceeded by
triangular feed-veffels, which are full of fmall roundifh
feeds. It produces the flowers about the fame time
with the firft.
Thefe plants are propagated by offsets, in the fame
manner as other bulbous rooted flowers. The time
to remove them, is foon after their leaves decay, but
the roots may be kept out of the ground two months
without prejudice at that feafon. They fliould not be
removed oftener than every third year, for their roots
do not multiply very faft, fo by buffering them to re-
main, they will flower much ftronger, and make a
greater increafe than if they are often taken up.
The firft fort requires an eaftern afpecft, for if it hath
too much fun, it will not thrive; but the fecond
fhould have a warmer fltuation, fo may be planted in
a fouth border, and fhould have a frefi* loamy foil,
but not dunged. They may alfo be propagated by
feeds, which fhould be l'own in pots filled with frefh
loamy earth in September, and the latter end of Oc-
tober, the pots fliould be placed under a frame, to
pro ted them from fevere froft; in the fpring the
plants will appear, when they may be removed out
of the frame, and placed where they may have the
morning fun, but fcreened from the fouth. In very
dry weather, they fliould be refrelhed now and then
with a little water, while their leaves continue green ;
but, when thefe decay, the pots fliould be removed
to a fhady fltuation, where they may remain till au-
tumn,- obferving to keep them clean from weeds. In
Odober there fhould be a little frefh earth laid on
the furface of the other, and the pots placed in fhelter
again till the following fpring, when they muft be
treated in the fame manner as the former year, till
their leaves decay; then the roots fhould be Carefully
taken up, and tranfplanted into the borders of the
flower-garden, treating them as the old roots ; the
fpring following they will produce their flowers.
BUN I AS. Lin. Gen. Plant. 737.
The Characters are,
The empalement is compofed of four oblong j | reading leaves ,
which fall away. 'The flower hath flour petals, placed in
form of a crofs , which are oval , and double the length
of the empalement , joined at their bafe , and eredt. It hath
fix ftamina the length of the cup , two of which are op-
pofte , and fhorter than the other four, terminated by ere A
■fummits; which are bifid at their bafe. In the center- if
fituated an oblong gernien , having no ftyle , but crowned
by an obtufe ftigma. . The gerraen afterward becomes an
irregular , fhort , oval pod, with flour angles , one or other
of which is prominent and pointed , inckfing one or two
roundifh feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fed'iofi
of Linnaeus’s fifteenth clafs, intitled Tetradynamia
Siliquofa, the flowers having four long and two Ihort
ftamina, and are fucceeded by pods.
The Species are,
1. Bunias {Orient alls) filiculis ovatis gibbis vbmicolis*
Lin. Sp. Plant. 670. Bunias with oval convex pods\
having protuberances, Crambe Orientalis dentis leoms
folio erucaginis facie. Tourn. Cor. 14.
2. Bunias ( Erucago ) filiculis tetragonis angulis bicrifta-
tis. Lin. Sp. Plant. Bunias with fhort four-cornered
pods , whofe angles are doubly crefted. Erucago Monfpe-
liaca filiqua quadrangula echinata. C. B. P. 99.
3. Bunias ( Cakile ) filiculis ovatis kevibus ancipitlbus;
Lin. Sp. Plant. 670. Bunias with fmooth oval pods,
Jlanding on each fide the ftalk. Eruca maritima Italics,
filiqua haftae cufpidi fimili. C. B. P. 99.
The firft fort grows naturally in the Levant, from
whence Dr. Tournefort fent the feeds to the Royal
Garden at Paris. This hath a perennial root, and ail
annual ftalk. It fends out many oblong leaves, which
fpread on every fide near the ground, and are deeply
jagged on their edges, like thofe of the Dandelion ;
from between thefe arife the ftalks, which grow up-
wards of two feet high, fending out branches gar-
nifhed at each joint by one oblong ftiarp-pointed
leaf, eared at the bafe, where they fit clofe to the
ftalk. The branches are terminated by long loofe
fpikes of yellow flowers, compofed of four leaves,
lhaped like thofe of the Cabbage ; thefe are fuc-
ceeded by Ihort, oval, rough pods, ending in a point,
inclofing one round feed. It flowers in June, and
the feeds are ripe in September.
The fecond fort grows naturally in the fouth of
France and Italy ; this is an annual plant, fending
out many branches, which fpread, and incline toward
the ground; garnifhed with glaucous leaves, which are
deeply divided into many fegments, almoft like thole
of Swines Grefs. The flowers are produced fingly from
the wings of the leaves, toward the extremity of the
branches ; thefe are very fmall, of a pale yellowifh
colour, compofed of four petals, placed in form of
a crofs, which are fucceeded by Ihort pods, which are
crefted on each fide, containing one or two roundifh
feeds.
The third fort grows naturally about Montpelier ;
this is alfo an annual plant, fending out many oblong
leaves near the root, which are hairy, deeply cut on
each fide, and fpread on the ground ; between thefe
arile two or three ftalks, which grow a foot and a •
half high, fending out feveral fide branches, gar-
nilhed with oblong rough leaves, indented on their
edges; the upper part of the branches are deftitute
of leaves, but have flowers placed alternately on each
fide. Handing on Ihort foot-ftalks, which are purple,
and compofed of four petals ; thefe are fucceeded
by oval-pointed pods, containing one or two roundifh
feeds ; there is a variety of this with narrow leaves.
Thefe plants are all propagated by feed : the firft fcrt
may be fown where the plants are defigned to remain,
in the beginning of April, and when the plants
come up, they fhould be thinned, leaving them two
feet afunder, after which they, will require no other
care but to keep them clean from weeds. The lecond
year they will produce flowers and feeds, and the
roots will abide many years after.
The other two forts muft be fown where they are to
remain, but the bell time is in autumn, becaufe -thofe
which' are fown in the fpring often fail, cr do not
come up time enough to perfect their feeds. Thefe
require no other culture but to keep them clean
from weeds, and thin the plants to one foot diftanc'e.
BUNIUM. Lin. Gen. Plant. 298. Bulbocaftanum.
Tourn. Inft. 312. tab. 161. Pig Nut, or Earth Nut.
The Characters are,
The great or' general umbel it tompofed of near twenty
rays or /mail umbels , which are Jhort , and clofe together.
The tnyohicrwn of the great umbel is compofed of many
Jhort narrow leaves , thofeof the ft nailer are the fame, but
are as long as the umbels. The proper empalement of the
flower is fcarce difcernible. The rays of the great umbel
are uniform . The flowers have five heart-Jhaped petals
which are equal, and turn inward •, , they have five Jiamina
which are Jloorter than the petals, terminated by fingle
fummits % the oblong germen is Jituated below the recep-
tacle, fupporting two reflexed ftyles, crowned by a blunt
ftigma. The germen afterward becomes an oval fruit,
dividing in two parts , containing two oval feeds, plain
on onejide , and convex on the other.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fedtion
bf Linnaeus’s fifth clafs of plants, intitled Pentandria
Digynia, the flower having five ftamina and two
ftylesi
The Species are,
1 . Bunium ( Bulbocaftanum ) bulbo globofo. Sauv. Monfp.
256, Earth Nut With a globular root. Bulbocaftanum
majus folio Apii. C. B. P. 162.
2. Bunium ( Creticum ) radice turbinato. Earth Nut with
a turbinated root. Bulbocaftanum Creticum radice
napi-formi. Tourn. Cor.
3. Bunium {S&xatil e) foliis tripartitis filiformibus linea-
ribus. Earth Nut with very narrow tripartite leaves.
Bulbocaftanum minus faxatile Peucedani folio. Tourn.
Inft. 312.
The firft fort grows naturally in moift paftures, and
in woods, in many parts of England. Of this there
is a variety, fuppofed to be larger than that which
grows commonly here, but I could never obferve
any effential difference between them ; for in fome
places it is found much larger than in others, but when
they have been tranfplanted into a garden, they have
proved to be the fame. This hath a tuberous folid
root which lies deep in the ground, and puts out fi-
bres from the bottom and fides. The leaves are finely
cut, and lie near the ground. The ftalk rifes a foot
and a half high, which is round, channelled, and fo-
lid, the lower part being naked ; but above, where
it branches out, there is one leaf placed below eveiy
branch, which are cut into finer fegments than thofe
below. The flowers are white, and fhaped like thofe
of other umbelliferous plants ; the feeds are fmall, ob-
long, and wheh ripe are channelled. It flowers in
May, and the feeds ripen in July, foon after which,
the whole herb decays to the ground.
The roots of this fort are frequently dug up, and by
the poorer fort of people are eaten raw, having much
refemblance in tafte to the Chefnut, from whence it
had the title of Bulbocaftanum. Thefe roots, when
boiled, are very pleafant and delicious, and are fup-
pofed to afford great nouriftiment. The fwine are very
fond of thefe roots, and will root them up, when they
are admitted where they grow, and will foon become
fat with feeding on them.
The lecond fort was difeovered by Dr. Tournefort in
the ifland of Crete, but it grows naturally in many
other parts of the Levant. I received dried fam-
ples and feeds of this from Zant, where it grows
plentifully.
The third fort I received from the Alps. This is a
very low plant, feldom rifing above fix inches high.
Thefe plants delight to grow among grafs, fo cannot
be made to thrive well long in a garden.
BUPHTHALMUM. Lin. Gen. Plant. 876. Af-
terifeus. Tourn. Inft. R. H. tab. 285. Ox-eye.
The Characters are,
The empalement is different in the fever al fpecies. It
hath a compound radiated flower, compofed of hermaphro-
dite and female florets. The hermaphrodite florets com-
pofe the difk *, thefe are funnel-fhaped , and cut into five
parts at the brim , which flpread open, and have five fen-
der Jiamina , which are Jhort , terminated by cylindrical
fummits. In the center is ‘Jituated an oval compreffed ger-
men, fupporting a fender ftyle, crowned by a thick Jiigma.
The germen af terward becomes an oblong feed, whofe bor-
der is cut into many parts ■, the female flowers' which com -
. pofe, the rays {or border) are fir etched out on one fide like
a tongue, which fpreads open , and is indented at the top
in three parts ; thefe have no ftamina , but a double-headed
'germen, fupporting a Jlender ftyle, crowned by two oblong
ftigma. The germen becomes a fingle compreffed feed , cut
on each fide.
This genus of plants is ranged in the lecond feftion
of Linnaeus’s nineteenth clafs, intitled Syngenefia
Polygamia fuperfiua, the flowers having hermaphro-
dite and fetnale florets, included in one common em-
palement, which are both fruitful.
The Species are,
1. Buphthalmum ( Helianthoides ) calyeibus foliolis, fo-
liis oppofitis ovatis ferratis triplinerviis caule herba-
ceo. Hort. Upfal. 264. Ox-eye with a leafy empalement,
oval Jawed leaves placed oppofite, having three veins,
and an herbaceous ftalk. Chryfanthemum Scrophulariae
folio Americanum. Pluk. Aim. 99. tab. 22. fig. 1.
2. Buphthalmum ( Grandijlorum ) foliis alternis lanceo-
latis fubdenticulatis glabris, calyeibus nudis caule
herbaceo. Hort. Cliff. 415. Ox-eye with fmooth fpear-
Jhaped leaves {indented below,) naked empalement s, and an
herbaceous ftalk. Afteroides Alpha falicis folio gla-
bro. Tourn. Cor. 51. tab. 487.
3. Buphthalmum {Salicifolium) foliis alternis lariceola-
tis fubferratis villofis calyeibus nudis caule herbaceo.
Hort. Cliff. 414. Ox-eye with fpear-Jhaped leaves placed
alternate. Jawed below and hairy, naked empalement s, and
an herbaceous ftalk. After luteus major, foliis fuccife.
C. B. P. 266.
4. Buphthalmum (. Spinofum ) calyeibus acute foliofis,
ramis alternis, foliis lanceolatis amplexicaulibus inte-
gerrimis caule herbaceo. Hort. Cliff. 414. Ox-eye with
acute leafy empalement s , branches placed alternate, and
entire leaves embracing the ftalks, which are herbaceous.
Afterifcus annuus, foliis ad florem rigidis. Tourn.
Inft. 497.
5. Buphthalmum {Seftile) floribus axillaribus calyeibus
foliofis, fpinis terminalibus, foliis oblongis obtufis
fefiilibus. Ox-eye with flowers coming from the forks of
the branches, leafy empalements ending with fpines, and
oblong blunt leaves growing clofe to the branches. Afte-
rifcus annuus maritimus patulus. Tourn. Inft. 498.
6 . Buphthalmum {Maritimum) calyeibus obtuse foliofis
pedunculatis, ramis foliis alternis, fpatulatis caule
herbaceo. Hort. Cliff. 414. Ox-eye with blunt leafy em-
palements, having foot-ftalks , alternate leaves, and an
herbaceous ftalk. Afterifcus maritimus perennis patu-
lus. Tourn. Inft. 498.
7. Buphthalmum {Aquaticum) calyeibus obtuse foliofis
fefiilibus axillaribus, foliis alternis oblongis obtufis
caule herbaceo. Hort. Cliff. 414. Ox-eye with blunt
leafy empalements fitting clofe to the forks of the ftalk,
oblong blunt leaves , and an herbaceous ftalk. Afterifcus
annuus Lufitanicus odoratus. Boerh. Ind. alt. 105.
8. Buphthalmum {Frutefcens) foliis oppofitis lanceola-
tis petiolatis bidentatis caule fruticofo. Hort. Cliff.
415. Ox-eye with fpear-Jhaped leaves growing oppofite,
having foot-ftalks with two teeth, and a Jhrubby ftalk.
Afterifcus frutefcens leucoii foliis fereceis & incanis.
Hort. Elth. 44. tab. 38.
9. Buphthalmum {Arborefcens) foliis oppofitis lanceola-
tis craflis, glabris utrinque viridibus floribus pedun-
culatis. Ox-eye with thick , fmooth, fpear-Jhaped leaves
growing oppofite, green on both fides, flowers having foot-
ftalks , and a tree-like ftalk. Afterifcus frutefcens leu-
coii foliis viridibus & fplendentibus. Hort. Elth. 43,
tab. 38.
10. Buphthalmum {Incanum) foliis oppofitis lineari-
lanceolatis craffis incanis, floribus fefiilibus caule fru-
ticofo. Ox-eye with thick , hoary , narrow, fpear-Jhaped,
leaves placed oppofite, flowers growing clofe to the branches,
and a jhrubby ftalk. Afterifcus frutefcens leucoii fo-
liis anguftiflimis fereceis & incanis. Ind. Hort.
Chelf. 27.
The firft fort grows naturally in North America.
This hath a perennial root and an annual ftalk : from
the root there arifes many ftalks, in number propor-
tional to the fize of the roots ; thefe grow upward of
BUP
fix feet high, garnifhed at each joint with two ob-
long heart-fhaped leaves placed oppofite, which have
three longitudinal veins, the bafe on one fide being
fhorter than the other. The flowers come out at the
extremity of the branches, having a leafy empale-
ment ; they are radiated, of a bright yellow colour,
refembling a fmall Sun-flower, from whence the in-
habitants of America have given it that appellation.
It flowers in Auguft, and when the autumns prove
favourable, the feeds will ripen in England ; but as
it propagates eafily by parting the roots, there are
few perfons who are folicitous about the feed. The
belt time to tranfplant and part the roots, is toward
the end of Qdober, when the ftalks begin to decay.
Thefe fliould be removed every other year, to pre-
vent their fpreading too far ; they are very hardy, fo
will thrive in any fltuation : but as the roots are apt
to extend, they are not proper for the borders of
fmall flower-gardens ; but in large borders, on the
fides of rural walks, or in fpaces between fhrubs,
they will be ornamental during their feafon of flow-
ering.
The fecond fort grows naturally on the Alps, as alfo
in Auftria, Italy, and the fouth of France. This
hath a perennial root, and an annual ftalk ; it grows
near two feet high, with {lender branching ftalks,
garnifhed with oblong fmooth leaves ending in a
point; the flowers grow at the extremity of the
branches, which are of a bright yellow colour, ra-
diated round their borders like thofe of the Starwort.
It flowers in June and July, and the feeds ripen in
autumn. There are two or three varieties of this,
differing in the breadth of their leaves and fize of their
flowers, but from the fame feeds all thele have been
produced.
This fort is generally propagated by parting the roots,
which may be performed at the fame time, and in
the fame manner as is direded for the firft fort. As
this doth not fpread fo much as the former, a few
roots may be allowed room in the borders of the
flower-garden, efpecially thofe which have little fun,
where thefe will continue a long time in flower.
The third fort, is fomewhat like the fecond, but the
leaves are broader and obtufe ; the ftalks and leaves
are alfo hairy, in which confifts their difference. This
flowers at the fame time with the former, and is pro-
pagated in the fame manner.
The fourth fort rifes a foot and a half high : the
ftalks divide into many branches upward ; the fide
branches rife much above the middle ftalk, garnifhed
with fpear-fhaped hairy leaves, placed alternately ;
the flowers are produced at the forks of the branches
on fhort foot-ftalks ; the empalement confifts of feven
long, ftiff, fpear-fhaped leaves, ' ending in a fharp
point ; thefe fpread out beyond the rays of the flower
in form of a ftar. The flower fits clofe upon the em-
palement, the border or rays being compofed of
many female florets, which have one fide ftretched
out like a tongue, and indented at the end in three
parts ; the middle or difk of the flower is compofed
of hermaphrodite flowers, which are tubulous, fun-
nel-fhaped, and flightly indented in five parts at the
brim ; they are of a bright yellow colour, and are fuc-
ceeded by oblong comprefied feeds. The plants
flower in June and July, and their feeds ripen in Sep-
tember, foon after which the plants decay.
The feeds of this fliould be fown the beginning of
April, on open borders, where they are to remain,
and will require no other care, but to keep them clear
of weeds, and thin them to the diftance of a foot and
a half, that their branches may have room to fpread.
If the feeds are fown in the autumn, or are permitted
to fall when ripe, the plants will come up foon after,
and thefe will more certainly ripen feeds than the
fpring plants.
The, fifth and feventh forts are alfo annual plants,
which grow naturally in the fame countries with the
laft. Thefe feldom stow more than one foot hip-h in
. gardens, and where they are wild not fo high, but
fend out many fpreading alternate branches near the
BUP
root : their leaves, which are oblong, blunt, and
hairy, are placed alternate, growing clofe to the
branches without any foot-ftalks ; the leaves of the
empalement of the fifth fort .end in a very fharp fpine,
■and are much broader at their bafe than either of the
other. The flowers of all thefe have much the ap-
pearance of thofe of the laft, but feme are fmaller,
and thofe of the feventh fort have an agreeable odour.
They flower at the fame feafon, and are propagated
in the fame manner.
The ftxth fort is a low perennial plant with a ihrubby
ftalk, which rarely rifes a foot high, fending out
many fpreading branches from the ftem, garnifhed
with hairy leaves, which are narrow at their bafe, but
broad and roundifh at their extremity ; the flowers
are produced at the end of the branches, they are
yellow, and fhaped like thofe of the former forts,
but the leaves of the empalement are foft and obtufe.
Thefe are feldom fucceecled by feeds in England, but
the plant is eafily propagated by flips during the fum-
mer feafon ; if the cuttings are planted in a bed of
frefh loamy earth, and covered with a hand-glafs, ob-
ferving to {hade them from the fun in the heat of the
day, and frequently refrefhed with water, they will
take root in about fix weeks, when they fliould be
carefully taken up, and each planted in a feparate
fmall pot filled with frefh .undunged earth, and placed
in a fhady fltuation till they have taken frefh root ;
after which they may be removed to a fheltered fltu-
ation, where they may remain till the end of Qdober,
when they muft be removed to a frame for the winter
feafon, being too tender to live abroad in winter in
this country ; but as they only require protection
from hard frofts, they will thrive better when they
have a great fhare of air in mild weather, than if
confined in a green-houfe ; therefore the beft method
is to place them in a common frame, where they may
be fully expofed in mild weather, but fereened from
the froft. This fort grows naturally in Sicily. It
flowers great part of the year, which renders it the
more valuable.
The eighth fort rifes with feveral woody ftems from
the root, which grow to the height of eight or ten
feet, garnifhed with leaves very unequal in fize, fome
of which are narrow and long, others are broad and
obtufe ; thefe are intermixed, fometimes coming out
at the fame joint, and often at the intermediate one ;
they are foft, hoary, and placed oppofite. The foot-
ftalks of the larger leaves have, on their upper fide,
near their bafe, two fharp teeth ftanding upward, and.
a little higher there are generally two or three more,
growing on the edge of the leaves. The flowers are
produced at the ends of the branches Angle ; thefe
are of a pale yellow colour, and have fcaly empale-
ments. It grows naturally in America. I received
another fort of this from the Havannah, which was
found growing naturally there by Dr. Elouftoun, who
fent it by the following title, Chryfanthemum fruti-
cofum maritimum, foliis glaucis oblongis, flore lu-
teo. Sloan. Hift. Jam. i. p. 125. The leaves of this
are fhorter and thicker than thofe of the tenth fort,
and have no teeth on their foot-ftalks, but in other
reipeds are very like it ; the plants are not fo hardy.
The eighth has been long preferved in the Englifh
gardens, and was originally brought from Virginia,
as I was informed by the Bifhop of London’s gar-
dener, who railed it in 1696 at Fulham,
The ninth fort grows naturally in the Bahama Iftands,
from whence I have feveral times received the feeds.
This feldom grows much more than three feet high,
fending out many ftalks from the root, which are
fucculent, except near the root, where they are lig-
neous, garnifhed with thick, fucculent, fpear-fhaped
leaves placed oppofite ; the flowers are produced at
the end of the branches upon foot-ftalks which are
two inches long. Thefe flowers are larger than thofe
of the eighth fort, of a bright yellow colour. They
appear in July, Auguft, and September, but often
continue till the end of October.
S- § " The
B U P
The tenth fort grows in the Bahanii iflands* from.
' whence I received the feeds. This fends out many
Bender -ftaiks from the root, which rife near three feet
high* garnifhed with long, narrow, thick, iucculent
leaves,- which are very hoary, growing oppofite, em-
bracing the ftaik at their bale ; the dowers are yel-
low, and are produced at the end of the Ihoots, hav-
ing very fhort foot-ftalks. Thefe appear at the fame
time with thofe of the ninth fort.
As' thefe three forts do not perfect their feeds in this
country, they are propagated by cuttings. 1 hey
fhould be planted in July, when the plants have been
for fome time expofed to the open air, whereby their
fhoots will be hardened and better prepared to take
root, than when they firft come abroad. The cut-
tings fhould be planted in fmall pots filled with light
loamy earth, and plunged into a very gentle warmth,
obferving to fhade them from the fun in the heat of
the day, and gently refrefh them with water, but it
mufc be given to them fparingly, for much wet
will rot them. In about fix weeks thefe will have
taken root, when they muft be gradually inured to
bear the open air 5 and foon after they fhould be each
planted in a feparate fmall pot filled with light loamy
earth, and placed in the fhade until they have taken
frefh root j after which they may be removed to a fhel-
tered fituation, where they may remain till the middle
of October, when they muft be removed in the
green-houfe. The eighth fort being hardier than either
of the other, may be placed in a common green-
houfe •, but the other two will thrive better in a warm
glafs-cafe, where they will receive more fun, and
have a drier air. During the winter, they fhould have
but little moifture, and in very mild weather they
fhould have frefh air admitted to them. In the fum-
mer they muft be placed abroad in a fheitered fitu-
ation, and treated in the fame manner as other ex-
otic plants.
TUPLE UROIPES. See Phyllis.
BUPLEURUM [fo called, from Bou?, Bos, and
vrtevpov, cofta , latus, becaufe it is commonly believed,
that if cows eat of it, it will burft their bellies.] Lin.
Gen. Plant. 291. Hare’s-ear,
The Characters are,
It is a plant with an umbellate A flower \ the rays of the
principal umbel are thin , confifiing of ten j mailer umbels ,
which are eredt and fpread. The involucrum of the great
umbel is compofed of many oval pointed leaves , thofe of
the fmall. have five. The flower hath five fmall heart-
Jhaped petals, which are inflexed-, it hath five fender fta-
min a, which are terminated by roundifh fummits. Theger-
men is fituated below the flower, fupporting two f mall re-
flexed flyles, crowned by a fmall fiigma. The germen af-
terward becomes a roundifh compreffed fruit which is
channelled , dividing in two parts, containing two oblong
channelled. I feeds , convex on one fide, and plain on the other.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fedtion
of Linnaeus’s fifth clafs, entitled Pentandria Digynia,
the flower having five ftamina and two ftyles.
The Species are, # ...
1. Bupleurum ( Rotundifolium ) involucris nniverfali-
bus null is, foliis perfoliatis. Hort. Upfal. 64. Hards
ear, whcfe greater umbel hath no involucrum , and the
fialks growing through the leaves , Perfoliata vulgatil-
fima five arvenfis. C. B, P. 277. _
2. Bupleurum ( Angulofum ) involucellis pentaphyllis or-
biculatis, univerfali triphyllo, ovato, foliis amplexi-
caulibus cordato-lanceolatis. Lin. Sp. llant. 2 3 6 .
Hare’s-ear with the fmall involucrum compofed of five or-
bicular leaves , the larger of three oval ones , and heart
fpear-jhaped leaves embracing' the ftaik. Perfoliata Al-
pina anguftifolia major folio angulofo. C. B. P.
3. Bupleurum ( Odontitis ) involucellis pentaphyllis acu-
tis, univerfali triphyllo, fioiculo centrali altiore, ra-
mis divaricatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 237. Hare’s-ear with
f mailer involucrii , compojed of five pointed leaves which
are acute, thofe of the larger three-leaved , the flower in.
the center taller, and the branches fpreading from each
otheyr. Perfoliata minor anguftifolia, Bupkuri folio.
C. B. P. 277. 1
BUP
4. Bupleurum ( Rigidum ) caule dichotomo ftibnudo, iri-
volucris minimis acutis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 238. Hare’s-
ear with ftaiks growing from . the divifion of the branches,
which have no leaves below * and a very fmall pointed in-
volucrum. Bupleurum folio rigido. C. B. P. 278.
5. Bupleurum ( Tenuiffmum ) umbellis fimplicibus alternis
pentaphyllis fubtrifloris. Lin. Sp. Plant. 238. Hare’s-
ear with fingle umbels growing alternate, and five leaves
under each three flowers. Bupleurum anguftifiimo fo-
lio. G. B. P. 278.
6. Bupleurum ( Fruticofum ) frutefcens, foliis obovatis
integerrimis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 238. Shrubby Hare’s-ear
with oblong oval leaves which are entire. Bupleurum af-
borefcens falicis folio. Tourn. Inft. 310. Sefeli ifih
thiopicum frutex. Dod. Pempt. 312. Shrubby Hart-
wort of a E thiopia .
7. Bupleurum {D iff or me) frutefcens, foliis vernalibus
decompofitis planis incifis, mftivalibus filiformibus
angulatis trifidis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 238. Shrubby Hare’ $-
ear, whofe fpring leaves are decompounded, plain, and cut ,
and the fummer leaves are narrow , angular , and infid .
Bupleurum frutefcens foliis ex uno pundto plurimis
junceis tetragonis. Burman. Afr. 195. tab. 71.
fol. 1 .
The firft fort grows naturally upon chalky land
among wheat, in feveral parts of England, fo is fel-
dom admitted into gardens. The leaves and feeds
of this plant are ufed in medicine ; the herb is efteem-
ed good for diflolving fcrophulous tumours, and is
by fome ufed for internal ailments, ruptures, and
brakes from a fall. It is called Thoroughwax in
Englifh.
The fecond, third, fourth, and fifth forts are annual.
The fifth fort grows naturally in feveral parts of Eng-
land, the others are natives of the Alps and Pyrenees \
thefe are feldom cultivated but in botanic gardens for
the fake of variety. Thofe who are defirous to have
any of thefe fpecies in their gardens, fhould fow their
feeds in autumn, where the plants are defigned to
remain, for they do not bear tranfplanting well ; and
keep the plants clean from weeds, which is all the
culture they require. They flower in June and July,
and their feeds ripen in September.
The fixth fort hath a woody Item, which fends out
many branches, fo as to form a large head or bufh,
covered with a purplifh bark, and garnifhed with ob-
long, oval, ftiff leaves, which are very fmooth, of a
fea-green colour ; the ends of the branches are ter-
minated by umbels of yellow flowers fomewhat like
thofe of Fennel. Thele come out in Auguft, but
are feldom fucceeded by perfedt feeds in England.
It grows naturally in the fouth of France and Italy,
near the borders of the fea.
It is commonly known among gardeners by the title
of Shrubby ^Ethiopian Hartwort, and is now pro-
pagated in the nurfery-gardens for fale. This grows
five or fix feet high, forming a large regular bulh,
the leaves continuing green through the year render
it more valuable. It is hardy, fo will thrive in the
open air, and may be intermixed with other ever-
green Ihrubs of the fame growth, in the front of taller
trees, where their ftems are defigned to be excluded:
from fight. It is propagated by cuttings, which
fhould be planted in pots filled with frefh loamy earth,
and in winter fheitered under a hot-bed frame ; in
the fpring the cuttings will put out roots, but they
will not be fit to transplant till the autumn following ;
fo the pots fhould be placed in a fhady fituation in
fummer, and in dry weather they muft be reffefhed
with water. The young plants may be planted in a.
nurfery-bed at two feet diftance for a year or two to
get ftrength, and then tranfplanted where they are to.
remain.
The feventh fort grows naturally at the Cape of Good
Hope, from whence it was introduced to the gardens,
in Holland. This fifes with a fhrabby ftaik to the
height of five or fix feet, fending out fome fide
branches, which in the fpring have their lower parts
garnifhed with leaves compofed of many fmall plain
lobes, which are finely cut like thofe of Coriander,
of a fea-green colour, thefe leaves foon fall off, and
the upper part of the branches are clofely covered
with long rufh-like leaves having four angles, which
come out in clutters from each joint. The flowers
grow in fpreading umbels at the extremity of the
branches, which are fmall and of an herbaceous co-
lour, and are fucceeded by oblong channelled feeds.
This fort is commonly propagated by cuttings, which
readily take root, if they are planted in April in
pots filled with light earth, and plunged into a mo-
derate hot-bed, and when they have taken root, they
fhould be inured to the open air by degrees, and af-
ter they have obtained ftrength, may be planted each
into a feparate pot filled with light loamy earth,
placing them in the fhade, till they have taken frefli
root, when they may be placed with other exotic
plants in a flickered fituation, where they may remain
till the autumn, when they mutt be removed into the
green-houfe, and placed with fuch hardy plants as
require a large lhare of air in mild weather, and only
require a protection from froft.
If this plant is propagated by feeds, they fhould be
fown in the autumn, foon after they are ripe, in pots
filled with light earth, which mutt be iheltered under
a frame in winter, and in the fpring removed to a
very gentle hot-bed, which will foon bring up the
plants ; thefe mutt be inured to bear the open air by
degrees, and then treated in the fame manner as thofe
railed from cuttings. This plant flowers in July, and
the feeds ripen in September.
BUR MANN I A. Lin. Gen. 397. This genus was
fo titled by Dr. Linnaeus, in honour to his friend Dr.
Burman, profeflbr of botany at Amfterdam.
The Characters are,
it hath a cylindrical coloured empalement of one leaf \ having
three longitudinal membranaceous angles , the flower hath
three fmall oblong petals, fituated in the mouth of the em-
palement , it hath fix fmall ftamina , the fummits are at
the mouth of the empalement , tzvo at each ; the germen is
cylindrical , half the length of the empalement , fupporting
a fender fiyle the length of the corolla , having three obtufe
concave fiigma : the empalement becomes a triangular cy-
lindrical covering to the feeds , opening in three valves ,
having three cells filled with fmall feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft feCtion of
Linnaeus’s iixth clafs, intitled Hexandria Monogynia,
the flower having fix ftamina and one ftyle.
The Species are,
1. Burmannia ( Difticha ) fpica gemina. Burm. Zeyl.
50. Burmannia with a double fpike of flowers.
2. Burmannia ( Biflora ) flore gemino. Lin. Sp. 41 1.
Burmannia with two flowers. Burmannia fcapo biflorae.
Flor. Virg. 36.
The firft fort grows naturally in Ceylon, in places
covered with water moft part of the year, the root
is compofed of many capillary fibres, from which
come out fix or eight narrow fpear-lhaped leaves,
near two inches long, which are entire. The flower-
ftalk rifes a fpan high, garnifhed with five or fix
narrow fpear-fhaped leaves which embrace it at their
bafe *, the ftalk is terminated by a double fpike of
flowers fpreading each way : thefe are garnilhed with
fmall blue flowers, included in a fwelling fpatha, or
flheath ; thefe have each three fliort petals, fix ftamina,
and one ftyle •, and in its native foil, the empalement
of the flower becomes a triangular cover to the
feeds.
The fecond fort grows naturally in Virginia and Ca-
rolina, in watery places, this hath a ftrong fibrous
root, from which arife feveral oblong oval leaves,
four or five inches long, which are fmooth and entire ;
between thefe ariles the foot-ftalk of the flower,
which is fix or eight inches high, terminated by fpikes
of flowers, two growing in each fpatha or fheath •,
thefe are blue, and in their native foil are fucceeded
by fmall feeds inclofed in the triangular empale-
ment.
Thefe plants are very difficult to preferve in gardens ;
■ for as they naturally grow in marftiy places, which
are covered with water great part of the year, they
will not thrive when planted in dry ground, and being
too tender to live abroad in England, renders them
very difficult to preferve ; therefore whoever is de-
jfirous to have them, fhould plant them in pots, which
fhould be plunged in troughs of water, fo deep as to
cover the furface of the mould therein about three
inches. Thofe troughs in which the firft fort is
planted, fhould be placed in a warm ftove, where
they fhould conftantly remain, being careful to fiipply
the water as it may diminifh in the troughs from time
to time. The troughs in which the fecond fort is
put, fhould be placed in a green-houfe in winter to
protect the plants from froft, but in fummer they
may be expofed in the open air, with this manage-
ment, if carefully attended to, the plants may be pre-
ferved, and fometimes may be brought to produce
flowers,
BURNET. See Poterium and Sanguisorba.
BURSA PASTORIS, Shepherds-pouch. This is
a common weed in moft parts of England ; which
propagates fo faft by feeds, as not to be eafily cleared
when they are permitted to fhed 5 for there are com-
monly four generations of this plant from feeds in 4
year, fo faft does the feed ripen, and the plants com?
up ; therefore it cannot be too foon or carefully rooted
out of a garden.
B U T O MU S, [BsV opov, of ( 3 s?, an ox, and rflm, to cut*
fo called, becaufe the leaves of it are fo acute, that
the tongue and lips of oxen, which are great lovers
of this plant, are wounded by it, fo that the blood
iffues forth : it is alfo called Juncus Florida, becaufo
it has the leaves of a Rufh, and produces a fine
bunch of flowers.] The Flowering-Rulh, or Water-
Gladiole,
The Characters are,
The flowers grow in a fingle umbel , having a Jhort three
leaved involucrum. The flower hath fix roundifh concave
petals , which are alternately fmaller and more pointed, if
hath nine awl-fhaped ftamina-, fix of which furround the
other , and are terminated by double lamellated fummits 5
it hath fix oblong pointed germen , fupporting a fingle
ftigma ; the germen afterward become fix oblong pointed
c apfules , having one cell filled with oblong feeds .
This genus of plants is ranged in the third fe< 5 tion of
Linnseus’s ninth clafs, intitled Enneandria Elexagy-
nia, the flower having nine ftamina, and fix germen.
We know but one Species of this genus, viz,
Butomus ( Umbellatus ) PI, Lap. 1 59. The Flowering -
Rufh, or W ater-Gladiole. Juncus florid 113 major, C. B,
P. 1 12, Greater Flowering-Rufh.
There are two varieties of this plant, one with a,
rofe coloured flower, and the other with a white, but
thefe are only accidental variations, therefore not to
be enumerated as diftintit lpecies,
The Role coloured fort is pretty common in Handing
waters, in many parts of England ; the other is a
variety of this, though lefs common with us near
London. Thefe plants may be propagated in boggy
places, or by planting them in citterns, which fhould
be kept filled with water, that fhould have about a
foot thicknefs of earth in the bottom, into which the
roots fhould be planted, or the feed lbwn as foon as
they are ripe; thefe, though common plants, yet
produce very pretty flowers, and are worth propa-
gating for variety, efpecially if in any part of the
garden there fhould be conveniency for an artificial
bog, or where there are ponds of {landing water, as
is many times the cafe, and perfons are at a lofs what
to plant in fuch places, that may appear beautiful 5
whereas, il thefe, and a few more wild plants, which
naturally grow in fuch places, were taken into th@
garden, they would have a very good effect in diver-
fifying the feveral parts thereof.
There is another fpecies, or at leaft a variety, of this
plant, which is found growing near London, inter-
mixed with the common fort, but not half fo large
either in leaf, ftalk, or flower ; but in other refpeds
fo like it, as to render it very difficult to be diftim
guifhed from it, for which reafon I have not enume-
rated it ; though many of the plants fettled in the
B U X
river Thames, clofe by the Chelfea garden, where
they continued their ufual fmali iize many vears.
.BUXUS, the' Box Tree. '
The Characters are,
It hath mate arid female flowers*on the fame plant *, the
male flowers have a three-leaved , and the female a four-
leaved empalement , which are concave. lie male flowers
have two , and the female three concave petals , which
are larger than the empalement. The male flowers have
four upright ftamina , terminated by double erect fummits
with a rudiment of a germen , but no ftyle or ftigma : the
female flowers have roundifb, blunt, three-cornered germen,
fupporting three very flhort ftyles , crowned by obtufle prickly
ftigma. 'The empalement afterward becomes a romdijh
■ cap fide, flopped like an inverted pottage pot , opening in
three cells, each having two oblong feeds, which are cafl
forth by the elafticity of the pod when ripe.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fourth fection
of Linnaeus’s twenty-firft clafs, intitled Moncecia
Tetrandria, there being male and female flowers on
the fame plant, and the male flowers having four
ftamina.
The Species are.
1. Buxus ( Arbor efcens ) arborefcens, foliis ovatis. Tree
Box with oval leaves. Buxus arborefcens. C. B. P.
2 3 2 -
2. Buxus ( Angnftifolia ) arborefcens foliis lanceolatis.
Tree Box with fpear-floaped leaves. Buxus anguftifolia.
Raii Syn. 445. Narrow-leaved Box.
3. Buxus ( Suffruticofa ) humilis foliis orbicularis. Dwarf
Box with round leaves. Buxus humilis. Dod. pempt.
782. Dwarf or Dutch Box.
r Thefe are three certainly diftindt fpecies. The two
forts of Tree Box have been frequently raifed from
feeds, and conftantly produced plants of the fame
' kind from thofe the feeds were taken from ; and the
Dwarf Box will never rife to any conflderable height
with any culture, nor have I ever feen this fort flower,
where the plants have been encouraged to grow many
years in the greateft luxuriancy. There are two or
three varieties of the firft fort, which are propagated
in the gardens, one with yellow, and the other white
ftriped leaves. The other hath the tops of the leaves
only marked with yellow, which is called Tiped Box.
The firft and fecond forts grow in great plenty upon
B Y T
Box-hill, near Darking in Surry, where were formerly
large trees of thefe kinds •, but of late they have been
pretty much deftroyed, yet there are great numbers
of the trees remaining, which are of a conflderable
bignefs. The 'wood of this tree is very ufeful for
turners, engravers, and mathematical inftrument-
makers, the wood being fo hard, clofe, and ponder-
ous, as to fink in water, which renders it very valua-
ble for divers utenfils.
Ail the varieties of the tree or large Box are proper
to intermix in chimps of Evergreens, &c. where they
add to the variety of fuch plantations ; thefe may be
propagated by planting the cuttings in autumn in a
fhady border, obferving. to keep them watered until
they have taken root, when they may be tranfplanted
into nurferies, till they are fit for the purpofes intend-
ed. The belt feafon for removing thefe trees is in
October, though indeed, if care be ufecl to take them
up with, a good ball of earth, they may be tranfplant-
ed alrnoft at any time, except in fu miner. Thefe
trees are a very great ornament to cold and barren
foils, where few other things will grow ; they may
alfo be propagated by laying, down the branches, or
from feeds : the laft being the belt method to have
them grow to be large, the feeds rnuffc be fown foon
after they are ripe in a fhady border, which mull be
duly watered in dry weather.
The Dwarf kind of Box is ufed for bordering flower-
beds or borders •, for which purpofe it far exceeds
any other plant, it being fubjedl to no injuries from
cold or heat, and is of long duration, is very eafily
kept handfome, and, by the firmnefs of its rooting,
keeps the mould in the borders from wafhing into the
gravel-walks, more effeftually than any plant what-
ever. This is increafed by parting the roots, or plant-
ing the flips ; but as it makes fo great an increafe of
itfelf, and fo eafily parts, it is hardly worth while to
plant the flips that have no roots. It is now be-
come fo common, that it may be purchafed from the
nurferies at a cheap rate.
The manner of planting this in edgings, &c. is fo
well underftood by every working gardener, that it
would be needlefs to mention any thing of that kind
here.
BYTTNERIA. See Basteria.
G.
1
C A C
AAPEBA. See Cissampelus.
CABBAGE. See Brassica.
CABINET, in a garden, is a conveniency
which differs from an arbour, in this, that
an arbour or fummer-houfe is of great length, and
arched over head in the form of a gallery •, but a ca-
binet is either fquare, circular, or in cants, making
a kind of falon, to be fet at the ends, or in the mid-
dle of a long arbour.
C AC AL I AN THE MUM. See Cacalia.
CACALIA, Foreign Coltsfoot.
The Characters are.
It hath compound flowers which are included in one com-
mon , cylindrical , fcaly empalement : the flowers are tu-
itions and funnel-fhaped , cut at the top into five parts
which ft and eredt ; thefe have each five floor i finder fta-
mina , " terminated by cylindrical fummits. The germen is
crowned with down, fupporting a fender ftyle, crowned
by two oblong recurved ftigma the germen afterward be-
comes & Jingle oblong feed, cnkhned uith long down.
* 6
C AC
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft feftion of
Linnseus’s twenty-firft clafs, intitled Syngenefia poly-
gamia sequalis ; thefe have all hermaphrodite flowers
which are fertile.
The Species are,
1. Cacalia (. Alpina ) foliis reniformibus acutis denticu-
latis calycibus fubtrifioris. Gouan. Monfp. 429. Ca-
calia with kidney -flo aped leaves which are Jharply indent-
ed, and generally three flowers in each empalement. Ca-
calia foliis craflls hirfutis. C. B. P. 197.
2. Cacalia ( Glabra ) foliis cutaneis acutioribus & gla-
bris. C. B. P. 198. Cacalia with ftnooth leaves, having
acute points. Cacalia glabro folio. Cluf. Hift. 2.
p. 115.
3. Cacalia ( Suaveolens ) caule herbaceo foliis haftato-fa-
gittatis denticulatis, petioiis fuperne dilatatis. Hort.
Upfal. 254. Cacalia with an herbaceous ftalk , 'fpear-
Jhaped indented leaves y and the upper fide if the foot -ftalk
fpreading. Cacalia Americana procerior, folio triangu-
lari per bafin auriculate, floribus albis. Edit.- prior.
4. Cacalia
C AC
4. Cacalia ( Atriplidfolia ) caulfe herbaceo, foliis fob-
cordatis dentato-fmuatis, calycibus quinqueftoris. Lin.
Sp. Plant. 835. Cacalia with an herbaceous ftalk, heart-
Jhaped fmuated leaves , and five florets in each empalement.
Nardus Americana procerior, foliis casfiis. Pluk. Aim.
2'5I.
5. Cacalia (Fic aides) caule fruticofo, foliis compreffis
carnofis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 834. Cacalia with a fhrubby
ftalk , and fiejhy compreffed leaves. Senecio Africanus
arborefcens, ficoidis folio & fac 10. Com. Rar. Plant.40.
6. Cacalia ( Kleinia ) caule fruticofo compofito, foliis
lanceolatis planis, petiolorum cicatricibus obfoletis.
Lin. Sp. Plant. 834. Cacalia with a compound fhrubby
ftalk , plain fpear-fhaped leaves , and the foot-ftalks leav-
ing fears. Cacalianthemum folio nerii glauco. Hort.
Elth. 61. tab. 54. •
7. Cacalia ( Papillaris ) caule fruticofo obvollato fpinis j
petiolaribus truncatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 834. Cacalia \
with a fhrubby ftalk , guarded on every fide with broken
rough foot-ftalks. Cacalianthemum caudice papillari.
Hort. Elth. 63. tab. 55.
8 . Cacalia ( Ante-euphorbium ) caule fruticofo, foliis ova-
to-oblongis, petiolis bafi linea triplici dedudis. Lin.
Sp. Plant. 834. Cacalia with a fhrubby ftalk, oblong oval
leaves , and three lines connected to the bafe of the foot-
ftalk. Kleinia- foliis carnofis planis ovato-oblongis.
Hort. Cliff. 395.
9. Cacalia ( Sonchifolia ) caule herbaceo, foliis lyratis
amplexicaulibus dentatis. Lin. Sp. 1169. CacdUa with
an herbaceous ftalk , and lyre-ftoaped indented leaves em-
bracing the ftalk.
10. Cacalia ifLutea) caule herbaceo, foliis quinque-
partitis acutis fubtus glaucis, fforibus terminalibus
pedunculis longiffimis. Cacalia with an herbaceous ftalk ,
leaves divided into five acute parts, glaucous on their under
fide, and flowers withlong foot-ftalks terminating the ftalks.
The firft fort grows naturally in Auftria, and the
Helvetian mountains, but is frequently preferved in
curious gardens for the fake of variety. This hath a
fiefhy root which fpreads in the ground, from which
fpring up many leaves, Handing on fingle foot-
ftalks, fhaped like thofe of Ground Ivy, but of a
thicker texture, of a filming green on their upper
fide, but white on their under ; between thele arife
the foot-ftalk, which is round, branching toward the
top, and grows a foot and a half high j under each
divifion of the ftalk is placed a fingle leaf, of the
fame fhape with thofe below, but much fmaller •, the
branches are terminated by purplifh flowers, grow-
ing in a fort of umbel. Thefe are fucceeded by ob-
long feeds, crowned with down.
The fecond fort hath the appearance of the firft, but
the leaves are almoft heart-fhaped, pointed, and
fharply fawed on their edges, and on both fldes very
green •, the ftalks rife higher ; the leaves upon the
ftalks have much longer foot-ftalks than thofe of the
firft. The flowers of this are of a deeper purple co-
lour. This grows naturally on the Alps. They flower
toward the end of May, or the beginning of June.
The third fort grows naturally in North America.
This hath a perennial creeping root, which fends
out many ftalks, garnifhed with triangular fpear-
fhaped leaves, fharply fawed on their edges, of a pale
green on their under fide, but a deep fhining green
above, placed alternately. The ftalks rife to the
height of feven or eight feet, and are terminated by
umbels of white flowers, which are fucceeded by ob-
long feeds crowned with down. It flowers in Au-
guft, and the feeds ripen in Oftober. This plant
multiplies greatly by its fpreading roots, and alfo by
the feeds, which are fpread to a great diftance by the
wind, the down which adheres to them being greatly
afiifting to their conveyance. The roots of this
plant, which have been call out of the Chelfea gar-
den, have been carried by the tides to a great diftance,
where they have lodged on the banks of the river, and
fattened themfelves to the ground, and have increafed
ib much, as that in a few years, it may appear as a
native of this country. The ftalks decay in autumn,
and new ones arife in the fpring.
C A C
The fourth fort is a native of America, but has beeri
many years in fome curious gardens. ' This hath a
perennial root, and an annual ftalk. The root is
compofed of many fiefhy fpreading tubers, fending
out feveral ftrong ftalks in the fpring, which rile
four or five feet high, gam iflied with roimdifh heart-
fhaped leaves^ greatly indented on their edges, of a
fea-green on their under fide, but darker above, placed
alternately the length of the ftalks, which are termi-
nated by umbels of yellowifh herbaceous flowers, ap-
pearing in July and Auguft, and are fucceeded by
feeds like thofe of the former fort, which ripen in
October.
The firft and fecond forts are propagated by parting
their roots, for they feldom produce good feeds in.
England. The belt time to tranfplant and part their
roots is in autumn; They require a loamy foil and
a fhady fituation.
The third and fourth forts propagate in great plenty,-
both by their fpreading roots, and alfo their feeds.
The roots fhould be, tranfplanted in autumn, and re-
quire a mo ill: foil and an open fituation. If the feeds
are permitted to fcatter, the plants will come up iri
the fpring without any care;
The fifth fort grows naturally at the Cape of Good
Hope. This riles with ftrong round ftalks to the
height of feven or eight feet, which are woody at bot-
tom, but loft and fucculent upward, fending out
many irregular branches, garnifhed more than half
their length with thick, taper, fucculent leaves, a
little compreffed on two fldes, ending in points, co-
vered with a whitifh glaucous farina, which comes
off when handled. Thefe, wdicn broken, emit a
ftrong odour of turpentine, and are full of a vifcous
juice-, at the extremity of the branches the flowers
are produced in fmall umbels ; they are white, tubu-
lous, and cut into five parts at the top. The ftig-
ma wdiich crowns the ftyle is of a dark purple colour,
and Hands ere£t above the tube. The ftamina are
much fhorter, and furround the oblong germen, which
is fituated in the center of the tube, and is crowned by
long, white, hairy down. The germen afterward be-
comes an oblong feed, with the fame dow r n adhering
to it but thefe do not ripen in England. Some of
the noblemen in France have the leaves of this plant
pickled in doing of which, they have a contrivahce
to preferve the white farina with which they are co-
vered, and thereby render them very beautiful.
This fort is eafily propagated by cuttings during the
fummer months : thefe fhould be cut from the plants
and laid to dry a fortnight, that the wound may be
healed over before they are planted. Moft people
plunge the pots, in which thefe are planted, into a
moderate hot-bed, to forward their putting out roots •,
but if they are planted in June or July, they will
root as well in the open air. I have frequently had
the branches broken off by accident, and fallen on
the ground, which have put out roots without any
care. Thefe branches may be kept fix months out
of the ground, and will take root if planted. This
fhould have a light fandy earth, and in winter be
placed in an airy glafs-cafe, where they may enjoy the
fun and air in mild weather, but mutt be protected
from froft. During the winter feafon, the plants
muft have but little water ; and in fummer, when
they are placed in the open air, it fhould not be giyen
them too often, nor in great quantity, but treated
like the Ficoides, and other fucculent plants from
the fame country. It flowers ufually in autumn, but
is not conftant to any feafon.
The fixth fort grows naturally in the Canary I (lauds,
but has been Ions; an inhabitant in the Enhlifii gar-
dens. This rifes with a thick fiefhy Item, divided
at certain diftances, as it were, in lb many joints
each of thefe divifions fweil much larger in the mid-
dle than they do at each end the ftalks divide into
many irregular branches of the fame form, which,
toward their extremities, are garnifhed with long, nar-
row, fpear- fhaped leaves, of a glaucous colour, Hand-
ing all round the ftalks without order. - As thefe fall
T t off.
C A C
off, they leave a fear at the plac'e, which always re-
mains on the branches. The flowers are produced in
large clufters, at the extremity of the branches, which'
are tubulous, and of a faint Carnation colour. They
appear in Auguft and September, but continue great
part of October, and are not fucceeded by feeds in
this country. There have been ftones and |offils dug-
up at a great depth in fome parts of England, which
have very perfect impreffions of this plant upon them;
from whence Dr. Woodward has fuppofed, the plants
were lodged there at the univerial deluge ; and
finding the impreffions of many other plants and
animals, which are natives of thofe iflands, he con-
cludes that the waters flowed hither from the fouth-
weft.
This plant has been called Cabbage- tree by the gar-
deners, I fuppofe from the refemblance which the
ftalks of it have to that of the Cabbage : others have
titled it Carnation-tree, from the fhape of the leaves,
and colour of the flowers.
It is _ propagated by cuttings, in the fame manner as
the former fort, and the plants require the fame cul-
ture ; but mult have a dry warm glafs-cafe in winter,
and very little water, being very fubject to rot
with wet. In hammer they mult be placed in the
open air, in a warm fheltered fituation, and in very
dry weather refrefhed moderately with water. With
this management the plants will flower annually, and
grow to the height of eight or ten feet.
The feventh fort refembles the fixth in its form and
manner of growth, but the leaves are narrower and
more fucculent. Thefe do not fall off entire like the
other, but break off at the beginning of the foot-
ftalk, which are very ftrong and thick ; and always
continue, fo that the main ftalk of the plant, and the
lower part of the branches, which are deftitute -of
leaves, are fet round on every fide with thefe trun-
cated foot-ffalks. This fort hath not as yet produced
any flowers in England. It is propagated in the fame
manner as the two former forts, from cuttings, and
the plants muff be treated as hath been directed for
the fifth fort, but require to be kept drier, both in
winter and fummer ; therefore, in very wet feafons,
the plants fhould be fheltered from hard rains, which
often caufe them to rot, when they are expofed
thereto ; but they require the open air in fummer.
This fort grows naturally at the Cape of Good Hope.
The eighth fort has been long preferved in the Eng-
lifh gardens, and was generally titled Ante-euphor-
bium, fuppofing it to have a contrary quality to the
Euphorbium. This rifes with many fucculent ftalks
from the root, as large as a man’s finger, which
branches out upward, into many irregular ftalks of
the fame form, but ftnaller, garnilhed with fiat, ob-
long, fucculent leaves, placed alternately round the
branches ; under each foot-ftalk there are three lines
or ribs, which run longitudinally through the branches
joined together. This fort very rarely flowers in
Europe, but is propagated by cuttings in the fame
manner as the fifth, and is equally hardy. It muft
have very little wet, efpecially in winter, and requires
a dry, fandy, poor foil.
The ninth fort grows naturally in Ceylon, China,
and alfo in the Spanifh Weft-Indies, from whence I
received the feeds. This fort feldom continues longer
Than to ripen its feeds. The ftalk rifes near two feet
high, branching a little toward the top ; the leaves
are cut on their Aides, and finuated fomewhat like
thofe of Muftard, fitting dole to the ftalks, which
are terminated by flowers formed almoft in an umbel;
thefe are in fome plants yellow, and in others purple;
they are fmall, and are fucceeded by oblong oval
feeds, having a feathery down. It flowers in July,
and the feeds ripen in September, foon after which
the plant decays.
This is propagated by feeds, which, if fown in the
autumn foon after they are ripe in a pot, and plunged
into the tan-bed in the ftove, will more certainly
fucceed than thofe fown in the fpring ; but where
there is not fuch, conveniency, the feeds fhould be
GAG
j' fown on a hot-bed in the fpring, and when the plants
are fit to remove, they fhould be planted on another
hot-bed to bring them forward, ftiading them till
they have taken new root, after which air fhould be
daily admitted to them in proportion to the warmth
of the feafon. When the plants have acquired ftrength,
they fhould be planted in pots, and either plunged
into a moderate hot-bed under a deep frame, or
placed in a glafs-cafe, where they will flower and
perfect their feeds.
The tenth fort grows naturally at St. Helena, from
whence I received the plants : the roots of this fort
fpread and increafe under the furface, fo is eafily pro-
pagated by parting the roots; the leaves arife im-
mediately from the root, having very fhort foot-ftalks;
thefe are cut into five or fix long acute fegments al-
moft to the midrib, the fegments are alfo acutely cut
on their hides in two or three places : the under fide
of the leaves are glaucous, their upper fide of a dark
green. The flower-ftalk arifes between the leaves
immediately from the roots ; this is naked, about
eight inches high, terminated by fix or eight yellow
compound flowers ftanding on long foot-ftalks, almoft
umbellatim ; the flowers are fucceeded by oblong
feeds, which rarely ripen in England 1 .
As this plant increafes fo faft by its root, there is
little want of the feeds ; therefore the roots may be
parted either the beginning of September, or the
latter end of March, and fhould be planted in pots
filled with light earth, and plunged into the tan-bed
in the ftove, where it fhould be conftantiy kept, being
too tender to thrive elfewhere in this climate.
CACAO. T-ourn. Inft. R. H. 660. Theobroma. Lin.
Gen. 806. The Chocolate-nut.
The Characters are,
The emp dement is ccmpofed of five fipear-Jhaped leaves ,
which fpread open , The flower hath five petals , which
are irregularly indented , and fpread open ; it hath five
erebl ftamina> which are as long as the petals , terminated
by pointed fummits. In the center is placed the oval ger-
men , fupporting a f ingle ftyle , the length of the Jtamina y
crowned by an eretl Jligma. The germen afterward be-
comes an oblong pod , ending in a point ; which is woody ,
wanted , and divided into five cells , which are filled with
oval , comptefied , fiejhy feeds.
This genus of plants was conftituted by father Plu-
mier, who communicated the characters, which he
had drawn in America, to Dr. Tournefort, who has
inferted it in the Appendix to his Inftitutions. Dr.
Linnteus has joined this to the Guazuma of Plumier,
under the title of Theobroma ; but as the fruit of
thefe plants are very different from each other, I
fhall keep them under different genera.
We have but one Species of this plant, which is.
Cacao. Cluf. Exot. T’he Chocolate-nut-tree.
This tree is a native of America, and is found in
great plenty in feveral places between the tropics,
but particularly at Caracca and Carthagena, on the
river Amazons, in the ilthmus of Darien, at Hon-
duras, Guatimala, and Nicaragua. At all thefe places,
it grows naturally without culture ; but it is culti-
vated in many of the iflands which are pofieffed by
the French and Spaniards, and was formerly planted
in fome of the iflands which are in the poffeffion of
the Engliffi ; but it has been neglected for many years
paff, fo that at prefent it is fo fcarce in thofe places,
that the Englilli are fupplied with it by the French
and Spaniards, who make the inhabitants pay them
a good price for it ; and as there is a great quantity
of it confumed in England, confequentiy it muft
make an alteration in the balance of trade greatly
to the prejudice of the Englifh; which might be
eafily remedied, if the planters in our colonies were
but the leaft induftrious ; fince, as it formerly grew
on thofe iflands, fo as to produce not only a fufficient
quantity for their own confumption, but to fupply
Europe with great quantities, there can be no ob-
jection to the planting it in thofe iflands again, efpe-
ciaily in thofe fituations where the fugar canes do
not thrive to advantage.
I fhall
GAG
I fhall therefore fubjoin the beft account of this plant,
and the culture which it requires in thofe countries,
with the profits which have arifen from it to thofe
who have planted fome of thefe trees of late years,
by way of experiment, in order to excite others to
follow their example ; and fhall afterward give di-
rections for cultivating it in England, by way of
curiofity.
In making a plantation of Chocolate-trees, you
muft firft be very careful in the choice of the fituation,
and the foil, otherwife there will be fmall hopes of
fuccefs.. As to the fituation, it fhould be in a place
where the trees may be protected from ftrong winds,
to which if they are expofed, they will foon be de-
ftroyed : fo that in ftich places where torrents of water
have wafhed away the earth fo as to leave broad and
deep furrows (which the inhabitants of thofe iflands
call gullies,) thefe trees will thrive exceedingly: and
as thefe are very frequently to be found in thofe
iflands, and many of them are of large extent, and
not much cultivated, it may be a great improve-
ment to fome eftates, which, at prelent, are of fmall
value. The foil in thefe gullies is generally rich and
moift, which is what thefe trees require ; fo that they
will make great progrefs in thefe places, as hath been
experienced by thofe perfons, who have lately made
trials of the plants in thefe fituations ; but where
there are not a fiifEcient number of thefe gullies,
choice fhould be made of a fituation which is well
flickered by large trees-, or, if there are not trees
already grown, there fhould be three or four rows
planted round the fpot which is defigned for the Cho-
colate-trees, of fuch forts which are of quickeft
growth ; and within thefe rows there fhould be fome
Plantain-trees, planted at proper diftances, which
being very quick of growth, and the leaves very
large, will afford a kindly flielter to the young
Chocolate-trees placed between them.
The Chocolate-trees which are cultivated, feldom
grow to more than fourteen or fifteen feet in height,
nor do they fpread their branches very wide ; fo that
if the Plantain-trees are placed in rows, about twenty
four feet afunder, there will be room enough for two
rows of Chocolate-trees between each row of Plan-
tains and if they are placed at ten feet diftance in
the rows, it will be fufficient room for them. Thofe
trees which are found wild in uncultivated places,
are generally of much larger growth, which may be
occafioned by the other trees, amongft which thefe
are found growing for, being protected from the
winds by thofe, they are not fo much in danger there-
from, as thofe which are cultivated : and the other
trees clofely furrounding them, will naturally draw
them up to a greater height : however, that is not a
defirable quality in thefe trees , for the lower they
are, the better the fruit may be gathered without
hurting the trees, and the lefs they are expofed to the
injuries of the weather * fo that the inhabitants never
defire . to have their trees above twelve or fourteen
feet high.
The foil upon which thefe trees thrive to molt ad-
vantage, is a moift, rich, deep earth ; for they ge-
nerally fend forth one tap root, which runs very
deep into the ground, fo that wherever they meet
with a rocky bottom near the furface, they feldom
thrive, nor are they of long continuance but in a
rich, deep, moift foil, they will produce fruit in
pretty good plenty the third year from feed, and will
continue fruitful for feveral years after.
Before the plantation is begun, the ground fhould
be well prepared by digging it deep, and clearing it
from the roots of the trees, and noxious plants,
which, if fuffered to remain in the ground, will fhoot
up again after the firft rain, and greatly obftrubt the
growth of the plants fo that it will be almoft im-
poflible to clear the ground from thofe roots, after
the Chocolate plants are come up, without greatly
injuring them.
When the ground is thus prepared, the rows fhould
be marked out by a line, where the nuts are to be
2
C A C
\, l •' \
planted, fo as that they may be placed in a quincunx
order, at equal diftance every way, or at leaft that
the Plantain-trees between them may form a quin-
cunx, with the two. rows of Chocolate-trees, which
are placed between each row of them.
In making a plantation of Chocolate-nut-trees, the
nuts muft be planted where the trees are to remain j
for if the plants are tranfplanted, they feldom live ;
and ckofe which furvive it, will never make thriving
trees * for, as I before obferved, thefe trees have ft
tender tap root, which, if broke, or any way injured,
the tree commonly decays.
The nuts fhould always be planted in a rainy feafon,
or at leaft when it is cloudy weather, ana fome hopes
of rain falling foon after. As the fruit ripens at two
different feafons, viz. at Midfummer and at Thrift-
mas, the plantation may be made at either of thofe j
but the chief care muft be to choofe fuch nuts as are
perfectly ripe and found, otherwife the whole trouble
and expence will be loft. The manner of planting
the nuts is, to make three holes in the ground, within
two or three inches of each other* at the place where
every tree is to ftand * and into each of thefe holes
fhould be one found nut planted about two inches
deep, covering them gently with’ earth. The reafori
for putting in three nuts at every place is, becaufe
they feldom all fucceed 5 or, if molt of them grow,
the plants will not be all equally vigorous fo that
when the plants have had one year’s growth, it is very
eafy to draw up all the weak unpromifing plants,
and leave the moft vigorous * but in doing this,
great care fhould be had to the -remaining plants, fo
as not to injure or difturb their roots in drawing the
other out.
It is very proper to obferve, that the Chocolate-nuts
will not retain their growing faculty long after they
are taken from the trees, fo that there is no poffibility
of tranfporting them to any great diftance for plant-
ing * nor lhould they be kept long out of the ground,
in the natural places of their growth. There are
fome authors who have written the hiftory of this
tree, and diftinguifh three different forts of the nuts,
from the colour of their fkins, one of which is of a
whitifh green colour, one of a deep red, and the third
of a red and yellow colour but thefe are not fpeci-
fically different, but all arijfe from feeds of the fame
tree, as is the cafe of our Filberts, which differ in
the colour of their (kins, but are of the fame colour
within, and have the fame tafte. There are others,
who would diftinguifh thefe nuts by their fize and
form, fome being large and thick, others almoft as
fiat as Beans ; but thele differences, I have been cre-
dibly informed, arife from fome accident, as thofe
trees which are young and vigorous, and grow upon,
a deep rich foil, will always produce larger and better
nourifhed fruit, than thofe which ftand on a (hallow
dry ground, and are unthriving trees : as will alfo
the age of a tree make a great alteration in the fize
of the fruit * for old trees are generally obferved to
produce fmaller and flatter nuts than thofe which are
young, or than the fame trees did bear while they
were vigorous.
When the Chocolate-trees firft appear above ground,
they are very tender, and fubjedt to great injuries
from the ftrong winds, the fcorching fun, or great
droughts, for which reafon the planters are obliged
to guard againft all thefe enemies, firft, by making
choice of a fheltered fituation, or at leaft by planting
trees to form a flielter * and, if poffible, to have the
plantation near a river, for the conveniency of wa-
tering the plants the firft feafon, until they have made
ftrong roots, and are capable of drawing their non-
rifhment from fome depth in the earth, where they
meet with moifture. But in order to flielter the
plants from the fcorching rays of the fun, they ge-
nerally plant two rows of Caffada between each row
of Chofcolate-trees, which will grow about feven or
eight feet high, and fcreen the young plants from
the violence of the fun the firft feafon after which
time, they will be in lefs danger of injury therefrom ;
, ’ and
C A C
iihd the following feafon, when the Caffada is taken
up for ufe, the ground ftio'tfld be worked between
the young plants, being very careful not to injure
their roots by this operation. This method of plant-
ing the Caffada between the young Chocolate-trees'
is of great advantage to the planter •, for when the
roots of the Caffada are taken up for ufe, it will de-
fray the expence of keeping the ground clean from
weeds, without which the young plants will come to
nothing. The Plantains alfo, which will be fit to
cut in about twelve months after planting, will de-
fray the whole expence. of preparing the ground, fo
that the produce of the Chocolate-trees will be neat
profit; for as the Plantains produce fruit and decay,
they will be fucceeded by fuckers, which will produce
fruit in eight months after ; whereby there will be a
continual fupply of food for the negroes, which will
more than pay for keeping the ground wrought, and
clear from weeds, until the Chocolate-trees "begin to
produce fruit, which is generally the third year after
planting.
The planters ufually fet the Plantain-trees two or
three months before the Chocolate-nuts are ripe,
that they may be large enough to afford fhelter to the
young plants when they come up ; and the Caffada
is always planted a month or fix weeks before the
Chocolate-nuts, for the fame reafon. Some people
plant Potatoes, others Cucumbers and Melons, or
Water Melons, between the rows of Chocolate plants;
which, they fay, will prevent the weeds from rifing
to injure the young plants ; for as ail thefe trail on
the ground, they occupy the whole furface, and pre-
vent the weeds from growing: but where this is
pradfiled, it fhould be done with great caution, left,
by being over-covetous, you injure the young Cho-
colate-nuts fo much, that they may never recover
it ; therefore great care fhould be taken to reduce the
fhoots of thefe plants, whenever they approach the
Chocolate-trees ; otherwife they will foon greatly in-
jure, if not totally deftroy them.
In about feven or eight days after the Chocolate-nuts
are planted, the young plants will begin to appear
above ground ; when they fhould be carefully looked
over, to fee if any of them are attacked by infodts ;
in which cafe, if the infodts are not timely deftroyed,
they will foon devour all the young plants; or if
there fhould be any weeds produced near the plants,
they fhould be carefully cut clown with a hoe ; in
doing which, great care fhould betaken that neither
the tender flioot, nor the rind of the bark are injured.
About twenty days after the plants have appeared,
they will be five or fix inches high, and have four or
fix leaves, according to the ftrength of the plants.
Thefe leaves are always produced by pairs, oppofite
to each other, as are alfo the branches ; fo that they
make very regular handfome heads, if they are not
injured by winds. In ten or twelve months they will
be two feet and a half high, and have fourteen or
fixteen leaves. By this time the Caffada, which was
planted between the rows of Chocolate plants, will
have large roots fit for ufe, therefore fhould be taken
up ; and the ground being then wrought over again,
will greatly encourage the young plants.
In two years time the plants will have grown to the
height of three feet and a half, or fometimes four
feet, many of which will begin to flower ; but the
careful planters always pull off all thefe bloffoms ;
for if they are permitted to remain to produce fruit,
they will fo much weaken the trees, that they feldom
recover their ftrength again, fo as to become vigo-
rous. When thefe plants are two years and a half
old, they will produce flowers again, feme of which
are often left to bear fruit; but the moft curious
planters pull off all thefe, and never leave any to pro-
duce fruit until the third year ; and then but a few,
in proportion to the ftrength of the trees ; by which
method, their trees always produce larger and better
nourifhed fruit, than thofe which are fullered to bear
a larger quantity, and will- continue much longer in
vigour. The fourth year they lliffer their trees to bear
C A C
a moderate crop, but they generally pull off fome
flowers from thofe trees which are weak, that they
may recover ftrength before they are too old.
Jb torn the time when the flowers fall off, to the ma-
turity of the fruit, is about four months. It is eafy
to know when the fruit is ripe by the colour of the
pods, which become yellow on the fide next the fun.
In gathering the fruit, they generally place a 'negro
to each row of treesj who, being furnifhed with a
bafket, goes from tree to tree, and cuts off all thofe
which are ripe, leaving the others for a longer time
to ripen. When the bafket is full, he carries the
fruit, and lays it in a heap at one end of the plan-
tation ; where, after they have gathered the whole
plantation, they cut the pods lengthways, and take
out all the nuts, being careful to diveft them of the
pulp which clofely adheres to them ; and then they
carry them to the houfe, where they lay them in large
calks, or other veffels of wood, railed above ground,
and cover them with leaves of the Indian Reed and
mats, upon which they lay fome boards, putting
fome ftones thereon to keep them down clofe, in
ordei to prefs the nuts. In thefe veffels the nuts are
kept four or five days ; during which time, they muft
be ftirred and turned every morning ; otherwife they
will be in danger of perifhing from the great fermen-
tation they are ufually in. In this time they change
from being white to a dark red or brown colour,
kv ithout this fermentation, they fay the nuts will not
keep ; but will fprout, if they are in a damp place,
or Ihrivel and dry too much, if they are expofed to
heat.
After the nuts haye been thus fermented, they fhould
be taken out of the veffels and fpread on coarfe cloths,
where they may be expofed to the fun and wind ; but
at night, or in rainy weather, they muft be taken
under fheltef, otherwife the damp will fpoil them.
If the weather proves fair, three days time will be
long enough to dry them, provided they are carefully
turned from time to time, that they may dry equally
on every fide. When they are perfectly dry, they
may be put up in boxes or facks, and preferred in a
dry place until they are fhipped off, or otherwife dif-
pofed of. The frefher thefe nuts are, the more oil
is contained in them ; fo that the older they are, the
lefs they are efteemed.
Thefe trees do not produce their fruit on the young
branches, or at their extremities, as moft other tree's
do ; but from the trunk, and the larger branches,
come out the buds for flowers and fruit. While the
trees are young, they do not produce their fruit in
great plenty ; for before the trees are eight years old,
they reckon it a good crop to have twenty-eight or
thirty pods on each tree at one gathering, efpecially
that at Midfummer ; which is always a much worfe
crop than the Chriftmas feafon, which is occaftoned
by the much greater drought of the fpring; for the
autumns being the rainy feafons, the Chocolate-trees
produce a much greater quantity of fruit. When
the trees are full grown and vigorous, they will fome-
times produce two hundred, or two hundred and
forty pods at one feafon ; which will make ten or
twelve pounds of Chocolate, when dried ; fo that it
is a very profitable commodity, and can be managed
with very little charge, when compared with fugar.
I have been credibly informed by a perfon of great
worth and integrity, who refided fome years in
America, that he has leen as much Chocolate gathered
from one tree in a year, as hath been worth thirty
fhillings fterling on the fpot : fo that the trouble of
gathering and preparing for the market, being much
lefs than for many other commodities which are ma-
nufadtured in the Britifh colonies, it is furprinng it
fhould be negledted ; efpecially as it yields fo large a
fhare of fuftenance to the wealthier inhabitants of
thofe colonies, that they cannot live comfortably
without it, and purchafo it from the French and
Spaniards at a conflderable price ; which in time mull
greatly imporerifh the colonies.
The
C A C
The Chocolate-trees, if planted on a good foil, and
properly taken care of, will continue vigorous and
fruitful twenty-five or thirty years : therefore the
charge of cultivating a plantation of thefe trees, muff
be much lefs than that of Sugar ; for although the
ground between the rows of plants will require to be
often hoed and wrought, yet the firft working of a
ground to make a new plantation of Sugar, Indigo,
Caffada, & c. is a larger expence than the after-work-
ings .are. Befides, Sugar-canes require as much la-
bour in their cultivation, as any plant whatever ; and
fince the infects which deftroy the Sugar-canes, have
Spread fo much in the Britifh colonies, nothing is a
more uncertain crop than Sugar •, tor which reafon,
I think it would be greatly worth thofe planters care,
who are poffeffed of proper lands for the Chocolate-
trees, to make fome finall trials at leaft, to be con-
vinced of the truth of this fad.
The leaves of thefe trees being large, make a great
litter upon the ground when they fall ; but this is
not injurious, but rather of fervice to the trees ; for
the furface of the ground being covered with them,
they preferve the moifture in the ground, and prevent
its evaporating •, which is of great ufe to the young
tender roots, which are juft under the furface ; and
when the leaves are rotten, they may be buried in
digging the ground, and it will ferve as good manure.
Some planters let the pods, in which the Chocolate
is inclofed, lie and rot in a heap (after they have
taken the nuts out) which they alfo fpread on the
ground inftead of dung. Either of thefe manures are
very good, provided they are well rotted before they
are laid on the ground; and great care fhould be
had, that no vermin fhould be carried on the plan-
tation with the dung.
Befides the ordinary care of digging, hoeing, and
manuring the plantations of Chocolate-trees, there is
alfo another thing requifite in order to their doing
well ; which is, to prune the decayed branches off,
and to take away fmall ill placed branches, wherever
they are produced. But you fhould be cautious how
this work is performed ; for there fhould be no vi-
gorous branches fhortened, nor any large amputa-
tions made on thefe trees ; becaufe they abound with
a foft, glutinous, milky juice, which will flow out for
many days whenever they are wounded, which greatly
weakens the trees. However, fuch branches whofe
extreme parts are decayed, fhould be cut off, to pre-
vent the infe&ion from proceeding farther ; and fuch
branches as are much decayed, fhould be taken off
clofe to the item of the tree ; but this fhould be per-
formed in dry weather, foon after the crop of fruit
is gathered.
Some people may perhaps imagine, that what I have
diredted, is a tedious laborious work, and not to be
performed, by a few flaves: but this is a great miftake,
for I have been credibly informed, that five or fix
negroes will cultivate a plantation of ten thoufand of
thefe trees, provided they are properly inftrufited;
which is a fmall number, when compared to the
quantity neceffary to cultivate a Sugar plantation of
the like extent of ground. And when the profits of
both are compared, there will be a great difference :
for, fuppoflng we fet the price of five fhillings per
annum, for the produce of each tree, when grown,
(which I am of opinion is very moderate, confidering
what has been related-,) then a plantation of ten
thoufand trees will produce twenty-five hundred
pounds a year ; which, managed by fix or feven ne-
groes, without the 'expence of furnaces, &c. is a
much greater profit than, I think, can be drawn from
any other production,
In order to cultivate this plant in Europe, by way of
curiofity, it will be neceffary to have the nuts planted
into boxes of earth (in the countries where they grow)
foon after they are ripe ; becaufe, if the nuts are
fent over, they will lofe their growing quality before
they arrive. Thefe boxes fhould be placed in a
fhady fituation, and muft be frequently watered, in
order to forward the vegetation- of the nuts. In
C A C
about a fortnight after the nuts are planted, the plants'
will begin to appear above ground ; when they fhould
be carefully watered in dry weather, and protected
from the violent heat of the fun, which is very in-
jurious to thefe plants, efpecially while they are
young : they fhould alfo be kept very clear from
weeds ; which, if fuffered to grow in the boxes, will
foon overbear. the plants and deftroy them. When
the plants are grown, throng enough to tranfport, they
fhould be (hipped and placed where they may be
fcreened from ftrong winds, fait water, and the violent
heat of the fun.- During their paffage they muft be
frequently refrefhed with water; but it muft not be
given them in great quantities, left it rot the tender
fibres of their roots, which will deftroy the plants ;
and when they come into a cool latitude, they muft
be carefully protected from the cold, when they will
not require fo frequently to be watered : for in a
moderate degree of heat, if they have gentle water-
ings once a week, it will be fufficient. _
When the plants arrive in England, they fhould be
carefully taken out of the boxes, and each tranfplant™
ed into a feparate pot filled with light rich earth, and
plunged into a moderate hot-bed of tanners bark,
being careful to cover the glafies in the heat of the
day, to fcreen the plants from the fun : they muft
alfo be frequently watered, but it muft be done with
caution, not to rot their roots. In this hot-bed the
plants may remain till Michaelmas, when they muft
be removed into the bark-ftove, and plunged into
the tan, in the warmeft part of the ftove. During
the winter feafon the plants muft be frequently re-
frefhed with water, but it muft be given to them in
fmail quantities, yet in fummer they will require a
more plentiful ihare. Thefe plants are too tender to
live in the open air in this country, even in the hotteft
feafon of the year ; therefore muft constantly remain
in the bark-ftove, obferving in very warm weather to
let in a large ihare of freih air to them, and in winter
to keep them very warm. As the plants inereafe in
bulk, they fhould be fhifted into larger pots ; in do-
ing of which, there muft be particular care taken not
to tear or bruife their roots, which often kills the
plants ; nor muft they be placed in pots too large, be-
caufe that is a flow, but fure death to them. The
leaves of thefe plants muft be frequently wafhed to
clear them from filth, which they are lubjeft to con-
tract by remaining conftantly in the houfe ; and this
becomes an harbour for fmall infeCts, which will in-
feft the plants, and deftroy them, if they are not
timely wafhed off. If thefe rules are duly obferved,
the plants will thrive very well, and may produce
flowers in this climate : but it will be very difficult to
obtain fruit from them ; for, being of a very tender
nature, they are fubjeCt to many accidents in a cold
country.
CACHRYS. Lin. Gen. Plant. 304.
The Characters are,
It hath an umbellate d flower, the great or general umbel
being compofed of many [matter ; the involucrum of both
is compofed of many narrow fpear-fhaped leaves ; the great
umbel is uniform. "The flower hath five fpear-fhaped. '*
ereEl, equal petals. It hath five Jingle fiamina the length
of the petals, terminated by Jingle fummits. The turbi-
nated germen is [Mated under the receptacle , fupporting
two Jlyles , crowned by roundtfb ftigma. Id he empalement
afterward becomes a large, oval , blunt fruit, dividing in
two parts, each having one large fungous feed , convex on
one fide, and plain on the other.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond feCtion
of Linnaeus’s fifth clafs, intitled Pentandria pigyma,
the .flower having five ftamina and twoffiyles.
The Species are,
1. Cachrys ( Trifidus ) foliis bipinatis, foliolis linearibus
trifidis, feminibus laevibus. Cachrys with bipinnated
leaves , whofe lobes are linear, and a fmooth fruit. Ca-
. chrys femine fungofo laevi, foliis ferulaceis. Mor.
Umb. 62.
2. Cachrys ( Sicula ) foliis bipinnatis, foliolis linearibus
aeutis, feminibus fulcatis hifpidis. Lin. 5 p, 355. Ca-
ll 11 r chrys
C A C
C A C
fbrys -with double winged leaves , whofe lobes are linear ,
acute ^ and prickly furrowed' feeds. Cachrys femine
fungofo fulcato afpero, foiiis peucedani latiufculis.
Mor.'Hift. 3. p. 267.
3. Cachrys ( Libanotis ) foiiis bipinnatis, foliolis acutis
rrmltifidis, feminibus fulcatis lsevibus. Lin. Sp. 355.
Cachrys with double winged leaves , vihofe lobes are acute ,
fnultifid , and fmooth furrowed feeds. Cachrys femine
fungofo fulcato piano minore, foiiis peucedani ariguf-
tis. Mor. Hift. 3. p. 267.
4. Cachrys {Line aria ) foiiis pinnatis foliolis linearibus
multifidis feminibus fulcatis planis. Cachrys with very
narrow , multifid , winged leaves , <3 p/J| channelled
fruit. Cachrys femine fungofo fulcato piano majore
foiiis peucedani anguftis. Mor. Umb. 62.
5. Cachrys ( Hungarica ) foliorum irnpari lobato, hir-
futo, femine fungofo fulcato piano. Cachrys with hairy
leaves , terminated with an odd lobe , <3 plain, fungous,
channelled feed. Cachrys Hungarica Panacis folio.
Tourn. Hift. 325.
The firft fort hath a thick flefhy root which ftrikes
deep in the ground, from which fprings out many
narrow winged leaves refembling thofe of Giant-fen-
nel, which fpread near the ground ; from between
thefe arife a 'hollow fungous ftalk about tv/o feet high,
terminated by a large umbel of yellow flowers, which
are fucceeded by oval, fmooth, fungous fruit, divid-
ing into two parts, each inclofing an oblong feed.
The fecond fort hath a large, firm, fweet-fmelling
root, which fends out feveral pinnated leaves like
thole of Hog’s-fennel, but fkorter. The ftalk is
fmooth jointed, and rifes four or five feet high, which
is terminated by large umbels of yellow flowers like
thofe of Dill ; thefe are fucceeded by oblong, fun-
gous, channelled feeds, which are prickly.
The third fort hath a thick flefhy roof like Fennel,
which runs deep into the ground, fending out feveral
narrow pinnated leaves, ending in many points ; be-
tween thefe arife a fmooth jointed ftalk about three
feet high, which is terminated by large umbels of
flowers like thole of the former fort, which are
fucceeded by fmaller fungous plain feeds which are
furrowed.
The fourth fort hath very thick roots which ftrike
deep in the ground, fending out very narrow winged
leaves like thofe of Hog’s-fennel. The ftalk rifes
five or fix feet high, and is jointed like thofe of Fen-
nel, terminated by large umbels of yellow flowers,
which are fucceeded by large, oval, fungous feeds,
which are deeply furrowed.
The fifth fort has a thick fungous root, from which
fhoot out many winged leaves, having large hairy
lobes placed alternate, terminated by an odd one :
the ftalk is hollow, riling four feet high, terminated
by an umbel of yellow flowers like thofe of the for-
mer forts. This grows naturally in Hungary.
The firft fort grows naturally in the fouth'of France
and Spain ; the fecond and third in Italy ; the fourth
in Sicily. They flower in June, and their feeds ripen
in autumn.
Thefe plants are all propagated by feeds, which
fhould be fown foon after they are ripe ; for if they
are kept out of the ground till the following fpring,
they often mifearry, arid when they fucceed, they
never come up until the fpring after ; fo that by
lowing them in autumn, a whole year is faved, and
the feeds feldom mifearry. Thefe feeds fhould be
fown on a fliady border, where the plants are to re-
main ; for the plants having long tap roots, will not
bear traniplanting fo well as many other kinds. The
diftance to be obferved for the fowing of their feeds
fhould be three feet apart ; fo that if each kind is
down in a drill, when the plants are come up, they
may be thinned, leaving two of the rnoft promiflng
plants of each kind to remain. Thefe plants will be-
gin to appear early in April, when they muft be care-
fully cleared from weeds ; and in dry weather, if
they, are gently watered while young, it will greatly
promote their growth; after which time they will
require .no farther care but to keep them clean from
weeds, and every fpring to dig the ground carefully
between them, fo as not to injure the roots.
Thefe plants decay to the ground every autumn, and
come up again in the fpring : they commonly flower
m the beginning of June, and their feeds are ripe in
September. Their roots fome times run down three
or four feet deep in the earth, provided the foil be
light, and are often as large as Parfneps. They will
continue many years, and if the foil is moift and rich,
they will annually produce good feeds ; but when
they grow on a dry foil, the flowers commonly fall
away, and are not fucceeded by feeds.
There is but little to be faid of the ules of this genus
of plants ; the Hungarians in the neighbourhood of
Erlaw, and thofe who border on Tranfylvania, Ser-
via, &c. eat the root of the fifth fpecies in a fcarcity
of corn, for want of other bread.
CAC I US. Lin. Gen. Plant. 539* Melocaftus.
Tourn. Append.
This genus was firft titled Melocarduus, and alfo E-
chinomelocaftu s , or Hedgehog Melon-thiftle ; but
thefe names being compounded, Dr. Linnseus has
changed the name to C aft us, and has added to this
genus, the Cereus and Opuntia.
The Characters are,
'The empalement of the flower is of one leaf, fabulous ,
Jhort , and cut into fix parts. The flower is compofed of
fix petals, which fpread open at the top, and refs upon
the embryo-, it hath fix long fender ftamina , which are
terminated by erebl fummits. The oval ger men, which is
f Mated below the petals, fupports a cylindrical fiyle,
crowned by a blunt fiigma ; afterward becomes a pyramidal
flefhy fruit with one cell, filled with [mail angular feeds
furrounded with pulp.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft feftion of
Linnseus’s twelfth clafs, intitled Icofandria Mono-
gynia. This cials includes thofe plants whofe flowers
have from twelve to twenty ftamina; which, with
the corolla, are fattened to the inner fide of the em-
palement.
The Species are,
1. Cactus ( Melocabius ) fubrotundus quatuordecem an-
gularis. Hort. Cliff. 181. Roundifh Cabins with four-
teen angles. Melocaftus Indias occidentals. C. B. P.
384. Commonly called Great Melon-thiftle.
2. Cactus ( Intortus ) fubrotundus quinquedecem angu-
laris, angulis in fpiram intortis, fpinis ereftis. Ronnd-
ifto Cactus or Melon-thiftle , with fifteen angles fpirally
twifted, and erebi fpines. Melocaftus purpureis ftriis
in fpiram intortis. Plum. Cat.
3. Cactus ( Recurvus ) fubrotundus quinquedecem an-
gularis, fpinis latis recurvis creberrimis. Roundifh Me-
lon-thiftle with fifteen angles , having broad recurved fpines
fet very clofe.
4. Cactus ( Mamillaris ) fubrotundus teftus tuberculis
ovatis barbatis. Plort. Cliff. 1 8 1 . Roundifh Cabins clofely
covered with bearded tubercles. Melocaftus Americana
minor. Boerh. Ind. alt. 2. 84. Smaller American Me-
lon-thiftle.
6 . Cactus (fProlif eras') proliferus fubrotundus, teftus tu-
berculis ovatis barbatis longis albidis. Roundifh pro-
lific Cabins, with oval tubercles clofely joined , having
long white beards , commonly called Small Cbilding Melon-
thijlle.
Thefe plants are natives of the Weft-Indies, where
there are more forts than are here enumerated, if per-
fons of fkill were to examine thofe iflands. There
have been about four of the large kinds brought to
England, fome of which have been crowned with a
prickly brown cap, in form of one of thofe fur caps,
which are worn by the Turks ; and others, which have
been deftitute of thefe caps, although the plants were
full as large as thofe which had them ; therefore
fome perfons have fuppofed them to be diftinft fpe-
cies, efpecially fince thefe have been many years pre-
ferved in the gardens, and no appearance of any caps
as yet have been produced ; but as thefe have been
rarely propagated by feeds, it is difficult to determine
if they ar v e effentially different. Thofe which have
thefe caps, produce their fruit in circles round the
upper
C A C
upper part of the cap j whereas, the fmaller forts pro-
duce their fruit from between the tubercles, round
the middle of the plant : and in fome figures of the
larger forts of thefe plants, the fruit is reprefented as
coming out near the crown of the plant •, fo that if a
fkilful botanift was to examine thefe plants in the
places of their growth, there would probably be found
a much greater variety of them than is at preient
known.
Thefe Arrange plants commonly grow upon the fteep
Ti des of rocks in 'the warmeft parts of America, where
they feem to be thruft out of the apertures, having
little or no earth to fupport them •, their roots flioot-
ing down into the fifiiires of the rock to a confidera-
ble depth, fo that it is troublefome to get the plants
up, efpecially as they are fo ftrongly armed with
thorns as to render it very dangerous to handle them ;
and as thefe plants delight in thofe rocky places, they
feldom live long when they are tranfplanted into better
foil by the inhabitants of thofe iflands. .
The great forts were fome years fince brought over
to England in much greater plenty than of late •, but
then the greateft part of them were deftroyed, by the
unlkilfulnefs of thofe perfons who had the care of them
in the voyage ; for, by giving them water, they ge-
nerally cauied them to rot before they were taken out
cf the fhips ; and fome of thofe which have appeared
to be found, have been fo replete with moifture, as
to rot foon after they have been placed in the ftoves ;
therefore whoever propoles to bring thefe plants from
abroad, Ihould be very careful to take up their roots
as entire as polTible, and to plant them in tubs filled
with ftones and rubbilh, mixing very little earth with
it, and to plant three or four plants in each tub, in
proportion to their fizes ; for if they are placed clofe
together, it will fave room ; and as they do not in-
creafe their growth during their palfage, there need
not be any room allowed them for that purpofe.
There Ihould be feveral pretty large holes bored thro 5
the bottom of thefe tubs, to let the moifture pafs off ;
and if thefe plants are planted in the tubs a month
before they are put on board the Ihip, they will in that
time have made new roots, which will be the moft
fecure method to have them fucceed ; but, during
their continuance in the country, they Ihould have
no water given them, and after they are put on board
the (hip, they muft not have any moifture whatever ;
therefore it will be a good method to cover the plants
with tarpaulin, to keep off the fpray of the fea in bad
weather, and expofe them at all times to the open air
when the fea is calm. By obferving thefe directions,
the plants may be brought to England in good health,
provided they are brought in fummer.
Some of the large fort which have been brought to
England, have been more than a yard in circumfe-
rence, and two feet and a half high, including their
caps ; but I have been informed by feveral perfons
who have refided in the Weft-Indies, that there are
plants near twice as large.
The third fort was brought into England by the late
Dr. William Houftoun, who procured the plants
from Mexico ; but as they were long in their paffage,
and had received wet, they were decayed before they
arrived in England •, but from the remains of them
which were left, they appeared to be the moft lingu-
lar of all the fpecies yet known. This has two or-
ders of thorns one of which are ftrait, and fet on
at the joints in clutters, fpreading out from the center
each way like a ftar •, and in the middle of each drif-
ter is produced one broad flat thorn near two inches
in length, which ftands ere£t, and is recurved at the
point, and is of a brownifh red colour. Thefe
thorns are, by the inhabitants of Mexico, fet in
gold or filver, and made ufe of for picking their teeth,
and the plant is by them called Vifnaga, i. e. tooth-
pick.
The fort with fpiral ribs, as alfo that with white
fpines, I received from Antigua, with the common
fort but whether thefe are only accidental varieties,
arifmg from the fame feeds, or real different fpecies,
C A <J
I cannot take upon me to determine iincei, in this
country, they are very rarely propagated by feeds j
nor could I obferve, in the feveral years that I have
had thefe plants under my care, there was the leaft
difpofition in either of them to produce fruit 5 when,
at the fame time, the common large fort produced
plenty of fruit out of their caps every year, from the
feeds of which I have raifed fome young plants 5
but although fome of thefe have grown to a con-
fiderable fize, yet none of them have as yet pro-
duced caps, therefore no fruit can be yet expected
from them.
The fifth fort produces quantities of fruit annually ;
and as the feeds grow very readily, it is now very
common in thofe gardens where there are ftoves to
keep them ^ for if the fruit is permitted to, drop upon
the earth of the pots, and that is not difturbed, there
will plenty of plants come up without any farther
trouble and thefe feedling plants may be taken up
as foon as they are of a proper fize to remove, and
planted fix or feven of them into a frnall halfpenny
pot, where they may ftand one year , by which time
they will be large enough to be each planted into a
feparate pot, and afterward they will make great pro-
grefs, efpecially if they are plunged into a hot-bed of
tanners bark in fummer ; for although this fort is
much more hardy than the large kind, and may be
preferred in a moderate ftove, yet the, plants will not
make near the progreis as thofe which are kept in a
greater degree of heat. This fort will continue
many years with proper care, and the plants will grovt
to be a foot high or more ; but when they are fo tall,
the lower part of them is not fo lightly, their green
being decayed, and the fpines changed to a dark dirty
colour, they appear as if dead, fo that the upper part
of thefe old plants only feem to have life ; whereas
the plants of the middling fize appear healthy from
top to bottom. The flowers of this fort appear in
July and Auguft, and are fucceeded by the fruit
quite round the plant, which are of a fine fcarlet co-
lour, and continue frefh upon the plants through the
winter, which renders them very beautiful at that
feafon. And in the fpring, when the fruit fiirivels
and becomes dry, the feeds will be ripe, and may
then be rubbed out, and fown upon the furface of the
earth in fmall pots, which Ihould be plunged into a
hot-bed of tanners bark to bring up the plants.
The fixth fort is but little larger than the fifth, grow-
ing nearly in the fame form but this produces a
great number of young plants from the fides, by which
it is increafed. This fort produces tufts of a foft
white down upon the knobs, and alfo between them
at every joint, which makes the whole plant appear
as if it was covered with fine cotton. The flowers of
this fort are produced from between the knobs round
the fides of the plants, which are in finape and colour
very much like thofe of the fifth fort, but larger.
Thefe flowers are not fucceeded by any fruit, at leaft all
thofe which I have under my care, have not produced
any, although they have produced plenty of flowers
for fome years ; but from the fame places where the
flowers have appeared, there have been young plants
thruft out the following feafon. Thefe young plants
I have taken off, and after laying them to dry for two
or three days, I have planted them, and they have
fucceeded very well. >
All the fpecies of this genus are plants of a Angular
ftructure, hut efpecially the larger kinds of them,
which appear like a large flefhy green Melon, with
deep ribs, fet all over with ftrong Iharp thorns $ and
when the plants are cut through the middle, their
infide is nothing but a foft, green, fiellxy fubftance,
very full of moifture. And I have been affured by
perfons of credit, who have lived in the Weft-Indies,
that in times of great drought, the cattle repair to
the barren rocks, which are covered with thefe plants,
and after having ripped up the large plants with their
horns, fo as to tear off the outfide fkin with the thorns,
they have greedily devoured all the flefny moift parts
of the plants, which has afforded them both meat
and
c s
C A C
and drink •, but how any animal iliould ever attack
plants which are fo well defended by ftrong thorns,
which are as Hard and ftiff as whalebone, or any other
bony fubftance, is difficult to conceive •, nor could any
thing but diftrefs for moifture ever have tempted
them to 'venture amongft thefe troublefome plants to
fearch for relief, fince they muft encounter with many
difficulties, before they could find a method of dif-
lodging the thorns.
The fruit of all the forts of Melon-thiftles, are fre-
quently eaten by the inhabitants of the Weft-Indies •,
there is fcarce any difference in the fruits of all the
kinds I have yet feen, either in fize, ffiape, colour,
or tafte. They are about three quarters of an inch in
length, of a taper form, drawing to a point at the
bottom toward the plant, but blunt at the top, where
the empalement of the flower was fituated. The tafte
is an agreeable acid, which, in a hot country, muft
render the fruit more grateful.
Ail the forts of thefe plants require a very good ftove
to preferve them through the winter in England, nor
fhould they be expofed to the open air in iummer •,
for although they may continue fair to outward ap-
pearance, when they have been fome time expofed
abroad, yet they will imbibe moifture, which will
caufe theta to rot foon after they are removed into the
ftove. And this is frequently the cafe of thole plants
which are brought from abroad, which have a fair
healthy appearance many times at their firft arrival,
but foon after decay, and this wall happen very fud-
denly. Scarce any appearance of diforder will be
feen, till the whole plant is killed ; which, in a few
hours time, has often been the fate of thofe plants,
when they have been placed in the ftove.
If thefe plants are plunged into a hot-bed of tanners
bark in iummer, it will greatly forward them in their
growth •, but when this is pradifed, there fhould be
lcarce any water given to the plants, for the moifture
which they will imbibe from the fermentation of the
tan, wall be fufficient for them, and more woiild
caufe them to rot. The beft method to preferve all
the large kinds is, in winter, to place the pots, either
upon the tops of the flues, or, at leaft, very near
them, that they may have the warmeft place of the
ftove ; and during that feafon, never to give them any
water *, but when the feafon comes for leaving out the
fire in the ftove, to remove them into a bed of tan-
ners bark, which will foon fet them in a growing ftate,
and recover their verdure. The foil in which thefe
fhould be planted, muft be of a fandy nature, and if
mixed with fome dry lime rubbifh, it will be ftill bet-
ter. In the bottom of the pots fhould be placed fome
ftones, in order to drain off any moifture which may
be in the earth ; for as thefe plants naturally grow
upon the hot dry burning rocks which have no
earth, and, were it not for thefe plants, would be ab-
folutely barren, we muft imitate their natural foil as
near as poffible, making fome allowance for the dif-
ference of climates.
The great forts may be propagated by feeds, which
muft be fown and managed as hath been directed for
the fmaller fort ; but as the plants which are raifed
from feeds in England, will be fome years in arriving
to any confiderable fize, it will be much the beft way
to procure fome plants from the Weft-Indies ; and if
the plants arrive here in any of the fummer months,
fo as that there may be time for them to get new root
before the cold comes on In autumn, the plants will
more certainly fucceed. When the plants come over.
It will be proper to take them out of the earth as foon
as poffible, and lay them in the ftove upon the fhelves,
to dry fora fortnight or three weeks ; and when they
are planted, they fhould be plunged into a good
warm bed of tanners bark, to promote their making
new roots. In this bed they may remain till the be-
ginning of October, when they muft be removed into
the ftove, ..and treated in, the manner before clire&ed.
The two final! forts propagate fo faft in England, as
to render it unneceffiary to fend for plants of thefe
kinds from abroad, j for whoever hath a mind to be
plentifully flocked with them, may be foon fupplied
with the fifth fort from feeds, and the fixth from the
young plants which are thruft out from the fide of the
old.
C 2 E S A L P I N A. Plum. Nov. Gen. g. Braflletto,
This plant was fo named by father Piumier, who dif-
covered it in America, in honour of Andreas Caffal-
pinus, an eminent botanift, and one of the firft writ-
ers on a method of c biffing plants.
The 'Characters are,
It hath a qiihiquefid pit cher-flo aped empalement , the un-
der lobe being large. The flower hath five almofi equal
petals , of the butterfly kind. It hath ten, declining la-
mina which are diftinlf , and terminated by rcundijh flum-
mits , and an oblong germen fluff or ting a fingle ftyle the
length of the ft Mina , crowned by a Muni ftigma. The
empalement afterward becomes an oblong comprejfled pod y
with one cell inclofling three or four comprejfled feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft feftion of
Linnaeus’s tenth clafs, intitled Decandria Monogynia,
the flower having ten feparate ftamina and one ftyle.
The Species are,
1. Czesadpina (. Brafllienfls ) foliis duplicato-pinnatis,
foliolis emargirtatis, fioribus decandris. Cafalpina with
doubly winged leaves , whofe j mall leaves are indented at
the end , md flowers with ten ftamina. Pfeudo-fanta-
lum croceum. Sloan. Hift. Jam. Vol. II. p. 184. Saf-
fron-coloured Baftard Saunders , commonly called Braflletto.
2. Caesalpina ( Arifta ) foliis duplicato-pinnatis foliolis
ovatis infegerrimis floribus pentandriis. Caflalpina with
doubly winged leaves , whofe j, mall leaves are oval and
entire , and flowers with five ftamina : Csefalpina poly-
phyllaaculis horrida. Plum. Nov. Gen. 28.
The firft fort is the tree which affords the Braflletto
wood, which is much ufed in dyeing. It grows na-
turally in the warmeft parts of America, from whence
the wood is imported for the dyers ; and the demand
for it has beenfo great, that there are no large trees
left in any of the Britifh colonies, the biggeft fcarce
exceeding eight inches in diameter, and fifteen feet
in height. It hath very {lender branches, which are
armed with recurved thorns. The leaves are wing-
ed, branching out into many divifions, each being
garniftied with fmall oval lobes which are indented at
the top, and are placed oppofite. The foot-ftalks
of the flowers come out from the fide of the branches,
and are terminated by a loofe pyramidal fpike of
white flowers, which are fhaped fomewhat like thofe
of the butterfly kind, having ten ftamina which are
much longer than the petals, and terminated by
roundifh yellow fummits. The germen afterward
becomes a long compreffed pod with one cell, inclof-
ing feveral oval flat feeds.
The fecondfort grows naturally in the fame countries
with the firft, but is of larger fize : it fends out many
weak irregular branches, armed with fhort, ftrong, up-
right thorns. The leaves branch out in the fame
manner as the firft, but the lobes (or fmall leaves)
are oval and entire. The flowers are produced in
long fpikes like thofe of the former, but are varie-
gated with red , thefe have each but five ftamina,
therefore, according to Linnteus’s fyftem, fhould
not be ranged in this clafs ^ but as in all the other
characters they agree, I have continued them to-
gether. ’ „ ,
Dr. Linnaeus has joined thefe two fpecies together,
in which he has been followed by Dr. Burman ; but
if either of them had feen the plants, they could not
have committed this miftake. To this genus Lin-
naeus has added two other fpecies, one of which is a
Guilandina, and the other a Bauhinia : to the latter he
has added the Synonime of Colutea VeraeCrucis Ve-
ficaria, which is a plant totally different, being a ge-
nuine Colutea. I received this from the late Dr.
Houftoun, who found it growing naturally at La Vera
Cruz, in New Spain.
Thefe plants are propagated by feeds, which fhould
be fown in fmall pots filled with light rich earth early
in the fpring, and plunged into a hot-bed of tanners
bark, obferving to water the earth as often as it ap-
6 pears
\
CAL
CAL
pears dry, in order to promote the vegetation of the
feeds *, and if the nights Ihould prove cold, the glades
of the hot-bed Ihould be covered with mats, to keep
the bed in a moderate warmth. In about fix weeks
after, the plants will begin to appear, when they
muft be carefully cleared from weeds, and frequently
refrefhed with water ; and, in warm weather, the
glafles of the hot-bed Ihould be raifed in the middle
of the day, to admit frefh air to the plants, which
will greatly ftrengthen them, otherwife they are apt
to draw up weak. When the plants are about three
inches high, they Ihould be carefully taken out of the
pots, and each tranfplanted into a feparate fmall pot
filled with frelh light earth, and plunged into the hot-
bed again, obferving to water them, and fcreen them
from the heat of the fun until they have taken new
root ; after which time, the glades of the hot-bed
Ihould be raifed every day, in proportion to the heat
of the weather, to admit frelh air to the plants. In
this hot-bed the plants may remain till autumn, when
they Ihould be removed into the ftove, and plunged
into the bark-bed, where they may have room to
grow. Thefe plants being tender, Ihould always be
kept in the bark-ftove, and have a moderate fhare of
heat in the winter, and being placed among other
tender exotic plants of the fame country, will afford
an agreeable variety.
C A I N I T O. See Chrysophyllum.
CAKILE, Sea Rocket. See Bunias.
C A L A B A, Indian Maftich-tree. See Cornus.
CALAMINTHA. See Melissa.
CALCEOLUS, Ladies Slipper. See Cypripe-
DIUM.
CALCITRAPA. See Centaurea.
GALEA.
The Characters are,
It hath a uniform compound flower, compofed of many
equal hermaphrodite florets , included in a loofe imbricated
empalement the florets are tubulous , divided into five
fegments they have each five fiamina with cylindrical
fummits , and an oblong germen , with a flender ftyle the
length of the corolla , crowned by two recurved ftigma.
I' he florets are fucceeded by an oblong feed , crowned with
a hairy down , having a chaffy fubftance between each
feed. ■
This genus of plants is -ranged in the firft order of
Linnaeus’s nineteenth clafs, intitled Syngenefia Poly-
gamia aequalis, the flowers being compofed of her-
maphrodite flowers.
The Species are,
i. Galea ( Oppofitifolia ) corymbus congeftis, peduncu-
lis longiflimis, foliis lanceolatis, caule herbaceo. A-
moen. Acad. 5. p. 404. Calea with a clofe corymbus ,
very long foot-flalks to the flowers , fpear-fljaped leaves ,
and an herbaceous ftalk. Santolina Americana foliis
oblongis integris, floribus albis. Llouft. MSS.
%. Galea ( Amelias ) floribus fubpaniculatis, calvcibus
brevibus, feminibus nudis, foliis ovato-lanceolatis pe-
tiolatis. Amoen. Acad. 5. p. 404. Calea with flowers
in panicles , floor t empalement s, naked feeds , and oval
fpear-floaped leaves on foot-flalks. Santolina fcandens
Americana Lauri foliis, floribus racemofls. Llouft.
MSS.
Thefe plants grow naturally in Jamaica. The firft
' hath an upright herbaceous ftalk three feet high,
garnilhed with entire fpear-lhaped leaves, placed op-
pofite at the joints •, the ftalk is terminated by three
foot-ftalks, one in the middle, and one on each fide,
fupporting a fmall
joined together.
The fecond fort hath ligneous branches, which fpread
■ over the neighbouring plants, and rife eight or ten
feet high, garnilhed with thick fpear-lhaped leaves
placed oppofite ; from thefe ftalks are put out many
fide branches, garnilhed with fmaller leaves placed
■ oppofite, and terminated by panicles of yellow flow-
ers, having Ihort empalements : thefe are fucceeded
by naked feeds inclofed jn the flower- cup.
Thefe plants are both propagated by feeds, which
Ihould be fown upon a hot-bed early in the fpring ;
corymbus of white flowers clofely
when the plants come up, they Ihould be tenderly
treated while young, admitting frelh air to them
daily in proportion to the warmth of the feafon, giv-
ing them water frequently, but fparingly •, when they
have obtained ftrength enough to be removed, thole
of the firft fort Ihould be tranfplanted into another
hot-bed, allowing them four inches diftance. The
plants of the fecond fort Ihould be put into fmall pots
plunged into the tan-bed, obferving to fhade them
until they have taken new root •, after which they
Ihould be treated in the fame manner as other tender-
exotic plants, watering them frequently in warm
weather, and admitting frelh air to them daily. When
the plants of the firft fort have grown fo ftrong as to
meet, they Ihould be carefully planted in pots, and
removed either into the ftove or glafs-cafe, where
they may remain to ripen feeds, after which they foon
die. The plants of the fecond fort will live many
years if they are preferved in the bark-ftove, but
they are too tender to thrive in the open air in this
country ; however, they Ihould have plenty of frefh
air admitted to them in fummer when the weather is,
warm.
CALENDULA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 885. Marigold,
The Characters are.
It hath a compound radiated flower , conflfling of her-
maphrodite and female florets , included in a common fingle
empalement , the border or rays being compofed of female
florets , which are ftretched out on one fide like a tongue
thefe have no ftamina , but an oblong three-cornered ger-.
men, fupporting a fender flyle , crowned by two reflex ed,
ftigma. 'The hermaphrodite florets , which compoje the
dijk , are tubulous and quinquefid, having five Jhort flen->
der fiamina, terminated' by cylindrical fummits. The ger-.
men is fituated under the petal, fupporting a flender ftyle ,
crowned by an obtufe bifid ftigma. Thefe florets are bar-
ren, but the female florets are each fucceeded by one oblong
incurved feed, with angular membranes.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fourth fedtioq
of Linnsus’s nineteenth clafs, intitled Syngenefta Po-:
lygamia neceftaria ; in which are included all thofe
plants which have hermaphrodite barren flowers in the
dilk, and fruitful female flowers in the border!
The Species are,
1. Calendula ( Arvenjts ) feminibus cymbiformibus mu-
ricatis incurvatis. Flor. Suec. 71 1. Marigold with
rough boat-fhaped feeds. Caltha arvenfis. C. B. P, 275.
2. Calendula {San did) feminibus urceolatis obqvatis
laevibus, calycibus fubmuricatis. Lin. Sp. 1304, Ma-
rigold with fmoeth pit cher-Jh aped leaves, and a rough
empalement . Caltha media folio longo cinereo, flare
1 pallido. Bobart. Middle Marigold zvith a long Ajh-co-.
loured leaf, and a pale flower.
3. Calendula ( Officinalis ) feminibus cymbiformibus
muricatis, incurvatis omnibus. Lin. Sp. 1304. Ma-
rigold with boat-fhaped, prickly, incurved feeds. Caltha
vulgaris. C. B. P. 275. Common Marigold.
4. Calendula {Pluvialis ) foliis lanceolatis flnuato-den-
ticulatis caule foliofo, peduncufis filiformibus. Hort.
Upfal. 274. Marigold with fpear-floaped indented leaves^
and flender foot-flalks. Caltha Africans fiore intus
albo extus violaceo. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 499,
5. Calenduda ( Nudicaulis ) foliis lanceolatis finuato-
dentatis caule fubnudo. Lin. Sp. Plant. 922. Marigold,
withfinuated, indented, fpear-floaped leaves, and a naked
ftalk. Caltha Africana flore intus albo, extus leviter
violaceo, femine piano cordato, Boerh, Ind. alt, 1,
P- 1 * 3 -
6. Calendula ( Hybrida ) foliis lanceolatis dentatis caule
foliofo, pedunculis fuperne incraflatis. Hort. Upfal.
274. Marigold with indented fpear-floaped leaves , and
the upper part of the foot -ftalk /welling. Cardifpermum
Africanum pubefcens foliis incifis paryo flore. VailL
Mem. Acad. Sc. 1724.
7. Calendula ( Graminifolia ) foliis linearibus fubinte-
gerrimis caule fubnudo. Lin. Sp. Plant. 922. Mari-
gold with narrow entire leaves, and a naked ftalk. Cal-
tha Africana foliis Croci anguftis, florum petalis ex-
terne purpurafcentibus, interne albis, Boerh, I nil, alt.
1. p f 113,
X x
$. CaI,ENs
CAL
Calendula (Fruticofa) foliis ohovatis fubdehtatis, i
cayle fruticofo. Arnoen. . Acad. 5, p. 25. Marigold
with obverfe , oval , indented leaves , jhrubby paid.
9. Calendula ( Jdecumbens )• foliis oppofitis pinnatifidis
afperis, fubtus incanis, ramis decumbentis, pedun-
.culis nudis. Marigold with rough pinnatifid leaves grow-
ing oppofite , which are white on their under fide , /n« 7 -
branches , and naked foot-ftalks. Caltha Americana
foliis laciniatis flore luteo. Hpuft. MSS.
10. Calendula ( Americana ) caule erefto ramofo, foliis
oblongis oppofitis hirfutis, floribus lateralibus. Afh-
rigold with an upright branching flalk , oblong hairy
leaves growing oppofite , ■ flowers proceeding from the
Jidcs of the flalk. Caltha Americana erefta, & hirfuta,
flore parvo ochroleuco. Houft. MSS.
The firfc fort grows naturally in the fouth of France,
Spain, and Italy ; it rifes with a flender branching
flalk, which fpreads near the ground, and is garnifh-
ed with narrow, ipear-fhaped, hairy leaves, which
half lurround the flalk at their bafe ; the flowers are
produced at the extremity of the branches upon long
naked foot-ftalks. They are very frnall, and of a
pale yellow colour •, the rays are very narrow, as are
alfo the leaves of the empalement. The feeds are
long, narrow, and on their outflde armed with
prickles. The root is annual, and perilhes foon after
the feeds are ripe. If the feeds of this plant are per-
mitted to flatter, there will be a frefli fupply of
young plants : fo that from May, when the flowers
firft appear, till the froft puts a ftop to them, there
will be a fucceflion of plants in flower. There are
feveral botanifts who fuppofe the common Marigold,
which is cultivated in gardens, to be only a variety
of this, ariflng from culture ; but I have cultivated
this in the garden more than forty years, without
finding the ieaft alteration in it, therefore cannot
floubt of its- being a, diftindt fpecies.
The lecond fort I gathered in the garden at Leyden,
where it had been feveral years cultivated without al-
tering ; the leaves of this fort are ftnooth, and much
larger than thofe of the former,, but not fo large as
thole of the common Marigold ; the flowers are alfo
of a middle fize between them, and are of a very pale
yellow colour. This is alfo an annual plant. If the
feeds are permitted to flatter, there will be a conftant
fupply of young plants come up.
The third fort is the common Marigold, which is
cultivated for ufe in the gardens ; this is fo well
known, as to require no defcription. Of this there
are the following varieties •, the common Angle ; the
double flowering •, the largeft very double flower ; the
double Lemon-coloured flower ; the greater and
fmaller childing Marigold.
Thefe varieties are fuppofed to have been originally
obtained from the feeds of the common Marigold, but
moft of thefe differences continue, if the feeds are pro-
perly laved nor have I ever obferved the common
fort approaching to either of thefe, where they have
been long cultivated in the greateft plenty •, but as
the two childing Marigolds, and the largeft double,
are lubject to degenerate, where care is not taken in
faving their feeds, I conclude they are not diftinct
fpecies. The belt way to preferve thefe varieties, is
to pull up all thofe plants, whofe flowers are lefs dou-
ble, as foon as they appear, that they may not im-
pregnate the others with their farina, and fave the
feeds from the largeft and moft double flowers ; and
the childing fort fhouid be fown by itfelf in a ieparatc
part of the garden, and the feeds faved from the large
center flowers only, not from the frnall ones which
come from the empalement of the other, for the feeds
of thefe are apt to change,
. The feeds of thefe may be fown in March or April,
where the plants are to remain, and will require no
other culture but to keep them clean from weeds,
and to thin the plants where they are too clofe, leav-
ing them ten inches afunder, that their branches may
have room to fpread. Thefe plants will begin to
flower in June, and continue in flower until the froft
kills them. The feeds ripen in Auguft and Septem-
CAL
her, which, if permitted to flatter, will furnilh a
fupply of young plants in the fpring •, but as thefe
will be a mixture of bad and good, the bell method is
to fave the belt feeds, and fow each of the varieties
cfiftind, which is the fure way to have them in per-
fection. The flowers of the common Marigold are
ufed in the kitchen.
The fourth fort grows naturally at the Cape of Good
Hope. This plant is annual, and perilhes foon after
the feeds are perfe&ed.
The lower leaves are oblong, fpear-lhaped, and
deeply indented on their edges •, they are flelhy, and
of a pale green colour. The ftalks are produced on
every fide the root, which decline toward the ground,
and are from fix to eight inches long, garnilhed with
leaves from the bottom, to within two inches of the
top. T. he leaves on the ftalks are much narrower,
and more indented than thofe at the root. The up-
per part of the ftalk is very flender, upon which
refts one flower, fliaped like thofe of the common
Marigold, having a purple bottom •, and the rays
(or border) of the flower are of a Violet-colour on
their outflde, and of a pure white within ; thefe open
when the fun fttines, but fhu.t up in the evening, and
remain fo in cloudy weather. When the flower de-
cays, the pedicle (or foot-ftalk) becomes weak, and
the head hangs down, during the formation and
growth of the feeds ; but when they are fully ripe,
the foot-ftalk raifes itfelf again, and the heads of the
feeds ftand upright.
The fifth fort is a native of the Cape of Good Hope.
This is, alfo an annual plant, and has much the ap-
pearance of the former, but the leaves are more
deeply indented on their edges ; _ the ftalks grow
about the fame length as the former ; the flower is a
little fmaller, and the outflde of the rays are of a
fainter purple colour. The feeds of this are fiat and
heart-fhaped, but thofe of the former are long and
narrow.
The fiNth fort was brought from the fame country
with the two former, and is alfo an annual plant';
the leaves of this are much longer than thofe of either
of the former forts, and broader at the end ; they are
regularly indented near the root, but thofe on the
ftalks have but few and fhallow indentures. The
ftalks of this Art are much longer and thicker than
thofe of the former •, and at the top, juft below the
flower, fwell larger than at the bottom ; the flower is
fmaller than thofe of the other forts, but is of the fame
colour. Thefe plants flower in June, July, and Au-
guft, and. their feeds ripen about fix weeks after ; fo
that they muft be gathered at different times as they
come to maturity.
The feeds of thefe plants fhouid be fown in the
fpring in the borders of the garden where the plants
are defigned to remain, for they do not bear tranf-
planting well ; therefore they may be treated in the
fame manner, and fown at the fame time, with Candy
Tuft, Venus Looking Glafs, and other hardy annual
plants, putting four or five feeds in each patch ; if
they all grow, there fhouid not be more than two
plants left in each patch : after this, they require no
farther care but to keep them clean from we^ds. If
the feeds of thefe plants are permitted to flatter, the
plants will come up the following/pring without care,
and thefe will flower earlier than thofe which are fown
in the fpring.
The feventh fort is alfo a native of the fame coun-
try. This is a perennial plant, which divides near the
root into feveral tufted heads, which are ciofely co-
vered with long grafly leaves coming out on every
fide without order ; fome of thefe have one or two in-
dentures on their edges, but the moft part are entire.
From between the leaves arife naked foot-ftalks
about nine inches long, fuftaining one flower at the
top, which is about the fize of the common Mari-
gold, having a purple bottom ; the rays are alfo pur-
ple without, but of a pure white within. Thefe expand
when the fun Ihines, but always clofe in the- evening,
and in cloudy weather. The general feafon of -their
beauty
t
CAL
beauty is in April and May, when they have the
greateft number of flowers upon them ; but there is
commonly a fucceflion of flowers late in the autumn,
though not in fo great plenty. This fort doth not
often produce good feeds in Europe, but it is eafily
propagated by flips taken off from the heads, in the
fame manner as is practifed for Thrift. They may be
planted any time in fummer, in pots filled with light
frefh earth, which may be plunged into a very mo-
derate hot-bed, to forward their putting out roots •,
or otherwife the pots may be funk in the ground up
to their rims, and covered with a Melon-glafs, which,
in the middle of fummer, will anfwer full as well,
but in the fpring or autumn, the former method is
to be preferred : when thefe are planted, the gkfies
muft be ihaded in the heat of the day, and the flips
mult be frequently refrefhed with water, but it muft
not be given them too liberally, for much wet will
rot them : after they have got ftrong roots, they fliould
be each planted into feparate fmall pots, filled with
frefh light earth, and placed in a fliady fituation, till
they have taken frefh root, when they may be placed
in the open air, in a fheltered fituation, where they
may remain till autumn, and then fliould be placed
in a dry, airy, glafs-cafe, for the winter feafon, or
under a common hot-bed frame; for thefe plants do
not thrive in artificial heat, they only require pro-
tection from froft and wet, and fliould enjoy the air
at all times when the weather is mild. The feeds of
this fort are heart-fhaped, like thofe of the fifth. I
have fometimes had one or two heads of them ripen
in a feafon, but this is very rare ; and if the feeds are
not fown in autumn, they feldom grow.
The eighth fort has been of late vears introduced into
the Dutch gardens from the Cape of Good Hope.
This was fent me by Dr. Van Royen, profefior of
botany at Leyden, fome years paft. It hath a flender,
fhrubby, perennial ftalk, which rifes to the height
of feven or eight feet, but requires fupport ; this
fends out a great number of weak branches, from
the bottom to the top, which hang downward, unlefs
they are fupported; they are garniihed with oval
leaves, having fhort flat foot-ftalks; moft of thefe
are flightly indented toward the top, and many of
them are entire ; they are of a fhining green colour
on their upper fide, but paler underneath ; the flo.w-
ers come out at the end of the branches, on fhort
naked foot-ftalks, and are in lize and colour like thofe
of the fixth fort; thefe are fometimes fucceeded by
flat heart fliaped feeds. The flowers appear during
the fummer months.
This is eafily propagated by cuttings, which may be
planted any time in fummer in a fliady border, or
otherwife fhaded with mats in the heat of the day :
in five or fix weeks, thefe will have taken root, when
they fhould be carefully taken up, and each put into
a feparate pot, filled with light fandy earth, but not
dunged, and placed in the fhade till they have taken
frefh root ; then they may be placed with other hardy
exotic plants in a flickered fituation where they may
remain till the froft begins, when they muft be re-
moved into the green-houfe, placing them near the
windows that, they may enjoy the free air, for this
plant only requires protection from froft. The earth
in which thefe are planted, fhould be light, but very
poor, for in rich earth they grow too luxuriant, and
feldom flower.
The ninth fort was fent me from La Vera. Cruz, in
New Spain, by the late Dr. Houftoun, where he
found it growing naturally in great plenty. This
fends out many herbaceous ftalks from the root, which
are hairy, and trail upon the ground. The, leaves
are placed by pairs oppofite ; thefe are long, narrow,
and indented on their edges in two or three places
oppofite to each other, fo as to appear like three,
five, or feven lobes : they are rough, and of a deep
green on their upper fide, but hoary on their under,
covered with flender hairs. From the divifions of
the branches and the wings of the leaves, come out
long naked foot-ftalks,- terminated by Angle yellow
J
CAL
flowers, about the fize of thofe of the Field Daify ;
which are fucceeded by long, fiat, rough feeds. It
grows naturally in poor fandy ground, and flowers in
the fpring. This plant is annual; the feeds muft
be fown in the fpring upon a hot-bed, and when the
plants are fit to remove, they fhould be planted in
pots filled with light fandy earth, and plunged into
a hot-bed of tanners bark, -obferving to fhade them
until they have taken new root; then they muft have
air admitted to- them every day, in proportion to the
warmth of the feafon, and treated in the fame manner
as other tender-plants from the fame countries. With
this management, the plants will flower in Auguft,
and the feeds ripen inOdfober.
The tenth fort rifes with an upright ftalk about , eight
inches high, fending out flender ftiff branches on
every fide, thofe near the ground being much longer
than the upper; thefe are garnifhed with oblong
hairy leaves without foot-ftalks, placed oppofite.
From the wings of date ftalk, arifes the foot-ftalk .-of
the flower, having two fmall leaves placed oppofite,
juft below the flower, which hath a Angle empale-
ment, like the other fpeeies. The flowers are of a
yeflowifti white colour. This fort was fent me with
the former from La Vera Cruz, by the fame gentle-
man. It is an annual plant, and requires the fame
treatment as the former fort.
CAL F’s SNOUT. See Antirrhinum.
CALL A. Lin. Gen. Plant. 917. Wake Robin, or
Ethiopian Arum,
The Char-acters are.
It hath a large open [pat ha of one leaf which is oval
and heart-floaped., ending in a point , it is coloured and
permanent , and a fingk upright fpadix, to which _ the
flowers and fruit adhere. This hath male and female
flowers , intermixed toward the upper part of the club ( or
fpadix.) The male flowers conjifl of ninny very floor i fta-
mina , terminated by fmall yellowijh flummts \ the female
flowers have a comprejfled ftyle , refling upon an obtufle
germen , crowned by a ppinted fligma. Thefe flowers, at
their firfi appearance, have a fhort green empalement
which floon falls off, leaving the ftyle naked. The germen
afterward becomes a globular pulpy fruit, cornpreffed on
two files, inclofirig two or three obtufle feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the feventh feCtion
' of Linnaeus’s twentieth clafs, intitled Gynandria Po-
lyandria. This clafs includes thofe plants whofe male
and female flowers are intermixed ; and this feftion,
thofe whofe male parts have many ftamina,
The Species are,
1. Call a (. Mfmopica ) foliis fagitato-cordatis, fpatha ^
cucullata, fpadice fuperne mafculo. Hort. Cliff. 436.
Calla with arrow-headed heart-fhaped leaves, a hooded
fpatha or [heath, and male flowers fituated on the upper
part of the fpadix. Arum Africanuni flore albo odo-
rato. Par. Bat. Prod.
2. Calla (. Paluflris ) foliis cordatis, fpatha- plana, Ipa-
dice undique hermaphrodite. Hort. Cliff 436. Calla
with heart-fhaped leaves, a plain fheath, and every part
of the foot-ftalk hath hermaphrodite flowers. Dracunculus
aquatilis. Dod. Pempt. 330.
3. Calla ( Orientals ) foliis ovatis. Gron. Orient. 282,
Calla with oval leaves. Arum minus Orientale, ro-
tundioribus foliis. Mor. Hi ft. 3, p. 544,
This plant hath thick, fleftiy, tuberous roots, which
are, covered with a thin brown fidn, and ftrike down
many ftrong fleftiy fibres into the ground. The leaves
arife in chillers, having foot-ftalks more than a foot
long, which are green and fucculent, The leaves are
fhaped like the point of an arrow, they are eight or
nine, inches in length, and of a filming green, ending
in a fharp point, which turns backward ; between
the leaves arife the foot-ftalk of the flower, which is
thick, frnooth, of the fame colour as the leaves, and
rifes above them, and is terminated by a Angle flower,
fliaped like thofe of the Arum; the hood or fpatha
being twilled at the bottom, fpreads open at the
top, and is of a pure white colour. In the center of
this is fituated the fpadix or club, which is of an
herbaceous yellow colour ? upon which the fmall her-
baceous
baceous flowers are placed, and fo clofely joined, as
that the male and female parts are very difficult to
diftinguifh, without the afiiftance of glades. When
thele fade, part of thofe which are fituated at the top
of the club, are fucceeded by roundifh flefhy berries
compreffed on two fides, each containing two or three
feeds.
This plant grows naturally at the Cape of Good
Hope, but has been long an inhabitant in the Englifh
gardens. It propagates very faff by offsets, which
fhould be taken off the latter end of Auguft, at which
time the old leaves decay •, but this plant is never
deftitute of leaves, for before the old ones decay,
there are young- leaves produced, which advance in
height all the winter ; but at this feafon the roots are
in their moft inaftive ftate. Thefe roots have gene-
rally a great number of offsets about them, fo that
unlels there is a want of them, the largeft only fhould
be chofen ; which fhould be feparated from all the
fmaller, and each planted in a feparate pot, filled
with kitchen-garden earth, and placed with other
hardy exotic plants in the open air till autumn, when
they muff be removed into fhelter for the winter
feafon, during which time, they muff not have too
much wet, for that will rot the roots. This plant
is fo hardy as to live in the open air in mild winters,
without any cover, if they are planted in warm bor-
ders, and have a dry foil j but with a little fhelter
in hard froft, they may be preferved in the full ground
very well. It flowers in May, and the feeds ripen
in Auguft *, but as the roots increafe fo plentifully,
few perfons care to fow the feeds, becaufe the young
plants will not flower in lefs than three years. The
flo\yers of this plant have but little fweetnefs, altho’
by Herman’s title, it fhould have a very agreeable
odour*, but unlefs a perfon places it near him, it
cannot be perceived. I have frequently received the
feeds of this from the Cape of Good Hope, but have
always found they produced the fame fort.
The fecond fort grows naturally in moift or marfhy
grounds in many parts of Europe, fo is rarely ad-
mitted into gardens.
The third fort grows naturally on the mountains near
Aleppo. This hath a thick tuberous root, from
which fpring up feveral oval leaves, Handing on pretty
long foot-ftalks ; the fpadix of the flower rifes be-
tween the leaves, about fix or eight inches high,
fupporting one white flower at the top.
The roots of this fort fhould be planted in pots filled
with light earth, and in fummer they may be placed
with other exotic plants in the open air ; but in winter
they fhould be placed under a common hot-bed
frame, to fcreen them from froft, to which if they
are expofed the roots will be deftroyed ; there is little
beauty in this plant, fo it is only preferved in botanic
gardens for variety.
CALLACARPA. See Johnsonia.
C A L T H A. Lin, Gen. Plant. 6-23. Marjh Marigold .,
The Characters are,
'T'he flower hath no empalement , but is compofed of five
large , oval , concave petals , which fpread open. It hath
a great member of flender flamina , which are Jhorter than
the petals , terminated by obtufe ereEl fummits : in the
center there are feveral oblong compreffed germen fituated ,
which have no ftyles , but are crowned by Jingle ftigma.
dhhe germen afterward become fo many fhort pointed cap-
fules , containing many roundifh feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the feventh feftion
of Linnaeus’s thirteenth clafs, intitled Polyandria Po-
lygynia, the flowers of this clafs having many fta-
mina, and of this feftion feveral germen.
The Species are,
1. Caltha (Major) foliis orbicularis crenatis, flore majore.
Marjh Marigold with round crenated leaves , and a larger
flower. Populago flore majore. Tourn. Inft. 273.
2. Caltha ( Minor ) foliis orbiculato-cordatis crenatis flore
minore. Marjh Marigold with round heart -fhaped leaves
which are crenated , and a fmaller flower .
Thefe two forts are fuppofed to be the fame, but I
have never pbferved either of them to vary, either in
their natural places of growth, or when they are re-
moved into a garden. They both grow upon moift
boggy land, in many parts of England, but the firft
is the moft common of this there is a variety with
very double flowers, which for its beauty is preferved
in many gardens. This is propagated by parting the
roots in autumn, and fhould be planted in a moift
foil and a fhady fttuation *, and as there are often
fuch places in gardens, where few other plants will
thrive, fo thefe may be allowed to have room, and
during their feafon of flowering, will afford an agree-
able variety. This fort with double flowers, doth
not appear fo early in the fpring as the Angle, but
continues much longer in beauty. It flowers in May,
and if the feafon is not very warm, will continue till
the middle of June.
C AL Y C AN THUS. See Basteria.
CALYX [with botanifts, fignifies the cup of a flower
before it opens : this is ftyled the empalement of the
flower ; in fome plants this continues, and becomes
afterward a cover to the feeds of herbs, and fruit of
tree:;.] Lat. The cup inclofing or containing the
flower.
CAMARA.. See Lantana.
CAMERARlA. Plum. Nov. Gen. 18. tab. 29.
Lin. Gen. Plant. 264.
This plant was fo named by father Plunder, in ho-
nour of Joachim Camerarius, a phyfician and botanift
of Nuremberg*, who published an edition of Mat-
thiolus, in Latin and High Dutch, with new figures
of the plants, and many obfervations.
The Characters are.
The flower hath a floort permanent empalement of one leaf
cut into five acute fegments at the top : the flower is of
one leaf, \ falver-fhaped . , having a long cylindrical tube at
bottom , which is enlarged above, and divided at the top.
into five acute fegments. It hath five fhort inflexed fta-
mina , which are terminated by obtufe membranaceous fum-
mits. In the bottom of the tube are fituated two roundifh
germen , having one common ftyle , which is cylindrical ,
and the length of the flamina , crowned by two ftigma
the under one is orbicular and flat , the other is concave.
1 The germen afterward becomes two long , taper , leafy cap -
flules , filled with oblong cylindrical feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fetffion of
Linnaeus’s fifth clafs, intitled Pentandria Monogynia,
the flowers of this clafs having five flamina, and thofe
in this feftion but one ftyle.
The Species are,
1. Cameraria ( Latifolia ) foliis ovatis, utrinque acutis
tranfverle ftratis. Hort. Cliff. 76. Lin. Sp. Plant. 210.
Cameraria with roundifh leaves ending in points tranf-
verfly ribbed. Cameraria lato Myrti folio. Plum. Nov.
Gen. 18.
2. Cameraria ( Anguftifolia ) foliis linearibus. Lin. Sp.
Plant. 210. Cameraria with long narrow leaves. Ca-
meraria angufto linariae folio. Plum. Nov. Gen. 1 8.
The firft fort was fent me from the Havanna by the
late Dr. Houftoun, where he found it growing na-
turally in great plenty. This rifes with a fhrubby
ftalk to the height of ten or twelve feet, dividing
into feveral branches, garniffied with roundifh pointed
leaves placed oppoflte, having many frnooth tranf-
verfe veins running from the midrib to the borders.
The flowers are produced at the end of the branches
in loole clufters, which have long tubes enlarging
gradually upward, and at the top are cut into five
fegments, broad at their bale, but end in fharp
points : the flower is of a yellowifh white colour.
After the flowers are fallen, the germen become two
leafy capfules joined at their bafe, and have two
fwelling protuberances on each fide at the bottom,
the middle being extended confiderably longer ; thefe
have one cell, filled with cylindrical feeds. It flow-
ers in Auguft, but never produces any feeds in
England.
The fecond fort hath an irregular fhrubby ftalk,
which rifes about eight feet high, fending out irre-
gular branches, garnifhed with very narrow thin leaves,
placed oppoflte ; thefe have two ribs running longi-
tudinally
GAM
tudinally through each. The flowers are produced
fc-atteringly at the end of the branches, which are
fhaped like thofe of the former fort, but fmaller.
Both thefe plants abound with an acrid milky juice
like the Spurge. The fecond fort grows naturally in
Jamaica.
Thefe plants are propagated by feeds, which mull be
procured from the places of their growth, for they
do not perfedl their feeds in England. They may
alfo be propagated by cuttings planted in a hot-bed
during the fummer months : they inuft have a bark-
ftove, for they are very tender plants ; but in warm
weather muft have plenty of air.
C A M O C L A D I A, the Maiden Plumb.
The Characters are,
It hath a tripartite coloured empalement of one leaf ff read-
ing open ; the flower hath three plain , oval, fpreading
petals , and three awl-fhaped ftamina Jhorter than the co-
rolla , terminated by rbundifh incumbent fummits , and an
oval germen , but no ftyle , crowned by an obtufe ftigma ;
the empalement afterward becomes an oblong Plumb ,
having three pun'ciures at the top , inclofing a nut of the
fame form.
This plant is ranged in the firft order of Linnaeus’s
third cl afs, intitled Triandria Monogynia, the flower
having three ftamina and one ftyle.
The Species are,
1. Camocladia ( Integrifolia ) foliolis integris. Jacq.
Amer. 12. Camocladia with entire lobes. Prunus race-
mofa, caudice non ramofa, alato fraxini folio non
crenato, fructu rubro fubdulci. Sloan. Cat. 184. The
Maiden Plumb.
2. Camocladia ( Dentatd ) foliolis fpinofo-dentatis.
Jacq. Amer* 12. Camocladia with prickly indented
leaves.
The firft fort grows naturally in Jamaica, and alfo in
many other of the iflands in the Weft Indies ; this
rifes with an upright ftem near twenty feet high, gar-
nifhed with long winged leaves, whofe pinnae are en-
tire; at the top there are a few branches fent out
about a foot long, which fuftain the flowers and
fruit*
The fecond fort grows naturally at the Havanna,
where it rifes about the* fame height with the former;
but as the flowers and fruit of this are unknown to
the author, he can give no farther account of
them.
Thefe plants are propagated by feeds, when they can
be obtained from the places of their growth, which
fhould be fown in pots and plunged into a hot-bed ;
the plants, when fit to remove, fhould be each planted
in a finall pot, and plunged into a tan-bed* and in
the autumn fhould be plunged into the bark-bed in
the ftove, and treated as other tender plants.
CAMPANIFORM flowers [of campana, a bell ;
and forma, Lat. fhape,] fuch flowers as in fhape re-
femble a bell.
CAMPANULA. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 108. tab. 38.
Lin. Gen. Plant. 201. [fignifies a little bell, as tho’
parva campana, Lat. fo called, becaufe the flowers
referable a little bell.]
The Characters are,
Phe empalement is divided into five acute parts , is upright ,
fpreading , and refls upon the germen. Phe flower is of
one leaf fhaped like a bell. , fpreading at the bafe where
there are holes. In the bottom is fituated the five cornered
nehiarium , which is joined to the top of the receptacle.
It hath five floort ftamina , which are inferted in the top
of the valves of the neblarium, terminated by long com-
preffed fummits : below the receptacle is fituated the an-
gular germen , fupporting a ftyle which is longer than the
ftamina , crowned by a thick , oblong , tripartite ftigma.
Phe empalement afterward becomes a rbundifh angular
capfule , which in fome fpecies have three , and in others five
cells , each having a hole toward the top , through which
the feeds are fattened when ripe.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft feflion of
Linnaeus’s fifth clafs, intitled Pentandria Monogynia;
the flowers of this clafs have five ftamina, and in this
flection but one ftyle.
CAM
The Species are,
1. Campanula ( Pyramidalis ) folks ovatis glabris fuU
ferratis, caule erecto panicuiato, ramulis brevibus.
Lin. Sp. 233. Bell-flower with oval ft. no oth leaves fawed
below , an upright paniailated ftalk , and fhort branches.
Campanula pyramidata altiflima. Tourn. Inft. 109.
Pallejl pyramidal Bell-flower.
2. Campanula ( Decurrens ) folks radicalibus obovatis,
caulinis lanceolato-linearibus fubferratis feflllibus re-
motis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 164. Bell-flower with lower
leaves oval , .and thofe on the folks narrow , fpear -fhaped,
flawed , and growing . clofe to the ft oiks at remote dift antes.
Campanula perficae folio; Cluf. Hift. 171. Peach-leafed
Bell-flower.
3. Campanula ( Medium ) capfulis quinquelocularibus
tedtis, calycis iinubus reflexis. Vir. Cliff. 16. Bell-
flower with a covered capfule , having five cells , and the
borders of the cup reflexed. Campanula hortenfis folio
& flo're oblongo. C. B. P. 94.. Commonly called Canter-
bury Bellfower.
4. Campanula ( Prachelium ) caule arigulatb, foliis pe-
tiolatis, calycibus ciliatis, pedunculis trifidis. Vir.
Cliff. 1 6. Bell-flower with an angular ftalk , leaves having
foot-flalks , a hairy empalement , and trifid foot-ftalks to
the flowers. Campanula vulgatior, foliis urticae vel
major & afperio'r. C. B. P. 94. Nettle-leaved Bell-
flower.
5. Campanula {Lat folia) foliis ovato-lanceolatis, caule
fimplicifiimo tereti, floribus folitaris pedunculatis fruc-
tibus cernuis. Vir. Cliff. 17. Bell-flower with oval
fpear-fhaped leaves , a flngle taper ftalk , flowers growing
fingly upon foot-ftalks , and pendent fruit. Campanula
maxima foliis latiflimis. C. B. P. 94. Greatefl Bell-
flower with broadeft leaves.
6 . Campanula ( Rapunculus ) folks undulatis radicalibus
lanceolato-ovalibus, panicula coarktata. Hort. Upfah
40. Bell-flower with waved leaves , thofe growing near
the ftalk oval and fpear-fhaped , and a compreffed panicle .
Campanula radice efculenta. H. L. Commonly called
. Rampion.
7. Campanula ( Glomerata ) caule angulato fimplicl,
floribus feflllibus capitulo terminali. Vir. Cliff. 16.
Bell-flower with a flngle angular ftalk , flowers growing
clofe , and terminating in a head. Campanula pratenfis
flore conglomerate. C. B. P. 94. Meadow Bell-flower
with flowers gathered in bunches.
8. Campanula (Speculum) caule ramofifllmo diffufo fo-
lks obiongis fuberenatis, calycibus folitariis corolla
longioribus, capfulis prifmaticis. Hort. Upfal. 41.
Bell-flower with a very branching diftfufed ftalk , oblong
crenated leaves , folitary flower-cups which are longer than
the petal, and prifmatic capfules. Campanula arvenfis
erefta Euphrafise luteae, feu Triflaginis appulm fo-
liis. H. Cath. Commonly called upright Venus Looking-
glafls.’
9. Campanula {Hybrida) caule bafi fubramofo ftricto,
foliis obiongis crenatis, calycibus aggregatis corolla
longioribus, capfulis prifmaticis. Lin. Sp, Plant. 168.
Bell-flower with a ftalk branching at the bottom, oblong
crenated leaves , flower-cups gathered together, which are
longer than the petal, and prifmatic capfules. Campanula
.arvenfis minima ereda. Mor. Hift. 2. 457. Small Venus
Looking-gldfs .
10. Campanula {Erinus) caule dichotomd, foliis fef-
filibus utrinque dentatis. Hort. Cliff. 65. Bell-flower
with a forked ftalk , and leaves growing clofe to the ftalks ,
which are indented on both fid.es. Campanula minor
annua, foliis incifis. Mor. Hift. 1. 458. Smaller annual
Bell-flozver with cut leaves.
11. Campanula (. Pentagonia ) caule fubdivifo ramofif.
ftmo, foliis linearibus acuminatis. Plort. Cliff. 66 ,
Bell-flower with a very branching divided ftalk, and
narrow pointed leaves. Campanula pentagonia flore
ampliffimo Thracia. Tourn. Inft. 112. Five-cornered
Bell-flower of Phracica.
12. Campanula ( Perfoliata ) caule fimplici, foliis cor-
datis dentatis amplexicaulibus, floribus feflllibus ag-
gregatis. Hort. Upfal. 40. Bell-flower with a Jingle
ftalk, heart-fhaped indented leaves which embrace the ftalk,
and flowers gathered together, growing clofe to the ftalk %
i y Cam-
IO&
CAM
Campanula pentagonia perfoliata. Mor. Hift. i. p.
457. Five-cornered perfoliate Bell-flower .
5 3- Campanula ( Americana ) caule ramofo, foliis lin-
guiformibus crenulatis margine cartilagineo. Prodi
Leyd. 246. Bell-flower with a branching ftalk , and
tongue-fhaped crenulated leaves with ftiflf edges. Cam-
panula minor Americana, foliis rigidis fiore casruleo
patulo. H. L. 107. Smaller American Bell-flower.
14. Campanula ( Canarierjis ) foliis haftatis dentatis op-
pofitis petiolatis, capfulis quinquelocularibus. Lin.
Sp. Plant. 168. Bell-flower with fpear-Jhaped indented
leaves growing oppoflte , having foot-ftalks and, capfules
with five cells. Campanula Canarienfis, atriplicis fo-
lio, tuberosa radice. Canary Bell-flower.
15. Campanula {Patula) foliis ftri&is, radicalibus lan-
ceolato-ovalibus, panicula patula. Flor. Suec. 186,
Bell-flower whofe radical leaves are oval , fp ear -fh aped ,
and fpreading flowers in panicles. Campanula efculenti
facie, ramis & floribus patulis. Hort. Elth. 1. 68.
16. Campanula (Cervicaria) hifpida, floribus feffilibus,
capitulo terminali, foliis lanceolato-linearibus undu-
latis. Lin. Sp. 235. Rough Bell-flower with feflile flowers
terminating the ftalks, and linear , fpear-Jhaped , waved
leaves. Campanula foliis echii. C. B. 36.
17. Campanula ( Samtilis ) foliis obovatis crenatis, flo-
ribus alternis nutantibus, capfulis quinquecarinatis.
Lin. Sp. 237. Bell-flower with oval crenated leaves ,
nodding flowers placed alternate , and boat-floaped capfules
with -five cells. Campanula Cretica faxatilis, bellidis
folio, magno flore. Tourn. Inft. hi.
There are feveral other fpecies of this genus, fome
of which grow naturally in England, and others in
the northern parts of Europe, which have but little
beauty, therefore are feldom cultivated in gardens,
fo I fhall not enumerate them here. There are alfo
feveral varieties of fome of the forts here mentioned,
which I fhall take notice of in their proper place ;
but as they are not diftinft fpecies, they are omitted
in the above lift.
The firft fort hath thick tuberous roots which are
milky ; this fends out three or four ftrong, fmooth,
upright ftalks, which rife near four feet high, and
are garnifhed with fmooth oblong leaves, whofe edges
are a little indented. The lower leaves are much
broader than thofe which adorn the ftalks. The
flowers are produced from the fide of the ftalks, and
are regularly fet on for more than half their length,
forming a fort of pyramid; thefe are large, open,
and fhaped like a bell. The moil common colour
of the flowers is a light blue ; but there have been
fome with white flowers,, which make a variety
when intermixed with the blue, but the latter is moft
efteemed.
This plant is cultivated to adorn halls, and to place
before the chimnies in the fummer, when it is in
flower, for which purpofe there is no plant more
proper ; for when the roots are ftrong, they will fend
out four or five ftalks, which will rife as many feet
high, and are garnilhed with flowers great part of
their length. Thefe upright ftalks fend out fome
fhort fide branches, which are alfo adorned with
flowers, fo that by fpreading the upright ftalks to a
flat frame compofed of flender laths (as is ufually
pra&ifed) the whole plant is formed into the fhape
of a fan, and will fpread near the width of a common
fire-place. When the flowers begin to open, the
pots are removed into the rooms, where, being
fhaded from the fun, and kept from the rain, the
flowers will continue long in beauty ; and if the pots
are every night removed into a more airy fituation,
but not expofed to heavy rains, the flowers will be
fairer, and continue much longer in beauty.
Thofe plants which are thus treated, are feldom fit
. for the purpofe the following feafon, therefore a fup-
ply of young plants fliould be annually raifed. The
common method of propagating this plant, is by di-
viding the roots. The belt time for doing this is in
September, that the offsets may have time to get
ftrong roots before winter.
This method of propagating by the offsets is the
GAM
quickeft, therefore generally pra<ftifed, but the plants
which are raifed from feeds; are always ftronger ; the
ftalks will rife higher, and produce a greater number
of flowers,^ therefore I recommend it to the practice
of the curious ; but in order to obtain good feeds,
there fhould be fome ftrong plants placed in a warm
fituation, near a pale, or wall, in autumn ; and, if
the following winter Ihould prove fevere, they ihould
be covered either with hand-glaffes or mats, to pre-
vent their being injured by the froft; and, in^the
fummer, when the flowers are fully open, if the feafon
ihould prove very wet, the flowers muft be fcreened
from great rains, otherwife there will be no good
feeds produced: the not obferving this, has occafioned
many to believe that the plants do not bear feeds in
England, which is a great miftake, for I have raifed
great numbers of the plants from feeds of my own
faving ; but I have always found that the plants which
have been long propagated by offsets, feldom
produce feeds, which is the fame with many other
plants which are propagated by flips, or cuttings,
which in a few years become barren.
When the feeds are obtained, they muft be fown in
autumn in pots, or boxes, filled with light undunged
earth, and placed in the open air till die froft or
hard rains come on, when they fliould be placed
under a hot-bed frame, where they may be fheltered
from both, but in mild weather the glalles fliould be
drawn off every day, that they may enjoy the free
air ; with this management the plants will come up
early in the fpring, and then they muft be removed
out of the frame, placing them firft in a warm fi-
tuation ; but when the feafon becomes warm, they
fliould be removed where they may have the morning
fun only. During the following fummer they muft
be kept clean from weeds, and in very dry weather,
now and then refrefhed with water, which muft be
given with great caution, for the roots are very fub-
je£t to rot with too much moifture. In September
the leaves of the plants will begin to decay, at which
time they fhould be tranfplanted ; therefore there
muft be one or two beds prepared, in proportion to
the number of plants. Thefe beds muft be in a warm
fituation, and the earth light, fandy, and without
any mixture of dung, which laft is an enemy to this
plant. If the fituation of the place is low, or the
natural foil moift, the beds muft be raifed five or fix
inches above the furface of the ground, and the na-
tural foil removed a foot and a half deep, putting
lime rubbifh eight or nine inches thick in the bottom
of the trench, to drain off the moifture. When the
beds are prepared, the plants muft be taken out of
the pots, or cafes, very carefully, fo as not to break
or bruife their roots, for they are very tender, and,
on being broken, the milky juice will flow out plen-
tifully, which will greatly weaken them. Thefe
fhould be planted at about four inches diftance each
way, with the head or crown of the root half ant
inch below the furface ; if there happens a gentle
fhower of rain foon after they are planted, it will be
of great fervice to the plants; but as the feafon fome-
times proves very dry at this time of the year, in
that cafe, it will be proper to give them a gentle
watering three or four days after they are planted,
and to cover the beds with mats every day, to pre-
vent the fun from drying the earth ; but thefe muft
be taken off in the evening, that the dew may fall
on the ground. Towards the end of Ocftober the beds
fhould be covered over with fome old tanners bark
to keep out the froft, and where there is not conve-
niency of covering them with frames, they fhould
be arched over with hoops, that in fevere frofts they
may be covered with mats ; for thefe plants, when
young, are often deftroyed in winter, where this care
is wanting. In the fpring the coverings muft be re-
moved, and the following fummer the plants muft
be kept clean from weeds ; and, if the feafon fhould
prove very dry, they muft now and then be refrefned
with water. The following autumn the furface of
the ground fhould be ftirred between the. plants, and
C A M
fome frefh earth fpread over the beds, and'in the win-
ter covered as before. In thefe beds the plants may
remain two years, during which time they muft be
treated in the manner before direded *, by which time
the roots will be ftrong enough to flower : in Sep-
tember they fhould be carefully taken up, and fome
of the moil promifing planted in pots ; the others
may be planted into warm borders, or in a frefh bed,
at a greater diftance than before, to allow them room
to grow. Thefe plants which are potted fhould be
fheltered in winter from great rains and hard frofts,
otherwife they will be in danger of rotting, or at leaft
be fo weakened, as not to flower with any ftrength
the following ilimmer •, and thofe which are planted
in the full ground, fhould have fome old tanners bark
laid round them, to prevent the froft from entering
deep to the roots •, with this management thefe plants
may be brought to the utmoft perfedion, and a con-
ftant fucceffion of good roots raifed, which will be
much preferable to thofe which are propagated by
offsets. I have been informed that there is a double
flower of this kind, but as I have not feen any, I
can give no farther account of it. This fort is by
Tome called Steeple Bell-flower.
The fecond fort grows naturally in the northern parts
of Europe, but has been long cultivated in the
Englifh gardens ; of this there are the following va-
rieties, viz. the Angle, blue, and white flower, which
have been long here ; and the double flower of both
colours, which has not been more than twenty-eight
years in England, but has been propagated in fuch
plenty, as to have almoft banifhed thofe with Angle
flowers from the gardens. All thefe varieties are eafily
propagated by parting their roots in autumn, every
head which is then flipped off will take root •, they
are extreme hardy, fo will thrive in any foil or fltua-
tion, therefore are very proper furniture for the com-
mon borders of the flower-garden.
This hath a root compofed of many fibres, and fends
-up an angular, or channelled ftiff ftalk, about two
feet and a half high, garnifhed with oblong, oval, ftiff
leaves near the root, which are placed without order ;
but thofe on the ftalks are longer and narrower, hav-
ing their edges flightly indented, and are of a fhining
green. The flowers are produced towards the upper
part of the ftalk upon fhort foot-ftalks. Thefe are
ihaped like thofe of the former fort, but are fmaller,
and more expanded. This flowers in June and July,
and in cool feafons there will be fome continue great
part of Auguft, ■
The third fort is a biennial" plant, which perifnes foon
after it hath ripened feeds. It grows naturally in the
woods of Italy and Auftria, but is cultivated in the
Tnglifh gardens for the beauty of its flowers. Of
this fort there are the following varieties, the blue,
the purple, the white, the ftriped, and the double
flowering, but the laft two are not very common in
England.
This hath oblong, rough, hairy leaves, which arefer-
rated on their edges, coming out without order from
the root ; from the center of thefe a ftiff, hairy, fur-
rowed ftalk, arifes about two feet high, fending out
feveral lateral branches, from the bottom upward,
garnifhed with long, narrow, hairy leaves, fawed on
their edges, and are placed alternately; from the
fetting on of thefe leaves, come out the foot-ftalks
of the flower, thofe which are on the lower part of
the ftalk and branches being four or Ave inches long,
-diminifhing gradually in their length upward, and
thereby form a fort of pyramid. The flowers of
this kind are very large, fo make a Ane appearance ;
they come out the beginning of June, and, if the
feafon is not very hot, will continue a month in beau-
ty. The feeds ripen in September, and the plants
decay foon after.
It is propagated by feeds, which muft be fown in the
ipring on an open bed of common earth, and when
the plants are At to remove, they fhould be tranf-
planted into the flower-nurfery, in beds Ax inches
afunder, obferving to water them frequently till they
C A M
have taken new root ; after which they will require
no other culture, but to keep them clean from weeds
till the following autumn, when they fhould be tranf-
planted into the borders of the flower-garden. As
thefe plants decay the fecond year, there fhoyld be
annually young ones raifed to fucceed them,
The fourth fort hath a perennial root, which fends
up feveral ftiff hairy ftalks, having two ribs or am
gles. Thefe put out a few fhort fide branches, gar-
nifhed with oblong, pointed, hairy leaves, deeply
fawed on their edges. Toward the upper part of the
ftalks the flowers come out alternately, upon fhort
trifid foot-ftalks, having hairy empalements, The
flowers are of the fhape of the former, but {barter,
fpread more at the brim, and are pretty deeply cut
into many acute fegments. This flowery in June, and
the feeds ripen in autumn.
The varieties of this are, the deep and pale blue ; the
white with Angle flowers, and the fame colours with
double flowers. The double forts are propagated by
parting their roots in autumn, which mould be an-
nually performed, otherwife the flowers are apt to de-
generate to Angle; to prevent which, the roots fliould
be every autumn transplanted and parted- The foil
fliould not be too light or rich, in which they are
lanted, for in either of thefe they will degenerate ;
ut in a ftrong frefh loam their flowers will be in the
greateft perfe&ion. Thefe plants are extreme hardy,
fo may be planted in any fltuation ; thofe with Angle
flowers do not merit a place in gardens.
The fifth fort grows naturally in the northern parts
of England : this hath a perennial root, compofed of
many flefliy fibres, which abound with a milky juice,
from which arife feveral ftrong, round, Angle ftalks,
which never put out branches, but are garnifhed with
oval fpear-fhaped leaves, flightly indented on their
edges, which are placed alternately. Toward the
upper part of the ftalk the flowers come out fingly
upon fnort foot-ftalks ; thefe fpread open at the brim,
where they are deeply cut into five acute fegments.
After the flowers are paft, the empalement becomes
a five-cornered feed-veflel, which turns downward till
the feeds are ripe, when it rifes upward again.
The varieties of this are, the blue, purple, and white
flowering. This fort is eafily propagated by feeds,
which it furnifhes in great plenty, and, if fuffered to
fcatter, the plants will come up in as great plenty the
following fpring ; when they may be tranfplanted into
the nurfery till autumn, at which time they fhould be
tranfplanted where they are deflgned to remain, As
this fort delights in fhade, the plants may be planted
under trees, or in fhady borders where few bet-
ter things will thrive, they will afford an agreed-
able variety when they are in flower. It flowers in
June and July, and the feeds ripen in autumn.
The flxth fort hath roundifh flefhy roots which are eata-
ble, and are much cultivated in France for fallads, and
fome years paft it was cultivated in the Englifh gardens
for the fame purpofe, but is now generally neglected.
It grows naturally in feveral parts of England, but the
roots never grow to half the lize of thofe which are cul-
tivated, This is propagated by feeds, which fhould
be fown in a fhady border the latter end of May, and
when the plants are about an inch high, the ground
fhould be hoed, as is pradtifed for Onions, to cut up
the weeds, and tlrin the plants to the diftance of three
or four inches ; and when the weeds come up again,
they muft be hoed over to deftroy them : this, if welj
performed in dry weather, will make the ground clean
for a confide rable time, fo that being three times re^
peated, it will keep the plants clean till winter, which
is the feafon for eating the roots, when they may be
taken up for ufe as they are wanted. Thefe will com
tinue good till April, at which tjmq they will fend
out their ftalks, when they will become hard and un-
fit for ufe, as do alfo thofe roots which have flowered j
fo that the young roots only are fuch which are fit for
the table, therefore when the feeds are fown too
early, the plants_ frequently run up to flower tlie fame
year, which fpoils their roots, '
* Thif
tills fort fends out upright ftalks about: two feet high,
. ' which are garnifhed with oblong fpear-fhaped leaves,
placed alternately. Towards the upper part of the
ftalk the fmall Bell-flowers are produced, Handing
upright dole to the ftalk 5 feme of thefc flowers are
blue, and others white *, they come out in. June and
July, and the feeds ripen in autumn,
ihe feventh fort grows naturally upon chalky paf-
tures m many parts of England, where the ftalks do
' not rife many times a foot high, and in other places
it grows to double that height, which has occasioned
their being taken for two diftindt plants. This hath
a perennial root, which fends up ieveral round hairy
ftalks, which often rife upward of two feet high ; the
bottom leaves are broad, and ftand upon long foot-
ftalks, and are flightly fawed on their edges. Thofe
which are upon the ftalks are long, narrow, have no
foot- ftalks, and are placed alternately at conftderable
diftances. From the -wings of the leaves, towards
the upper part of the ftalk, come out long naked
foot-ftaiks, fupporti.ng two or three bell-fliaped flow-
ers, clofely joined together in a head, and the main
ftalk is terminated by a large ciufter of the fame flow-
ers, which are fucceeded by roundifh capfules filled
with fmall feeds. This plant is eafily propagated
either by feeds, or parting their roots, and will thrive
in any foil or fituation. It flowers in July, and the
feeds ripen in autumn.
The eighth fort is an annual plant, which rifes with
flender ftalks a foot high, branching out, garnifhed
, with oblong leaves ? a little curled on their edges ;
from the wings of the leaves come out the flowers,
fitting clofe to the ftalks, which are of a beautiful
purple, inclining to a’ Violet-colour, divided into
five fegments, which referable fo many leaves, and
in the evening contract and fold into a pentagonal
figure ; from whence it is by fome titled Viola^Pen-
tagonia, or ' five-cornered Violet. The empalement
which encompaffes the flower, is compofed of five,
long, narrow, green leaves, which l'pread open, and
are much longer than the petals of the flower •, thefe
remain on the' top of the prilmatic feed-veflel, wliich
is filled with fmall angular feeds. If this plant is
fown, in autumn, it will grow much taller, and flower
a month earlier than when the feeds are fown in the
fpring. The autumnal plants will flower in May,
and the fpring plants in June and July. There is. a
variety of this with white flowers, and another with
pale purple.
The ninth fort is the common V enus Looking-glafs,
which hath been long cultivated in the Englifh gar-
dens. This fort feldom riles more than fix, inches
high, with a ftalk branching from the bottom upward,
garnifhed with oval leaves, fitting clofe to the ftalks,
from the bafe of which the branches are produced,
which are terminated by flowers very like thofe of the
former fort.
The tenth fort grows naturally in the fouth of France
and Italy. This is alfo a low annual plant, which'
feldom rifes fix inches high, but divides into many
branches, garnifhed with fhort oval leaves, fitting
clofe, which are deeply indented on both fides. The
flowers are produced at the ends of the branches,
which are fhaped like thofe of the other fort lafc men-
tioned, but they are fmall, their colours lefs beauti-
ful, and the leaves, of the empalement are broader.
The eleventh fort grows naturally in Thrace, but
hath been long in the Englifh gardens. This is alfo
a low annual plant, which riles little more than fix
Inches high the ftalks divide by pairs, and frequent-
ly there antes a branch from the middle of the divi-
fions ; the lower leaves are oblong and obtufe, but
thofe which come out toward the end of the branches
are much narrower, and pointed. . The flowers come
out Angle at the end of the branches, having a long
five-leaved empalement, and are larger than thofe of
the three laft forts, of a fine blue colour ; the feeds
are like" thofe of the eighth fort.
The twelfth fort is an annual plant, which, in good
■ ground, will rife a foot and a half high, but in poor
land, or it where it grows wild among corn, fcartiely
riies to the height of fix inches. The ftalk is Angle,
rarely putting out any branches, unleis near the rOot^
from whence there are fornetimes one or two fliort
lateral branches produced. 1 he leaves are roundifh,
and embrace the ftalk at their bale-, their edges are
fharply fawed, and from their bate comes out a clofe.
tuft of flowers, furrounded by the leaf,, as in an em-
palement. The flowers are five-cornered, fhaped
fike thofe of the Venus .Looking-glafs, but are much
fmaller; thefe are produced the whole length of the
ftalk. The feed s are indofed in fhort capfules, which
are fhaped like thole of the former forts. It grows in
Italy, and alfo in Virginia. If the feeds of this fort
are permitted to fcatter, the plants will come up with-
out care or the feeds may be fown in the fpring, in
the lame manner as thofe of the laft forts, and treated
in the fame way.
The thirteenth fort is a native of America, but has
been long cultivated in the gardens of the curious,
both in England and Holland. This hath many rigid
oblong leaves coming out from the root on every
fide, which form a fort of head like thofe of Houfe-
leek, crenated, having a ftrong rib running on their
border longitudinally. From the center of the plant
proceeds the ftalk, which rifes about a foot high,
and is thinly garnifhed with very narrow ftiff leaves,
of a fhining green. From the wings of the leaves
come out the foot-ftalks of the flower, which are
from two to four inches long, each being terminated
by one fpreading bell-fhaped flower, whole empale-
ment is fhort, and cut into five acute fegments. The
ftyle of this is longer than the petal, and is crowned
by a bifid ftigma. There is a white and a blue
flower of this fort in the gardens, but in Holland they
have it with a double flower. This fort doth not
produce feeds in England, fo is only propagated by
offsets •, thefe may be taken off from the old plants in
Auguft, that they may get good root before the cold
weather begins : they muft be planted in fmall pots
filled with frefh, light, loamy earth, and placed in
the fhade until they have taken root; then they may
be placed with other hardy exotic plants, and in au-
tumn they muft be removed into lhelter, for in fe**
vere winters thefe plants are often deftrbyed which
are expofed ; though in mild winters they will live in
the open air. It flowers in July and Auguft.
The fourteenth fort is a native of the Canary Iflands,
from whence it was introduced to the gardens in Eu-
rope, where it hath been many years cultivated ; and
of late years great numbers of the plants have been
raifed from deeds which were brought from thence^
but the flowers of thefe new-raifed plants are not fo
well coloured As thofe of the old ones.
This hath a thick fiefhy root, which is of an irregular
form, fometimes running downward like a Parlhep,
at other times dividing into ieveral knobs near the
top, and when any part of the root is broken, there
ilfues out a milky juice at the wound. There are
many ftrong fiefhy fibres fent out, which ft-rike deep
into the ground, and from thefe a numerous quantity
of fmall ones. From the head, or crown of the root,
arife one, two, three, or more ftalks, in proportion
to the fize of the root ; but that in the center is ge-
nerally larger, and rites higher than the others. Thefe
flalks are very tender, round, and of a pale green ;
their joints are far diftant from each other, and when
the roots are ftrong, the ftalks will rife ten feet high,
fending out feveral fmaller fide branches. At each
joint they are garnifhed with twp, three, or four
fpear-fhaped leaves, with a fharp pointed beard on each
fide. Thefc are of a fea-grCen, and, when they firft
come out, are covered flightly with an Afh-coloured
pounce. From the joints of the ftalk the flowers are
produced, which are of the perfect bell-fhape, and
hang downward ; they are of a flame colour, marked
with ftripes of a brownifh red ; the flower is divided
into five parts, at the bottom of each Is fituated a
nedtarium, covered with a whre tranfparent. fkjn,
mud refembling thofe of the Crown Imperial, but
2 ’ are
/
CAM
are fmaller •, upon each of thefe is fituated a ft amen,
which rifes almoft the length of the petal, and is ter-
minated by oblong fummits. In the center of the
dower is fituated the ftyle, which is longer than the
ftamina, and is crowned by a trifid ftigma, which is
reflexed. The flowers begin to open in the beginning
of O&ober, and there is often a fucceflioji of them
till March. The ftalks decay to the root in June, and
new ones fpring up in Auguft.
It is propagated by parting their roots, which muft
be done with caution ; for if the roots are broken or
wounded, the milky juice will flow out plentifully,
fo that if thefe are planted before the wounds are
fkinned over, it occafions their rotting-, therefore
whenever any of them are broken, they fliould be
laid in the green-houfe a few days to heal. Thele
roots muft not be too often parted, efpecially if they
are expended to flower well ; for by frequent parting
the roots are weakened. The beft time for tranfplant-
ing and parting their roots, is in July, foon after the
ftalks are decayed. The earth in which thefe fhould
be planted, fhould not be rich, for that will caufe
them to be luxuriant in branches, and but thinly gar-
nifhed with flowers. The foil in which they have
fucceeded beft, is a light fandy loam, mixed with a
fourth part of fcreened lime-rubbifh : when the roots
are firft planted, the pots fhould be placed in the
fhade ; and, unlefs the feafon is very dry, fhould not
be watered, for during the time they are inadive,
wet is very injurious to them. About the middle of
Auguft the roots will begin to put out fibres, at which
time, if the pots are placed under a hot-bed frame,
and as the nights grew cool, covered with the glafles,
but opened every day to enjoy the free air, it will
greatly forward them for flowering, and increafe their
ftrength when the ftalks appear, the plants muft be
now and then refrefhed with water, which muft not
be given too often, nor in great quantity. The plants
thus managed, by the middle of September, will have
grown fo tall, as not to be kept longer under the frame,
fo they fhould be removed into a dry airy glafs-cafe,
where they may enjoy the free air in mild weather,
but fcreened from cold. During the winter feafon
they muft be frequently refrefhed with water, and
guarded from froft ; and in fpring, when the ftalks
begin to decay, the pots fhould be fet abroad in the
fhade, and not watered.
The fifteenth fort grows naturally in fome of the north-
weft counties of England. It is a biennial plant,
very like the eatable fort, but the branches grow more
horizontal, and the flowers fpread wider open.
This is propagated by feeds, which fhould be fown in
the autumn ; for thofe feeds which are fown in the
fpring often fail, or at leaft lie a year in the ground
before they grow. When the plants come up, they
fliould be thinned and kept clean from weeds, which
is all the culture they require.
The fifteenth fort grows naturally in Germany and
Sweden -, this hath rough leaves : the ftalk rifes
two feet high, garnifhed with narrow fpear-fhaped
leaves, and are terminated by an obtule fpike of
flowers.
The feventeenth fort grows naturally in Crete, upon
rocks, where the roots penetrate the fiffures, whereby
the plants continue much longer than when they are
transplanted into gardens. The ftalks of this rife a
foot high, garnifhed with oval crenated leaves ; the
flowers are large, blue, and placed alternate, nodding
toward the ground ; thefe open in July, and are fuc-
ceeded by feed-veflfels, having five cells filled with
fmall feeds.
Thefe plants are propagated by feeds, which, if fov/n
in the autumn, will more certainly fucceed than when
fown in the fpring. When the plants are fit to re-
move, they fhould be tranfplanted into beds, and
treated in the fame manner as the hardy forts before-
mentioned ; but a few plants of the laft fort may be
planted in pots, to be fheltered in winter.
C AMPHORA. See Laurus.
CAMPHOROSMA. Camphorata. Tourn. Inft.
C A N
The Characters are,
It hath a pit cher-jh aped four-pointed empalemetit , ivhub
is permanent , hut no corolla. It has four fender ftamina,
which are equal, terminated by oval fummits , and an
oval compreffed gehnen , fupporting a fender fiyle longer. g
than the empalement , crowned by acute ftigma. The ent-
pcdement afterward becomes a capfule crowned with one
cell open at the top , inclofmg one compreffed feed.
The Species are,
1. Camphor asm a {Monfpeliaca) foliis hirfutis linearibus,
Amoen. Acad. i. p. 392. Camphorata with linear hairy
leaves. Camphorata hirfuta. C. B. P. 486.
2. Camphorata ( Glabra ) foliis fubtriquetris glabris
inermibus. Amoen. Acad. p. 393. Camphorata with
fmooth three-cornered leaves.
The firft fort grows naturally about Montpelier. It
is an annual plant, whofe branches trail on the ground,
and extend each way a foot and more in length, gar-
nifhed with linear hairy leaves placed dole on the
branches -, the flowers are produced from the joints
of the ftalks, which are fo fmall as to be fcarce per-
ceptible, having no petals but a pitcher-fhaped em-
palement, which afterward becomes a capfule to the
feed. This, is an annual plant, which is propagated
by feeds, which, if Town in the autumn, will more
probably fucceed, than if fown in the fpring ; and if
the feeds are permitted to fall in the autumn, there
will be a fupply of young plants the following
fpring.
The lecond fort grows naturally in the Helvetian
mountains. This is a perennial plant, whofe branches
trail on the ground -, the leaves are fmooth, three-
cornered, and unarmed. The flowers are not more
viflble than thofe of the firft fort, and the empale-
ment becomes a cover to the feeds.
Thefe plants are preferved in fome gardens, more for
the fake of variety, than for either beauty or ufe ; if
the feeds are fown in any abjed part of the garden, and
when the plants come up, they are thinned, arid af-
terward kept clean from weeds, they will ripen their
feeds, which, if permitted to fcatter, there will be a
fupply of plants.
CAMPION. See Lychnis.
CANDLE-BERRY-TRE E. See Myrica.
C A N D Y-T U F T. See Iberis.
C A N N A. Lin. Gen. Plant. 1. Indian flowering Reed.'
In French Balifier.
The Characters are.
The flower hath a three-leaved empalement , which is per-
manent , erect, and coloured. It hath one petal, which
is divided into fix parts : the three . upper figments are
eredl, and broader than the lower , which are longer , two
of which are erebi, and the other turns back and is twifl -
ed. It hath one fpear-fhaped fiamina rifling as high as
the petal, having the appearance of a fegment , which
hath a fender fummit fitting upon its border. Below the
empalement is fituated a roundijh rough gerrnen , fupport-
ing a flat fiyle , with a fender ftigma f aft ened to its bor-
der. After the flower is paft, the gernien becomes an ob-
long, roundiflo, membranaceous capfule , having three lon-
gitudinal furrows, crowned by the empalement, which
hath three cells filled with round fmooth feeds .
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fedion of
Linnaeus’s firft clals, intitled Monandria Monogynia.
The flowers of this clals have but one ftamen, and in
this fedion but one ftyle.
The Species are,
1. Canna ( ' Indie a ) foliis ovatis utrinque acuminatis ner-
vofis. Prod. Leyd. 11. Canna with oval nervous leaves
pinnted at both ends. Cannacorus latifolius vulgaris.
Tourn. Inft. 367.
2. Canna ( Latifolia ) foliis oblongo-ovato, acuminatis,
fegmentis florum anguftioribus. Canna with oblong ,
oval, pointed leaves , and the fegments of the flower nar-
row. Cannacorus ampliflimo folio florerutilo. Tourn.
Inft. 367.
3. Canna floe cine a) foliis ovatis obtufis nervofis, fpicis
florum longiorihus. Canna with oval, obtufe , nervous
leaves, and longer fpikes of flowers. Cannacorus flore
Coccineo Tplendente. Tourn. Inft. 367.
Z z
A
4, Canna
A
CAN
4, Canna (Luted) foliis ovatis petiolatis nervofis fpatha
floribus longiore. Canna with oval , obtufe , nervous
leaves, having foot-ftalks, .and a longer hood to the flower.
Cannacorus (lore kiteo punctato. Tourn. Inft. R. H.
3 6 7 -
5. Canna ( Glauca ) foliis lanceolatis petiolatis enervi-
bus. Prod. Leyd. u. Canna -with fpear-Jhaped fmooth
leaves having foot-ftdks. Cannacorus glaucophyllus,
ampliore flore, Iridis paluftris facie. Hort. Elth. 69.
The firft: fort grows naturally in both Indies : the
inhabitants of the Britifh. {(lands' in America, call all
the fpecies, without diftindion Indian Shot, from the
roundnefs and hardnefs of the feeds.
This plant hath a thick, fiefhy, tuberous root,
which divides into many irregular knobs, fpreading
wide near the iurface of the ground, fending out
many large oval leaves without any order •, thefe, at
their firft appearance, are twilled like a horn, but af-
terwards expand and are near a foot long, and five
inches broad in the middle, leffening gradually to both
ends, and terminating in points. They have many
large tranfverfe veins running from the midrib to the
fides, which are prominent on their under fide ; and
between each of thefe run two fmaller, parallel, point-
ed veins, which are peculiar to this fpecies. The
ftalks are herbaceous, rifing four feet high, encom-
paffed by the broad leafy foot- ftalks of the leaves ;
thefe are compreffed on two fides •, at the upper part
of the ftalk the flowers are produced in loole fpikes,
each being at firft covered by a leafy hood, which
afterward {lands below the flower, and turns to a
brown colour. Each flower hath one petal, which
is cut almoft to the bottom into fix (lender fegments,
the three upper being hroadeft j thefe are of a pale
red colour. The flower is encompaffed by a three-
leaved empalement, which fits upon a fmall, roundifh,
rough germen, which, after the flower is fallen, fwells
to a large fruit or capfule oblong and rough, having
three longitudinal furrows, and is crowned by the
three-leaved empalement of the flower which remains.
When the fruit is ripe, the capfule opens length-
ways into three cells, which are filled with round,
hard, black, fhining feeds. The principal feafon of
thefe plants flowering, is in June, July, and Auguft.
As this fort is a native of the warmeft parts of A-
merica, it requires to be placed in a moderate ftove
in winter, otherwife the roots will decay. I have
frequently ; tried to keep thefe roots through the win-
ter in a green-houfe, but could not fucceed •, for al-
though fome have efcaped, yet they were fo much
weakened by the cold, as not to recover their ftrength
the ‘following fummer, fo as to flower in any tolerable
degree of perfection ; fo that I have fince conftantly
kept them in winter in a moderate ftove, where they
always flower in that feafon, at which time they make
a fine appearance ♦, and in the fummer, place them
abroad in a flickered fituation with other tender exotic
plants, where they flower again, and produce ripe
feeds annually.
The fecond fort grows naturally in Carolina, and
fome of the other northern provinces of America.
The leaves of this fort are longer than thofe of the
former, and terminate in fliarper points. The ftalks
grow taller, and the fegments of the flower are much
narrower , the colour is a pale red, fo it makes no
great appearance. The feeds are like thofe of the
former fort. If the roots of this fort are planted in
warm borders and a dry foil, they will live through
the winter in the open air. I have plants of this fort
in the Chelfea garden, which have furvived twelve
winters in a fouth-wefl border without cover, and
flower well every year, but do not produce feeds.
The third fort hath larger leaves than either of the
former •, the ftalks rife much taller. 1 have received
the feeds of this from America, and from the Bra-
zils, by the title of Wild Plantain. The flower-
flails of this fort rife more than fix feet high. The
leaves are very large, and thofe near the root have
long foot-ftalks. The flowers are produced in larger
fpikes than thofe of the former fort, and are or a
C A N
much brighter fcarlet. The feed-veflels are longer,
and the feeds larger than thofe •, and thefe differences
are permanent from feeds, fo that I make no doubt
of its being a diftinCt fpecies.
The fourth fort is lefs common in America than ei-
ther of the former. I received the feeds of this from
India, but have had two varieties arife from the feeds,
one with a plain yellow, and the other a fpotted
flower, which I find are apt to change from one to the
other, when propagated by feeds. This fort hath
Ihorter and rounder leaves than either of the former
forts. The ftalks feidom rife higher than three feet,
and the fpikes of flowers are like thofe of the firft fpe-
cies, excepting the colour of the flowers.
The feeds of the firth fort I received from Cartha-
gena in New Spain, in the year 1 733, which produced
very ftrong plants the firft year, fome of which flow-
ered the fame autumn. The roots of this are much
larger than either of the former forts, and ftrike down
ftrong flefliy fibres deep in the ground. The ftalks
rife (even or eight feet high. The leaves are near
two feet long, narrow, fmooth, and of a fea-green
colour. The flowers are produced in fiiort thick
fpikes at the extremity, which are large, and of a
pale yellow colour •, the fegments of the petal are
broad, but their ftiape like thofe of the other forts.
The feed-veflels are larger, and much longer, than
thofe of the other forts, but contain fewer feeds,
which are very large. The young plants which are
raifed from feeds of this fort, do more certainly flower
than the old roots, or the offsets taken from them ;
for the roots fend out many offsets, which will (pread
to a confiderable diftance where they have room, but
feidom produce flowers ; fo that it is the bell way to
raife a fuccefiion of plants from feeds, and to throw
out the old ones after they have perfected their feeds.
All the forts are propagated by feeds, which fliould
■ be fown on a hot-bed in the fpring ; and when the
plants are fit to remove, they fliould be tranfplanted
into leparate fmall pots, filled with rich kitchen-gar-
den earth, and plunged into a moderate hot-bed of
tanners bark, obferving to (hade them till they have
taken root ; after which, they fhould have a large
(hare of free air admitted to them every day in warm
weather, and be frequently refrelhed with water. As
thefe plants will make great progrefs in their growth,
they mull be fhifted into larger pots filled with the
fame fort of earth, and part of them plunged into
the hot-bed again •, and , the others may be placed
abroad in June, with other exotic plants, in a warm
fituation. Thofe which are placed in the hot-bed,
will be ftrong enough to flower well in the ftove the
following winter ; but thofe in the open air, will not
flower before the following fummer. Thefe may re-
main abroad till the beginning of October, when
they muft be removed into the ftove, and treated in
the fame manner as the old plants ; and in May, if
a gentle hot-bed is made, and covered a foot thick
with rich earth, and the plants turned out of the pots,
planting them with their balls of earth upon the hot-
bed, covering each with a bell-glafs, which may be
raifed on one fide every day to admit air to the plants ;
and as thefe advance, they muft be gradually inured
to bear the open air. With this management the
plants will grow much taller, and flower ftronger
than thofe which are kept in pots, and from thefe
good feeds may be expected in autumn. Thefe plants
will continue many years with proper management ;
but as young plants always flower better than the old
roots, it is icarce worth while to continue them after
they have borne good feeds.
The fecond fort, which is much hardier than either
of the other, fhould have a different treatment, The
young plants of this muft be earlier inured to the
open air, where they may remain till the froft begins j
then they muft be placed in the green-houfe, and
fhould have but little wet in winter ; and the begin-
ning of May, thefe fliould be turned out of the pots,
and planted in a warm fouth border, in a dry foil,
where, they will thrive and produce flowers annually ;
but
l
CAN
but as there is little beauty in this fort, a few plants
for variety will be as many as moft perfons will choofe
to keep. There is a variety of this with variegated
leaves, which is prefer ved in fome gardens, and is
propagated by parting the roots ; but this hath little
beauty, fo is fcarce worth cultivating.
GAN EL LA. See Winterana.
GAN NAB IN A. See Datisca.
CANNABIS GT] Lin. Gen. Plant. 988.
rlemp.
The Characters are.
It is male and female in different plants. I he male
fcivers have a five-leaved ernpalement which is concave ,
hut have no petals •, they have five fijort hairy ftamina ,
terminated hy oblong fquare fummits. ’The female flowers
have permanent ernpalement s of one leaf which are oblong
and pointed. They have no petals , hut a fmall germen ,
fupporting two long ftyles , crowned by acute ftigma
the fmall germen afterward becomes a globular depreffed
feed , inclofed in the ernpalement.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fifth feftion of
Linnaeus’s twenty-fecond clafs, intitled Dicecia Pen-
tandria, the male and female flowers being in feparate
plants, and the male having five ftamina.
We have but one Species of this plant, which is,
Cannaeis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 1027. Hemp. Cannabis
fativa. C. B. P. 320. Manured Hemp. Moft of the
old v/riters have applied the latter title to the female
Hemp, and the male they have titled Cannabis erra-
tica, or Wild Hemp •, but as both arife from the fame
feeds, fo they fhould not be made different plants.
This plant is propagated in the rich fenny parts of
Lincolnfhire, in great quantities, for its bark, which
is ufeful for cordage, cloth, &c. and the feeds afford
an oil, which is ufed in medicine.
Hemp is always fown on a deep, moift, rich foil, fuch
as is found in Holland, in Lincolnihire, and the fens
in the ifle of Ely ; where it is cultivated to great ad-
vantage, as it might in many other parts of England,
■where there is the like foil •, but it will not thrive on
day, or ftiff cold land : it is efteemed very good to
deftroy weeds, which is no other way effedted, but
by robbing them of their nourifhment ; for it will
greatly impoverifli the land, fo that this crop muft
not be repeated on the fame ground.
The land on which Hemp is defigned to be fown,
fhould be well ploughed, and made very fine by har-
rowing ; about the middle of April is a good feafon for
fowing the feed : three bufhels is the ufual allowance
for an acre, but two is fully fufficient. In the choice
of the feed, the heavieft and brighteft coloured fhould
be preferred ; and particular care fhould be had to the
kernel of the feed, fo that fome of them fhould be
cracked to fee if they have the germ or future plant
perfect ; for in fome places the male plants are drawn
out too foon from the female, i. e. before they have
impregnated the female plants with the farina : in
which cffe, though the feeds produced by thefe fe-
male plants, may feem fair to the eye, yet they will
not grow, as is well known by the inhabitants of
Bickar, Swinefhead, and Dunmngton, three parifhes
in the fens of Lincolnfhire, where Hemp is cultivated
in great abundance, who have dearly bought their
experience.
When the plants are come up, they fhould be hoed
out in the fame manner as is pradtifed for Turneps,
leaving the plants a foot or fixteen inches apart ; ob-
ferve alfo to cut down all the weeds, which, if well
performed, and in dry weather, will deftroy them.
This crop will require a fecond hoeing about a month
or fix weeks after the firft, in order to deftroy the
weeds. If this be well performed, it will require no
farther care ; for the Hemp will foon after cover the
ground, and prevent the growth of weeds.
The firft feafon for pulling the Hemp, is ufually about
the middle of Auguft, when they begin to pull what
they call the Finable Hemp, which is the male plants ;
but it would be much the better method to defer this
a fortnight or three weeks longer, until thefe male
plants have fully fhed their duft, without which, the
feeds will prove abortive, produce nothing i if fown
the next year, nor will thole concerned in the oil-
mills give any thing for them, there being only empty
hufks, without any kernels to produce the oil. Thefe
male plants begin to decay foon after they have fined
their farina.
The fecond pulling is a little after Michaelmas, when
the feeds are ripe : this is ufually called Karle Hemp,
it is the female plants which were left at the time
when the male were pulled. This Karle Hemp is
bound in bundles of a yard compafs, according to
ftatute meafure, which are laid in the fun for a few
days to dry ; and then it is flacked up, or houfed to
keep it dry, till the feed can be threfhed out. An
acre of Hemp on a rich foil, will produce near three
quarters of feed, which, together with the unwrought
Hemp, is worth from fix to eight pounds.
Of late years the inhabitants of the Britifh colonies
in North America, have cultivated this ufeful plant,
and a bounty was granted by parliament for the Hemp,
which was imported from thence ; but whether the
inhabitants of thofe colonies grew tired of cultivating
it, or the bounty was not regularly paid, I cannot
fay ; but whatever has been the caufe, the quantity
imported has by no means anfwered the expectation
of the public, which is greatly to be lamented 5 he-
caufe, as this commodity is fo effential to the marine,
which fhould be the principal objedt of this king-
dom, the being furnifhed with it from our own
plantations, will not only fave the ready money paid
for it, but fecure to the country an ample fupply at
all times, without being obliged to our neighbours
for it.
CANNACORUS. See Canna.
CAPERS. See Capparis.
CAPEL LAMENTS [ Capillamenta , Lat.} the
firings or threads about the roots of plants.
CAPILLARY plants, [of Capillar is, Lat. of, or
like hair,] are fuch plants as have no main ftem, but
the leaves arife from the root upon pedicles, and pro-
duce their feeds on the back of their leaves, as the
Fern, Maiden Hair, &c.
CAPITULUM; i. e. a little head ; the head or
top of any flowering plant.
CAPNOIDES. 1 Q „
CAPNORCHIS.f ee Pumaria.
CAPPARIS. Lin. Gen. Plant. 567. The Caper
Bufh.
The Characters are,
The ernpalement is compofed of three oval concave leaves ;
the flower hath four large roundijh petals , which are
indented at the top , and fpread open it hath a great
number of fender ftamina , which are as long as the petals ,
terminated by fingle fummits. In the midft of thefe arife
a fingle fiyle longer than the ftamina , with an oval ger-
men. , crowned by a fhort ohtufe ftigma. The germen af-
terward becomes a flefhy turbinated cap file , with one cell ,
filled with kidney -fh aped feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fed ion of
Linnaeus’s thirteenth clafs, intitled Polyandria Mono-
gynia, the flower having many ftamina and but one
ftyle.
The Species are,
1. Capparis ( Spinofa ) pedunculis folitariis unifloris, fti-
pulis fpinofis foliis annuis, capfulis ovalibus. Lin.
Sp. 720. Caper with one flower on each foot-ftalk, prickly
ftipula , annual leaves , and oval fruit. Capparis fpi-
nofa, frudlu minore, folio rotundo. C. B. P. 480.
2. Capparis ( Baducca ) pedunculis fubfolitariis, foliis
perfiftentibus ovato-oblongis nudis determinate con-
fertis. Lin. Sp. 720. Caper with fingle foot-folks , ob-
long . , oval , naked leaves in clnflers , which are always
green. Capparis arborefeens Indica Baducca didla.
Raii Hift. 1630. Indian Tree Caper, called Baducca.
3. Capparis [Arborefeens) foliis lanceolato-ovatis peren-
nantibus caule arborefeenti. Caper with oval fpear-
ftoaped leaves which continue through the year , and a tree-
like folk.
4. Capparis ( Cynophallophora ) pedunculis multifloris
terminalibus angulatis, foliis perfiftantibus ovalibus
obtufis.
V
obtufis. Lin. Sp. 721. Caper 'With angular branches
terminated by foot-ftalks, having many flowers , and ever-
green, obtufle , oval leaves. Capparis arborefcens Lauri
foliis fru'dtu longiffimo. Plum. Cat. 7. '■Tree Caper with
Bay leaves , and the longefl fruit.
g. Capparis ( Racemofts ) foliis ovatis oppofitis peren-
nantibus floribus racemofis. Caper with oval leaves
placed oppofite , which continue through the year , and
flowers growing in bunches.
£>. Capparis ( Siliquofa ) pedunculis unifloris compreffis,
foliis perfiftentibus lanceolato-oblongis acuminatis
fubtus pundlatis. Lin. Sp. 721. Caper with comprejfed
foot-jlalks having one flower , and oblong , fpear-Jhaped ,
evergreen leaves , with punctures on their under fide. Brey-
nia arborefcens, foliis ovatis utrinque acuminatis,
filiqua torofa longiffima. Brown. Hift. Jam. 247.
7. Capparis ( Fruticofa ) foliis lanceolatis acutis confertis
perennantibus, caule fruticofo. Caper with pointed
fpear-Jhaped leaves growing in clufiers , which continue
through the year , and a Jhrubby ftalk.
8. Capparis ( Confertis ) foliis lanceolatis alternis petiolis
longiffimis floribus confertis. Caper with fpear-Jhaped
leaves placed alternate on very long foot-jlalks , and flow-
ers growing in clufiers. Capparis alia arborefcens Lauri
foliis frudtu obiongo ovato. Plum. Cat. 7.
9. Capparis ( Breynia ) pedunculis racemofis, foliis per-
fiftentibus oblongis, pedunculis calycibulque tomen-
tofis, floribus o&andns. Jacq. Amer. tab. 103. Caper
with branching foot-jlalks , oblong evergreen leaves , flow-
ers with eight fiamina , whofe foot-jlalks and cups are
woolly.
10. Capparis ( Trifloris ) foliis lanceolatis nervofis pe-
rennantibus pedunculis trifloris. Caper with nervous
fpear-Jhaped leaves which continue through the year, and
three flowers upon each foot-ftalk.
The firft is the common Caper, whofe full grown
flower-bud is pickled, and brought to England an-
nually from Italy, and the Mediterranean. This is
a low fhrub, which generally grows out of the joints
of old walls, the fiffures of rocks, and amongft rub-
rbifh, in moft of the warm parts of Europe : the ftalks
are ligneous, and covered with a white bark, which
fends out many lateral (lender branches; under each
of thele are placed two fliort crooked fpines, between
•which and the branches come out the foot-ftalk of
the leaves, which are fingle, fliort, and fuftain a
round, fmooth, entire leaf ; at the intermediate joints
•between the branches, come out the flowers upon
long foot-ftalks ; before thefe expand, the bud, with
the empalement, is gathered for pickling ; but thole
which are left expand in form of a fingle Rofe, having
five large, white, roundifh, concave petals ; in the
middle is placed a great number of long ftamina,
furrounding a ftyle, which rifes above them, and is
crowned with an oval germen, which afterward be-
comes a capfule, filled with kidney-fhaped feeds.
This fort is cultivated upon old walls about Toulon,
and in feveral parts of Italy. Mr. Ray obferved it
growing naturally on the walls and ruins at Rome,
Sienna, and Florence.
The fecond fort hath a tree-like ftem dividing into
branches, which are fmooth, having no fpines on
them •, the leaves are oblong, oval, and fmooth, which
continue through the year. From the wings of the
leaves come out the foot-ftalks of the flowers, which
are produced fingly ; thefe flowers are like thofe of
the former, but are much larger, as are alfo the
buds*
The plants of the firft fort are with difficulty pre-
ferved in England, for they delight to grow in cre-
vices or rocks, and the joints of old walls or ruins,
and always thrive beft in an horizontal pofition j fo
that when they are planted either in pots, or the full
ground, they rarely thrive, though they may be kept
alive for fome years. They are propagated by feeds
in the warm parts of Europe, but it is very difficult
to get them to grow in England. I have feveral
times flowed thefe feeds without fuccefs, as have many
other perfons * I never had railed any of the plants from
feeds,' excepting in the years 1738 and 1765, when I
C A P
had three plants come up in an old wall, which being
young and tender, were deftroyed in the year 1 740^
but in the year 1765, raifed a good number of plants
from feeds, which were fown the year before. There
is an old plant growing out of a wall in the gardens
at Cambden-Houfe, near Kenfington, which has re-
filled the cold for many years, and annually produces
many flowers, but the young fhoots of it are fre-
quently killed to the flump every winter.
The roots of this plant are annually brought from
Italy, by the perfons who import Orange-trees, fome
of which have been planted in walls, where they have
lived a few years, but have not continued long.
The third fort I received from Carthagena in New
Spain, near which place it grows naturally. This
rifes with a woody ftem to the height of twelve or
fourteen feet, fending out many lateral branches,
covered with a ruftet bark, garniffied with oblong
oval leaves. Handing upon long foot-ftalks ; the
flowers are produced from the fide of the branches,
fingle, Handing upon long foot-ftalks, which are like
thofe of the laft fort.
The fourth fort was fent me from Carthagena by the
late Mr. Robert Millar, furgeon. This grows with,
a ftrong upright trunk near twenty feet high, fend-
ing out many lateral branches, garniffied with a very
white bark, and clofely garnilhed with large, oblong,
ftiff leaves, of a thicker confiftence than thofe of the
common Laurel, of a fplendid green, having feveral
tranfverle nerves from the midrib to the border,
which are prominent on their under fide ; the flowers
come out from the fide of the branches, which are
large, and the fummits of the ftamina are purple.
The fifth fort was fent me from the fame country.
This rifes with a trunk about twenty feet high, fend-
ing out many long flender branches, which are co-
vered with a brown bark, and garniffied with leaves
like thofe of the Bay-tree, but longer, and deeply
ribbed on their under fide, Handing upon pretty long
foot-ftalks oppolite. The flowers are produced upon
long branching foot-ftalks, which terminate the
branches, each fuftaining two or three flowers, which
are large, white, and are fucceeded by pods two or
three inches long, the thicknefs of a man’s little
finger, which are filled with large kidney-fhaped
feeds : thefe pods have a thick fleffiy cover.
The fixth fort was fent me from Tolu in America^
This riles with a lhrubby ftalk to the height of eight
or ten feet, fending out many ligneous branches,
covered with a reddiffi brown bark, garniffied with
oblong, fpear-ffiaped, ftiff leaves, having punflures
on their under fide ; from the wings of the leaves arife
the foot-ftalks of the flowers, which are long, {lender,
and comprelfled, each of which fuftains a fmall white
flower, which is fucceeded by an oval pod, containing
many fmall kidney-fhaped feeds.
The feventh fort rifes with a lhrubby ftem to the
height of twelve or fourteen feet, fending out many
ftrong lateral branches, covered with a dark brown
bark, garnilhed with fpear-fhaped pointed leaves,
placed alternately, having very ffiort foot-ftalks ; the
leaves are of a thicker confiftence than thofe of the
Bay-tree ; at the foot-ftalk of each leaf comes out a
Angle flower, almoft the whole length of the branches,
which are fmall, and Hand upon Ihort foot-ftalks ;
the fummits of thefe flowers are of a purpliffi colour,
but the ftamina are white. This fort was fent me
from Tolu.
The eighth fort rifes with a lhrubby ftalk to the
height of ten or twelve feet, fending out flender ho-
rizontal branches, which are covered with a reddiffi
bark ; the joints of thefe branches are far diftant
at each of thefe come out feveral leaves in clufiers,
without order, Handing upon pretty long foot-ftalks;
they are fix inches long, and three broad in the
middle, and as thick as thofe of the Laurel, of a
ffiining green, fmooth on their upper fide, but have
many tranfverle ribs on their under fide, which are
prominent. I received this fort from Tolu, with the
former.
The
CAP
The ninth fort grows naturally in moft of the iflattds
in the Weft Indies ; it hath a ftrong Voody ftem,
twenty-five or thirty feet high, dividing into many
branches, covered with an Afh-coloured bark, and
garniftied with oblong oval leaves, downy on their
under fide, but fmooth on their upper, placed with-
out order-, the flowers are produced in loofe panicles
at the extremity of the branches thefe confift of four
pretty large -concave petals, of a purple colour, in-
cluding eight long purple ftamina, with 'a very long
ftyle crowned by an obtufe ftigma ; the germen af-
terward turns to an oblong fleftiy pod, containing four
or five feeds.
The tenth fort hath flender fhrubby ftalks, which
rife leven or eight feet high,. fending out many lig-
neous branches, garniftied with very long, nervous,
lpear-fhaped leaves. The flowers come out at the
end of the branches, three Handing upon each foot-
ftalk thefe are lmall, white, and are fucceeded by
oval fruit.
Thefe laft nine forts are natives of warm countries,
fo will not live through the winter in England, with-
out the affiftance of a'ftove. They are propagated by
feeds, which muft be procured from the countries
where they grow naturally, for they do not produce
any in England ; thefe muft be fown in fmall pots,
filled with light fandy earth, and plunged into a hot-
bed of tanners bark which Ihould be now and then
refreflied with water, but by no means fliould have
it given in too great plenty : thefe feeds frequently
remain in the ground a year before they vegetate,
therefore the pots in which they are fown ihould be
protected in winter and the fpring following muft
be plunged into a frefii hot-bed of tanners bark,
which will bring up the plants if the feeds were good ;
when the plants appear they muft have but little wet,
and a good fhare of air in warm weather ; but when
they are large enough to remove, they muft be each
tranfplanted into a feparate fmall pot, filled with the
fame earth, and then plunged into the hot-bed again,
obferving to fhade them until they have taken frefh
root after which they ihould have frefh air admitted
to them every day, in proportion to the warmth of
the feafon. In the autumn they muft be removed into
the ftove, and plunged into the bark-bed, where
they ihould conftantly remain, and will require the
fame treatment as other tender exotic plants from the
fame countries -, with this difference only, that they
require but little water, efpecially during the winter,
for the roots of thefe plants are very fubjed to rot
with wet.
If the feeds are brought over in their capfules, they
will keep much better than without them ; but thefe
fliould be fecured from infeds, by wrapping them in
Tobacco leaves which are well dried ; without this
precaution, the feeds will . be deftroyed before they
arrive.
CAPER [BEAN.] See Zygophyllum.
CAPRARIA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 686. Sweet Weed.
The Characters are,
It hath a permanent empalement of one leaf cut into five
cblong narrow fegmenis , which are erebl and fiand a funder-,
the flower is bell-fapeo. I, of one leaf, divided at the iop
into five equal parts , the two upper ftanding erect it
hath four ftamina, which are infer ted in the bafe of the
petal, and but little more than half fo long , two of the
under being ftoorter than the other, and terminated by
heart-jhaped fummits -, it hath a conical germen fupport-
ing a fender Jlyle, longer than the ftamina, crowned by a
bivalve heart-jhaped ftigma. The germen afterward be-
comes an oblong conical capfule, comprefi’ed at the point,
having two cells , divided by a partition filled with roundifio
feeds.
This <?enus of plants is ranged in the fecond fedion
of Linnaeus’s fourteenth clafs, intitled Didynamia
Angiofpermia, the flower having two long and two
fhort ftamina, and the feeds being included in a cap-
fule.
We have but ohe Species of this genus, viz.
Capraria ( Biflora ) foliis alternis floribus geminis. Jacq.
i ,
tab. 15. Capraria with alternate leaves, and foot ft a!h
with two flowers. Capraria Curaflavica. Par. Bat. 1 10.
This plant grows naturally in the warm parts of
America, where it is often a troublefome weed in the
plantations ; it rifes with an angular green ftalk about
a foot and a half high, fending out branches at every
joint, v/hich fome times come out by pairs oppofite,
but generally there are three at a joint ftanding round
the ftalk ; the leaves are alfo placed round the
brandies by threes thefe Hand upon ihort foot-ftalks,
are oval, hairy, and a little indented on their edges.
The flowers are produced at the wings of the leaves,
coming out on each lide the ftalk, each root-italic
fuftaining two flowers ; they are white, and fucceeded
by conical capfules comprefled at the top, opening
in two parts, and filled with lmall feeds.
This plant is prelerved in botanic gardens for the fake
of variety ; but as it hath no great beauty, fo is
feldom admitted into other gardens.
It is propagated by feeds, which muft be fown upon
a hot-bed in the fpring of the year, and the plants
muft be brought forward by planting them upon a
fecond hot-bed ; and about the middle or latter end
of June they may be tranfplanted either into pots of
rich earth, or a warm border, and may then be ex-
poled to the open air, where they will perfed their
feeds in autumn.
C APREOLATE plants [of capreolus, Lat. the
tendril of a Vine,] fuch plants as twift and climb upon
others, by means of tendrils.
CAPRIFOLIUM. See Periclymenum.
C A P S I C U M. Lin. Gen. Plant. 225. [takes its name
of capfa, Lat. a cheft ; becaufe the feeds of this plant
are included, as it were, in a little cheft or elfe of
xIttIco, to bite, becaufe it is a burning pungent plant.]
Guinea Pepper; in French, Poivre d’Inde ou de
Guinee.
The Characters are,
Lhe flower hath a permanent empalement of one leaf, di-
vided into five parts , which are eredt. ft hath but one
petal, which is wheel-ftoaped, having a very fhort tube,
fipread open above , and divided into jive parts it hath
five fmall ftamina, terminated by oblong fummits, which
are connected. It hath an oval germen, fupporting a /lender
ftyle, longer than the ftamina, and crowned by cm obtufe
ftigma. The germen afterward becomes a ftoft fndfi or
capfule, of an indeterminate figure , having two or more
cells , divided by intermediate partitions , to which adhere
many comprejfied kidney-Jhaped feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fedion of
Linnaeus’s fifth clafs, intitled Pentandria Monogynia,
the flower having five ftamina and but one ftyle.
The Species are,
1. Capsicum {Annuum) caule herbaceo, frudu oblongo
propendente. Capficum with an herbaceous ftalk, and an
oblong fruit hanging downward. Capficum fiiiquis Ion-
gis propendentibus. Tourn. Infix 152.
2. Capsicum ( Cor diforme ) caule herbaceo, frudu cor-
diformi. Capficum with an herbaceous ftalk, and an heart -
ftoaped fruit. This is the Capficum filiq.ua propen-
dente oblonga & cordiformi. Tourn. Inft. 152.
3. Capsicum ( Tetragonum ) caule herbaceo, frudu max-
imo angulofo obtufo. Capficum with an herbaceous ftalk ,
and a large angular obtufe fruit. Capficum frudu
longo, ventre tumido, per fummum tetragon©. Tourn.
Inft. 153. Bell Pepper.
4. Capsicum ( Angulofum ) caule herbaceo, frudu cor-
diformi angulofo. Capficum with an herbaceous ftalk ,
and an angular heart-jhaped fruit. Capficum fiiiquis
furredis cordiformibus angulatis. Tourn. Inft. R. H.
153 -
5 Capsicum ( Cerafiforme ) caule herbaceo, frudu ro-
tundo glabro. Capficum with an herbaceous ftalk,, and a
round fmooth frui$. Capficum fiiiquis furredis Cerafi
forma. Tourn. Inft. 153.
6. Capsicum ( Olivaforme ) caule herbaceo, frudu ovato.
Capficum with an herbaceous ftalk, and an oval-jhaped
fruit. Capficum filiqua olivae forma. Tourn. Inft.
1 53 -
A a a 7. Capsicum
i©&
I
I
C A P
Capsicum (. Pymmidale ) caule fruticofo foliil^ineari-
■ lanceolatis, fru&u pyramidali credo luteo. Capficum
with a Jhrubby fialk , narrow fipear-fioaped leaves , and
yellow pyramidal fruit growing upright.
8. Capsicum ( Conoids ) caule fruticofo frudu conico
credo rubro. Gapficum with a Jhrubby fialk , and a co-
nical red fruit growing eredi , commonly called Hen
Pepper .
9. Capsicum {Frute fens') caule fruticofo, frudu parvo
pyramidali eredo. Gapficum with a Jhrubby fialk ,
a fmall pyramidal fruit growing eredi. Capficum mi-
nus frudu parvo pyramidali eredo. Sloan. Hift. Jam.
vol. i. p. 240. Commonly called Barberry Pepper.
10. Capsicum (. Minimum ) caule fruticofo, frudu parvo
ovato eredo. Gapficum with a Jhrubby fialk , and a fmall
oval fruit growing eredi , commonly called Bird Pepper .
The firft: is the common long podded Capficum,
which is frequently cultivated in the gardens •, of this
there is one with re'd, and another with yellow fruit,
which only differ in the colour of their fruit, which
difference is permanent ; for I have cultivated both
forts many years, and never have found them change
from one to the other-, but both will vary in the
ihape of their fruit and their manner of growing, fo
that the following varieties I have raifed from the
fame feeds, viz.
1. Capsicum frudu furredo oblongo. Tourn. Capjicum
with oblong fruit growing eredi.
2. Capsicum frudu bifido. Tourn. Capficum with a di-
vided fruit.
3. Capsicum filiquis furredis & oblongis brevibus.
Tourn. Capficum with oblong and fie or t pods growing
eredi.
4. Capsicum frudu tereti fpithameo. Tourn. Capjicum
with a taper fruit a fpan long.
Of thefe different forms I have had both the red. and
yellow, but neither of them have changed their co-
lours, though they have frequently varied in their
fhape.
The fecond fort with heart-fliaped fruit, is un-
doubtedly a different fpecies from the firft, and never
alters toward it, though there are feveral varieties
of this, which arife from the fame feeds ; of this there
are red and yellow fruit, which do not alter in colour,
though they produce the following varieties.
1. Capsicum 1 filiqua propendente rotunda & cordifor-
mi. Tourn. Capjicum with round, heart-Jhaped , hanging
pods.
2. Capsicum filiqua latiore & rotundiore. Tourn. Cap-
ficum with a larger and rounder pod.
3. Capsicum rotundo maximo. Tourn. Capjicum with
the largefi round fruit.
4. Capsicum filiquis furredis cordiformibus. Tourn.
Capficum with upright heart-Jhaped pods.
5. Capsicum filiquis furredis rotundis. Tourn. Capficum
with round upright pods.
The third fort I have cultivated many years, and
have not found it alter, nor have I feen any other but
the red fruit of this. It is the only fort which is
proper for pickling, the fkin of the fruit being fiefhy
and tender, whereas thofe of the other forts are thin
and tough. The pods of this fort are from one inch
find a half, to two inches long, are very large, fuel-
ing, and wrinkled ; flatted at the top, where they
are angular, and fometimes {land ered, at others
grow downward. When the fruit of this are defigned
for pickling, they fliould be gathered before they ar-
rive to their full ffze, while their rind is tender ; then
they muff: be flit down on one fide to get out the
feeds, after which, they fliould be {baked two or
three days in fait and water when they are taken out
of this and drained, boiling vinegar muff be poured
on them, in a fufficient quantity to cover them, and
clofely {topped down tor two months then they
fliould be boiled in the vinegar to make them green
but they want no addition of any fort of fpice, and
are the wholefomeft and beft pickle in the world.
The fourth fort is alfo a difdnct fpecies from all the
other : this hath broad wrinkled leaves ; the fruit is
alfo furrowed and wrinkled, generally growing up-
6
CAP
right, and of a beautiful fcarlet colour : fame of the
fruit will have their tops comprefied like a bonnet,
from whence it had the name ; others upon the fame
plants will be beil-lhaped, but they never alter to any
of the other forts. This is much tenderer than either
of the former, fo will not ripen its fruit in the open
air in England ; but if the plants are kept under
glaffes, without any artificial heat, they will thrive
better, and produce more fruit, than in hot-beds or
ftoves.
The fifth fort was fent me from the Spanifh Weft-
Indies : this doth not grow fo' tall as the other forts,
but fpreads near the ground. The leaves come out
in clufters, which are of a finning green, and Hand
on long foot-ftalks. The fruit is round, fmooth, of
a beautiful red, and the fize of a common Cherry.
I have cultivated this feveral years, r and have not
found it change.
The fixth fort I received from Barbadoes : this is
like the common in its ftalk and leaves, but the
fruit is oval, and about the fize of a French Olive. I
have cultivated this many years, and find it conftantly
the fame.
Thefe fix forts are annual with us, whatever they
may be in their native countries, for their (talks de-
cay Toon after the fruit is ripe. They are propagated
by feeds, which muft be fown upon a hot-bed in the
fpring • and when the plants have fix leaves, they
lhould be tranfplanted on another hot-bed, at four
or five inches diftance, {hading them in the day time
from the fun, until they have taken root, after which,
they muft have a large {hare of air admitted to them
in warm weather, to prevent their drawing up weak.-
Toward the end of May, the plants muft be hard-
ened by degrees to bear the open air ; and in June
they fliould be carefully taken up, preferving as much
earth about their roots as poflible, and planted into
borders of rich earth, obierving to. water them Well,
-as alfo to (hade them until they have taken root after
which time, they will require no other management,
but to- keep them- clean from weeds, and in very dry
feafons to refrefn them three or four times a w T eek
with water. They will flower the end of June and in
July, and their fruit will ripen in autumn. Thefe
directions are for the culture of the. common forts of
Capficum, which are generally planted by way of
ornament. But the plants of the third fort, which
are propagated for pickling, lhould be planted in a
rich lpot of ground, in a warm fituation, about a
foot and a half afunder, and {haded till they have
taken root, and afterward duly watered in dry
weather which will greatly promote their growth,
and caufe them to be more fruitful, as alfo enlarge
the fize of the fruit. By this management, there may
be at lead two crops of fruit for pickling obtained
the fame year, provided the feafon proves not too
cold but there lhould be one plant, whole pods are
large and forward, chofen for to five feeds fo the
firft fruits on this fliould be buffered to remain, that
they may have time to perfect their feeds before the
froft comes in autumn, for the early froft generally
deftroys thefe plants. When' the fruit is fully ripe,
it fliould be cut off, and hung up in a dry room till
the fpring, when the feeds are wanted.
The fourth, fifth, and fixth forts being tender, the
plants lhould be put into pots, and placed in an old
hot-bed under a deep frame, where they may have
room to grow or if they are planted in the full
ground, the plants lhould be each covered with a
bell-glafs to fereen them from cold. Thefe glaffes
may be fet off every day in warm weather, and placed
over them in the evening again and at fuch times
1 as the weather is not favourable, the glaffes fliould
be raifed on the contrary fide to the wind, to admit
the frefli air. With this care, the fruit of thffe forts
will ripen in England, which without it, rarely come
to maturity, but in very warm feafons.
The beauty of thefe plants is in their ripe fruit, which
being; of different forms and colours, intermixed with
O -
the green leaves, and white flowers at the fame ripe,
do
CAP
do make a pretty appearance in the latter part of
fum'fner; when they are properly difpofed in the
borders of the flower-garden ; or if they are planted
in pots, for the decoration of courts, &c. being in-
termixed with other annual plants, which are in
beauty at the fame feafon, they v/ill make an agree-
able variety ; efpecially, if as many of the different
lhaped fruits, of both the red and yellow colours as
can be procured, are propagated.
The four laft forts have perennial fhrubby ffalks,
which rife four or five feet high •, thefe are not fo
hardy as the other, therefore when the plants have
been brought forward in the hot-bed, as was di-
rected for the common forts, they fliould be each
planted in a pot filled with rich earth, and plunged
into a very moderate hot-bed, under a deep frame,
where they may have room to advance •, and in warm
weather, they fliould have a large fhare of air ad-
mitted to them, but mult be covered with glalfes
every night, or in cold weather, and frequently
watered. With this management, they will produce
plenty of fruit in autumn, which ripen in winter ;
but they muft be removed into the ftove, on the firft
approach of froft, and placed where they may have
a temperate warmth, in which they v/ill thrive better
than in a greater heat •, and the fruit will continue in
beauty moft part of winter, making a pretty appear-
ance in the ffove during that feafon.
The feeds of the feventh fort I received from Egypt :
the leaves of this are much narrower than thole of
any other fort I have yet feen ; the pods always grow
ered, and are produced in great plenty, fo that the
plants make a good appearance for three months in
the winter, and they may be preferved two or three
years but as the young plants are the moft fruitful,
fo few perfons preferve the old longer, than till they
have perfected their fruit, when they begin to lole
their beauty. I have cultivated this fort feveral years,
and have never found it vary, fo conclude it is a
diftinCt fpecies.
Tfle eighth fort I received from Antigua, by the title
of Hen Pepper. This rifes v/ith a fhrubby ftalk
three or four feet high, fending out many branches
toward the top : the fruit is about half an inch long,
lhaped in form of an obtufe cone, and of a bright
red, growing ereCt. This ripens its fruit in winter,
when it makes a pretty appearance.
The ninth fort grows about the fame height as the
eighth, but differs from it in the fhape and frze of
the fruit : thofe of this fort being about the bignefs
of a Barberry, and nearly of the fame fhape. This
I have long cultivated, and have not obferved it to
alter.
The tenth fort is commonly known by the title of
Bird Pepper in America. This rifes with a Ihrubby
ftalk four or five feet high : the leaves are broad, and
rounder at the ends than thofe of the other forts; and
of a lucid green : the fruit grows at the divifions of
the branches, Handing ereCt : thefe are fmall, oval,
and of a bright red-, they are much more lharp and
biting than thofe of the other forts. From the fruit
of this fort is made the Cayan butter, or what the
inhabitants of America call Pepper-pots, which they
efteem as the beft of all the fpices. The following
is a receipt for making a Pepper-pot : take of the
ripe pods of this fort of Capficum, and dry them
well in the fun, then put them into an earthen or
ftone pot, mixing flour between every ftrata of pods,
and put them into an oven after the baking of bread,
that they may be thoroughly dried after which,
they muft be well cleanfed from the flour, and if any
of the ftalks remain to the pods, they fliould be taken
off, and the pods beaten, or ground to fine powder
to every ounce of this, add a pound of Wheat flour,
and as much leaven as is fufficient for the quantity
intended ; after this has been properly mixed and
wrought, it fhould be made into fmall cakes, and
baked in the fame manner as common cakes of the
fame fize then cut them into fmall parts, and bake
them again, that they may be as, dry and hard as
CAR
i
bifcuit, which, beaten into fine powder and fifted#
may be kept for ufe. This may be tiled as the com-
mon Pepper, to feafon meat or broth, or for any of
the purpofes that the ordinary Pepper is ufed : it
gives a better relifh to meat or fauce, and is found
of excellent ufe to break and difcufs the wind, both
in the ftomach and the guts •, therefore is very proper (
fauce for fuch meats as are flatulent and windy, or
that breed much moifture or crudity. A fcruple of
this powder put into chicken or veal broth, is greatly
commended for comforting cold ftomachs;, or dif-
pelling of phlegm or vifcous humours, and helping
digeftion.
Moft of the forts of Capficum are natives of both the
Indies but they have been brought to Europe from
America, where they abound in all the Caribbee
Hands, and are by the inhabitants greatly ufed in all
their fauces ; but efpecially by the negroes, who are
great devourers of them from whence it had the
appellation of Negro Pepper, and probably the title
of Guinea Pepper may have been applied to it for
the fame reafon. In Spain and Portugal thefe fruit
are much cultivated, where they are ufed for the fame
purpofes as in America ; but in England, they are
chiefly cultivated for ornament, being rarely ufed for
fauce, or in medicine ; though it is much ufed in
both, in feveral other countries.
If the ripe pods of Capficum are thrown into the fire,
they will raife ftrong and noifome vapours, which
occafion vehement fneezing and coughing, and often
vomiting, in thofe who are near the place, or in the
room where they are burnt. Some perfons have
mixed the powder of the pods with fnuff, to give to
others for diverfion; but where it is in quantity, there
may be danger in ufing it, for it will occafion filch
violent fits of fneezing, as to break the blood-veffels
of the head, as I have obferved in fome to whom it
has been given.
CAPSUL ATE pods [of capfula, Let. a cheft] are
little, fhort, dry feed-veffels of plants.
CAPSUL A TED plants, are fuch as produce their
feeds in fhort dry pods or hulks.
CARAC ALLA. See Phaseolus.
C A R A G A N A. See Orobus.
CARDAMINDUM. See T rop/eolum.
CARDAMINE. Lin. Gen. Plant. 727. [takes its
name of Cardamum, which is called Nafturtium ;
hence it is a fmall fpecies of Nafturtium,] in Engiifti,
Ladies Smock.
The Characters are,
1 The empalement is compofed of four oval oblong leaves.
'The flower hath four oblong petals, placed inform of a
crofls , which at their bafle are ere ft , but flpread open
above , and are much larger than the empalement ; it hath
fix fiamina , four of which are the length of the empale-
ment \ the other two , which are oppofite , are much longer :
thefe are terminated by oblong , heart f japed, erebi fum-
mits. It hath a fender cylindrical germen, as long as the
ftamina , having no ftyle , but is crowned by an obtufe
ftigma. The germen afterward turns to a long, compref-
fed, cylindrical pod, with tzvo cells, opening in two valves
which twifl fpirally , and cafl out the feeds when ripe, by
their elafiicity.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fedcion
of Linnaeus’s fifteenth clafs, intitled Tetradynamia
SHiquofa ; the flowers of this clafs have fix ftamina,
four of which are fnort, and two are longer, Handing
oppofite, and the feeds are included in long pods.
The Species are,
1. Cardamine (Pratenfs) fob is pifinatis, folio! is radi-
cal! bus fubrotundis, caulinis lanceolatis. Lin. Sp.
Plant. 656. Ladies Smock with winged leaves, whefe
lobes at bottom are roundifh , but thefe on the ftalks are
fpear-fh'aped. Cardamine pratenfis magno Acre pur-
purafeente. Tourn. Inft. 224.
2. Cardamine ( Parvifiora ) foliis pinnatis, foliolis inci-
fis, fioribus exiguis, caule eredto ramofo. Ladies
Smock with winged leaves , cut lobes, very fmall flowers,
and an upright branching ftalk. Cardamina annua ex-
iguo flore. Tourn. Inft. R. H, 224.
3. Cardamine
'■ 1 ,
/
CAR
f Card amine ( Hirfuto ) follis pinnatis, froribus tetfan-
ehs. Hart. Cliff. 336. Ladies Smock, or impatient Grefs
with winged leaves , and flowers with four ft amina. Car-
damine quarta. Dalechamp. Ludg.
4. Cardamine ( Imp aliens ) foliis pinnatis incifis ftipula-
tis, floribus apetalis. Lin. Sp. 914. Impatient Grefs
with winged leaves , cut fit pula , and fugacious flowers.
. Cardamine pratenfis parvo flore. Tourn. Inft. 224.
5. Cardamine (Graca) foliis pinnatis foliolis palmatis
tequalibus petiolatis. Prod. Ley. 345. Impatient Crefs
with winged leaves , whofe lobes are handed , equal , and
have floot-j. 'talks. Cardamine Sicula, foliis Fumarias.
Tourn. Inft. 225. Sicilian impatient Crefs with Fumitory
. leaves.
6. Cardamine {Amara) foliis pinnatis, foliolis fubrotun-
dis angulofis. Hall. Elelv. 558. Impatient Crefs with
winged leaves , whofe lobes are roundifh and angular.
Nafturtium aquaticurn majus & amarum. C. B. P.
1 04.
7. Cardamine (Trifolia) foliis ternatis obtufis, caule
fubnudo. Lin. Sp. Plant. 654. Three-leaved impatient
Crefs with a naked flalk. Nafturtium Alpinum trifo-
lium. C. B. P. 104.
8. Cardamine ( Belli difolia ) foliis fimplicibus ovatis in-
tegerrimis petiolis longis, Flor. .Lap. 206. Impatient
Crefs with Jingle , oval , entire , leaves , having long foot-
flalks. Nafturtium Alpinum Beliidis folio minus.
C. B. P. 105. S 'mailer Alpine Crefs with a Dai fey leaf.
9. Cardamire (fpetreeaf foliis fimplicibus oblongis den-
tatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 654. Impatient Crefs with Jingle ,
oblong , indented leaves. Nafturtium petrteum. Pluk.
Aim. 261. Rock Crefs.
10. Cardamine ( Chelidonia ) foliis pinnatis foliolis qui-
nis incifis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 655. Impatient Crefs with
winged leaves , having five lobes which are cut. Carda-
mine glabra Chelidonii folio. Tourn. Inft. 225.
The ftrft fort grows naturally in the meadows in
many parts of England •, it is called Cuckow Flower,
and Ladies Smock. Of this there are four varieties,
viz. the fmgle purple with white flowers, which are
frequently intermixed in the meadows, and the double
flower of both colours. The Angle forts are feldom
admitted into gardens ; but as the firft fort ftands in
the lift of medicinal plants, I have enumerated it.
The young leaves of this plant have been gathered
in the fpring, by fome peribns, and put into fallads
inftead of Crefs : it is fuppofed to be an antifcorbutic.
The two varieties with double flowers were acci-
dentally found growing in the meadows, and were
tranfplanted into gardens, where they have been pro-
pagated. Thefe deferve a place in fliady moift bor-
ders of the flower-garden, where they will thrive, and
make a pretty appearance during their continuance in
flower : they are propagated by parting their roots ;
the belt time for this is in autumn, when they fhould
be tranfplanted annually. They delight in a foft
loamy foil, not too fluff, and muft have a fliady fitu-
ation. This flowers in May, and in cool feafonswill
^continue part of June.
The feventh, eighth, and tenth forts, grow naturally
on the Alps, and other mountainous places. I re-
ceived thefe from Verona, in the neighbourhood of
which place they grow naturally. Thefe are low per-
ennial plants, which may be propagated by parting
their roots in the autumn, and require a ftrong foil
and fhady fltuation : they may alfo be propagated by
feeds, which fhould be fown in the autumn, on a
■fhady border, where they will come up foon after,
and are never hurt by froft, fo will flower the follow-
ins’ feafon. Thefe varieties are preferved in fome
gardens, but having little beauty, are feldom admit-
ted into the flower-garden.
The 'ninth fort is a low biennial plant, which grows
naturally in feveral parts of England and Wales, and
Is preferved' in fome gardens for the fake of variety.
It maybe propagated by feeds, which fhould be fown
In the autumn, upon poor light ground in an open
fltuation, and will require no other care but to keep
the plants clear from weeds. It flowers in June, and
the feeds ripen in j u)y. .
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The fixth fort grows -naturally by the flyles of rivers
and ditches in moft parts of England, fo is not ad-
mitted into gardens. There has been a variety of
this found with double flowers, but it is not as yet
much known. This flowers the latter end of April,
and in May.
The other forts are low annual plants, which grow
naturally in feveral parts of England, fo are feldom
admitted into gardens. Thefe have the title of im-
patient. Crefs, from the elafticity of their pods, which,
if touched when they are ripe, ipring open, and caft
out their feeds with violence, to a conflderable dil-
tance. Thefe forts when young, are, by the country
people, eaten in fallads, and have the flavour of the
common Crefs,' but milder.
Thefe plants, when once admitted into a garden, pro-
pagate in plenty • for they produce great quantities
of feeds, which, if permitted to fcatter, there will be
a fupply of plants, which only require to be thinned
and kept clean from weeds, and will thrive bell in
the fliade.
CARDIAC A. See Leonurus.
CARDINALS FLO W E R. See Rapuntium.
CARDIOSPERMUM. Lin. Gen. Plant. Heart
Pea ; by the inhabitants of America called Wild
Parfley •, by the French, Lots de Merveille.
The Characters are.
It hath a permanent empalement ccmpofed of four concave
leaves. The fl.ower has four obtufe petals , which are- al-
ternately larger •, it hath a f mall four-leaved neblarmm
encompajftng the gerrnen , and eight fl amina , three and
three funding oppofite , the other two on each fide thefe
are terminated by fmall fummits. The germen is three-
cornered , and fupports three floor t flyles , crowned by fmgle
fiigina. The germen afterward becomes a roundifh fwoUen
capfule with three lobes , divided into three cells , opening
at the top , each having one or two globular feeds , marked
with a heart.
This genus of plants is ranged in the third fe£Uon
of Linnteus’s eighth clafs, intitled Odlandria Tri-
gvnia, the flower having eight ftamina and three ftyles.
The Species are,
1. Cardiospermum ( Corindum ) foliis fubtus tomentofis.
Lin. Sp. 526. Heart Pea with woolly leaves. Corin-
dum folio & frudtu minori. Tourn. Inft. 431.
2. Cardiospermum (JHalicacabum ) foliis kcvibus. Licit.
Clift. 150. Heart-feed with fmooth leaves. Corindum
folio ampliori, frudlu majore. Tourn. Inft. 431.
The firft fort rifes with a (lender, channelled, climbing
ftalk, to the height of four of five feet, fending out
many fide branches, garniftted With leaves, upon very
long foot-ftalks, coming out oppofite at the lov/er
part of the ftalk ; but upward the leaves come out on
one fide, and the foot-ftalk of the flower at the oppo-
fite ; the foot-ftalks of the leaves are divided into
three, each of which fuftain fmall leaves, which are
again divided into three parts, that are fliarply cut
on their edges, and end in ijiarp points. The foot-
ftalk of the flowers are long, naked, and toward the
top, divided into three fliort ones, each fuftaining a
Angle flower. Immediately under thefe divifions,
comes out tendrils or clafpers, like thofe of the Vine,
butfmaller; thefe fallen themfelves to whatever plants
grow near them, and are thereby fupported. The
flowers are fmall, white, and cornpofed of fojir fmall
concave petals, two of which Handing oppofite, are
larger than the other; when thefe fall away, theger-
men afterward becomes a large inflated bladder, hav-
ing three lobes, in each of which is contained one,
two, and fometimes three feeds, which are round,
hard, and the flze of fmall Peas, each being marked
with a black fpot in fhape of a heart.
The fecond fort differs from the firft in having taller
ftalks, the leaves being firft; divided into five, and
again into three parts. The foot-ftalks are fhorter,
and the feeds and bladders in which they are con-
tained are much larger, and the whole plant is
im corner, in other relpects they agree.
Thefe plants grow naturally in both Indies, where
they climb upon whatever ftirubs are near them, and
rife
/
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rife to the height of eight or ten feet, but in England
they feidom are much above half fo high ; they fend
out many fide branches, which fpread to a confidera-
ble difcance every way, and, if permitted, will
fallen themfelves to the plants which are near them
by their fmall tendrils, and thereby fpread over
them.
They are annual, and perifh foon after they have per-
fected their feeds, and being natives of hot countries,
they will not thrive in England in the open air. They
are propagated by feeds, which fhould be fown upon
a hot-bed in the fpring and when the plants are two
inches high, they fhould be each tranfplanted into a
pot filled with light fandy earth, not too rich, then
plunged into a very moderate hot-bed, where they
mull be carefully fhaded until they have taken frefh
• root ; after which they mull have a large fhareof air
admitted to them, to prevent their being drawn up
tall and weak ; and when their roots have filled the
pots, they fhould be carefully fliaken out, preferving
all the earth to their roots (for if that fhould fall off,
the plants will not furvive it ;) then put them into pots
a little larger, filling them up with the fame light
earth, and place them either under a deep frame; or
behind the plants in the ftove, where they may be
fcreened from the fun till they are well fettled in the
pots ; after which they may be removed into a glafs-
cafe, where they may have room to grow and be
fcreened from the cold of the nights, but in warm
weather they will require a large fhare of air ; with
this management they will flower in July, and their
feeds will ripen in autumn.
CARDUUS. Lin. Gen. Plant. 832. Thiftle, in
French, Chardon.
The Characters are,
It hath a compound flower made up of many hermaphro-
dite florets , which are fruitful thefe are included in one
common fcaly empalement , which is fwollen in the middle ,
each fcale ending in a fharp fpine \ the florets are funnel-
Jhaped, of one leaf having a Jlender tube, with an erect
brim , cut into five narrow fegments ; each of thefe florets
have five floor t hairy fiamina , terminated by cylindrical fum-
mits , which are indented at the top. In the center is fitu- '
ated an oval germen , crowned with down , fupporting a
fender fiyle , which is longer than the fiamina , crowned
with a fingle , naked , indented ftigma. The germen after-
ward becomes an oblong four-cornered feed , crowned with
down , and inch fed by the empalement.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firfl feblion of
Linn^us’s nineteenth clafs, intitled Syngenefia Poly-
gamia asqualis •, the flowers of this clafs have their
fummits connected into a cylindrical tube, but the
fiamina are feparate, and thofe of this fe&ion have
only hermaphrodite fruitful flowers.
1. Carduus ( Ptarmicifolia ) foliis integris fubtus tomen-
fis, fpinis ramofis lateralibus. Prod. Leyd. 133.
Thiftle with entire leaves , woolly on their under fide , and
branching fpines proceeding from the fide of the ftalks.
Carduus humilis aculeatus, Ptarmicas Auftriacte foliis.
Triumf. obf. 96.
2. Carduus {Eriophorus) foliis feffilibus bifariam pinna-
tifidis laciniis alternis eredtis, calycibus globofis yil-
lofis. Hort. Upfal. 249. Thiftle with leaves growing
dofe to the ftalks, which are doubly pinnated, the fegments
alternately ere hi, and globular woolly heads. Carduus
eriocephalus. Dod. Pempt. 723. Wo oily -headed Thiftle,
called by fame Friars Crown.
3. Carduus ( Acarna ) foliis lanceolatis dentatis ciliatis
decurrentibus, fpinis marginalibus duplicibus. Thiftle
with fp ear -fhapM indented leaves running along the ftalks,
with hairy edges, and the fpines double on their borders.
Acarna major caule foliofo. C. B. P. 379. Greater Fifth
Thiftle.
4. Carduus ( Marianus ) foliis amplexicaulibus haflato-
pinnatifidis fpinofis, calycibus aphyllis, fpinis canali-
culatis duplicato-fpinofis. Gouan. Monfp. 422. Thiftle
with prickly leaves embracing the ftalks , empalements with-
out leaves, and doubly armed with channelled fpines. Car-
duus Marias. Da-lech. Hilt. 1475. Our Ladies Thiftle,
or Milk Thiftle, <
.CAR
5. 'Carduus (Cirfium) foliis lanceolatis dectifrprtribils
denticuiis- inermibus, calyce fpinofo. Hort. Cliff 392,-
, Thiftle with fpearfiaaped leaves running along the ftalks,
with fmootb indentures , and a prickly empalement. Cir-
fium Anglicum. Ger. Ernac. 1183. Englifth ft oft or
gentle Thiftle.
6 . Carduus ( Cafabome ) foliis feflilibus lanceolatis kite-
gerrimis fubtus tomentofis, margine fpinis ternatis,
Hort. Cliff. 393.' Thiftle with entire fpearfioaped leaves
growing clofe to the ftalks, whofte borders are fet with triple
fpines. Acarna Theophrafli anguillarae. Lob. Icon.
486. The fuppofed true Fifth Thiftle of Theophraftus.
There are a great number of fpecies more than are
here enumerated, fome of which are very troublefome
weeds in the gardens and fields, therefore are better
to be kept out of both ; fo I thought it needlefs to
mention them here. The few forts which I have here
enumerated, being often preferved in the gardens of
the curious for the fake of variety, or cultivated
for ufe by fome perfons, therefore chofe not to omit
them.
The firfl fort grows naturally in Sicily. This is an an-
nual plant, which rifes with a channelled item about a
foot and a half high, fending out feveral fide branches
toward the top, garnifhed with long narrow leaves like
thofe of the Auftrian Ptarmica, which are of a deep
green above, but white on their tinder fide, placed al-
ternate : juft below the foot-ftalk of the leaf come out
ieveral unequal yellow fpines, and at the end of the
branches the flowers are produced ; thefe have very
prickly empalements, under which are placed two
long leaves ; the flowers are purple, and fhaped like
thofe of the common Thiftle, but are fmaller; thefe
are fucceeded by oblong fmooth feeds, which have a
long woolly down fitting on their top. This fort
flowers in July and Auguft, and the feeds ripen in
September. It is propagated by feeds, which fhould
be fown on a bed of light earth in the fpring where
the plants are to remain, for they do not bear trahf-
planting, unlefs it is performed when they are very
young ; for they fend long {lender roots deep into the
ground, which, if broken, the plant feidom furvives
it. The only care they will require, is to keep them
clean from weeds, and thin the plants where they are
too clofe.
The fecond fort grows naturally in feveral of the mid-
land counties of England. This is a biennial plant,
which fends out many long leaves near the ground,
having feveral long fegments, placed alternate, which
are joined to a winged border running on each fide
the mid-rib the whole length ; thefe fegments point
upward ; the under fide of the leaves, and the mar-
gin of the midrib, are armed with long fharp fpines,
ftanding every way. The following fpring, there arifes
from the center of the plant one ftrong channelled
ftalk, four or five feet high, branching every way
toward the top : the ftalk and branches are garnilhed
with the fame fhaped leaves as below, and each branch
is terminated by a fingle head of purple flowers, hav-
ing a woolly empalement. This dowels in June
and July, and the feeds ripen in the autumn. One
or two of thefe plants may be allowed a place in
fome abjed part of the garden, for its Angularity.
The feeds of this plant fhould be fown where the
plants are to remain, and will require no other care
but to keep them clean from weeds. The fecond
year they will flower, and then the whole plant
perifhes.
The third fort grows naturally in Spain and Por-
tugal. This rifes fix feet high ; the leaves are
long, narrow, and the edges are fet clofely with
fmall hairs ; at every indenture of the leaves there
comes out two long yellowifh fpines ; at the end
of the branches the flowers are produced from the
fide of the ftalk, which have woolly oval empale-
ments, clofely armed with {lender fpines. The flow-
ers are yellow, but make no great appearance, as they
advance very little above die empalement. It flowers
in July and Auguft, and the feeds ripen in autumn.
This plant may be propagated by feeds in the fame
Bbb manner
I
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©drifter as the former fort, it is called Fifti Thiftle,
from the refemblance which the fpines have to the
bones of fifh.
The fourth fort grows very common on the fide of
banks, and in wafte land in many parts of England,
and is by fome perfons blanched and drefled as a cu-
rious difh. This is a biennial plant, which ihould
be fown very thin, and when the plants are come up
fo as to be well diftinguiihed, the ground Ihould be
hoed, to cut down all the young weeds, and the plants
left about a foot and a half diftance ; and the following
fummer the ground Kliould be kept clean from weeds.
In the autumn the leaves of the plants Ihould be tied
up, and the earth drawn up clofe to blanch them ;
when they are properly whitened, they will be fit for
ufe. This is a biennial plant, which periihes foon
after the feeds are ripe.
The fifth fort is a biennial plant, which is by fome
cultivated for medicinal ufe, and has been fuppofed
a remedy for fome fort of madnefs. This may be
propagated by feeds in the fame manner as the fecond
fort. It grows naturally in the northern parts of
England, and flowers in June.
The fixth fort is fiippofed to be the true Filh Thiftle
of Theophraftus. This is a biennial plant, which
rifes with an upright ftalk fix feet high, garnilhed
with long fpear-ftiaped leaves, armed with triple
fpines at every indenture on their edges ; at the top
of the ftalks the flowers come out in clutters, which
are of a purple colour, and are fucceeded by l'mooth,
oval, black feeds. It grows naturally in Sicily and
the Levant. It is propagated by feeds as the fecond
fort, which Ihould be fown on a warm border, other-
wife the plants will not live through the winter. It
flowers in June, and the feeds ripen in autumn.
CARDUUS BENEDICTUS. See Centau-
RE A«
CARDUUS FULLONUM. See Dipsacus.
C A R I C A. Lin. Gen. Plant. 1000. Papaw, in French
Papaie.
The Characters are.
It is male and female in different plants ; the flowers of
the male have fcarce any empalement ; they are funnel-
fhaped , and of one leaf having a long flender tube , which
expands at the top , where it is divided into five narrow
obiufie parts , which turn backward ; it hath ten fiamina ,
five of which are alternately longer than the other , and
are terminated by oblong fummits. Phe female flowers
have a fmall permanent empalement indented in five parts ;
it hath five long fpear-fhaped petals , which are obtufe ,
and turn backward at the top ; the oval germen fupports
five oblong blunt Jlignia , which are broad at the top ,
and crenated. Phe germen afterward becomes a large
oblong flefhy fruit , having five 'longitudinal cells , which
are full of fmall oval furrowed feeds , inclofedin a gluti-
nous pulp .
This genus of plants is ranged in the ninth ledlion
of Linnaeus’s twenty-fecond dais, intitled Dioecia
Decandria ; the plants of this clafs have male and fe-
male flowers on different plants, and in this fedtion
the male flowers have ten ftamina.
The Species are,
1. Carica ( Papaya ) foliorum lobis finuatis. Hort.
Cliff. ‘46 1. Papaw with the lobes of the leaves finuated.
Papaya fruftu Melopeponis effigie. Plum. Papaw
with the fruit floaped like the Squafh.
2. Carica ( Pofopofa ) foliorum lobis integris. Hort.
Cliff. 461. Papaw with the lobes of the leaves entire.
Papaya ramofa fructu pyriformi. Feuil. Peruv. 2.
p. £j2. tab. 39. Branching Papaw with a P car -fh aped
fruit'.
There are feveral varieties of the firft fort, which
differ in the fize and Ihape of their fruit. Plunder
mentions three of the female or fruitful Papaw, be-
iide the male, one of which he titles Melon-fhaped,
and the other ftiaped like the fruit of the Gourd •,
and I hive feen another variety in England, with a
large, fmooth, pyramidal fruit : but thefe are fup-
pofed to be accidental varieties, which arife from the
feme feeds.
CAR
This fort rifes with a thick, fo ft, herbaceous ftenft
to the height of eighteen or twenty feet, which is
naked till within two or three feet of the top, and
hath marks of the veftiges of the fallen leaves great
part of its length ; the leaves come out on every" fide
the ftem upon very long foot-ftalks ; thole which are
fituated undermoft are almoft horizontal, but thole on
the top are eredt : thefe leaves (in full grown plants)
are very large, and divided into many parts (or lobes)
which are deeply finuated, or cut into irregular divi-
fions. The whole plant abounds with a milky acrid
juice, which is efteemed good for the ringworm :
the ftem of the plant, and alfo the foot-ftalks of the
leaves, are hollow in the middle. The flowers of
the male plants are produced from between the leaves
on the upper part of the plant, on eveiy fide, which
have foot-ftalks near two feet long, at the ends of
which the flowers ftand in loofe clutters, each having
a feparate ftiort foot-ftalk ; thefe are of a pure whiteg
and have an agreeable odour. They are monopeta-
lous, having pretty long tubes, but are cut at the
top into five parts, which twill backward like a lerew ;
fometimes thefe are fucceeded by fmall fruit, about
the fize and Ihape of a Catherine Pear, which has '
occafioned fome to fuppofe it was a diftinct fpecies ;
but I have frequently raifecl this, and the female or
fruitful fort, from the fame feeds, and in general the
male flowers fall away, without any fruit fucceeding
them. The flowers of the female Papaw alfo come
out between the leaves, toward the upper part of the
plant, upon very ftiort foot-ftalks, ftngly fitting dole
to the ftem ; they are large and bell-fhaped, com-
pofed of fix petals, which are commonly yellow, but
thofe of the pyramidal fort, which I before mention-
ed, were purple : when thefe fall away, the germen
fwells to a large flefhy fruit, the fize of a fmall Melon,
which are of different forms ; fome are angular, and
comprefied at both ends, others are oval and globu-
lar, and fome pyramidal • the fruit alfo abounds with
the fame acrid milky juice as the plants. This fruit,
when ripe, is by the inhabitants of the Caribbee
Elands eaten with pepper and fugar as Melons, but
are much inferior to our moft common Melon in fla-
vour, in its native country; but thofe which have
ripened in England were deteftable : the only ufe I
have made known of this fruit, was, when they were
about half grown, to foak them in fait water, to get
out the milky juice, and pickle them for Mangos,
for which they have been a good fubftitute. Thefe
plants are fuppofed to be natives of America, from
whence they were carried to the Philippine Elands,
and to feveral parts of India, where they are now
pretty common. Though thefe plants have been
fuppofed to have male flowers only in fome plants,
and female on the other, yet I have often feen
fmall fruit on the male plants, and have frequently
had fruit on the female, whole feeds have grown as
well as any I ever lowed, though no male plants
were in the fame ftove with them.
The fecond fort was found growing in a garden at
Lima, by father Feuillee, and it was the only plant
he faw of that fort in his travels. This differs from
the other, in having a branching ftalk, the lobes or
diviftons of the leaves being entire, and the fruit be-
ing fhaped like a Pear, which he fays were of dif-
ferent fizes ; that which he defigned was about eight
inches long, and three and a half thick, yellow within
and without, and of a fweet flavour. The flower,
he fays, was of a Rofe colour, and divided but into
five parts.
Thefe plants being natives of hot countries, will not
thrive in England, unlefs they are preferved in a warm
ftove; where there are fuch conveniencies, of a pro-
per height to contain the plants, they deferve a place
as well as almoft any of the plants which are culti-
vated for ornament ; for when they are grown to a
large fize, they make a noble appearance with their
ftrong upright ftems, which are garnilhed on every
fide near the top with large ftiining leaves, fpreading
out near three feet all round the ftem : tfye flowers
of
/
1
CAR
CAR
of the male fort come out in c.1 ufters on every fide ;
and the fruit of the female growing round the folks
between the leaves* being fo different from any thing
of European produ&ion, may intitle them to the care
of the curious. 1
They are eafily propagated by feeds, which are an-
nually brought in plenty from the Weft-Indies. Thefe
fhould be fown in a hot-bed early in the ipring, that
the plants may obtain ftrength before the autumn :
when the plants are near two inches high, they fhould
be each tranfplanted into a feparate fmall pot filled
with a light, gentle, loamy foil, and plunged into a
hot-bed of tanners bark, carefully fhading them from
the fun till they have taken root ; after which they
muft be treated in the fame manner as other tender
plants from the fame country ; but as thefe plants
have foft herbaceous ftalks, and abound with a milky
juice, they muft not have too much water, for they
are frequently killed with moifture. ft here fhould
alfo be great care taken when thefe plants are ftiifted
from fmall pots into larger, to preferve the whole ball
of earth to their roots •, for whenever they are left
bare, they rarely furvive it. As the plants advance
in their growth, they will require larger pots, and
when they are too tall to remain under frames, they
muft be placed in the tan-bed of the bark-ftove, where
they fhould conftantly remain, being careful not to
give them much water, efpecially during the winter
feafon ; and in fummer their waterings fhould be often
repeated, but given in fmall quantities. With this
management I have raifed plants near twenty feet
high in three years, which have produced their flow-
ers and fruit in great perfection.
CARL IN A. Lin. Gen. Plant. 836. The Carline
Thiftle.
The Characters are,
It hath a compound flower , made up of many hermaphro-
dite florets , which are fruitful thefe are included in a
common , fwollen , fcaly empalement ■, the inner fcales are
long, and placed in a circular order . ' The flowers are fun-
nelfhaped , having a narrow tube , but are bell-Jhaped
above , and cut into five parts at the brim •, thefe have
each five Jhort harry ftamina , terminated by cylindrical
fummits. In the center is fituated a Jhort germen crowned
with down, fupporting a Jlender ftyle the length of the fta-
mina , crowned with an oblong bifid ftigma. 'The germen
afterward becomes a fingle taper feed , crowned with a
branching plumofe down.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft feftion of
Linnaeus’s nineteenth clafs, intitled Syngenefia Poly-
gamia asqualis, the flowers being compofed of only
hermaphrodite florets which are fruitful, whofe fum-
mits are connected, and form a tube.
The Species are,
1. Carlina ( Vulgaris ) caule multifloro corymbofo, fio-
ribus terminalibus calycibus radio albis. Hort. Cliff.
395. Carline Thiftle with many flowers in a corymbus ,
which terminate the ftalk , having white rays to the em-
palement. Carlina fylveftris vulgaris. Cluf. Hift. 2.
p. 155. Common wild Carline Thiftle.
2. Carlina ( Racemofa ) floribus leftilibus, lateralibus
pauciffimis. Sauv. Meth. 293. Car line Thiftle with a
few flowers growing clofe to the fide of the ftalk. Car-
lina fylveftris minor Hifpanica. Cluf. Hift. 2. p. 157.
Small wild Spanijh Car line Thiftle.
3. Carlina ( Acaulis ) caule unifloro flore breviore. Hort.
Cliff. 395. Carline Thiftle with one Jhorter flower on each
ftalk. Carlina acaulos magno flore albo. C. B. P.
38°.
4. Carlina ( Lanata ) caule multifloro lanato, calycibus
radio purpureis. Lin. Sp. 1160. Carline Thiftle with
many downy flowers on a ftalk , which have purple rays to
their empalement. Acarna flore purpureo rubente pa-
tulo. C. B. P. 372.
5. Carlina ( Corymb of a ) caule multifloro fubdivifo, flo-
ribus feftilibus calycibus radio flavis. ProdvLeyd.
135. Carline Thiftle with many flowers on a ftalk , which
is fuh divided, the flowers fit clofe on the ftalks, and have
yellow rays to their empalement. Acarna apula umbella-
ta. Colum. Ecphr. 27,
The firft fort grows naturally upon fterile ground m
moft parts of England, fo is rarely admitted into gar-
dens. The others are often preferred in botanic gar-
dens for the fake of variety. They grow naturally in
the fouth of France, Spain, and Italy.
They may all be propagated by fowing their feeds in
the fpring on a bed of frefh undunged earth, where
they are defigned to remain for, as they fend forth
tap roots, they will not bear tranfplanting fo well as
moft other plants. When the plants appear above
ground, they fhould be carefully weeded ; and, as
they grow in fize, they fhould be thinned, where
they are too clofe, leaving them about ten inches or
a foot afunder. The fecond year moft of thefe plants
will flower ; but, unlefs the fummer proves dry, they
rarely produce good feeds in England, and moft of
them decay foon after they have flowered, therefore
it is pretty difficult to maintain thefe plants in this
country.
CARNATION. See Dianthus.
CARPESHJM. Lin. Gen. 948. Nodding Star-
wort.
The Characters are.
It hath an imbricated empalement, the outer leaves are
larger , fpreading , and reftexed, the inner are Jhorter and
equal : the flower is equal and compounded the herma-
phrodite florets are funnel-Jh aped, opening at the top in
five parts thefe compofe the dijk. The female florets are
tubulous, quinquefid, clofng together, which compofe the
border. The hermaphrodite florets have five flcort ftami-
na, crowned by cylindrical fummits, and an oblong ger-
men, with a fingle ftalk, crowned by a bifid ftigma * the
female florets have the like , and both are fucceeded by oval
naked feeds inch fed in the empalement .
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond order of
Linnreus’s nineteenth clafs, intitled Syngenefia Po-
lvgamia fuperflua, the flowers being compofed of fe-
male and hermaphrodite florets, which are both
fruitful.
The Species are,
1. Carpesium ( Cernuum ) floribus terminalibus. Lin.
Sp. 1203. Nodding St armor t whofe flowers terminate
the ftalks. After Cernuus. Col. Ecphr. 1. p. 251.
2. Carpesium ( Abrotanoides ) floribus lateralibus. Ofb.
It. tab. 10. Nodding Starwort whofe flowers come from
the fide of the ftalks.
The firft fort grows naturally in Italy. It is a bien-
nial plant, whofe lower leaves are obtufe, woolly,
and foft to the touch. The flower-ftalk rifes from
the center of the plant near a foot and a half high,
branching toward the top, and garnifhed with leaves
of the fame form with thofe at bottom, but fmaller :
each of the branches are terminated by one pretty
large flower of an herbaceous yellow colour, nodding
on one fide the ftalk j thefe are compofed of female
florets which compofe the border, and hermaphro-
dite florets which compofe the dilk, both which are
fucceeded by oval naked feeds. This flowers in July,
and the feeds ripen in September.
The plant is eafily propagated by feeds, which may
be fown on a bed of light earth in the ipring, and
when the plants come up, if they are thinned and
kept clean from weeds, they will require no other
culture. The fecond year they will flow r er and pro-
duce feeds, foon after which the plants decay.
The fecond fort grows naturally in China, and at
prefentis rare in England. This hath a hard branch-
ing ftalk, garniihed with broad fpear-fhaped leaves
flightly crenated on the edges : the flowers are thinly
fcattered on the fide of the ftalks and branches, where
they fit very clofe, nodding downward •, their em-
palements are compofed of many fmall leaves which
fpread open, and inclofe a great number of florets.
This may be propagated by feeds, which fhould be
fown on a hot-bed in the fpring, and when the plants
are fit to remove, they fhould be each planted in a
fingle pot •, and when the weather becomes warm,
they may be expofed, but in autumn they muft be
houfed,
CARPI-
1
CAR
CARPINUS. Lin. Gen. Plant. 952. [fo called of
carpere, Lot. to crop*, becaufe it may be eafily cropped,
.or its wood is eafily cleft.] The Hornbeam, or Hard-
beam, in French Charnie.
The Characters are.
It hath male and female flowers, growing feparate on the
fame plant. ‘The male flowers are difpofed in a cylindrical
rope or katkin, which is loofe and fcnly, each fc ale covering
one flower , which hath no petals , but ten flmall Jia
mina , terminated by comprejfled hairy fummits. The female
flowers are difpofed in the fame form , and are 'Jingle under
each fcale •« thefe have one petal , which is f japed like a
cup , cut into fix parts, and two jhort germen, each hawing
two hairy fiyles , crowned by a Jingle jligyna. The katkin
afterward grows large , and at the bafe of each fcale is
lodged an oval angular nut.
This genus of plants is ranged in the eighth fefoion
of Linnaeus’s twenty-firft clafs, intitled Monoecia Po-
lyandria, the plants of this clafs having male and fe-
male flowers growing feparate on the fame tree, and
thofe of this lection have many ftamina.
The Species are,
1. Carpinus ( Vulgaris ) fquamis ftrobilorum planis.
Hort. Clift. 447. Hornbeam with flat fcale s to the cones.
Carpinus. Dod. Pempt. 841. Common Hornbeam.
2. Carpinus ( Oftrya ) fquamis ftrobilorum infiatis. Hort.
Cliff. 447. Hornbeam with inflated feales to the cones.
Oftrya ulmo fnnilis, fruftu racemofo lupulo fimilis.
C. B. P. 427. The Hop Hornbeam.
3. Carpinus ( Orient alis ) foliis ovato-lanceolatis ferratis
ftrobilis brevibus. Hornbeam with oval , fpear-Jhaped ,
flawed leaves , and the Jhortefl cones. Carpinus Orien-
talis folio minori, fruetu brevi. T. Cor. 40. Eafiern
Hornbeam , with a [mailer leaf and [sorter fruit.
4. Carpinus ( Virginiana ) foliis lanceolatis acuminatis,
ftrobilis longiflimis. Hornbeam with pointed fpear-JJoaped
leaves , and the longefl cones. Carpinus Virginiana flo-
. refeens. Pluk. Virginia flowering Hornbeam.
The firft fort is very common in many parts of Eng-
land, but is rarely fuffered to grow as a timber-tree,
being generally reduced to pollards by the country
people yet where the young trees have been pro-
perly treated, they have grown to a large fize. I have
feen fome of them in woods, upon a cold ftiff clay,
which have been near feventy feet high, with large,
noble, . fine items, perfectly ftrait and found. Of
late years, this has been only confidered as a fhrub,
and never cultivated but for under-wood in the coun-
try, and in the nurferies to form hedges, after the
French tafte ; for in moft of their great gardens,
their cabinets, &c. are formed of thefe trees, as are
their trelliffes and hedges which furround their plan-
tations. But fince thefe fort of ornaments have been
almo'ft banifhed from the Englifh gardens, there has
been little demand for thefe trees in the nurferies.
As this tree will thrive upon cold, barren, expofed
hills, and in fuch fituations where few other forts will
grow, it may be cultivated to great advantage by
the proprietors of fuch lands. It will refill: the vio-
lence of winds better than moft other trees, and is by
no means flow in its growth. But where thefe are
propagated for timber, they fhould be rafted from
feeds, upon the fame foil, and in the fame fituation,
where they are defigned to grow ^ and not brought
from better land, and a warmer fituation, as is too
frequently praftifed. Nor fhould they be propagated
by layers, which is the common method where they
are intended for hedges or under- wood *, for which
thofe fo raifed will anlwer the purpofe full as well as
thofe raifed from feeds, but the latter muft always be
preferred for timber-trees.
The feeds of this tree fhould be fown in the autumn,
icon after they are ripe j for ‘if they are kept out of
the ground till fpring, the plants will not come up
till the following year. When the plants appear, they
muft be kept very clean from weeds, and treated as
other foreft-trees * in two years time they will be fit
to tranfplant, for the fooner ail trees which are de-
figned for timber are planted where they ‘are to re-
main, the larger they will grow, and the wood will ■
CAR
be firmer and more durable. If thefe are not Inter-
mixed with other kind of trees, they fhould be planted
pretty dole ; especially on the outfide of the plan-
tations, that they may prated and draw each other
up : and if they are kept clean from weeds three or
four years, it will greatly promote' their growth, after
which the plants will have obtained fufficient ftrength
to keep down the weeds.
' As the trees advance in their growth, they muft
be thinned, which fhould be done with caution, cut-
ting away the moft unpromifmg plants gradually, fo
as not to let much cold air at once, to thofe which
are left, efpecially on the borders of the plantation.
For in all young plantations of timber, it is much the
better method, to take away a few trees every year,
where it is wanted, than, as is commonly pratlifed,
to let all grow till it is fit to cut as under-wood, and
then cut all away, except thofe intended for timber ;
whereby fo much cold air is fuddenly let in upon
them, as to flop their progrefs for fome years : but
by this method a prefent advantage is gained, which
is now more generally attended to, than the future
profit.
The timber of this tree is very tough and flexible,
and might be converted to many ufeful purpofes, when
fuffered to grow to a proper fize 7 but as they have
been generally treated otherwife, the principal ufes
it has been applied to, was for turnery ware, for
which it is an excellent wood, and alio for making
mill-cogs, heads of beetles, &c. It is alfo excellent fuel.
The leaves of this tree remain upon them, till the
young buds in the fpring thru ft them off, fo they af-
ford much fhelter to birds in winter ; and this ren-
ders them very proper to plant round the borders of
other plantations in expofed fituations, where they
will defend the other trees in winter, and thereby
greatly promote their growth.
The Hop Hornbeam fheds its leaves in winter, with
the Elm, and other deciduous trees. This tree,
tho’ but lately much known in England, is very
common in Germany, growing promifeuoufly with
the common fort. It is alfo faid to grow plentifully
in many parts of North America, but it is doubtful
whether that is not a different fort from this. The
Hop Elornbeam is of quicker growth than the com-
mon fort, but what the wood of that will be I do
not know *, for there are but few of the trees in
England growing upon their own roots, moft of them
having been grafted upon the common Hornbeam,
which is the ufual method of propagating them in
the nurferies *, but the trees fo raifed are of fhort du-
' ration, for the graft generally grows much fafter
than the ftock, fo that in a few years there is a great
difproportion in their fize ; and where they happen
to ftand expofed to ftrong winds, the graft is fre-
quently broken from the ftock, after many years
growth ; for which reafon, I would caution every
perfon not to purchafe any of thefe trees which have
been fo propagated.
The Virginian flowering Hornbeam is ftill lefs com-
mon than the laft, and only to be feen in curious gar-
dens ; it is equally as hardy as the other, and may be
increafed by layers.
This fort will grow to the height of thirty feet, or
more, and is of quicker growth than either of the
.former forts: it fheds its leaves in autumn, about
the fame time with the Elm *, and, during the time
of its verdure, this tree makes a good appearance,
being well clothed with leaves, which are of a deep,
ftrong, green colour, refembling more the long-leaved
Elm than the Hornbeam.
The Eaftern Hornbeam is a tree of humble growth,
rarely rifmg above ten or twelve- feet high in this
country, fhooting out many horizontal irregular
branches, fo cannot eafily be trained up to a idem.
The leaves of this fort are much fin after than thofe
of the common Elornbeam, and the branches grow
clofer together, therefore may be very proper for low
hedges, where they are wanted in gardens ; being a
very tonfile plant, it may foe kept in lefs compafs
than
CAR
than almoft any deciduous tree. It is as hardy as
any of the forts, and may be propagated in the
fame manner ; but at prefent it is rare in the Englifh
nurferies.
CARROTS. See Daucus.
CARTHAMUS. Lin. Gen. Plant. 838. [fo called
of 7ta$a{piv> Gr. to purge, becaufe the feeds of it
are purging,] Ballard Saffron, or Safflower in, French;
Cartame , ou Saffran Batard.
The Characters are,
It hath a flower compofed of fever al hermaphrodite florets ,
included in one common fcaly empalement. 'The fcales are
compofed of many flat leaves , broad at their bafe , ending
in a fpine , and fpread open below. The florets are funnel-
jhaped , of one leaf , cut into five equal fegments at the top ;
thefe have five fhort hairy flaniina , terminated by cy-
lindrical tubular fimmits ; in the center is fituated a floort
germen, fiipporting a flender Jlyle the length of the flaniina ,
crowned by a Jingle ftigma. The germen afterward becomes
a Jingle , oblong , angular feed , inclofed in the empalement.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft feCtion of
Linnaeus’s nineteenth clafs, intitled Syngenefia Po-
lygamia iEqualis ; the flowers of this fedlion being
compofed of only fruitful florets, and their lummits
are connected in form of a cylindrical tube.
The Species are,
1. Carthamus ( Tinblorius ) foliis ovatis integris ferrato-
aculeatis. Hort. Cliff. 394. Baftard Saffron with oval
entire leaves , which have fpiny ferratures. Carthamus
officinarum, flore croceo. Tourn. Inft. 457. Baftard
Saffron of the J hops , with a Saffron-coloured flower .
2. Carthamus ( Lanatus ) caule pilofo fuperne lanato,
foliis inferioribus pinnatifidis, fummis amplexicauli-
bus dentatis. Hort. Upfal. 251. Carthamus with a
hairy ftalk , woolly above , the under leaves indented , and
the upper embracing the ftalk. AtraCtylis lutea. C. B. P.
Tellow Diftaff Thiftlc.
3. Carthamus ( Creticus ) caule laeviufculo, calycibus
fublanatis, flofculis fubnovenis, foliis inferioribus ly-
ratis, fummis amplexicaulibus dentatis. Lin. Sp. 1163.
Carthamus with a fmooth ftalk , woolly empalement s , ge-
nerally nine florets , the under leaves lyre-Jhaped , and the
upper embracing the ftalk. Cnicus Creticus AtraCtylidis
folio & facie, flore leucophaeo. Tourn. Cor. 33.
4. Carthamus ( Tingitanus ) foliis radicalibus pinnatis,
caulinis pinnatifidis, caule unifloro. Lin. Sp. 1163.
Carthamus whofe radical leaves are winged , thofe on the
ftalks wing-pointed , and one flower on a ftalk. Cnicus
perennis casruleus Tingitanus. H. L. 162. Blue pe-
rennial Cnicus of Tangier.
5. Carthamus ( Carduncellus ) foliis caulinis linearibus
pinnatis longitudine plante. Lin. Sp. Plant. 831.
Carthamus with narrow winged leaves on the ftalks ,
which are as long as the plant. Cnicus cseruleus hu-
milis Montis Lupi. tj. L. Dwarf Cnicus of Mount
Lupus with a blue flower.
6. Carthamus ( Cseruleus ) foliis lanceolatis fpinofo-den-
tatis, caule fubunifloro. Hort. Cliff. 1163. Carthamus
with fpear-fhaped leaves prickly indented , and one flower
on each ftalk. Cnicus caeruleus afperior. C. B. P. 378.
Rougher blue Cnicus.
7. Carthamus ( Arbor efcens ) foliis enfiformibus finuato-
dentatis. Prod. Leyd. 136. Carthamus with fword-
Jhaped leaves which are Jinuated and indented. Cnicus
Hifpanicus arborefcens fcetidiffimus. Tourn. Inft. 451.
Stinking Jhrubby Cnicus of Spain.
8. Carthamus ( Corymbofus ) floribus umbellatis nume-
rous. Carthamus with many flowers in umbels. Chame-
leon niger umbellatus, flore casruleo hyacinthino.
C, B. P. 380. Black umbellated Chameleon with blue
flowers.
The firft fort grows naturally in Egypt, and in fome
of the warm parts of Afia. I have frequently re-
ceived the feeds of this from the Britifh iflands in
America, but whether they were originally carried
thither, or if it grows naturally there, I could never
be rightly informed. It is at prefent cultivated in
many parts of Europe, and alfo in the Levant, from
whence great quantities of Safflower are annually im-
ported to England, for dyeing and painting.
GAR
This is an annual plant, which rifes with a ftiff lig-
neous ftalk two feet and a half, or three feet high,
dividing upward into many branches, which are gar-
niflied with oval pointed leaves, fitting clofe to the
branches : thefe are entire, and are flightly fawed on
their edges, each tooth being terminated by a fhort
fpine. The flowers grow Angle at the extremity of
each branch : the heads of flowers are large, inclofed
in a fcaly empalement ; each fcale is broad at the
bafe, flat, and formed like a leaf of the plant, ter-
minating in a fharp fpine. The lower part of the
empalement fpreads open, but the fcales above clofely
embrace the florets, which ftand out near an inch
above the empalement ; thefe are of a fine Saffron
colour, and this is the part which is gathered for the
ufes above-mentioned. When the florets decay, the
germen which is fituated in each, become Angle,
oblong, angular feeds, of a white colour, and have
a pretty ftrong (hell or cover to them. It flowers in
July and Auguft, and the feeds ripen in autumn; but
if the feafon proves cold and moift, when the plants
are in flower, there will be no good feeds produced ;
fo that there are few feafons, wherein the feeds of this
plant do come to perfection in England.
.The feeds of this plant are fometimes ufed in me-
dicine, and are accounted a pretty ftrong cathartic,
but at prefent they are feldom prefcribed. It is pro-
pagated by feeds, which fhould be fown in April,
upon a bed of light earth : the bed way is to fow them
in drills, drawn at two feet and a half diftance from
each other, in which the feeds fhould be fcattered
thinly, for the plants muft not ftand nearer each
other than a foot in the rows; but as fome of the
feeds will fail, fo a greater quantity fhould be fown,
as it will be eafy to thin the plants, at the time when
the ground is hoed. If the feeds are good, the
plants will appear in lefs than a month ; and in a
fortnight or three weeks after, it will be proper to
hoe the ground to deftroy the weeds, and at the
fame time the plants fhould be thinned where they
are too clofe ; but at this time they fhould not be fe-
parated to their full diftance, left fome of them fhould
afterward fail ; fo that if they are now left fix inches
afunder, there will be room enough for the plants to
grow, till the next time of hoeing, when they muft:
be thinned to the diftance they are to remain for good:
after this they fhould have a third hoeing, which, if
carefully performed in dry weather, will deftroy the
weeds and make the ground clean, fo that the plants
will require no farther care, till they come to flower;
when, if the Safflower is intended for ufe, the florets
fhould be cut off from the flowers as they come to
perfection ; but this muft be performed when they
are perfectly dry, and then they fhould be dried in a
kiln, with a moderate fire, in the fame manner as
the true Saffron, which will prepare the commodity
for ufe.
But if the plants are defigned for feed, the flowers
muft not be gathered ; for if the florets, are cut off,
it will render the feeds abortive, though they may
fwell and grow to their ufual fize, as I have frequently
experienced; yet when they are broken', there will be
found nothing more than a fhell without any kernel.
And this frequently happens to be the cafe with thefe
feeds, in wet cold feafons ; though in very wet years
the germen will rot, and never come fo forward as to
form a fhell.
I have been informed, that this plant was formerly
cultivated in the fields in feveral parts of England,
for the dyers ufe; and particularly in Gloucefterfliire,
where the common people frequently gathered the
florets, and dried them, to put into their puddings
and cheefecakes, to give them a colour ; but fome by
putting it in too great quantity, gave their puddings
a cathartic quality.
If this plant was ever cultivated here in great quan-
tity, it is furprifing how it came to be fo totally ne-
glected, as that at prefent, there are not the leaft
traces to be met with, in any part of England, of its
ever having been cultivated ; nor is the commodity
C c c Larue
)
CAR
fcarce known, except to thofe who deal in it : the
quantity of this which is annually confumed in Eng-
land is fo great, as to make a very confid'erable article
in trade, fo that it might be very well worthy of the
public attention ; for although the feeds feldom come
to perfection in England, yet thefe might be annually
procured from abroad, and the plants would con-
ftantly produce the flower, which is the only part
tifeful. A few years paft I fent a fmall parcel of the
feeds of this plant to South Carolina, where I was
afterward informed it grew amazingly, for in fix
weeks after the feeds were fown, the crop of Safflower
was fit to cut, and the gentleman to whom the feeds
were given, fent fome of the commodity to his brother
in London, who was fo kind as to fend me a fpe-
cimen of it, with an account that the dyers complained
of its want of colour-, and upon examining it, I found
the florets were drawn out of their empalements the
whole length, fo that their tails which had been in-
cluded in their covers were white, and being mixed
together gave the whole a pale appearance ; upon this
I wrote to the gentleman to define he would cut off
the upper part of the florets with fcifiars, which would
be eafier performed, but have heard nothing from
him fince however, a year or two after I received a
letter from his excellency Governor Lyttleton, in
which he wrote that the Safflower bid fair to prove
one of their great branches of commerce, but how it
has turned out I have not fince heard.
This plant is cultivated in great plenty, in fome parts
of Germany, where the feeds conftantly come to
perfection ; and as I have obtained a fhort account
of their method of cultivation, from a curious gen-
tleman of that country, fo I fhall infert it for the be-
nefit of thofe who may be induced to engage in this
undertaking.
The ground in which they propofe to fow the Car-
thamus, has always a double fallow given to it, firft
to deftroy the weeds, and afterward to make it fine.
They make choice of their lighted: land, and fuch as
is clear from Couch Grafs, and other troublefome
weeds. After the land has been fallowed a fummer
•and winter, in which time they give it four plough-
ings, and harrow it between each, to break the clods,
and pulverize it : in the latter end of March they give
it the laft ploughing, when they lay it in narrow
furrows of about five feet or a little more, leaving a
fpace of two feet between each : then they harrow
thefe lands to make them level, and after it is finifhed,
they fow the feeds in the following manner. With a
fmall plough, they draw four fhallow furrows in
each land, at near a foot and a half diftance, into
which they fcatter the feeds thinly ; then with a har-
row, whole teeth are little more than one inch long,
they draw the earth into the drills to cover the feeds ;
after this, they draw a roller over the ground, to
fmooth and fettle it. When the plants are come up,
fo as to be diftinguifhed, they hoe the ground to de-
ftroy the weeds ; and at this firft operation, where
the plants happen to be clofe, they cut up the leaft
promifing, leaving them all fingle, at the diftance of
three or four inches ; which they always fuppofe will
be fufficient room for their growth, till the fecond
time of hoeing, which muft be performed in about
five weeks after their firft ; in which they are guided
by the growth of the weeds, for as this work is per-
formed with a Dutch hoe, fo they never fuffer the
weeds to grow to any fize before they cut them •,
in which they judge right, for when the weeds are
fmall, one man will hoe as much ground in a day,
as can be performed by three, when they are per-
mitted to grow large ; and the weeds will be more
efiectually deftroyed.
They give a third hoeing to the plants, about five
or fix weeks after the fecond which generally makes
the ground fo clean, as to require no more cleaning,
till the Carthamus is pulled up. When the plants
begin to flower, and have thruft out their florets (or
thrum) to a proper length, they go over the ground
once a week to gather it ; and as it is from time to j
CAR
time gathered, it is dried in a kiln for ufe. There
is ufuajly a fucceffion of flowers for fix or feven
weeks. After the crop is gathered, the ftalks are
pulled, and tied in bundles for fuel ; and when they
have been fet up a few days to dry, they are carried
off, and the ground is ploughed for Wheat; which
they fay, always fucceeds well after this plant.
The good quality of this commodity is chiefly J n the
colour, which fhould be of a bright Saffron colour,
and herein that which is cultivated in England often
fails; for if there happens much rain during the
time the plants are in flower, it will caufe the florets
to change to a dark or dirty yellow, which will alfo
befal that which is gathered v/hen there is any moifture
remaining upon it; therefore great care muft be
taken not to gather it till the dew is quite dried off,
nor fhould it be preffed together till it has been dried
on the kiln. The manner of doing this being the fame
as for the true Saffron, I fhall not mention it here,
but defire the reader to turn to the article Crocus,
where that is fully treated.
In Spain this plant is cultivated in their gardens, as
Marigolds are in England, to put into their foups,
olios, and other difhes, to give them a colour. The
Jews alfo are very fond of this, and mix it in moft
of their viands ; and it is very probable they were the
perfons who firft carried the feeds of this plant to
America, and taught the inhabitants the ufe of it, for
it is now as commonly ufed by the Englifh there, as
in any part of Europe.
This plant may be admitted to have a place in the
borders of large gardens, where it will add to the
variety, during the time of its continuance in flower,
which is commonly two months, or ten weeks ; for
if the feeds are fown in the beginning of April, the
firft flowers will appear in the middle of July at far-
theft ; and there will be a fucceffion of flowers on the
fide branches, till the end of September, or in mild
warm feafons till the middle of Oflober, during which
time the plants will not be deftitute of flowers ; which
being of a bright Saffron colour, make a pretty ap-
pearance ; and if the plants are fupported to prevent
their being broken, or blown down by the wind,
they will not interfere with the other flowers, becaufe
thefe have a regular upright growth.
When they are cultivated for this purpofe, the feeds
fhould be fown in the places where the plants are de-
figned to remain, becaufe they do not bear tranf-
planting well ; therefore three or four feeds fhould
be fown in each patch, left any of them fhould fail ;
and when the plants are grown fo ftrong as to be out
of danger, the moft promifing in each patch fhould
be left, and the others pulled up, that they may not
draw or injure thofe which are to ftand.
The fecond fort grows naturally in the fouth of
France, Spain, and Italy, where the women ufe the
ftalks of this plant for diftaffs, from whence it had
the title of Diftaff Thiftle. It is by fome called
Baftard wild Saffron. The leaves of this plant are
fometimes ordered for medicine, and are fuppofed to
have the fame virtues as Carduus Benedi&us.
This planLis annual, perifhing foon after the feeds
are ripe ; the lower leaves fpread flat upon the ground ;
thefe are five or fix inches long, narrow, and deeply
indented on both fides ; they are hairy, and have a
few foft fpines on their edges ; the ftalk rifes about
two feet high, covered with hairs, and garnifhed with
oblong hairy leaves, which embrace the ftalk with
their bafe, and are deeply finuated, with fharp thorns
growing on their edges. The upper part of the ftalk
divides into many branches, which are garnifhed with
leaves of the fame form, but fmaller. The flowers
are produced at the end of the branches, having a
duller of ftiff, hard, prickly leaves below the fcaly
empalement, which contains many yellow herrna-
phrodite flowers, fucceeded by oblong angular feeds.
It flowers in June and July, and the feeds ripen in
autumn. If the feeds of this fort are fown in au-
tumn, the plants will flower early the following fum-
mer, fp there will be a certainty of good feeds. They
‘ ' may
t
f
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may be fown upon a bed of earth in any fituation,
and will require no other culture, but to keep them
clean from weeds, and thin the plants where they are
too clofe ; this being a medicinal plant, is kept in fome
gardens, but it hath little beauty.
There is a variety of this, which grows much taller,
the heads are larger, and the leaves are placed clofer
upon the ftalks. This was found by Dr. Tournefort
in the Levant.
The third fort was alfo difcovered by Tournefort in
the ifland of Crete, from whence he fent the feeds
to the royal garden at Paris. This differs from the
former, in having a fmooth ftalk ; the leaves are very
ftiff, deeply' indented, fmooth, and are armed with
very ftrong fpines ; the heads of flowers are oval,
the florets white, and the plant grows near four feet
high. This is an annual plant, which may be fown
and treated in the fame way as the former, and flowers
about the fame time.
The fourth fort hath a perennial root, but an annual
ftalk. This grows naturally in Spain, and was firft
brought to England from Tangier; the feeds of this
are never perfefted in England, fo it is propagated by
parting of the roots. The belt time for traniplanting
and parting them, is about the beginning of March •,
they fliould have a dry foil and a warm fituation,
otherwife they are liable to be deftroyed in fevere
winters.
The ftalks of this rife about a foot and a half high,
feldom putting out any branches, garniflied with
narrow fpear-ihaped leaves the whole length of the
ftalk ; theie are deeply fawed on their edges, each of
the ferratures ending in a fharp point. The ftalk is
terminated by one large fcaly head of blue flowers,
fhaped like thofe of the other lpecies.
The fifth fort grows naturally in the fouth of France,
Spain, and Italy. This hath a perennial root and
an annual ftalk, which rifes about fix inches high ; it
is channelled, hairy, and garniflied with long narrow
leaves, ending in feveral fharp fpines ; their edges are
indented, each indenture ending in a fpine. Each
ftalk is terminated by one large head of blue flowers,
having a leafy empalement, compofed of very broad
fcales, each ending in a fharp fpine. It flowers in
June.
This fort is difficult to propagate in England, for the
roots do not put out offsets like the former, fo is
only to be railed from feeds •, which do not come to
perfection here, unlefs the feafon proves warm and
dry. This plant Ihould have a dry foil and a warm
fituation.
The flxth fort is fuppofed by fome, to be the fame
with the fourth, which is a great miftake, for they
are extremely different. This rifes with a Angle ftalk
about two feet high, which is of a purplifh colour,
hairy, and channelled, clofely garniflied with broad
fpear-fhaped leaves, which are fharply fawed on their
edges, and covered with a fhort hairy down. The
ftalk is terminated by a Angle large head of blue
flowers, having a fcaly empalement, compofed of two
orders of leaves, the outer being broad, long, and
armed with fharp fpines on their edges •, the inner are
narrow, and terminate with a fharp thorn. It flowers
in June and July, and the feeds ripen in autumn.
This fort may be propagated by parting of their
roots, which fhould be performed in autumn, when
the leaves decay. It fliould have a light dry foil, in
which it will endure the cold of our winters, and
continue many years.' It may alfo be propagated by
feeds, which ripen well in dry feafons, but in wet
fummers the feeds are generally abortive; this re-
quires no other care but to keep it clean from weeds.
It grows naturally in Spain, France and Italy, on ar-
able land.
The feventh fort I received from Andalufla, where it
grows naturally in great plenty. This rifes with a
fhrubby perennial ftalk to the height of eight or ten
feet, dividing into many branches, garniflied with
pretty long fword-fhaped leaves, which are indented,
armed with fpines on their edges, and embrace the
i
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ftalks with their Safe. The branches are terminated
by large, fcaly, prickly heads of yellow flowers,,
which come out in July, but are never fucceeded by
feeds in this country, fo can only be propagated by
fide ftioots, flipped from the branches in the fpring,,
and planted in pots filled with light fandy earth, and
plunged into a moderate hot-bed, obferving to fliade
them till they have taken root ; then they mull be
gradually hardened, and removed into the open air,
and when they have obtained ftrength, they may be
feparated, and fome of them planted in a warm dry
border, where they will endure the cold of our or-
dinary winters; but, in fevere froft, they are fre-
quently deftroyed, therefore a plant or two fhould be
kept in pots, and flickered in winter to preferve the
fpecies.
The ieecis of the eighth fort were fent me from
Spain, where it grows naturally. This hath a pe-
rennial root but an annual ftalk, which is Angle, and
never puts out any fide branches ; thefe are white,
fmooth, and channelled. The leaves are long, narrow,
of a pale green, and clofely armed on their edges
with fhort ftiff fpines, which come out double. The
ftalks are terminated by Angle, oval, fcaly heads of
white flowers, each fcale being terminated by a pur-
plifh fpine. This fquamous empalement is clofely
joined at the top, fo as few of the hermaphrodite flo-
rets appear vifible above it ; and this is guarded by a
border of long, narrow, prickly leaves, furrounding
the head, which rife confiderably above the flowers.
This plant flowers in July and Auguft, but feldom
perfects its feeds in England. It fhould be planted
in a light foil and a warm fituation, where it will
live abroad in our ordinary winters, but in fevere froft
it is fometimes deftroyed. As the feeds of this fort
rarely ripen in England, the only method to propa-
gate the plant, is by parting the roots in the fpring.
CARLM. Lin. Gen. Plant. 327. Carvi [fo called
of Kolpoci Gr. the head, as though good for the head ;
but others derive the name from Caria, where the
antients found this plant.] Carui, or Carraway.
The Characters are,
It hath an umbellate d flower, compofled ofl fever al flmall
umbels , which are formed as rays to the general \ umbel ,
neither ofl which have any involucrum ; the' flrngle flowers
have very flmall empalements ; each hath five heart-fhaped
obtufle petals, turned inward at their points ; it hath five
hairy flamina the length ofl the petals , terminated by rc-und-
ijh flmall fummits. The germen is fituated under the
flower, flupporting two flmall fiyles , crowned by a Jingle
ftigma. The germen afterward becomes an oblong chan-
nelled fruit , dividing into two parts , each having an ob-
long furrowed feed.
This genus of planfs is ranged in the fecond febtion
of Linnaeus’s fifth clafs, intitled Pentandria Dygynia,
the flowers having five ftamina and twoftyles.
The Species are,
1. C arum (.Carvi) foliis pinnatifidis planis, umbellatis
inaequalibus confertis. Carraway with plain leaves ending
with many points , and unequal umbels, growing clofe.
Cuminum pratenfe, Carui officinarum. C. B. P. 159.
Meadow Cumin, or Carraway ofl the flops.
2. Carum ( Hiflpanicum ) foliis capillaribus multifidis,
umbellis laxis. Carraivay with capillary multifid leaves,
and loofle umbels. Carvi Hifpanicum, femine majore,
& latiore. Juff. Spanifh Carraway with a larger and
broader feed.
The firft fort is the common Carraway, whofe feeds
are greatly ufed, not only in medicine, but alfo in
the kitchen, &c. This grows naturally in fome rich
meadows in Lincolnfhire and Yorldhire, and is
fometimes found growing in the paftures near Lon-
don. It is alfo cultivated for ufe in Effex, and fome
other counties.
This is a biennial plant, which rifes from feeds one
year, flowers the next, and perifhes foon after the
feeds are ripe. It hath a taper root like a Parfnep,
but much fmaller, which runs deep into the ground,
and hath a ftrong aromatic tafte, fending out many
fmall fibres ; from the root arifes one or two fmooth,
folid,
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foiid, channelled ftalks, about two feet high, gar-
nifhed with winged leaves, having long naked foot-
ftalks, and many fmall wings placed oppofite on the
midrib, which are compofed of many narrow, ‘ little,
plain leaves, ending in leveral points. The ftalks
divide upward into leveral fmaller branches, each of
which is terminated by an umbel, compofed of fix or
eight fmall feparate umbels or rays, which divide in-
to feveral fmall foot-ftalks, each fuftaining a fingle
white flower, with five heart-fhaped petals ; the
flowers of thefc final! umbels are clofely joined toge-
ther. After the flowers are decayed, the germen be-
comes an oblong channelled fruit, compofed of two
oblong channelled feeds, plain on one fide, but con-
vex on the other. It flowers in June, and the feeds
ripen in autumn.
The beft feafonfor fowing the feeds of this plant is
in autumn, foon after they are ripe, when they will
more certainly grow, than thofe fown in the fpring ;
and the plants which rife in the autumn, generally
flower the following feafon, fo that a fummer’s growth
is hereby faved. When the plants come up, the
ground fhould be hoed to deftroy the weeds ; and
where the plants are too clofe, they muft be thinned
in the fame manner as is practifed for Carrots, leaving
them three or four inches apart. In the following
fpring they will require to be twice more hoed, which
will keep the ground clean till the feeds are ripe ; then
the ftalks muft be pulled up, and tied in bundles,
fetting them upright to dry, when the feeds may be
threfhed out for ufe.
The fecond fort grows naturally in Spain : the feeds
of this were lent me from the royal garden at Paris.
This plant rifes with a ftronger ftalkthan the former,
which leldom grows more than a foot and a half high,
but is clofely garnifhed with fine narrow leaves like
thofe of Dill ; the ftalks divide upward into many
branches, each being terminated by loofe umbels of
white flowers, which are fucceeded by large broad
feeds, having the fame aromatic flavour as the com-
mon fort. This is a biennial plant, and may be treated
in the fame manner as the former.
CARYOPHYLLATA. See Geum.
CARYOPHYLLUS. Lin. Gen. 594. Caryo-
phyllus aromaticus. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 661. tab. 432.
The Clove-tree , or All-fpice.
The Characters are,
It hath a double empalement , that of the flower is of one
leaf, cut into four obtufe parts , upon which the germen
is fituated-, the fruit hath another empalement, which is
flnall, and ' fightly divided into four parts, which are per-
manent. The flower hath four blunt petals, which are
fituated oppofite to the inciffures of the empalement. It hath
many finmina, which rife from the fldes of the empale-
ment, terminated by roundijh fummits. The germen is
fituated under the flower, and is crowned by the fmall em-
palement, fupporting a fingle upright flyle, crowned by an
cbtufe fiigma. The germen afterward becomes a foft ber-
ry with two cells , each containing a fingle kidney-fhaped
feed.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fedtion of
Linnaeus’s thirteenth clafs, intitled Polyandria Mo-
nogynia, the flower having many ftamina and but
one ftyle.
The Species are,
1. Caryophyllus ( Aromaticus 1 foliis ovato-lanceolatis
oppofltis, floribus terminalibus, ftaminibus corolla
longioribus. The Clove-tree with oval fpear-Jhaped leaves
growing oppofite, and flowers terminating the ftalks,
whofe ftamina are longer than the petals. Caryophyllus
aromaticus frudtu oblongo. C. B. P. 410. Aromatic
Clove with an oblong fruit.
2. Caryophyllus ( Pimento ) foliis lanceolatis oppofltis,
floribus racemofis terminalibus, & axillaribus. Clove-
tree with fpear-floaped leaves growing oppofite, and flow-
ers growing in lunches at the ends of the branches, and
wings of the leaves. Myrtus arborea aromatica foliis
laurinis. Sloan. Cat. 161. The Pimento, or All-
fpice. ■
3. Caryophyllus (Fruticofus) foliis lanceolatis oppoft-
C A R
tis, floribus geminatis alaribus. Brown. Hi ft. Jam,
248. Clove-tree with fpear-fhaped leaves placed oppo-
fite, and flowers growing by pairs from the fldes of the
ftalks. J
4. Caryophyllus (Cotinifolia) foliis ovatis obtufis op-
pofltis, floribus iparfis alaribus. Clove-tree with oval
blunt leaves placed oppofite , and flowers growing thinly
from the fldes of the branches. Myrtus cotini folio.
Plum. Cat. 19. Myrtle with a leaf of Venice Sumach.
5. Caryophyllus {Racemofis) foliis oblongo-ovatis,
emarginatis, ridigis, glabris, floribus racemofis ter-
minalibus. Clove-tree with oblong oval leaves, which
are ftiff, fmooth, and indented at the edges, and flowers
growing in branches terminating the ftalk.
The firft fott grows naturally in the Moluccas, and
the hotteft parts of the world, where it rifes to the
height of a common Apple-tree ; but the trunk ge-
nerally divides at about four or five feet from the
ground into three or four large limbs, which grow
ereft, and are covered with a thin fmooth bark,
which adheres clofely to the wood. Thefe limbs di-
vide into many fmall branches, which form a fort of
conical figure the leaves are like thofe of the Bay-
tree, and are placed oppofite on the branches. The
flowers are produced in loofe bunches at the end of
the branches, which are fmall, white, and have a
great number of ftamina, which are much longer
than the petals. The flowers are fucceeded by oval
berries, which are crowned with the empalement, di-
vided into four parts, which fpreacl flat on the top
of the fruit, in which form they are brought to Eu-
rope ; for it is the young fruit beaten from the trees
before they are half grown, which are the Cloves ufed
all over Europe.
I have not heard of any plants of this kind being in
the gardens, either in England or Plolland, but I
chofe to mention it here, to introduce the other.
The fecond fort grows naturally in Jamaica, but par-
ticularly on the north fide of that ifland, where it is
found in great plenty, and is a confiderable branch
of their trade j the unripe fruit dried, being the All-
fpice fo well known in Europe. It is now cultivated
with care in many of the plantations, for the trees
will thrive upon fhallow rocky land, which is unfit
for the Sugar-cane ; fo that a great advantage arifes to
the planters from thofe lands, which would otherwife
be of fmall account to them.
This tree grows to the height of thirty feet or more,
with a ftrait trunk, covered with a fmooth brown
bark, dividing upward into many branches which
come out oppofite, garniftied with oblong leaves,
refembling thofe of the Bay-tree in form, colour, and
texture, but are longer, and are placed by pairs :
when thefe are bruifed or broken, they have a very
fine aromatic odour like that of the fruit. The
branches grow very regular, fo that the trees make a
fine appearance, and as they retain their leaves
through the year, the trees are worthy of being pro-
pagated for ornament and fhade about the habitations
of the planters. The flowers are produced in large
loofe bunches from the fide of the branches, towards
their ends, each branch is alfo terminated by a larger
bunch than the other ; the flowers are fmall, and of
an herbaceous colour ; they are male and female upon
diftindt trees. I was favoured with fine famples of
both, and alfo a particular account of the trees, by
William Williams, Efq-, of St. Anne’s, on the north
fide of Jamaica, who has the greateft number of thefe
trees on his plantation of any perfon in that ifland.
The male flowers have very fmall petals, and a great
number of ftamina in each, which are of the fame
colour with the petals, terminated by oval bifid fum-
mits ; the female flowers have no ftamina, but an
oval germen, fituated below the flower, fupporting
a flender ftyle, with a blunt ftigma at the top. The
germen afterward becomes a globular pulpy berry,
including two kidney-jfhaped feeds. The ufual fea-
fon when thefe trees flower, is in June, July, and
Auguft. * -
When
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When the fruit of thefe trees are defigned for ufe,
they are gathered, or beaten down from the trees a
little before they arrive to their full fize, and are fe-
parated from leaves, ftalks, or any rubbilh which
may have accidentally mixed with them ; then the
fruit is expofed every day to the fun, fpread on cloths
for ten or twelve days to dry, but removed under co-
ver every evening to fcreen it from the dews ; when
the fruit is perfectly dry, it is packed up for expor-
tation. If the fruit is permitted to grow to maturity,
the pulp, which furrounds the feeds, is fo full of
moifture, and is fo glutinous, as to flick to the fin-
gers of thofe who bruife them, therefore are unfit for
thofe ufes to which the dried fruit are applied.
It is called by fome Jamaica Pepper, but the rnoft
general appellation is All-fpice, from its relifh and
favour, partaking of many other fpices, and is de-
fervedly accounted one of the bell ; and if it was as
fcarce and difficult to procure as thofe fpices in the
eaft, would be much more fought after and eileemed :
our neighbours the Dutch, who have engrofied the
fpice trade to themfelves, have alfo been artful enough
to deceive us with this of our production, by purchal-
ing the dried fruit of the All-fpice in England at a low
price, and grinding it to a powder, then felling it
to us at an advanced price for powder of Cloves.
This I have been credibly informed of, by an eminent
merchant, through whole hands great quantities of
this commodity have pafled.
The Dutch have alfo drawn an oil from the fruit of
this tree, which they vend for oil of Cloves. I had
afmall phial of this oil fent me from Jamaica, which
was lliewn to fome of the bell judges of drugs in
London, who tried many experiments with it, and
declared they thought it as good oil of Cloves as they
had feen.
As there is fo great an affinity between this tree and
the true Clove, it might be worthy of trial, if the
fruit when firft formed, or the flowers were beaten
down from the q*ees, and dried in the fame manner
as the eaftern Cloves, might not anfwer the fame pur-
pofe ; or, at leaft, it would be a good fuccedaneum
for that fpice ; and as it is the production of our own
colonies, fliould have proper encouragement.
This tree is propagated by feeds, which in the natu-
ral place of its growth is conveyed, and fown by
birds, to a great difiance •, and, it is very probable,
the feeds palling through them, are rendered fitter for
vegetation, than thofe which are immediately gathered
from the tree ; for I have received great quantities of
the berries from the gentleman before-mentioned,
which were perfectly ripe and frefh, great part of
which I fowed in different ways, and communicated
fome of them to feveral other curious perfons, who
did the fame, but none of them have yet fucceeded ;
and upon informing my friend Mr. Williams of this,
he told me that a friend of his, whofe plantation was
on the fouth fide of Jamaica, defired him to fave a
large quantity of the ripe berries for him to low on
his plantation, which he accordingly did, but his
friend forgot to fend for them till near two years af-
ter ; during which time, they had lain in a large heap,
and had fermented, and, on lowing thofe berries, the
plants came up with the firft rains in great abundance ;
lb that it may be of great fervice to thefe feeds, either
to pafs through animal bodies, or to be fermented
before they are fown.
The plants cannot be preferved in England unlefs
they are placed in a Hove during the winter feafon,
but they will thrive in a moderate degree of warmth :
they fnould be planted in a foft light foil, and in win-
ter muft have but little water. In the ftimmer they
Ihould have a large fiiare of air, and in July, if the
feafon proves warm, they may be placed in the open
air, in a warm flickered fituation ; but upon the ap-
proach of cold nights, they muft be removed into
the ftove again. The expofing of thefe plants to the
open air for one month only, will be of great fervice
to clean their leaves from infeCts or filth, which they
are fubjeCt to contract, by remaining long in the
CAR
ftove ; but if the feafon fhr.uk! prove very wet of
cold, it will not be fafe to trufc thefe plants long
abroad ; therefore their leaves ihould be now and then
wafiied with a fponge to clean them, which will not
only render them more lightly, but alfo promote
their growth. This tree is pretty difficult to propa-
gate in England, where the feeds do not ripen *, the
only method in which this has been done, is by lay-
ing down the young branches, flitting them at a. joint
in the fame manner as is praCf led in making layers of
Carnations. If this is carefully performed, and the
layers are regularly but gently watered, they will
put out roots in one year ; then they rnay be care-
fully feparated from the old plants, and each planted
in a fmall pot filled with light earth, and plunged
into the tan-bed, either in the ftove or under a frame,
being careful to fhade them until they have taken
new root, after which they may be treated as the older
plants. This plant, being an Evergreen,' makes a
fine appearance in the ftove at all feafons of the year ;
and their leaves having fuc.h an agreeable fragrancy
when rubbed, render them as worthy of a place in
the ftove, as any other tender exotic plant which is
preferved for ornament.
The third fort grows naturally in Jamaica, from
whence I received it fome years paft. This rifes with
a divided trunk to the height of eight or ten feet,
fending out many branches, which are placed oppo-
fite, covered with a grey bark ; the leaves come out
oppofite, which are fhorter and rounder at their points
than thofe of the laft fpecies ; they are alfo fmoother,
and of a firmer texture. The flowers come out from
the fide of the branches between the leaves, upon
(lender foot-ftalks, about an inch in length, two ge-
nerally arifing from the fame point : thefe are fuc-
ceeded by round berries, of a brighter colour than
thofe of the former, having the empalement on their
crowns. The leaves and fruit of this fort have no
aromatic flavour, fo are not of ufe, but the charac-
ters of the flower and fruit are the fame as in the
other fort.
This tree retains its leaves all the year, which being
of a fplendent green, make a very good appearance,
when it is intermixed with other exotic plants in the
ftove ; but the flowers being fmall, and growing
thinly upon the branches, do not make any great fi-
gure, fo it is only preferved for the beauty of its fo-
liage. It is propagated by feeds, and requires the
fame treatment as the other fort.
The fourth fort was fent me by the late Mr. Robert
Millar, furgeon, from Carthagena in New Spain :
this rifes with many irregular items about twelve or
fourteen feet high, covered with an Afli-coloured
bark, dividing into many branches upward: thefe
are garnifhed with ftiff oval leaves, placed oppofite.
The flowers are produced from the fide of the
branches, fometimes four, five, or fix foot-ftalks
arife from the fame point at other times, they come
out Angle, or perhaps by pairs : thefe are white, and
of the fame fhape with thofe of the fecond fort, and
are fucceeded by berries which are rounder, and, for
the moft parti, contain but one kidney-fhaped feed.
This fort agrees with the fecond in its general cha-
racters, but not in the virtues, for it hath none of the
aromatic flavour, with which that abounds ; but as,
it retains its leaves through the year, may merit a
place in the ftove, better than many other plants
which are preferved by the curious. This is propa-
gated by feeds, in the fame way as the fecond fort,
and the plants muft be treated in the fame manner as
thofe.
The fifth fort was fent me from the ifiand of Ber-
buda, where it rifes to the height of twenty feet
the trunk and branches are covered with a fmooth
brown bark. The branches come out by pairs j they
grow erect, and are garnifhed with very ftiff, fmooth,
lucid leaves, which are placed oppofite, and have
very fhort foot-ftalks. The leaves vary much in
their form •, fome of them are oval, others oblong,
and fome are indented fo deeply at their ends, as to
D d d be
CAS
be almoft Keart-fhaped. Their confidence is much
thicker than thole- of the common Laurel, and their
colour is' a fplendent green, with one deep midrib
running through their middle, and many fmall veins
going from thence tranfverfly to their border. The
flowers are produced in fmall loofe bunches at the
extremity of the branches, which have feveral narrow
leaves intermixed with the bunches. Thefe are fuc-
ceeded by berries of the fame fhape with thofe of the
fecond fort, but larger.
This tree is propagated by feeds as the other fpecies,
and deferves a place in the ftove, for the beauty of
its evergreen leaves, which being of a thick confif-
tence, and of a fhining green colour, make a fine
. appearance in the ftove at all fealbns of the year •, but
this hath no aromatic flavour to recommend it, as
hath the fecond fort, for which reafon it is feldom
noticed. I take this to be the Bay-tree, mentioned
by Hughes, m the Hiftory of Barbadoes, which he
clefcribes to have no flavour ; for I have feen plants
of this fort which were brought from Barbadoes, fo
that I fuppofe it grows naturally there.
As the plants of thefe forts do not rife fo readily from
feeds in England, the beft way to obtain them, is to
get fome perfon of fkill in America, to take up a
number of young plants, and plant them clofe in
boxes of earth, fetting them in the fhade till they have
taken new root ; then remove them into an open fi-
tuation, where they may have time to eftablifh their
roots before they are fhipped for England *, and in
their p adage they mu If be guarded from the fpray of
the lea, and fait water, and fhould have very little
water given them ; for moft of the plants which are
fent to England, are killed in their pafifage by having
too much wet. If thefe di reft ions are obferved, the
plants may be brought in good health to England,
provided they come over any time in the fummer,
that they may have time to get frefh root before the
cold leafon begins •, and when once they are well efta-
blilhed in their roots here, they may be preferved
many years in vigour ; but I have not feen many of
the plants in flower here as- yet.
C A S I A. See Gsyris.
CASSIA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 461. Caflia, or Wild
Senna. ,
The Characters are.
The empalement is compofed of five concave coloured leaves •,
the flower hath five roundijh concave petals , which fpread
open : it hath ten declining ftamina , three of the lower
are long , the three upper are jhorter ; the fummits of the
three lower are large , arched , beaked , and feparated at
their points the three upper ftamina have very fmall fum-
mits •, the four fide ftamina have no beaks , but fpread
from the other. In the center is fituated a long taper ger-
men , having a fhort ftyle , terminated by an obtufe ftig-
ma. The germsn afterward becomes a long pod , divided
by tranfverfe partitions , each containing one or two round-
ijh feeds , faftened to the margin of the upper valve.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft feftion of
Linnaeus’s tenth clafs, intitled Decandria.Monogynia,
the fiov/ers having ten ftamina and one ftyle.
. The Species are,
1. Cassia [Occident alls) foliis quinquejugis, ovato-lan-
ceolatis, margine fcabris, exterioribus majoribus,
glandula bafeos petiolorum. Lin. Sp. Plant. 337.
Caffta with leaves compofed of five pair of oval fpear-
floaped lobes with rough borders , the upper lobes being the
large ]} , and a fmall gland at the bafe of the foot-ftalk.
Senna occidentals, odore opii virofo, orobi Pan-
nonici foliis mucronatis glabris. Hort. Amft. 1. p. 51.
tab. 26.
2. Cassia ( Frutefcens ) foliolis qninquejugatis ovatis gla-
bris, exterioribus longioribus, caule fruticofo. Caffta
with leaves compofed of five pair of fmooth oval lobes , the
upper being the longeft , and a jhrubby ftalk. Senna fpu-
ria Americana frutefcens, foliis mucronatis minori-
bus, filiquis teretibus, duplici feminum ordine foetus.
Houft. MSS.
3. Cassia (. Alata ) foliolis otffbjugatis, ovL-oblongis,
interioribus- minoribus, petiolis eglanduioiis ftipulis
C A S
patulis. Hort. Cliff, 158. Caffta with eight pair of ob-
long. oval lobes , the inner being the leaf ; , foot-ftalks with-
out glands , and a fpr ending- ftipula. Caflia fyiveftris
foetida, filiquis alatis. Plum. Cat. 18, Wild finking
Caffta with winged pods.
4. Cassia ( Villofa ) foliolis trijugatis, oblongo-ovatis
asqualibus villofis, filiquis articulatis, caule e recto
arboreo. Caffta, with three pair of oblong , oval, hairy
leaves , which are equal , jointed pods , and an upright
woody fern. Senna fpuria arborea, villofa, foliis laris
mucronatis, filiquis articulatis. Houft. MSS.
5. Cassia ( Uniflora ) foliolis trijugatis, ovato-acumina-
tis, villofis, fioribus folitariis axillaribus, filiquis erec-
tis. Caffta with three pair of lobes in each leaf which are
oval, pointed , hairy , and fingle flowers proceeding from
the fides of the folks, with upright pods. Senna fpuria
herbacea orobi Pannonici foliis rotundioribus, flore
parvo, filiquis eredtis. Houft. MSS.
6. Cassia ( Marylandica ) foliis odtojugis ovato-oblongis,
tequalibus, glandula bafeos petiolorum. Lin. Sp. 541.
Caffta with Jmall leaves compofed of eight pair of oblong ,
oval, equal lobes , having a gland at the bafe of the foot-
ftalk. Caflia Marylandica pinnis foliorum oblongis,
calyce floris reflexo. Mart. Cent. 1. 21.
7. Cassia (. mcapfulari ) foliolis trijugatis obovatis gla-
bris, interioribus rotundioribus minoribus, glandula
interjedta globofa. Hort. Cliff. 159. Caffta with three
pair of oval fmooth leaves , the inner ones being rounder,
fmaller, and a globular gland placed between the leaves .
Caflia hexaphylla, filiqua bicapfulari. Plum. Cat. 18.
8 . Cassia ( Fiftula ) foliis quinquejugatis ovatis acumi-
natis, petiolis eglandulofis. Flor. Zeyl. 149. Caffta
with five pair of oval, pointed , fmooth lobes, and foot-
ftalks having no glands. Caflia fiftula Alexandrina.
C. B. P. 405. The purging CaJJia of Alexandria, or Pud-
ding Pipe-tree.
9. Cassia ( Bahamenfis ) foliolis fexjugatis, lanceolatis,
glabris, interioribus minoribus, fioribus terminatrici-
bus. Cafljia with fix pair of fmooth fpear-ftjaped lobes, the
inner ones being fmaller, and flowers terminating the ftalk.
Caflia Bahamenfis, pinnis foliorum mucronatis anguf-
tis, calyce floris non reflexo. Martyn. Cent. 1. p. 21.
10. Cassia {Fruticofo) foliolis bijugatis, ovato-lanceola-
tis, glabris, fioribus terminalibus, filiquis Ipngis te-
retibus, caule fruticofo. Caffta with two pair of oval ,
fpear-fhaped , fmooth lobes , flowers terminating the folks,
long taper pods , and a Jhrubby ftalk. Caflia fruticofa
tetraphylla, filiquis eredtis. Houft. MSS.
11. Cassia ( Javanica ) foliolis duodecemjugatis, oblon-
gis, obtufis, glabris, glandula nulla. Lin. Sp. Plant.
379. Caffta with twelve pair of fmooth lobes, which
have no glands. Caflia fiftula Brafilania. C. B. P. 403.
Purging Caffta of Brafil, commonly called Horfe Caffta in
America.
12. Cassia ( Liguftrina ) foliolis feptemjugatis, oblongo-
ovatis, fioribus fpicatis axillaribus, filiquis recurvis.
Caflia with fevenpair of oblong oval lobes, and 'fhort fpikes
of flowers proceeding from the fides of the ftalks, and re-
curved pods. Senna folio liguftri. Plum. Cat. i8v
Senna with a Privet leaf.
13. Cassia ( Emarginata ) foliolis trijugatis, obtufis,
emarginatis, caulibus pilofis, fioribus folitariis axil-
laribus petiolis longioribus. Caflia with three pair of
obtufe leaves, indented at the top, hairy ftalks, flowers
growing fingly from the fides of the ftalks upon a long foot-
ftalk. Senna fpuria frutefcens, foliorum pinnis lati-
oribus, caulibus pilofis, filiquis longiffimis pediculis
infidentibus. Houft. MSS.
14. Cassia ( Biflora ) foliolis quadrij ugaris oblcngo-ova-
tis, caulibus procumbentibus, fioribus axillaribus pe-
dunculis bifloris. Caflia with four pair of oval oblong
leaves, trailing ftalks , and flowers proceeding from the
fides of the ftalks , two growing upon each foot-ftalk.
Senna fpuria minima, procurnbens, foliorum pinnis
lubrotundis, caule pubefcente. Houft. MSS.
15. Cassia ( Arbor efcens ) foliolis bijugatis oblongo-
ovatis, fubtus villofis, fioribus corymbofis, caule
erecto arboreo. Caflia with two pair of oblong oval
leaves, hairy on their under fide , flowers growing, in
round bunches, and an ere A tree-like fern. Senna fpuria
6 terra-
CAS
tetraphylla arborea, filiquis compreffis, anguftis, lon-
gifiimis, pendulis. Houft. MSS.
1 6 . Cassia ( Flexuofa ) foliolis multijugatis linearibus,
fioribus folitariis axillaribus, pedunculis longiffimis.
Caftia with many pair of narrow leaves , Jingle flowers
- proceeding from the fides of the ftalks , and very long foot -
ftalks. Senna occidentals, foliis herbas mimofe, fili-
qua fingulari, fioribus pediculis longioribus infiften-
tibus. Sloan. Hid:. Jam. 2. 51.
17. Cassia ( Chdmacrifta ) foliolis multijugatis lineari-
bus, caulibus procumbentibus, frutefcentibus, fiori-
bus maximis folitariis axillaribus, filiquis glabris. Caf-
Jia with many pair of fnall leaves , which are narrow ,
fhrubby trailing ftalks , large flowers growing Jingly from
the fides of the ftalks , and fmooth pods. Senna fpuria
mimofe foliis, frutefcens & procumbens, flore maxi-
mo, filiquis glabris. Houft. MSS.
18. Cassia {Pentagonia ) foliolis trijugatis ovatis, exte-
rioribus majoribus glandula fubulata inter inferiora.
Prod. Leyd. 46. Caftia with three pair of fnall oval
leaves , the upper being the largeft , and an awl-fhaped
glandule betzveen the lower pair. Senna fpuria ple-
rumque hexaphylla filiqua pentagon! alata. Houft.
MSS.
j 9. Cassia ( Racemofa ) foliolis quinquejugatis, lanceo-
latis rigidis fioribus racemofis axillaribus, filiquis
planis, caule fruticofo. Caftia with five pair of fpear-
jhaped ftiff leaves , flowers growing in bunches from the
fides of the ftalk , flat pods , and a fhrubby ftalk.
20. Cassia ( Procumbens ) foliolis bijugatis ovatis, cauli-
bus procumbentibus, fioribus folitariis axillaribus, fi-
liquis hirfutis. Caftia with two pair of fnall oval leaves ,
trailing ftalks , fingle flowers proceeding from the fides of
the ftalk , and hairy pods. Senna fpuria tetraphylla
herbacea procumbens, filiquis hirfutis. Houft. MSS.
21. Cassia ( Glandulofa ) foliolis multijugatis, glandula
petioli pedicellata, ftipulis enfiformibus. Hort. Upfal.
1 o 1 . Caftia with many pair of leaves , and the gland on
the foot ftalk refembling an infedl , and fw or d-jh aped fti-
puU. Chamse chrifta pavonis Americana, filiqua mul-
tiplied. Breyn. Cent. 64.
The firft fort grows naturally in moft of the iflands
in the Weft Indies, where it is called Stinking Weed,
from its unfavoury odour. This rifes with a channell-
ed ftalk three or four feet high, dividing into feveral
branches, garniftied with winged leaves placed alter-
nately •, each of thefe is compoled of five pair of lobes
which are oval, fpear-fhaped, fitting clofe to the mid-
rib, having rough edges, the lower pair of lobes be-
ing the fmalleft, the others enlarge to the top, which
are the biggeft ; at the bafe of the foot-ftalk is pro-
duced a fmall protuberance, which is called a gland ;
this is differently fituated in the feveral fpecies of this
genus. The fiowers come out from the fides of the
ftalks, two growing upon each foot-ftalk ; but the
branches are terminated by loofe fpikes of flowers,
which are compofed of five concave yellow petals,
with ten declining ftamina, fituated round the ger-
men and ftyle, which becomes a fword-fhaped fiat
pod, having a border on each fide, and is indented
between each feed.
This is a biennial plant, which is propagated by feed
in plenty, in the countries where it grows naturally •,
but in England, the feeds muft be fown on a hot-bed
in the fpring, and when the plants are fit to remove,
they ftiould be each planted in a feparate pot, filled
with light earth, and plunged into a moderate hot-
bed, where they ftiould be Ihaded till they have taken
frefh root ; after which they ftiould have frefh air ad-
mitted to them every day, in proportion to the warmth
of the feafon, and fhould be frequently watered.
When the plants have filled the pots with their roots,
they fhould be fhifted into larger ; and if they are too
tall to remain in the hot-bed, they muft be placed
either in the ftove, or a glafs-cafe, where they may
be defended from cold, but in warm weather have
plenty of air. With this management the plants will
flower in Auguft, and perfeft their feeds in O&ober,
but may be preferved through the winter in a ftove,
where they will continue flowering a long time. In
CAS
warm fu miners the plants may be placed in the open
air toward the latter end of June, where they will
flower very well; but thefe will not perfebt their
feeds, unlefs they are removed into the ftove in au-
tumn.
The fecond fort was lent me from Jamaica by the
late Dr. Houftoun, who found it growing there na-
turally. This rifes with a ftirubby ftalk five or fix
feet high, fending out many branches toward the top,
garniftied with winged leaves, compofed of five pair
of fmall oval leaves, the upper ones being longeft.
The fiowers come out from the fide of the ftalks, and
alfo terminate the branches in loofe fpikes ; thefe are
yellow, and fhaped like thofe of the former, but are
fmaller •, the pods are long, taper, and contain two
rows of feeds.
This plant may be preferved three or four years in
the ftove, and will annually flower and perfebt the
feeds. It is propagated by feeds, which fhould be
fown on a hot-bed in the fpring •, and the plants muft:
be treated in the fame manner as the former fort, with
only this difference, that thefe, when they are too tall
to remain longer under the frames on the hot-bed,
muft be removed into the ftove, where they will often
flower in autumn or winter, but they feldom perfect
their feeds till the fecond year.
The third fort hath an herbaceous ftalk, which rifes
five or fix feet high, garniftied with long winged
leaves, compofed of eight or ten pair of large oval
lobes, each being more than three inches long, and
one broad, rounded at the end, where they are flight-
ly indented. The fiowers are produced in loofe fpikes
at the top of the ftalk, which are large, yellow, and
of the fame fhape with thofe of the other fpecies ; the
pods are long, taper, and have four borders or wings
running longitudinally ; thefe contain a double row
of angular feeds. The whole plant hath a ftrong
foetid odour.
This fort feldom continues more than two years ; it
muft be raifed from feeds as the former forts, and
placed in the tan-bed in the ftove, being very tender,
and fhould have but little water in winter. The fe-
cond year the plants will flower, but they very rarely
produce feeds in England.
The fourth fort was lent me from Campeachy by the
late Dr. Houftoun, who found it growing there in
great plenty. This rifes with a woody ftem to the
height of fourteen or fixteen feet, fending out many
lateral branches, garnifhed with winged leaves, com-
pofed of three pair of oblong, oval, hairy lobes, of
equal fize ; the flowers come out in loofe bunches at
the end of the branches, which are of a pale ftraw co-
lour, and fmall, but fhaped like the others ; the
pods are long, narrow, and jointed, each feed being
lodged in a fort of ifthmus ; the feeds are oval and
brown.
This* may be propagated by feeds, which muft be
fown upon a hot-bed, and the plants afterward treated
as the former forts, placing them in a warm ftove,
where they will continue feveral years producing their
flowers in fummer, and in warm feafons the feeds
will ripen.
The fifth fort is a low herbaceous plant, feldom rifl-
ing a foot high , tire ftalk is fingle, and garniftied
with winged leaves, compofed of three pair of oval
pointed lobes, which are hairy ; the flowers come out
fingle from the fide of the ftalks ; they are of a pale
yellow, and fmall •, thefe are fucceeded by narrow ta-
per pods two inches long, which grow upright. This
plant is annual ; the feeds muft be fown on a hot-bed,
and the plants treated as the firft fort : they will flower
in July, and ripen their feeds in autumn. This was
lent me from Campeachy by the late Dr. Houftoun.
The fixth fort grows naturally in Maryland, from
whence I received the feeds. It hath a perennial root,
compofed of a great number of black fibres ; this
fends out feveral upright ftalks in the fpring, which
rife four or five feet high, garnifhed with winged
leaves, compofed of nine pair of oblong fmooth lobes,
which are equal ; toward the tipper part of the ftalks
the
CAS
the flowers come out from the wings of the leaves,
two or three together •, but the ftalks are terminated
by loofe fpikes of pale yellow flowers, which are
rarely lucceeded by pods in England. The ftalks de-
cay in autumn, and rife again in the fpring. The
roots of this fort continue many years, and will live
abroad in a warm border and a dry foil. The feeds
will come up in the full ground, if fown in April,
and in autumn they may be planted into the borders
where they are defigned to remain.
The feventh fort is an annual plant, which rifes a
loot and a half high, with an eredt herbaceous ftalk,
garnifhed with winged leaves, compofed of three pair
of oval lobes ^ the flowers come out fingly from the
wings of the. leaves ; thefe are final], yellow, and of
the lame fhape with thofe of the other fpecies, anc
are lucceeded by taper pods, having cells containing
two rows of feeds. It grows naturally m Jamaica,
and the other fugar iflands.
This is propagated by feeds, which muft be fown on
a hot-bed in the fpring, and the plants afterward treat-
ed in the fame manner as hath been directed for the
hrft fort. They flower in July, and the feeds ripen in
Odrober, and then the plants will decay.
The eighth fort is the tree which produces the purg-
ing Caffia which is ufed in medicine. It grows na-
turally in Alexandria, and in both Indies, where it
rifes to the height of forty or fifty feet, with a large
trunk, dividing into many branches, garnifhed with
winged leaves, compofed of five pair of fpear-fhaped
lobes, which are fmooth, having many tranfverfe
nerves from the midrib to the borders ; the midrib is
very prominent on the under fide •, the flowers are
produced in long fpikes at the end of the branches,
each ftanding upon a pretty long foot-ftalk ; thefe are
compofed of five large concave petals, of a deep yel-
low colour, and are lucceeded by cylindrical pods,
which are from one to two feet long, with a dark
brown woody fhell, having a longitudinal feam on one
fide, divided into many cells by tranfverfe partitions,
each containing one or two oval, fmooth, compreffed
feeds, lodged in a fweetifli black pulp, which is the
part ufed in medicine.
This tree is propagated by feeds, which may be eafily
procured from the druggifts who import the pods for
ufe ; thefe muft be fown on a hot-bed in the fpring,
and when the plants come up, they muft be treated
in the fame manner as the firft fort, during the firft
fummer j and in autumn they muft be removed into
a ftove, and plunged into the tan-bed : during the
winter they fhould have very little water ; for as thefe
trees grow naturally in dry fandy land, moifture is a
great enemy to them, but efpecially during that fea-
fon. In the fummer they fhould have a good fhare of
air admitted to them in warm weather, but they will
not thrive in the open air in this country, at the
warmeft time of the year, fo fhould conftantly remain
in the ftove. With proper care thefe plants will grow
to the height of eight or ten feet, and produce their
flowers, when they make a fine appearance.
The ninth fort grows naturally in the Bahama Iflands,
from whence I received the feeds. This is an annual
plant, which rifes with an upright ftalk two feet and
a half high, garnifned with winged leaves, compofed
of fix pair of lobes, which are fmooth, narrow, and
fpear-fhaped, ftanding at wide diftances ; the flowers
are coilecfted into loofe bunches at the top of the
ftalks, which are of a’ pale yellow, and are fucc.eeded
by long compreffed pods. It flowers in July, and the
feeds ripen in autumn. This muft be treated as the
firft fort.
The tenth fort was fent me from La Vera Cruz, in
New Spain, by the late Dr. Houftoun. This grows
upward of twenty feet high, with feveral trunks co-
vered with brown bark ; thefe divide into many
branches upward, garnifhed with winged leaves, com-
pofed of two pair of 'lobes, which in the lower
leaves are oval ; but thofe of the upper are five inches
long, and two and a half broad in the middle, fmooth,
and of a light green* The flowers are produced in
CAS
loofe fpikes at the extremity of the branches, which
are large, of a gold colour, and fucceeded by taper
brown pods about nine inches long, having many
tranfverfe partitions, in which the feeds are lodged in
a thin pulp. x &
This fort is propagated by feeds, which muft be fown
upon a hot-bed, and the plants afterward treated in
the fame manner as the eighth fort, for the plants
will not live abroad in this country in the warmeft fea-
fon of the year ; but if properly managed in the ftove,
will produce their beautiful flowers "in three or four
years from the feed.
The eleventh fort grows in great plenty in moft of the
iflands of the Weft Indies. I his riles to a great ma®'-
nitude, with a large trunk, dividing into many
blanches, garnifhed with very long winged leaves,
compofed of twelve or fourteen pair of oblong blunt
lobes, which are fmooth, of a light green, ancfplaced
near together. The flowers come out in loofe fpikes
at the end of the branches, which are of a pale Car-
nation colour, fhaped like thole of the other fpecies,
and are lucceeded by large cylindrical pods, divided
by tranfverfe partitions into many cells, in which the
feeds are lodged, furrounded with a black purcrin<y
pulp. This is called Horfe Caffia, becaufe it is ge-
nerally given to horfes, and feldom taken by any per-
forms on account of its griping quality.
It is propagated by feeds, which lliould be fown, and
the plants afterward treated in the fame manner as the
eighth fort, with which management they will thrive
and produce flowers in England.
The twelfth fort was lent me from the Havannah by
the late Dr. Houftoun. This hath an herbaceous ftalk,
which divides into many branches, rifing about three
feet high, .garnifhed with winged leaves, compofed
of feven pair of oblong oval lobes, which are rounded
at the end. The flowers come out from the fide of
the branches, upon very long foot-ftalks, difpofed
in loofe fpikes ; thefe are of a pale yellow, and are
fucceeded by recurved pods, containing one row of
compreffed feeds.
This is a biennial plant, which, if brought forward
early in the fpring, will fometimes perfect feeds the
fame year ; but if they lliould fail, the plants may be
kept through the winter in a ftove, as the firft fort,
and good feeds may be obtained the following
feafon. &
The thirteenth fort rifes with feveral weak ffirubby
ftalks about two feet high, clofely garnifhed with
winged leaves, compofed of three pair of lobes, which
are very narrow at their bafe, enlarging to the top,
where they are blunt, and rounded with a little in-
denture at the point j thefe contract: clofely every
evening, after the fun has left them. The flowers
come out Angle from the fide of the branches, ftand-
ing upon very long foot-ftalks ; they are of a bright
yellow, and fhaped like thofe of the other fpecies,
and are fucceeded by narrow flat pods, an inch and
a half lohg. This grows plentifully in Jamaica. It
is propagated by feeds, which muft be fown on a
hot-bed, and managed as the other tender forts ^ it
w'iii continue two or three years, if placed in a warm
ftove.
The fourteenth fort fends out from the root two or
three (lender ftalks, which trail on the ground, gar-
nifhed with winged leaves, having four pair of fmall
roundifh lobes, of a pale green ^ at the infertion of
the foot-ftalks arife thofe of the flower, which is
jointed, dividing into two ffiorter at the top, fuftain-
ing two fmall yellow flowers. This grows naturally
in Jamaica, from whence the feeds were fent me. It
is an annual plant, whole feeds muft be fown early
in the fpring on a hot-bed, and treated like the other
kinds but as the branches of this grow near the
ground, fo the plants may remain under a frame all
the fummer, and will flower in July •, when, if the
feafon is warm, they muft have have a large (hare of
air, otherwife the flowers will fall off, without being
fucceeded by pods ; but if rightly managed, the feeds
will ripen in autumn.
The
\
CAS
The fifteenth fort was fent me from La Vera Cruz,
in New Spain, by the late Dr. Houftoun. This rifes
with a ftrong upright trunk, to the height of twenty-
five, or thirty feet, dividing into many branches,
which are covered with an Alh-coloured bark, garnifhed
with winged leaves, having long foot-ftalks ; each
being compofed of two pair of oblong oval lobes,
four inches" long, and near two broad, which are
fmooth, of a dark green on their upper fide, but
paler underneath. The flowers are produced fome-
times from the fide of the' {talks, where they are few
and fcattering, but the ends of the branches have large
round bunches of flowers, which branch out from
one center •, they are of a deep yellow, inclining to
an Orange colour. Thefe are fucceeded by comprefled
pods, near nine inches long, having a border on each
fide, and contain one row of oval, fmooth, comprefled
feeds.
This fort may be propagated by feeds, which: ihould
be fown on a hot-bed in the fpring, and when the
plants come up, they will require the fame treatment
as. the feventh fort; with which management the
plants will thrive, and produce their flowers in a few
years.
The Sixteenth fort hath very fiender trailing italics,
about two feet long, garniihed with winged leaves,
fitting clofe to the branches, compofed of many
narrow pinnae, like thofe of the Senfitive Plant •, the
flowers come out Angle from the fide of the fcallc,
upon long fiender foot-ftalks, which are fmall, of a
bright yellow colour, fnaped like thofe of the other
fpecies ; they are fucceeded by fhort flat pods, con-
taining two or three feeds. This grows naturally in
Jamaica. It is a biennial plant, and requires the fame
treatment as the firft fort.
The feventeenth fort was fent me by the late Dr.
Houftoun from La Vera Cruz, where he found it
growing naturally. This rifes with feveral fhrubby
trailing ftallcs, which are two feet long, fending out
many fide branches, clofely garnifhed with winged
leaves, compofed of feveral pair of very narrow pin-
nte, fmaller than thofe of the fenfitive Plant. The
flowers are produced Angle from the fide of the
branches, on very fhort foot-ftalks ; they are large,
of a deep Orange colour, and are fucceeded by fhort,
narrow, fmooth pods. This plant differs much from
the Chamas crifta pavonis major, of Breynius, in
having a fhrubby trailing Italic ; the leaves are much
fhorter, having but half the number of pinnae,
which are alfo narrower and fhorter, the flower is alfo
larger.
This plant will continue two or three years, and pro-
duce flowers annually, but it muft be treated in the
fame manner as the other tender forts ; for it will not
thrive unlefs it is preferved in a warm ftove, where
it will perfedt feeds the fecond year. It flowers in July
and Auguft, and the feeds ripen in autumn.
The eighteenth fort was fent me from Campeachy,
by the late Dr. Houftoun. This rifes with a fhrubby
fiender ftalk about two feet high, dividing upward
into feveral branches, which are thinly garnifhed with
winged leaves, compofed of three pair of oval lobes,
the upper being the largeft ; thefe ftand upon long
foot-ftalks, from the bafe of which comes out the
flower, Handing Angle on a fhort foot-ftalk, of a pale
yellow colour, and is fucceeded by a bending pod,
near four inches long, having five longitudinal wings,
ending in a point.
It is a biennial plant, which if brought forward in the
fpring, will flower the fame fummer, and fometimes
perfedt feeds in autumn ; but if the plants are placed
in a warm ftove, they will live through the winter,
and the following feafon will flower earlier, and good
feeds may then be obtained.
The nineteenth fort rifes with a fhrubby ftalk to the
height of ten or twelve feet, dividing upward into
many branches, garnifhed with winged leaves, com-
pofed of five pair of ftiff fpear-fliaped lobes ; the
flowers come out from the fide of the branches, on
long branching foot-ftalks, colledted into large loofe
CAS
| fpilces thefe are of a deep Orange colour, large, aftcl
fliaped like thofe of the other fpecies, and are fuc-
ceeded by flat brown pods, about four inches long,
containing one row of flat, fmooth, oval feeds. This
fort was fent me from Carthagena, by the late Mr.
Robert Millar,
This fort is propagated by feeds in the fame manner
as the other fpecies, and requires a warm ftove to
preferve it, where it will thrive and produce flowers
annually. '
The twentieth fort was fent me from La Vera Cruz,
by the late Dr. Houftoun. This hath feveral trailing
herbaceous ftalks, about two feet long, garniihed
with winged leaves, having long foot-ftalks, which
are placed at a confiderable diftance from each other;
they have two pair of oval fmooth lobes. The flow-
ers come out Angle from the fide of the branches,
which are of a pale yellow colour, and are fucceeded
by fhort, fiat, hairy pods, containing one row of flat
feeds.
This is an annual plant, which muft be raifed on a
hot-bed early in the fpring, and treated in the fame
manner as the other annual forts before-mentioned.
It flowers in July, and the feeds ripen in autumn.
The twenty-firft fort grows common in all the iflands
of the Weft-Indies. This rifes with a fiender ftalk
about two feet high, fending out a few fide branches
upward, garnifhed with winged leaves, compofed of
many pairs of narrow pinnse, like thofe of the Senfi-
tive Plant. The flowers come out upon fhort foot-
ftalks from the fide of the branches, each foot-ftalk
fuftaining two or three yellow flowers, of the fame
form with the other fpecies of this genus ; thefe are ,
fucceeded by fhort flat pods, containing three or four
flat feeds in each.
This is an annual plant, and requires the fame treat-
ment as the laft ; but as the ftalks of this grow up-
right, they will be too tall to remain under a frame
all the fummer •, therefore v/hen the plants are ad-
vanced fo high as to be near the glafies, they Ihould
be removed into the ftove, or a glafs cafe, where they
may have room to grow, and be fcreened from the
cold, but in warm weather fhould have a good fhare
of air admitted to them ; with this management they
will flower in July, and perfect their feeds in
autumn.
Thefe plants are frequently preferved in the gardens
of feveral curious perfons, therefore I have enume-
rated them here, though feveral of them have not
much beauty to recommend them, but are chiefly
kept for the fake of variety. The moft beautiful are
the fourth, the eighth, tenth, eleventh, fifteenth,
and nineteenth forts ; thefe all make a good appear-
ance in the ftove, efpecially v/hen they are in flower ,;
and as they retain their leaves all the year, they
make an agreeable variety in the winter feafon, when
intermixed with other plants from the fame countries.
All the fpecies of this genus contract their leaves
every evening as the fun declines, and open them
again with the ruing fun in the morning ; which is
alfo common to many other plants, feme of which
turn their upper furface outward, but all thofe of
this genus turn their under furface outward, the
upper being very clofely folded together. Thefe are
what Linnaeus titles fleeping plants. It muft alfo be
obferved that moft of thofe plants, whofe under fur-
face is turned outward, are fuch as grow upon dry
fandy land, where their roots do not find a fuppiy of
moifture, fo that the lower furface of their leaves
being generally covered with a fhort foft down, or
hairs, detain the nightly dews, which are inhaled by
the leaves, and furnifti part of their nourifhment ;
whereas the other, whofe upper furface is turned
outward, do not ftand in need of this fuppiy ; being
fmooth, the moifture is call oft, and not imbibed by
them.
C A S S I D A [i. e. an helmet, j Scull-cap. See Scu-
tellaria.
CAS SI NE. Lin. Gen. Plant. 333, The Caffioberry
Buffi, and South-Sea Then.
E e e
The
)
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• v' ? )
1
The Characters are,
it hath a /mail permanent empalement , which is divided
into jive parts ; the floiver hath hut one petal , which is
cut into five ohtufie fegments , which fipread open ; it
jfif c ftamina , which fipread from each other, and are ter-
minated by Jingle fummits •, zk hath a conical ger men, with-
out a ftyle, fupporting three reflexed ftigma. The germen
afterward becomes an umbilicated berry with three cells,
each containing a jingle feed.
This genus of plants is ranged in the third fedtion
of Linnaeus’s fifth clafs, intitled, Pentandria Tri-
gynia, the flower having five ftamina, and three
ftigma.
The Species are,
1. Cassine (Cory mb of a) foliis ovato-lanceolatis, ferratis,
oppofitis, floribus corymbofis axillaribus. Fig. PI.
plat. 83. f. 1. Cafline with oval fipear-jhaped leaves
placed oppofite, and florfirs growing in round bunches from
the fides of the branches. Caffine vera perquam fimi-
lis, arbufcula, Phillyreae folds antagoniftis, ex Pro-
vincia ■ Carolinienfi. Pluk. Mant. 40. The Cajfloberry
Buflo.
2. Cassine ( Paragua ) foliis lanceolatis alternis femper-
virentibus, floribus axillaribus. Fig. pi. Plat. 83. f. 2.
Caffine with evergreen fpear-floaped leaves placed alter-
nately, and flowers proceeding from the fides of the
branches. Cafline vera Floridanorum, arbufcula bac-
cifera, Alaterni ferme facie, foliis alternatim fitis
tetrapyrene. Pluk. 1 Mant. 40. Evergreen Cafline , Ta-
per, or South-Sea Thea.
3. Cassine ( Oppofitifolia ) foliis ovatis acutis glabris,
floribus axillaribus fparfls. Cafline with oval acute leaves
placed oppofite, and flowers coming from the wings of the
Jlalks , commonly called Hyffon Tea.
The 'firft fort rifes with two or three ftems, which
fend out many fide branches their whole length, ’ and
become bulky ; thefe feldom rife more than eight or
nine feet high. The branches are garniflied with oval
fpear-fliaped leaves, lawed on their edges, which
grow oppoflte. Toward the upper part of the
branches the flowers come out from the fides, grow-
ing in roundifn bunches ; thefe are white, and are
divided into five parts almoft to the bottom ; in their
center is placed the germen, attended by five ftamina,
which fpread open, near as much as the fegments of
the petal. After the flower is paft, the germen fwells
to a round berry, having three cells, each containing
a Angle feed. This is by Dr. Linnaeus fuppofed to
be the fame plant as the Phillyrea Capenfis folio ce-
laftri. Hort. Elth. But thofe who know both the
plants, can have no doubt of their being different.
The Caffine here mentioned drops its leaves in .au-
tumn, whereas that Phillyrea is evergreen; the former
lives abroad in the open air, but the latter can fcarce
be kept through the winter in a green-houfe, without
artificial heat ; nor have the plants the fame appear-
ance, and withal differ effentially, according to his
own fyftem, in the number of ftamina, which removes
them to different dalles.
The firft fort has been pretty common in the nur-
feries near London fome years, where it is propagated
by laying down the branches, which afford fhoots in
plenty for that purpofe from the root, and lower part
of the item, fo as to become very buflhy and thick,
if they are not cut off • there are numbers of thefe
ftirubs which produce flowers in England every year,
but none of them ripen their feeds.
The leaves of this plant are extremely bitter, fo that
if a Angle one is chewed, the bitternefs cannot be
gotten rid of in a long time. Thefe leaves will con-
tinue green very late in autumn, if the feafon proves
mild, and they come out early in the fpr’mg, but
are frequently pinched by the froft in March,
when they appear fo foon. This fiirub flowers in
July and Auguft. It grows naturally in Virginia and
Carolina.
It loves a light foil, not too dry, and fhould have a
warm fltuation ; for, in expofed places, the young
jffioots are frequently, killed in the winter, whereby
the ftirubs are rendered unlightly; but where they are
- 6 •
near the fhelter of trees, or walls, they are very rarely
hurt. J
The fecond fort grows naturally in Carolina, and alfo
in feme warm parts or Virginia, but chiefly near the
fea ; this, in the natural places of its growth, rifes to
the height of ten or twelve feet, fending out branches
from the ground upward, which form themfelves
into a fort of pyramid, garniflied with fpear-fliaped
leaves, placed alternately ; thefe are in texture and
colour like thofe of Alaternus, and continue green
through the year. The flowers are produced in clofe
whorls round the branches, at the foot-ftalks of the
leaves ; they are white, and of the fame ftiape as the
former ; thefe are fucceeded by red berries, like thofe
of the former fort.
Dr. Linnaeus has feparated this from the clafs in
which he has placed the other, and has joined it to
the Dahoon Holly, fuppofing them to be the fame
plant ; in which he is equally miftaken, for they not
only differ in the ftiape of their leaves, but alfo in
their effential characters ; for the Dahoon Holly mull,
according to his fyftem, be ranged in his twenty-
fecond clafs, and the Caffine muft be ranged in his
fifth.
This plant was many years preferved in feveral cu-
rious gardens near London, till the fevere winter in
I 739 -> when moft of them were deftroyed, fo that
there was fcarce any left ; but of late years there have
been many of the young plants railed from feeds,
which came from Carolina, fome of which have been
growing in the full ground feveral years, and have
refilled the cold of the winters, without covering ;
though they often fuffer in very cold feafons, where
they are not very well Iheltered. If this plant can
be brought to thrive well in England, and to endure
the winter in the open air, it will be a fine plant,
to make a variety in plantations of Evergreen-trees.
The leaves of this fort are not fo bitter as thofe of
the firft, efpecially when green, therefore are preferred
to them for making the Thea ; but an infufion of the
leaves of the firft, has been taken for a lofs of appe-
tite by fome perfons with good fuccefs ; but it muft
not be too ftrong, left it fhould prove emetic or ca-
thartic.
The inhabitants of North Carolina and Virginia,
where this fhrub grows in plenty, give it the title
of Yapon, which I fuppofe to be the Indian name;
for, as it is a plant much efteemed by the Indians for
its medicinal virtues, they certainly have a name for
it ; this grows to the height of ten or twelve feet ;
the leaves are about the fize and ftiape of thofe of
the fmall leaved Alaternus, but are fomewhat fhorter,
and a little broader at their bale ; they are a little
notched about their edges, and are of a thick fub-
ftance, and deep green colour; the flowers of this
fort are produced at the joints near the foot-ftalk of
the leaves, but the Caffioberry Bufh produces its
flowers in umbels at the extremity of the flioots ; the
berries of this Yapon continue upon the plants moft
part of the winter, and, being of a bright red colour,
intermixed with the green leaves, make a fine ap-
pearance at that feafen. From thefe berries con-
tinuing fo long untouched by the birds, we may
reafonably conclude, they have fome venomous
quality, becaufe few of the fruits, or berries, which
are wholefome, efcape the birds, in a country where
there are fuch flocks of many kinds of them.
Thefe ftirubs are propagated by fowing their feeds
(which are obtained from Carolina, where they grow
in great plenty near the fea-coafts ;) they fhould be
fow'n in pots filled with light fandy earth, and plunged
into a gentle hot-bed, dbferving to water them fre-
quently, until you fee the plants appear, which is
fometimes in five or fix weeks time, and at other
times they will remain in the ground until the fecond
year ; therefore, if the plants fhould not come up in
two months time, you fhould remove the pots into
a fhady fltuation, where they may remain till (Adobe r,
being careful to keep them, clean from weeds, and
now and then in dry weather giving them a little
. - water;
/
CAS
water ; then remove thefe pots into flicker during
the winter feafon, and in the March following put
them upon a freffi hot-bed, which will forward the
feeds in their vegetation.
When the plants are come up, they fhould, by de-
grees, be expofed to the open air, in order to inure
them to our climate ; yet they fhould not be expoled
to the open fun at firft, but rather let them have the
morning fun only, placing them for feme time where
they may be fheltered from cold winds ; they fhould
enjoy a fhelter during the two or three firft winters,
after which the Caffioberry Bufh may be planted
abroad; but the South-Sea Thea fhould be kept in
pots a year or two longer, being flower of growth,
and will therefore not have ftrength enough to refill
the cold when young.
The third fort has been but few years introduced to
the Englifh gardens ; this rifes eight or ten feet high,
fending out branches from the root to the top, gar-
nifhed with oval, fmooth, entire leaves placed op-
pofite, whofe foot-ftalks are drawn toward each other,
whereby the leaves turn upward ; the flowers come
out from the wings of the leaves thinly, they are
white, and of the fame fhape with thofe of the other
forts, but are not fucceeded by berries in England.
This is propagated by feeds as the other forts, or by
laying down the branches in the fpring, which if
carefully performed will take root in one year; when
they may be cut from the old plant, and put into
fmall pots, and placed in the fnade till they have
taken new root ; afterward they may be expofed in
fummer, but in autumn they muft be removed into
fhelter.
The Paraguay, or South-Sea Thea, is accounted by
the Indians very wholefome, and (as I have been in-
formed by feveral worthy perfons, who reflded for
feveral years in Carolina) is the only phyfic the In-
dians ufe; and for which, at certain times of the year,
they come in droves, fome hundred miles diftant, for
the leaves of this tree (it not being known to grow
at any conflderable diftance from the fea;) where
their ufual cuftom is, to make a fire upon the ground,
and, putting a great kettle of water thereon, they
throw into it a large quantity of thefe leaves, 'and
immediately fet themfelves round the fire, and, with
a bowl that holds about a pint, they begin drinking
large draughts, which in a very fhort time vomits
them feverely ; thus they continue drinking and vo-
miting, for the fpace of two or three days, until they
have fufficiently cleanfed themfelves ; then they gather
every one a bundle of the fhrub to carry away with
them, and retire to their habitations. But thefe
gentlemen obferved fomething very extraordinary in
the operation of this plant, which was, that in vo-
miting it gave them no uneafinefs, or pain, but
came away in a full ftream from their mouths, with-
out fo much as declining their heads, or the leak
reaching.
This plant is generally fuppofed to be the fame as
that which grows in Paraguay, where the jefuits of
that country make a great revenue of the leaves,
which they export to feveral other countries, where
it is infufed and drank like tea; indeed, there are
fome perfons who doubt its being the fame ; which
will be pretty difficult to determine, fince there is
fo little converfe between the inhabitants of Paraguay
and thofe in Europe ; and all the leaves of that tea,
which have been brought to Europe, have been ge-
nerally fo broken and defaced, as to render it almoft
impoflibie to know their true figure ; however, from
fome of the faireft leaves, which were picked out of
the Paraguay Tea by a perfon of fkill, who compared
them with thofe of the Yapon, he had great reafon
to believe they were the fame ; and as the virtues
attributed to the Yapon are nearly, if not abfolutely,
the fame with thofe of the Paraguay, the Indians of
thefe northern parts of America making the fame ufe
of it as the inhabitants of the fouth parts of America
do, viz. to reftore loft appetites, and they fay 'it gives
them courage and agility, for which purpofes it has
CAS
been in life time out of mind : we may alio obfervA,
that the place of its growth in the north, is the fam#
latitude as Paraguay is fouth ; fo I final! beg leave to
infert -the account given of the Paraguay Tea by
Monf. Frezier, who travelled through great part of
New Spain, by exprefs order of the king of France.
In South Carolina theplant is called Caffena, or South-
Sea Tea: the inhabitants of that country do not
make fo great ufe of this Tea, as thofe of Virginia
and North Carolina; in the laft of which, the white
people have it in as great efteem as the Indians, and-
make as conftant ufe of it.
Monfieur Frezier alfo fays, that the Spaniards who
live near the gold mines in Peru, are obliged fre-
quently to drink of the herb Paraguay or Mate, to
moiften their breaks, without which, they are liable
to a fort of fuffocation, from the ft-rong exhalations
which are continually coming from the mines.
The fame author alfo adds, that the inhabitants of
Lima, during the day-time, make much ufe of the
herb Paraguay, which fome call St. Bartholomew’s
Elerb, who, they pretend, came into thofe provinces,
where he made it wholefome and beneficial ; whereas,
before it was venomous ; this, he fays, is brought to
Lima dry, and almoft in powder.
Inftead of drinking the tinfture or infufion apart, as
we drink tea, they put the herb into a cup or bowl
made of a calabaffi tipped with filver, which they
call mate ; they add fugar, and pour the hot water
upon it, which they drink immediately, without giving
it time to infufe, becaufe it turns black as ink. To
avoid fwallowing the herb, which fwims at the top,
they make ufe of a filver pipe, at the end whereof is
a bowl full of little holes ; fo that the liquor fucked
in at the other end, is clear from the herb. They
drink round with the fame pipe* pouring hot water
on the fame herb, as it is drunk off. Inftead of a
pipe, which they call bombilla, fome part the herb
with a filver feparator, called apartador, full of little
holes. The reludlancy which the French have fttewn
to drink after all forts of people, in a country where
many have the venereal difeafe, has occafioned the in-
venting the ufe of little glafs pipes, whicli they begin
to ufe at Lima. This liquor, he fays, in his opinion,
is better than tea ; it has a flavour of the herb, which
is agreeable enough : the people of the country are;
fo ufed to it, that even the pooreft drink it once a
day, when they rife in the morning.
TJie trade for this herb, (he fays,) is carried on at
Santa Fe, whether it is brought up the river of Plate.
There are two forts of it; the one called Yerba de
Palos ; and the other, which is finer, and of more
virtue, Yerba de Camini ; the laft is brought from
the lands belonging to the jefuits. The great con-
fumption of it is between La Paz and Cufco, where it
is worth half as much more as the other, which is
fent from Potoft to La Paz. There come yearly from
Paraguay into Peru about fifty thoufand arrovas,
twelve thoufand hundred weight of both forts, where-
of at leak one third is of the Camini, without reck-
oning twenty-five thoufand arrovas of that of Palos
for Chili. They pay for each parcel, containing fix
or feven arrovas, four royals for the duty called al-
cavala (being a rate upon all goods fold ;) which,
with the charge of carriage, being above fix hundred
leagues, doubles the firft prices, which is about two
'pieces of eight ; fo that at Potofi 'it comes to about
five pieces of eight the arrova. The carriage is com-
monly by carts, which carry an hundred and fifty
arrovas from Santa Fe to Jujuy, the laft town of the
province of Tucuman ; and from .thence to Potofi,
which is an hundred leagues farther, it is carried on
mules.
What this curious author has obferved, on there being
two forts of this herb, may very well agree with the
two laft forts mentioned, fince both of them are ge-
nerally fuppofed to .agree in their qualities, though
one. is much preferable to the other; therefore I
imagine the Yerba de Camini, is what we call Para-
guay or South-Sea Thea ; and Yerba de Palos to be
our
our third fort. , But as our author only faw the dried
herb, he could no more diftinguifti their difference,
than we can the Thea' brought from China ; I mean,
as to the particular trees which produce it.
C A S S Y T H A. Lin. Gen. Plant. 505.
The Characters are,
It hath a fma.ll three-leaved permanent empalement ; the
fewer hath three petals which are concave and permanent ,
and three, oblong , coloured , nebtaerious glands furrounding
the germen , with nine eredt comprejfed ftamina , and two
globular glands, indofng each a Jingle ftamina, fitting on
one fide the bafe ; thefe have fummits under the top of the
ftamina % it has an oval germen within the coloured em-
palement , fupporting a thick ftyle the length of the ftamina ,
crowned by an obtufe almoft trifid ftigma ; the receptacle
becomes a pulpy berry * globular but a little deprejfed , in-
clojeci in the coloured empalement , having a perforated
navebinclofing many oval feeds.
This is ranged in Linnaeus’s firft order of his eleventh
clafs of plants, intitled Enneandria Monogynia, the
flower having eleven ftamina and one ftyle.
We have at prefent but one Species of this genus.
Cassytha ( Filiformis ) Gib. It. Lin. 530. Slender Cajfytha.
Cufcuta b.accifera Barbadenfium. Pluk. Phyt. tab.
172. f. 2.
This plant grows naturally in both Indies. I have
received it from Barbadoes, Jamaica, and the Spanifh
Weft Indies j and that it grows alfo in the Eaft Indies,
is plain from its figure in the Hortus Malabaricus.
It rifes with taper fucculent ftalks, which divide into
many fender fucculent branches; thefe come out fre-
quently by threes or fours at the fame joint, afterward
they fend out fide branches fin gly without order, and
become very bulky : the flowers come out on the
fide of the branches fingly, fitting very clofe thereto,
having no empalement ; the corolla is oval, v/hite,
with a Email tindture of red, opening like a navel at
the top, including the germen, ftamina, ftyle, and
nediarious glands lb clofely, as not to be dilcovered
till the corolla is cut open ; after the flower is pall,
the germen becomes many oblong, oval, dark feeds,
furrounded with a. mucilaginous fubftance.
This plant is eafily propagated by planting cuttings
of it during the fummer months, but as thefe cuttings
are fucculent, it will be proper to cut them off a
week before they are planted, laying them in the
ftove, that the part cut may have time to heal over
before they are planted. Thefe cuttings Ibould be
planted in fmall pots, which muff be plunged into a
moderate hoc-bed, where, if they are not over watered,
they will take root in fix weeks ; then they may be
parted, planting each into a feparate fmall pot, filled
with light fancly earth, and may be plunged again
into the hot-bed to forward their taking new root ;
after Which they fhould be removed into a dry ftove,
where they fhould conflantly remain, giving but little
water in winter, and in fummer admitting a large
fhare of air in warm weather, for this plant is too
tender to thrive in the open air in this climate.
CASTANEA. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 584. tab. 352.
Fagus. Lin. Gen. Plant. 951. [It takes its name from
Caftana, a city of Thefialy, where this tree anciently
grew in great plenty.] The Chefnut-tree, in French
Xbhateignier , or Mar outlier.
The Char. act ers are,
It hath male and female flowers on the fame tree , fome-
times at feparate diftances , and at other times near each
other . The' male flowers are fixed to a long firing , form-
ing a fort of katkin ; thefe have each an empalement of
one leaf . , cut into five parts ; they have no petals , but
include about ten or twelve briftly ftamina , terminated by
oblong fummits. The female flowers have alfo an empale-
ment of one leaf divided into four parts , having no pe-
tals , but. a germen fixed to the empalement , fupports three
ftyles crowned by a reflexed ftigma. The germen , which
is fiiuated at the baft of the empalement , becomes a
roundifp fruit armed with foft fpines , including one or
more nuts.
This genus of plants is ranged In the eighth feftion
of Linnseus’s twenty-firft clafs, Intitled Moncecia Po-
lyandria, the plants of this fe&ion have male and fe-
male flowers, and the male flowers have many fta-
mina ; but he has joined this genus to the Fagu*
making thefe of one "genus, fo that he has entirely
abflifhed the title. However, as the male flowers
of the Chefnut are formed into long katkins, and
thoie of tiie .ocech are globular, they may with
propriety be kept feparate; and this I choofe to do,
that it may be more intelligible to common readers. ’
The Species are,
1. Castanea ( Saliva ) foliis lanceolatis acuminato-fer-
ratis, fubtus nudis. Chefnut with fpear-fhaped leaves ,
which are fharply flawed, and naked on their under fide !
Caftanea fativa. C. B. P. 418. The manured Chefnut.
2. Castanea fPumiia) foliis lanceolato-ovatis acute fer-
ratis, fubtus tomentofis, amentis filiformibus nodofis.
Chefnut with oval fpear-fhaped leaves ftmrply flawed ,
which are woolly on their under fide , and a fender knotted
katkin Caftanea pumila Virginiana, racemofa fruffu
parvo in fingulis capfulis echinato unico. Pluk. Aim.
90. The Chinquapin.
3. Castanea ( Sloanea ) foliis oblongo-ovatis, ferratiw
fruftu rotundo maxima echinato. Chefnut with oblong
oval, fawed leaves , and a very large , round . , prickly fruit.
Sloanea amplis Caftante foliis. frudtu echinato. Plum.
Nov. Gen. 49.
The Chefnut is a tree which deferves our care, as
much as any of the trees which are propagated in
this country, either for ufe or beauty, being one of
the bell fort of timber, and affording a goodly fliade.
It will grow to a very great fize, and fpread its
branches finely on every fide where it has room.
The leaves are large, of a lucid green, and continue
late in the autumn ; nor are they to liable to be eaten
by infects, as are thofe of the Oak, which of late
years have frequently happened to the latter, and has
rendered them very unfightly great part of fummer,
which I have never obferved to be the cafe with the
Chefnut, which renders them more valuable for parks
and plantations for ornament ; and there is no better
food for deer, and many other animals, than their
nuts, which moft of them prefer to acorns ; but yet,
there fhould not be many of thefe trees planted too
near the habitation ; becaufe, when they are in flower,
they emit a very difagreeable odour, which is very
offenfive to moft people.
There are feveral varieties of this tree, which have
accidentally arifen from feeds ; lome have been fup-
pofed diftinbl fpecies, but the differences are only in
the fize of their fruit and leaves, which have been
altered, and improved by culture ; fo that the wild
and manured Chefnut, are undoubtedly the fame ;
for I have frequently found, that the nuts taken from
, the fame tree, and cultivated in the fame foil, with
equal care, have produced trees with very lmall fruit;
and among them have been others, whole fruit have
been as large as thofe of the parent tree ; therefore
they can be only efteemed as varieties. But in many
countries, where the trees are cultivated for their
fruit, the people graft the largeft and faireft fruit,
upon flocks of Chefnut raffed from the nut; and
thefe grafted trees are by the French called Maron-
nier, but they are unfit for timber.
There is alfo a Chefnut with variegated leaves, which
is propagated in the nurferies by way of curiofity :
this is maintained by budding, and Inarching it upon
common Chefnut flocks, in the fame manner as other
fruit-trees ; but thefe variegated trees and plants are
not fo much regarded at prefent, as they were feme
years paft.
The Dwarf branching Chefnut which is mentioned
in moft of the books, I take to be only a variety of
the common; for Dr. Boerhaave fhewed me fome
young trees in his garden near Leyden, which he had
railed from nuts, which were fent him by Micheii
from Florence, as the true fruit of the Dwarf Chef-
nut; but there appeared to be no difference between
thofe, and fome other which came from nuts of the
large fort.
The
CAS
The third fort grows in South Carolina, from whence j
fome of the fruit with their outer covers, were fent to
his grace the Duke of Bedford, a few years paft :
thefe were as large and round as a tennis-ball, and
armed all over with ftrong fpines like a hedge-hog :
thefe capfulse were divided regularly in four cells,
each containing one fmall Chefnut. At that time I
compared thefe with father Plumier’s defcription and
figure, which he exhibited under the title of Sloanea,
and found them to agree exa&ly ; and upon looking
through the box in which thefe were fent, I found
fome of the leaves of the tree, which alfo tallied with
his defcription, which confirmed my former opinion;
therefore, as I could fee no other difference between
the fruit of this and the common Chefnut, but its
having four regular cells, divided by partitions,
whereas thofe of the Chefnut have generally but three;
therefore I have joined them together, being perfuaded,
that farther observations will juftify my fo doing.
It does not appear where Plunder found this tree
growing naturally, though it is probable, it might
be in Louifiana ; for I think it could not be in either
of the Weft India iflands, where the heat is too great
for this tree to thrive ; though this is tender while
young, for two or three young plants which were
raifed in England, did not furvive the third winter.
The firftof thefe trees was formerly in greater plenty
amongft us than at prefent, as may be proved by the
old buildings in London, which were for the molt
part of this timber ; and in a defcription of London,
written by Fitz-Stephens, in Henry the Second’s time,'
he fpeaks of a very noble foreft, which grew on the
north part of it : proxime (fays he) patet forefta in-
gens, faltus numerofi ferarum, latebrm cervorum,
damarum, aprorum, & taurorum fylveftrium, &c.
And there are now fome remains of old decayed
Chefnuts, in the woods and chaces not far diftant from
London, but particularly on Enfield Chace ; which
plainly proves, that this tree is not fo great a ftranger
to our climate, as many people believe; and may
be cultivated in England, to afford an equal profit
with any of the other forts of larger timber-trees,
fince the wood of this tree is equal in value to the
belt Oak, and, for many purpofes, far exceeding it;
as particularly for making veffels for all kinds of
liquor, it having a property (when once thoroughly
feafoned) of maintaining its bulk conftantly, and is
not iubjebt to fhrink or fwell, as other timber is too
apt to do : and I am certainly informed, that all the
large calks, tuns, &c. for their wines in Italy, are
made of this timber ; and it is for that, and many
more purpofes, in greater efteem among the Italians,
than any other timber whatever. It is alfo very va-
luable for pipes to convey water under ground, as
enduring longer than the Elm, or any other wood.
In Italy it is planted for coppice-wood, and is very
much cultivated in ftools, to make ftakes for their
Vines; which, being ftuck into the ground, will
endure feven years, which is longer than any other
ftakes will do, by near half the time. The ufefulnefs
of the timber, together with the beauty of the tree,
renders it as well worth propagating as any tree
whatever.
Thefe trees are propagated by planting the nuts in
February, in beds of frefn undunged earth. The
belt nuts for fowing, are fuch as are brought from
Portugal and Spain, and are commonly fold in winter
for eating, provided they are not ldln-dried, which is
generally the cafe of m oft of thofe brought from abroad,
which is done to prevent their fprouting or fhooting
in their paffage ; therefore, if they cannot be procured
frefh from the tree, it will be much better to ufe
thofe of the growth of England, which are full as
good to fow for timber or beauty, as any of the fo-
reign nuts, though their fruit is much fmaller : thefe
fhould be preferved, until the feafon for lowing, in
fand, where mice, or other vermin cannot come to
them, otherwife they will foon deftroy them : before
you let them, it will be proper to put them into
water, to try their goodnefs, which is known by their I
ponderofity ; thofe of them that fwim upon the fur-
face of the water fhould be rejected as good for
nothing ; but iuch as fink to the bottom, you may
be fure are good.
In fetting thefe feeds or nuts, the bell; way is, to make
a drill with a hoe (as is commonly prariciied in fetting
Kidney Beans) about four inches deep, in which you
fhould place the nuts, at about four inches diftance,
with their eye uppermoft ; then draw the earth over
them with a rake, and make a fecond drill at about
a foot diftance from the former, proceeding as before,
allowing three or four rows in a bed, with an alley
between, three feet broad, for a conveniency of
clearing the beds, &c. When you have finifhed your
plantation, you rnuft be careful that it is not de-
ftroyed by mice, or other vermin ; which is very often
the cafe, if they are not prevented by traps, or other
means.
In April thefe nuts will appear above ground ; you
muff; therefore obferve to keep them clear from
weeds, efpecially while young : in thefe beds they
may remain for two years, when you fhould remove
them into a nurfery, at a wider diftance. The belt
feafon for tranfplanting thefe trees, is either in Oc-
tober or the latter end of February ; but Oftober is
the beft feafon : the diftance thefe fhould have in the
nurfery, is three feet row from row, and one foot in
the rows : you muft be careful in tranfplanting thefe
trees, to take them up without injuring their roots,
nor Ihould. they remain long out of the ground ; but
if they have a downright tap-root, it fhould be
cut off, efpecially if they are intended to be removed
again ; this will occafion their putting out lateral
roots, and render them lefs fubjebf to mifcarry when
they are removed for good.
The time generally allowed them in this nurfery, is
three or four years, according to their growth; but the
younger they are tranfplanted, if defigned for timber,
the better they will fucceed ; during which time you
fhould be careful to keep them clear from weeds, ob-
ferving alfo to prune off lateral branches, which would
retard their upright growth ; and where you find any
that are difpofed to growcrooked, either by their upper
bud being hurt, or from any other accident, you may
the yearafterplanting, inMarch, cut themdown tothe
lowermoft eye next the furface of the ground, which,
will caufe them to make one ftrong upright fhoot,
and may be afterwards trained into good ftrait trees :
but this fhould not be pradlifed, uniefs the plants
have abfoiutely loft their leading fhoot ; for although
the Items of the trees fhould be very crooked (as is
generally the cafe with them when young) yet when
they are tranfplanted out, and have room to grow,
as they increafe in bulk, they will grow more up-
right, and their items will become ftrait, as I have
frequently obierved where there have been great
plantations made of them.
But in doing of this, you muft be careful not todifturb
or break their roots, which, perhaps might deftroy
them. Thefe trees require no other manure than their
own leaves, which fhould be buffered to rot upon the
ground ; and in the fpring of the year, the ground
fhould have a flight digging, when thefe fhould be
buried between their roots, but not too clofe to the
trees, which might be injurious to their young fibres.
After having remained three or four years in the
nurfery, they will be fit for tranfplanting, either in
rows to grow for timber, or in quarters for wil-
dernefs plantations; butif you intend them for timber,
it is by much the better method to fow them in
furrows (as is pradiifed for Oaks, &c.) and let them
remain unremoved ; for thefe trees are apt to have
a downright tap-root, which, being hurt by tranf-
planting, is often a check to their upright growth,
and caufes them to fhoot out into lateral branches, as
is* the cafe with the Oak, Walnut, &c.
Therefore, wherever any of thefe trees are planted
for timber, they fhould remain unremoved : but
where the fruit of them is more fought after, then it
is certainly the better way to tranfplant them ; for as
E f f tranf-
CAS
tranfplanting is a check to the luxuriant growth of
trees, fo it is a promoter of their Trustification, as
may be evinced by obferving low fhrubby Oaks,
Walnuts, &c. which generally have a greater plenty
of fruit, than any of the larger and more vigorous
trees and the fruit of fuch trees is much fuperior in
take, though the feeds of vigorous trees are vaftly
preferable for plantations of timber ; for it is a con-
ftant obfervation, that, by faving feeds from dwarf
trees or plants, from time to time, they may be ren-
dered much lower in their growth than is their na-
tural fize ; but where the fruit is molt defired, then
they Ihould be taken from fuch trees as produce the
largeft and fweeteft nuts, which are commonly found
upon fuch trees as fpread the moll, and have hori-
zontal roots •, for the weaker trees being lefs capable
to furniih a fupply of nourifhment, and having a
greater quantity of fruit upon them, to which this
mull: be diftributed, together with their roots lying
near the furface of the ground (by which means the
juices are better prepared by fun, air, &c. before it
enters their veflels,) it is certain their juices are bet-
ter digefted, and their fruits better maturated, than
' thofe dan poffibly be, which grow upon ftrong vi-
gorous trees, which have long tap-roots running
feveral feet deep into the earth, and confequently take
in vaft quantities of crude unprepared juice, which
is buoyed up to the extreme parts of the tree ; and
thefe feldom having many lateral branches, to digeft
and prepare their juice, by perfpiring and throwing
off the crude part before it enters the fruits.
And this, I dare fay, univerfally holds good in all
forts of fruit trees, and is often the occafion of the
good and bad qualities of the fame forts of fruits
growing on the fame Toil.
What has been related about grafting this tree into
the Walnut, to promote their bearing, or render their
fruit fairer ; or inoculating Cherries into the Chefnut,
for later fruit, is very whimfical and filly, fince nei-
ther the Chefnut nor Walnut will receive its own kind
any other way than by inoculating or inarching •, and
it is the latter only, by which the Walnut can be pro-
pagated ; nor was it ever known, that any two trees
of a different genus would take upon each other, fo
as to produce either a good tree or fruit ; therefore
we may juftly explode all thofe different graftings of
various trees upon each other, fo much talked of by
the ancients ; at leaft we may fuppofe thofe trees are
not known by the fame names now, that they are
mentioned by in their writings*, for I have made
many trials upon them, which, although performed
with great care, and in different feafons, yet fcarcely
one of them fucceeded. But to return :
If you defign a large plantation of thefe trees for
timber, after having two or three times ploughed the
ground, the better to deftroy the roots of weeds, you
ihould make your furrows about fix feet diffance
from each other, in which you fliould lay the nuts
about ten inches apart, covering them with earth
about three inches deep •, and, when they come up,
you muft carefully clear them from weeds : the dil-
tance allowed between each row, is for the ufe of the
horfe hoeing plough, which will difpatch a great deal
of this work in a fliort time ; but it Ihould be per-
formed with great care, fo as not to injure the young-
plants ; therefore the middle of the fpaces only ihouk.
be cleaned with this inftrument, and a hand hoe muft
be ufed to clean between the plants in the rows, anc
alfo on each fide, where it will be unfafe for the plough
to be drawn : and in hand hoeing, there muft be
great care taken, not to cut the tender rind of the
plants. If the following fpring the fpaces are care-
fully ftirred with the plough, it will not only make
the ground clean, but alfo loofen it, fo as that the fun
and moifture may more eafily penetrate the lame,
which will greatly promote the growth of the plants ;
and the oftener thefe ploughings are repeated, the
cleaner will be. the ground, and the greater will be
the progrefs of the plants, which cannot be kept too
clean while they are young. When thefe have re-
CAS
mained three or four years (if the nuts fucceeded well,),
you will have many of thefe trees to remove, which
Ihould be done at the feafons before diresfted, leav-
ing the trees about three feet diftance in the rows ;
at which diftance they may remain for three or four-
years more, when you Ihould remove every other tree
to make room for the remaining, which will reduce
• the whole plantation to fix feet fquare, which will be
diftance enough for them to remain in, until they are
large enough for poles, when you may cut down
every other of thefe trees (making choice of the leaft
promiftng,) within a foot of the ground, in order to
make {tools for poles, which, in eight or ten years
time, will be ftrong enough to lop for hoops, hop
poles, &c. for which purpofes they are ‘preferable to
moft other trees •, fo that every tenth year, here will
be a frefh crop, which will pay the rent of the
ground, and all other incumbent charges, and, at the
lame time, a full crop of growing timber left upon
the ground : but as the large trees increafe in bulk,
their diftance of twelve feet fquare will be too fmall ;
therefore when they have grown to a ftze for fmall
boards, you fhould fell every other tree, which will
reduce them to twenty-four feet fquare, which is a
proper diftance for them to remain for good ; this
will give air to the underwood (which, by this time,
would be too much overhung by the clofenefs of the
large trees ;) by which means that will be greatly en-
couraged, and the fmall timber felled, will pay fuffi-
cient intereft for the money at firft laid out in plant-
ing, &c. with the principal alfo : fo that all the re-
maining trees are clear profit, for the under wood ftill
continuing, will pay the rent of the ground, and all
other expences ; and what a fine eftate here will be
for a fucceeding generation, in about fourfcore years,
I leave every one to judge.
The Chinquapin, or Dwarf Virginian Chefnut, is at
prefent very rare in England : it is very common in
the woods of America, where it feldom grows above
twelve or fourteen feet high, and produces great plen-
ty of nuts, which are, for the moft part, fingle in
each outer coat or capfule. This tree is very hardy,
and will refift the fevereft of our winters in the open
ground, but is very apt to decay in fummer, efpe-
cially if it is planted in very dry ground. The nuts
of thefe trees, if brought from America, fliould be
put up in fand as foon as they are ripe, and fent to
England immediately, otherwife they lofe their grow-
ing quality, which is the reafon this tree is at prefent
fo lcarce with us ; for not one feed in five hundred
fent over ever grew, which was owing to the negleSt
of putting them up in this manner : indeed, moft of
the nuts which have been brought over, have been
kiln-dried, to preferve them from fprouting, which
infallibly deftroys the germen. When the nuts ar-
rive, they fhould be put into the ground as foon as
poflible ; and if the winter fhould prove fevere, it
will be proper to cover the ground with leaves, tan,
or Peafe-haulm, to prevent the froft from penetrating
the ground, fo as to deftroy the nuts. This fort of
Chefnut delights in a moift foil ; but if the wet conti-
nues long upon the ground in winter, it is apt to kill
the trees. This will take by inarching it upon the
common fort, but the trees fo propagated feldom
fucceed well.
I have feen a fpecimen, and fome nuts of a Dwarf
Chefnut, which were brought from North America,
which differed from all the other forts ; and I have
been informed, that the French have raifed plants of
this kind, from the nuts which were brought from
Canada ; but as I have not feen any of the plants
raifed in England, I can give no farther account of
it, than that fome of the late writers have (uppofed
it might be the dwarf branching kind before-men-
tioned.
CASTANE A E QJJ I N A. See -Esculus.
CASTOREA. See Durant i a.
CATANANC H E. Lin. Gen. Plant. 824. [K*V
vayxw, a violent allurement to love, of yxja and dvdyy.rj,
neceflitv, or of xetlwukd&a, to compel; fo called,
becaufe
CAT
becaufe the opinion the ancients had of it, that it
was a ftrong, and almoft invincible inducement to
love.] Candia Lions Foot.
The Characters are.
The flower is compofed of many hermaphrodite florets ,
ihofe on the border being longer than thofe which are in
the center ; thefe are included in one common fcaly empale-
ment , which is permanent and elegant . The florets are of
one leaf tongue-fhaped , indented in five parts , and are
longer than the empalement ; thefe have each five fnort hairy
flamina , terminated by cylindrical fummits. The germen
is fituated below the flower , fupporting a fender flyle the
length of the flamina , crowned with a bifid ftigma which
is reflexed. The germen afterward becomes a fingle oval
feed , which is comprefled and crowned with briftles , in-
ch fed in the empalement.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fedion of
Linnaeus’s nineteenth clafs, intitled Syngenefia Poly-
garnia sequalis; the flowers of this clals have their
flamina feparate, and their fummits connected toge-
ther in a cylinder, and thofe of this fedion have only
hermaphrodite flowers.
The Species are,
j. Catananche (■ Carulea ) fquamis calycinis inferiori-
bus ovatis. Hort. Cliff. 390. Catananche whofe under
fcales of the empalement are oval. Catanance quorundam.
Lugd. Hift. 1190.
2. Catananche ( Lutea ) fquamis calycinis inferioribus
lanceolatis. Hort. Cliff 390. Catananche whofe under
fcales of the empalement are fpear-Jhaped. Catanance flo-
re luteo, latiore folio. Tourn. Infl. R. H. 478.
Tournefort mentions a third fort with a narrow leaf,
in which it differs from the fecond ; but if there is
fuch a diflind fpecies, I have not happened to meet
with it •, for although I have frequently received the
feeds from feveral parts of Europe by this title, yet
I could not find any difference between the plants, and
thofe of the fecond fort; therefore I fuppoie Tourne-
fort may have found the plants growing on a flerile
foil, where the leaves were much narrower than thofe
growing in a garden, or in better ground, which may
have induced him to fuppofe they were diflind fpe-
cies. Both thefe plants grow naturally in the fouth
of France, in Spain, Italy, and Candia, from whence
it had the title of Candia Lions Foot.
The firft fort fends out many long, narrow, hairy
leaves, which are jagged on their edges like thofe of
Buckfhorn Plantain, but the leaves are broader, the
jags deeper, and at greater diflances ; thefe lie flat
on the ground, turning their points upwards, which
are very narrow. Between the leaves come out the
fiower-flalks, which are in number proportionable to
the fize of the plant ; for from an old thriving root,
there is frequently eight or ten, and young plants do
not fend out more than two or three. Thefe ftalks rife
near two feet high, dividing into many fmall branches
upward, garnifhed with leaves like thofe below, but'
are fmaller, and have few or no jags on their edges :
each of the foot-ftalks are terminated with fingle
heads of flowers, having a dry, flivery, fcaly empale-
ment, in which are included three or four florets,
whofe petals are broad, flat, and indented at their
ends ; thefe are of a fine blue colour, having a dark
fpot at bottom, and in each the five flamina, with
their yellow fummits. Handing a little above the pe-
tal, make a pretty appearance.
It has been by fome authors titled Chondrilla cserulea,
i. e. Blue Gum Cicory ; and by others Sefamoides, or
Catanances Sefamoides. Cafpar Bauhin calls it Chon-
drilla cserulea cyani capitulo. Pin. 130. Blue Gum Ci-
cory with a Blue Bottle head. There is a variety of this
with double flowers, which is not very common in
the Englifh gardens.
The fecond fort hath broader leaves than the firft,
which are fmoother, and lefs jagged on their edges :
from each root arife two or three ftalks, which grow
a foot .and a half high, fending out two or three {len-
der foot- ftalks, each fuftaining a fingle head of yel-
low flowers, inclofed in a dry fcaly empalement, of a
darker colour than thofe of the firft : as thefe flow-
C A T
ers are fmall, they make but little appearance*
therefore the plant is only kept for the fake of va-
riety.
The firft of thefe plants is a perennial, and may be
propagated by heads taken off the mother plant, ei-
ther in fpring or autumn •, but thofe plants which are
raifed from feeds, are much ftronger than thofe from
flips. Thefe plants are commonly planted in pots
filled with light fandy foil,, in order to fhelter them in
the winter from fevere frofts ; but if they are planted
in warm borders, either near walls, pales, or hedges,
in a moderately dry foil, they will endure abroad very
well. It begins flowering in May, and con-
tinues till Auguft or September (efpecially if the fum-
mer is not too dry,) is a pretty ornament to a gar-
den, and is eaflly kept within bounds. This may alfo
be propagated by feeds, which fhould be fown in a
border of good light earth in March ; and in May,
when the plants are come up, they may be either
tranfplanted into pots or borders, where they are to
remain for flowering. Thefe plants fhould remain
unremoved when they are planted in the full ground,
which will caufe them to flower better, and they
will produce more feeds. The feeds ripen in Au-
guft.
The other fort is an annual plant, and. therefore only
propagated by feeds, which ripen very well in this
country. The time for lowing them is early in
March, in beds or borders of light earth where they
are to remain, which will come up in a month or five
weeks time, and require no other care butto keep them
clean from weeds, and thin the plants where they are
too clofe. Thefe flower in June, and perfed their feed*
in Auguft or September ; but as they have little
beauty, they are not often kept in gardens.
CATAPUTI A Major. See Ricinus.
CATAPUTIA Minor. See Euphorbia.
C ATARI A. See Nepeta.
CATCH-FLY. See Lychnis.
CATERPILLARS.
There are feveral kinds of this infed, which are very
pernicious to a garden ; but there are two forts which
are the moft common, and deftrudive to the young
plants : one of them is that which the white butterfly
breeds. It is of a yellowifh colour, fpotted and
ftriped with black ; this commonly infells the tender
leaves of Cabbages, Cauliflowers, and the Indian
Crefs : they eat off all the tender parts of the leaves,
leaving only the fibres entire ; fo that very often we
fee, in the autumn feafon, whole gardens of winter
Cabbages and Savoys almoft deftroyed by them, efpe-
cially in thofe which are crouded with trees, or are
near buildings. They always increafe moft in very
dry feafons ; and when the plants have been Hinted
by the drought, they are conftantly attacked ; where-
as, thofe which are in vigour, feldom fuffer much by
thofe infeds. Nor is there any other method found
out to deftroy them that I know of, but to pick them
off the plants before they are lpread from the nefts ;
by which means, though perhaps many may be over-
looked, yet their numbers will be greatly diminifh-
ed. But this work mull be often repeated during the
warm weather, when the butterflies are abroad, which
are continually depofiting their eggs, and in a few
days time will be metamorphofed to perfed caterpil-
lars. But as thefe, for the moft part, feed upon the
outer leaves of plants, fo they are more eafily taken
than the other fort, which is much larger : hire {kin
is very tough, and of a dark colour : this is called by
the gardeners, a grub, and is exceeding hurtful.
The eggs of this fort of caterpillar, are, for the
moft part, depofited in the very heart or center of the
plant (efpecially in Cabbages ;) where, after it hath
obtained its form, it eats its way out through all the
leaves thereof; and alfo their dung, being lodged
between the inclofed leaves of the Cabbages, gives
them an ill feent.
This infed alfo burrows juft under the furface of the
ground, and makes great havock on young plants,
by eating them through their tender fhanks, and draw-
ing
CAT
ing them into their holes. The mifchief is chiefly
done in the night : whenever you obferve this, you
fhouid every morning look over your plat of plants ;
and wherever you lee any plants eaten off, ftir the
ground round about the place with your fingers an inch
deep, and you will certainly find them out. This is
the only, method I know of defraying them.
CATKINS, oriULUS.
This is, by the botanifts, called Flos“Amentaceus :
it is an aggregate of fummits, which are joined toge-
ther in form of a rope or cat’s tail, and is the male
flower of the trees which produce them; as the
Firs, Pines, Cedars, Walnuts, Birch-trees, and
Willows.
CATESBfEA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 121. Hi ft. Carolin.
Vol. II. p. 100. The Lily Thorn.
The Characters are,
It hath a fmall permanent empalement of one leaf with
five Jharp indentures ; the flower is of one leaf . , funnel-
f japed , having a very long tube , which gradually widens
to the top , where it is four-corner ned and J'pread open ; it
hath four jlamina rifling in the neck of the tube , terminated
by oblong crept fummits ; the roundifh germen is ftuated
under the flower , fupporting a fender fiyle , crowned by a
'Jingle fiigma. The germen afterward becomes an oval
berry 'wiih'o?ie cell, filled with angular feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft feftion of
Linnaeus’s fourth dais, intided Tetrandria Monogy-
nia, the flower having four {lamina and one fiyle.
We have but one Species of this plant, viz.
CatesRae a. Lin. Sp. Plant. 109. The Lily Thorn.
Frutex fpmoi’us Buxi foliis, plurimis fimul nafcenti-
bus, flore tetrapetaloide, pendulo, fordide fiavo, tu-
bo longiffirno, fructu ovali croceo, femina parva con-
tinente. Catefo. Kill. Carol. Vol. II. p. 100.
This fiirub was difcovered by Mr. Catefby, near Naf-
fau town, in the ijland. of Providence, where he faw
two of them growing, which were all he ever faw ;
from thefe he gathered the feeds, . and brought them
to England in 172 6 , from which many plants were
raifed in the Englifti gardens, fome of which have
fince flowered here.
It rife§ with a branching Item to the height of ten or
twelve feet, which is covered with a pale ruffet bark ;
the branches come out alternately from the bottom to
the top, which are garnifhed with fmall leaves, re-
fembling thole of the Box-tree, coming out in cluf-
ters all round the branches, at certain diftances ; the
flowers come out Angle from the fide of the branches,
hanging downward ; they are tubulous, and near fix
inches long, very narrow at their bafe, but widening
upward toward the top, where it is divided into four
parts which ipreaci open, and are reflexed backward ;
thefe . are of a dull yellow colour. After the flower
decays, the germen fwells to an oval fieflhy berry the
fize of a middling Plumb, hollow within, and filled
with final! angular feeds.
This fiirub is propagated by feeds, which muft be
procured from the country where it naturally grows.
If the entire ftuit are brought over in fand, the feeds
will be better preferved : when they arrive in England,
the feeds mi: a: be Town in fmall pots filled with. light
fandy earth, and plunged into a moderate hot-bed of
tanners bark, and now and then moderately watered.
If the feeds are, good, the plants will appear in about
fix weeks after lowing •, when, if .the heat of the bed
* declines, the tan fhouid be turned over to the bottom,
and, if neceffary, fome frefli added to renew the
heat, for thefe plants make but little progrefls the
firfl: year. W hen the pots are again plunged into the
tan-bed, they muft have frefli air admitted to th'em
every day in. proportion to the warmth of thefeafon,
and frequently reffefned with water, in fmall quan-
tities, for much wet will certainly kill them ; if the
nights fiiouid prove cold, the glaffes ftiould be co-
vered with nuts every evening. As thefe plants
grow fiowly, they will not require to be removed out
of the feed-pots the 'firft year. In the autumn the
pots fhouid be removed, into the ftove, and plunged
into the tan-bed. During the winter, the plants fhouid
C E A
be wateied with great caution, and in ipnng they
fiiouid be carefully taken up, and each planted
in a feparate fmall pot filled with light fandy earth,
and plunged into a frefli hot-bed of tanners bark, be-
ing careful to {hade them until they have taken frefli
root, as alio to lefrefli them with water gently, as
they may require it; and in fummer, when the wea-
ther is warm, they fhouid have a good fhare of air ad-
mitted to them ; but in autumn muft be removed
into the ftove, where they fhouid conftantly remain,
and muft be treated afterward in the fame manner .as
other tender exotic plants.
1 his plant may be propagated by planting cuttings
in fmall pots filled with light earth, during the months
of June and July. The pots fhouid be plunged into
a moderate hot-bed of tanners bark, and the cuttings
clofely covered with fmall bell-glaffes to exclude the
external air. If this is properly performed, the cut-
tings will put out roots in about two or three months,
when they may be carefully feparated, planting each
intoa fmall pot filled with light earth, and plunged into
the hot-bed again, and afterward muft be treated as
the feedling plants.
Moft of thofe plants which were raifed from Mr,
Catefby’s feeds, were killed by the levere winter in
1 739 ; but feven years ago I received fome frefh feeds,
which fucceeded fo well, as to enable me to commu-
nicate plants to feveral curious perfons in England
and Floliand.
CACAFJLIS, Baftard Parfley.
This is one of the umbelliferous plants with oblong
feeds, which are a little furrowed and prickly : the
petals of the flower are unequal and heart-fhaped.
There are feveral fpecies of this plant preferved in
the botanic gardens ; but as there is no great beauty
or ufe in any of them, I fhall pals them over with
only obferving, that if any perfon hath a mind to cul-
tivate them, the beft feafon to fow their feeds is in
autumn, foon after they are ripe ; for if the feeds are
kept till fpring, the plants feldom produce ripe feeds
again. They are moft of them biennial, and require
to be fown every year. We have four or five fpecies
of them, which grow wild in England.
CAULIFEROUS plants [of Caulis , Lat. a ftalk,
and fero, to bear ;] flush plants as have a true ftalk.
CAULIS, is that part of a plant which rifes Angle
above the earth, from whence the leaves or little
branches put forth, as Jungius defines it ; or it is the
upper part of a plant ftretched forth to an height, fo
that the fore parts differ not from the hind, nor the
right from the left. In trees and ilirubs it is called
Caudix ; in corn Culmus ; the ftalk of any herb; the
ftem, trunk, or body of a tree. Lat.
CEANOTHUS. Lin. Gen. Plant. 237. Euonymus.
Com. Hort. New Jerfey Thea.
The Characters are,
It hath a turbinated empalement of one leaf which is
permanent , cut into five acute figments which elefe toge-
ther ; the flower hath five roundifij equal petals which
fpread open , and are lefs than the empalement ; it hath
five erePl flamina , placed oppofite to the petals , and are
of equal length , terminated by roundifh fummits , and a
three-cornered germen, fupporting a cylindrical fiyle, crown-
ed by an obtufe fiigma. The germen afterward becomes a
dry cap fule with three cells , in which are lodged three
oval feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fedlion of
Linnaeus’s fifth clafs, intided Pentandria Monogynia,
the flower having five ftamina and one ftyle.
The Species are,
1. Ceanqthus (. Americanus ) foliis trinerviis. Lin. Sp.
Plant. 195.' Ceancthus with leaves having three nerves.
Euonymus Nervi Belgii corni feeminss foliis. Hort.
Amft. 1. 1 07. New England Dogwood with female Cor-
nel leaves, commonly called New Jerfey Thea.
2. Ceanothus (. Africanm ) foliis lanceolatis enerviis,
ftipulis fubrotundis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 196. Ceanothus
with fpear-fijaped leaves without nerves, and roundifh fli-
pula. Alaternoides African a lau.ri ferratae folio. Com.
Prsel. (?i. tab, 1 1,
£
3. Ceanothus
C E A
C E A
5. Ceanothus (Arbor efcehs) foliis ovatis feflilibus ner-
vofas fioribus alaribus. Ceanothus with oval nervous,
leaves fet dofe to the branches , flowers proceeding from
the wings ofl the leaves , commonly called Red-wood,
The firft fort grows naturally in moft parts of North
America, from whence gx~eat plenty of the feeds have
been of late years brought to Europe, by the title of
New Jerfey Thea, where I have been informed the
inhabitants dry the leaves of this fhrub to ufe as Thea.
The people of Canada ufe the root in venereal cafes.
I have received the feeds of this fort from New
England, Penfylvania, Virginia, and Carolina ; and
the^French mention it as a common fhrub in Canada,
where they fay the cattle browze upon it, and keep it
very low.
In England this fhrub feldom rifes more than three or
four feet high, fending out branches on every fide
from the ground upward. The branches are very
{lender, and as it is pretty late in the fpring before
they begin to fhoot, they keep growing very late •,
therefore, unlefs the autumn proves dry and mild, the
tender fhoots are often killed down very low by the
early frofts •, but, in favourable feafons, the extreme
parts of the fhoots only are injured by the cold.
Thefe branches are garnifhed with oval pointed leaves,
having three longitudinal veins running from the
fodt-ftalk to the point, which diverge in the broad
part of the leaves from each other : the leaves are
placed oppofite, and are of a light green colour. At
the extremity of each fhoot the flowers are produced
in clofe thick fpikes, which are compofed of five
fmali leaves, of a clear white. Thefe appear in July,
and make a pretty appearance during their continu-
ance ; for, as every fhoot is terminated by one of
thefe fpikes, the whole fhrub is covered over with
flowers, the branches commonly growing very clofe
to each other •, and when the autumn proves mild,
thefe fhrubs often flower again in October. After
the flowers are paft, there fucceeds to each flower a
tricapfular feed-veflel, flatted at the top, opening into
three cells, each having a Angle feed. In warm fea-
fons the feeds ripen in England. This fhrub is beft
propagated by feeds, which fhould be fown in the au-
tumn in fmali pots, and plunged into an old hot-bed,
where they may remain during the winter, expoflng
them in mild weather to the open air, but in froft
they muft be protefted from cold. In March the
pots fhould be plunged into a moderate hot-bed to
bring up the plants, which fhould be inured to bear
the open air by degrees *, and as foon as they have
obtained a little ftrength, they fhould be expofed in
a fheltered fituation till autumn, when they muft be
placed under a hot-bed frame, to fcreen them from
levere froft in winter ; but in mild weather they fhould
be fully expofed to the open air, for while the plants
are young, they will not endure the cold of the win-
ter. In the following fpring, before the plants be-
gin to fhoot, they fhould be tranfplanted ; feme of
them may be put into feparate pots, and the others
into a nurfery-bed, in a warm fituation, where they
may remain a year or two to get ftrength, after which
time they may be removed to the places where they
are defigned to remain. They fhould have a mode-
rately dry foil and a fheltered fituation, where they
will thrive and flower extremely well ; but in ftiff cold
land, they are always very late in the fpring before
they come out, fo that their young fhoots are full of
fap in the autumn, and the firft froft commonly kills
their tops, which frequently caufes them to die great
part of their length.
It may alfo be propagated by laying down the young
branches, which, in a light foil, will put out roots in
a year’s time, but thefe layers fhould not be much
watered •, for as the fnoots are tender, moifture will
often occafion their rotting, when it is given in quam
titles, or too often repeated •, therefore the beft me-
thod is to cover the furface of the ground in dry wea-
ther, all round the layers, either with mulch or rotten
tan, which will preferve a lufficient moifture in the
ground, provided the feafon is not extremely dry j
in which cafe they fhould have a little water once in
eight or ten days, which will be fufficient,
The beft time for laying down thefe branches is in
autumn ; and if after this is performed, the furface of
the ground is covered over with fome old tan, taken
from a decayed hot-bed, it will prevent the froft from
penetrating the ground, which will fecure them from
injury ; and the fame covering will prevent the winds
from drying the ground in the fpring, and thereby
promote their putting out roots, Thefe layers, when
rooted, may be taken up the following fpring, and
treated in the fame manner as thofe railed from
feeds.
The fecond fort grows naturally at the Cape of Good
Hope, from whence it was originally brought to Hob
land, and has been many years preferved there j and
fince has been communicated to moft of the curious
gardens in Europe, where it has been long known by
the title of Alaternoides, &c. and by fome authors
it is titled Ricinoides Africana arborefcens, &c. but
Dr. Linnaeus, having examined the characters mom
exadlly, has joined it to this genus.
This rifes to the height of ten or twelve feet, with
a woody item, covered with a rough dark-coloured
bark, and fends out many weak branches, which
hang downward thefe while young are green, but
afterward change to a purplifh colour, They are
garniflied with oblong pointed leaves, of a lucid
green, which are frnooth, and {lightly fawed on their
edges. The flowers are fmali, of an herbaceous co^
lour, coming out from the fide of the branches ; thefe
fometimes appear in July, but are not fucceeded by
feeds in this country, nor do the plants often produce
flowers •, fo that they are preferved only for the beauty
of their fhining evergreen leaves, which make a va-?
riety in the green-houfe during the winter feafon.
It may be propagated either by layers or cuttings 1 the
latter being a very fure and expeditious method, is
generally preferred. The cuttings fhould be planted
in the fpring into pots filled with good kitchen-garden
earth, and plunged into a very moderate hot-bed, ob-
ferving to fhade them in the heat of the day, and
now and then refrefh them with water. In about two
months or lefs, they will have taken root, when they
muft be gradually inured to the open air, placing
them in a fheltered fituation till they have obtained
ftrength, when they may be feparated, and each
planted in a fmali pot filled with light earth, placing
them in the lhade till they have taken frefti root j
then they may be removed, and intermixed with other
exotic plants for the fumrner feafon. In autumn they
muft be houfed with Myrtles, and other more hardy
exotic plants, and treated in the fame manner,
The third fort grows naturally in the Bahama Iflands,
from whence the late Mr. Catefby brought the feeds
to England. It alfo grows naturally in Barbadoes,
and fome other iflands in the Weft Indies, from
whence I have received the feeds, This, in the coum
tries of its natural growth, rifes to the height of forty
or fifty feet, with large trunks, which are by the in-
habitants fawn into hoards, and were at firft efteemed
for the beauty of their colour ; but being expofed to
the air, their colour vanifhed and they became pale s
fo have not fince been much regarded.
In Europe, where the plants have been properly
treated, they have grown to the height of twenty
feet •, and if the ftoves in which they were placed had
been lofty enough, would have grown much higher,
The ftem is ftrong, woody, and is covered with a
light brown bark, which, when young, has feveraj
furrows ; the branches come out irregularly from
every fide the ftem, garnifned with pretty large oval
leaves, of a light green colour, having feveral Ion oft
tudinal veins inclining to white. The flowers are
fmali, of an herbaceous white, fo make little appear?
ance ; they come out from the wings of the leaves
and, in their native foil, are fucceeded by roundifh
fruit almoft the fize of fmali Peafe, opening in thref
cells ; in each is inclofed one finning black feed.
G O' OP
M & &
\
IIS
This is propagated by feeds, which fhould be fown
in the fpring, in fmail pots filled with light earth,
and plunged into a hot-bed ; thefe feeds lie generally
two months in the ground before the plants make
their appearance, during which time the pots fhould
be duly watered, and air admitted when the weather
is w r arm. When the plants come up and are fit to
remove, they fhould be carefully feparated, planting
each in a fmail pot filled with light earth, watering
the eaijth to fettle it about their roots ; then plunge
them into the tan-bed again, fhading the plants from
the fun till they have taken new root; afterward
they may be treated in the fame manner as other ten-
der plants from the fame countries. When the plants
have obtained ftrength, they may be preferred in win-
ter in a dry ftove, but thefe will not make fuch pro-
grefs as thofe in the tan-ftove.
CECROPI A. Yaruma Oviedi. Sloan. Hift. Jam.
The Trumpet-tree, or Snakewood.
The Characters are,
It hath male and female flowers in different plants. The
male flower hath an oval acute flpatha , which hurfls and
contains a tale compofed of many katkins , which are taper
and bundled . together ; thefe are imbricated , and have
many turbinated f codes , which are four-cornered. , obtufle ,
and comprejfed. The flower hath no corolla , but a fcaly
neUarium , with two fort hair-like ftamina , crowned by
four-cornered oblong fummits. The female flowers have a
flpatha , with four taper imbricated germen ; they have no
corolla , but the comprejfed imbricated germen fupport one
floor t ftyle , crowned by a headed torn ftigma. The empale-
ment afterward turns to a berry with one cell, containing
one oblong comprejfed feed.
This tree is ranged in the fecond order of Linnaeus’s
twenty-fecond clafs, intitled Dioecia Diandria, the
male flowers growing upon feparate plants from the
female, and have each two ftamina.
It grows naturally in moft of the woody parts of the
ifland of Jamaica, where it rifes to the height of
thirty-five or forty feet : the trunk and branches are
hollow, and flopped at different fpaces by membra-
naceous feptae, which have fo many light annular
marks in the furface ; the leaves are large, divided
• into many lobes like thofe of Papaya, but the foot-
ftaik is placed more in the center, fo as to referable a
target : they are downy on their under fide. The
flowers are inclofed in a conical fpatha or fheath, the
male growing upon feparate plants from thofe which
have the female ; they are produced upon imbri-
bricated katkins, compofed of feveral turbinated
fcales, having no corolla, each having a fcaly nec-
tarium, with two fhort hair-like ftamina, crowned
with four-cornered oblong fummits. The female
flowers are inclofed in a conical fpatha or fheath ;
thefe have no corolla, but have four imbricated ger-
men, fupporting one fhort ftyle, crowned by a headed
torn ftigma. The empalement afterward turns to an
oblong cylindrical berry, compofed of many fmail
acini like the Strawberry, and much referable it in
flavour when ripe.
This tree is very rare atprefent in Europe ; the fruit
being fmail are generally devoured by birds, fo are
not much obferved by the European inhabitants, but
the negroes are fond of it ; they aifo make ufe of the
fmail branches of the tree to obtain fire, by rubbing
them againft each other ; by this attrition they foon
emit fparks of fire, fo that it is a ufeful tree in that
country.
I received fpecimens of this tree from the late Dr.
Houftoun, who found it growing naturally at La V era
Cruz, in New Spain, but without flowers ; nor had
the DoCtor leifure to examine the characters of it, fo
that at prelent we are not fufficiently acquainted with
them.
It may be propagated by feeds (when procured from
the places where it naturally grows.) Thefe fhould
be brought over in fancl ; for as the fruit are com-
pofed of feveral acini like thofe of Strawberries, fo
if they are put up moift in papers, they will be apt
,to grow mouldy, and thereby fpoil the feeds : but
when they are put up in light fand, it will prevent
that inconveniency. The feeds fhould be fown in
fmail pots filled with light earth, and plunged into ,
a moderate hot-bed of tanners bark, obferving to wa-
ter the pots duly, and to admit frefti air whenever the
weather is favourable. When the plants come up
and are fit to tranfplant, they fhould be carefully taken,
up, and each planted in a feparate fmail pot filled
with the like light earth, and plunged into the hot-bed
again, being careful to water them to fettle the earth
to their roots, and alfo to fcreen them from the fun
till they have taken new root : after which they fhould
be conftantiy kept plunged into the bark-bed in the
ftove, and treated in the fame manner as other plants
from the fame country.
C E D R U S. The Cedar-tree of Barbadoes, and the
Mahogany, &c.
The Characters are.
It hath a tubulous bell-JJoaped empalement of one leaf \ in-
dented in five parts. The flower is of one leaf, divided at
the top into five parts ; it hath five fhort ftamina, which
adhere at bottom to the germen , • and are terminated by
roundifh fummits ; in the center is ftuated the roundif
germen , fupporting a thick ftigma ; the germen afterward
becomes an oval pod, having five cells, opening from the
bottom upward with five valves, having a double co-
ver ; the cuter being thick and woody, the inner very
thin, which immediately fir rounds the feeds. In the cen-
ter is fixed a five-cornered column the length of the pod,
whofe angles are oppofte to the ffures of the pod, to
which the feeds adhere, placed over each other like the
fcales of 'fifth ; thefe are thick at their bafe, but upward
are flat and thin, like the wings adhering to the feeds of
Firs and Pines.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fedlion
of Linnaeus’s filth clafs, intitled Pentandria Mono-
gynia, the flower having five ftamina and one
germen.
As the Cedar of Libanus is by Tournefort very pro-
perly referred to the genus of Larix, and all the berry-
bearing Cedars are joined to the Junipers, I have
given the title of Cedrus to this genus, as they were
mentioned by imperfeCt titles by moft of the authors
who have treated of them ; and as the firft fort has
been generally known by the appellation of Cedar in
the countries where it naturally grows, the applying
the fame name to thofe plants which agree in their
efientiai characters with it, will join them properly
together.
The Species are,
1. Cedrus ( Odorata) foliis pinnatis, foliolis multijugatis
obtufts, fructu ovali glabro. Cedar-tree with winged
leaves , compofed of many pair of fmail leaves or lobes ,
which are obtufe, and an oval fmooih fruit. Cedrus
Barbadenfium, alatis fraxini foliis non crenatis, fruCtu
fingulari, quinis involucris craflis validis cochleato
cavis, totidem femina membranis adaudta & columnar
canaliculatse pentagons praegrandi adnata, occluden-
tibus ornato. Pluk. Phyt. tab. 157. f. 1. The Barba-
does Cedar-tree.
2. Cedrus ( Mahogani ) foliis pinnatis, foliolis oppofitis,
glabris, floribus racemofis fparfis. Cedar with winged
leaves , whofe lobes are fmooth and fand oppofte, and flow-
ers growing in loofe bunches. Arbor foliis pinnatis, nulio
impari alam clauclente,. nervo ad latus unum excur-
rente fruttu anguiofo magno, femine aiato inftar Pi-
nus. Catefb. Hift. Carol. Vol. II. p. 181. The Maho-
gany-tree.
3. Cedrus ( Alternifolius ) foliis alternis fimplicibus, corda-
to-ovatis acutis, frudtu pentagono mucronato. Cedar
with fingle leaves placed alternately, which are oval, heart-
ffaped, and acute, having a five-cornered pointed fruit.
Arbor excelfa Coryli folio ampliore. Houft. MSS.
The firft fort is commonly known under the title of
Cedar in the Britifii iflands of America, where this
tree grows naturally, and is one of the largeft trees
of that country. The trunks of thefe trees are fo
large, that the inhabitants hollow them, and form
them into the fhape of boats, and periaguas, for
which purpofe they are extremely well adapted ; the
wqod
C E D
wood being foft, it may be cut out with great faci-
lity, and being light, it will carry a great weight on
the water. There are canoes in tne 'Weft Indies,
which have been formed out of thefe trunks, which
are forty feet long and fix broad the wood is light,
of a brown colour, and has a fragrant odoin , from
whence the title of Cedar has been given to it. . I his
wood is frequently cut into lhingles tor covering of
houfes, and is found very durable ; but as tne woims
are apt to eat this wood, it is not proper for bmld-
incr of fhips, though it is often ufed for that purpofe,
as°alfo for fheathing of fhips. It is often ufed for
wainfcoting of rooms, and to make chefts, becaufe
vermin do not fo frequently breed in it, as in many
other forts of wood, this having a very bitter tafte,
which is communicated to whatever is put into the
chefts, efpecially when the wood is frefh •, for whicn
reafon it is never made into calks, becaufe fpirituous
liquors will difiolve part of the relin, and thereoy ac-
quire a very bitter tafte.
This tree rifes with a ftrait Hern to the height of fe-
venty or eighty feet, while young the bark is fmooth,
and of an Alh-colour ; but as they advance, the bark
becomes rough and of a darker colour, i oward the
top it Ihoots out many fide branches, garnilhed with
winged leaves, compofed of fixteen or eighteen pair
of lobes (or fmall leaves) fo that they are fometimes
near three feet long ; the lobes are broad at their
bale, and are near two inches long, blunt at their
ends, and of a pale colour •, thele emit a very rank
odour in the fummer feafon, fo as to be very offen-
five. As I have not feen any of thefe flowers upon
the trees, I Cfin give no defeription of them. The
fruit is oval, about the fize of a partridge’s egg,
fmooth, of a very dark colour, and opens in live
parts, having a five-cornered column Handing in the
middle, between the angles of which the winged feeds
are clofely placed, lapping over each other like the
feales of fifh.
There are fome plants of this fort in England, which
are preferved in the gardens of thofe who are curious
in collecting exotic plants •, thefe have been railed
from the feeds which have been brought from Barba-
does, but they are too tender to live in the open air
in England ; therefore thefe plants fhould be treated
in the°fame manner as the Mahogony next 1 mentioned,
but they are of much quicker growth ; for in four
years from the feed, I have had the plants upward of
ten feet high.
I have received plants of this kind from Paris, by
the title of Semiruba •, but whether the root of this
tree is what they ufe in medicine under that appella-
tion, I cannot fay. The feeds of this have alfo been
lent me from the French iftands in America, by the
tide of Acajou Cedre.
It is propagated by feeds, which may be eafily pro-
cured from the American iflands, which muft be fown
upon a hot-bed in the lpring, and the plants treated
in the fame manner as the next.
The lecond fort is the Mahogony, whofe wood is now
well known in England.
This tree is a native of the warmeft parts of Ameri-
ca, growing .plentifully in the iflands of Cuba, Ja-
maica, and Hiipaniola ; there are alfo many of them
on the Bahama Iflands, but I have not heard of their
being found in any of the Leeward Iflands. In Cuba
and Jamaica there are trees of a very large fize, fo as
to cut into planks of fix feet breadth but thofe on
the Bahama Iflands are not fo large, though they are
frequently four feet diameter, and rife to a great
height, notwithftanding they are generally found
growing upon the folid rocks, where there is fcarce
any earth for their nouriftiment. The wood which
has been brought from the Bahama Iflands has ufually
pahed under the appellation of Madeira wood, but
there is no doubt of its being the fame as the Maho-
gony. The Spaniards make great ufe of this wood
for building of fhips •, for which purpofe it is better
adapted, than any other fort of wood yet known, be-
ing very durable, refilling gun fhots, and burying
C E D
the fhot without fplintering ; nor is the worm fo apt
to eat this wood as that of the Oak, fo that for the
Weft Indies the fhips built of Mahogony are prefera-
ble to any other.
The excellency of this wood for all domeftic ufes,
is now fufficiently known in England ; and it is mat-
ter of furprife, that the tree fhould not have been
taken notice of by any .hiftorian or traveller to this
time j the only author who has mentioned this tree,
is Mr. Catefby, in his Natural Hiftory of Carolina,
and the Bahafna Iflands, before whom I believe nei-
ther the tree or the wood was taken notice of by any
writer on natural- hiftory, although the wood has
been many years brought to England in great quan-
tities.
In the Weft Indies thefe trees are of fo quick growth,
as to arrive to a large fize in a few years ; the man-
ner of their propagation in the Bahama Iflands, as it
is deferibed by Mr. Catefby, is as follows : when the
fruit is ripe, the outer hard fheil or covering fepa-
rates at the bottom, next the foot-ftalk, thereby ex-
pofing the feeds, which are faftened to a hard five-
cornered column, Handing in the middle ; thefe feeds
being broad and light, are difperfed on the furface of
the ground, which is very rocky. Such of the feeds
as happen to fall into the fiftlires of the rock, very
foon fend forth roots ; and if thefe tender fibres meet
with refiftance from the hardnefs of the rock, they
creep out on the furface of it, and feek another fif-
fure, into which they creep, and fwell to fuch a fize
and ftrength, as to break the rock, and thereby make
way for the root’s deeper penetration ; and by this
nourifhment from the rock, the trees grow to a large
fize in a few years.
The leaves of this tree are winged like thofe of the
Afh, having commonly fix or eight pair of pinnae
(or lobes) which are fhorter and broader at their bafe
than thofe of the Afh, where they adhere to the mid-
rib by very fhort foot-ftalks ; thefe lobes are very
fmooth, having but one vein running through each,
which is always on one fide, fo as to divide them un-
equally. We have no perfect account of the flower
of this tree ; thofe which are exhibited in Mr. Catef-
by’s Natural Hiftory, were drawn from a withered
imperfect fragment, which were the only remains of
the flowers v/hich could be found at the time when
he was there ; but the fruit he has delineated very ex-
actly, as I have had opportunity of comparing it with
fome which have been brought to Ehgland. The en-
tire fruit, before it opens, is of a brown colour ; thefe
fruit grow ereft, upon foot-ftalks, which clofely ad-
here to the five-cornered column, running through
the middle of the fruit, and to which the feeds are
faftened, lying imbrieatim like flates on a houfe,
over each other ; fo that when the fruit is ripe, the
outer cover divides at the bottom into five equal parts,
and when thefe fall off, and the feeds are difperfed,
the foot-ftalk and the column remain fome months
after on the tree.
It is propagated by feeds, which may be eafily pro-
cured from the Bahama Iflands, from whence rnoft
of the good feeds which have come to England were
brought-, for moft of thefe which have been fentfrom
Jamaica, although brought in their pods, have not
Succeeded •, whereas, thofe from the Bahama Iflands,
have grown as well as if they were immediately taken
from the trees. The feeds fhould be fown in fmall
pots filled with light fandy earth, and plunged into a
hot- bed of tanners bark, giving them a gentle wa-
tering once a week : if the feeds are good, the plants
will appear in five or fix weeks ; and when they are
two inches high, a fufficient number of fmall pots
fhould be filled with light earth, and plunged into the
tan- bed a day or two, that the earth may be warmed
before the plants are put into the pots ; then the young
plants lhould be fhaken out of the pots, and carefully
Separated, fo as not to tear their roots, and each plant-
ed in a Angle pot, being careful to fhade them till
they have taken frefh root j after which they muft be
treated in the fame manner as other tender plants from
the
CEL
the fame climate, being careful not to give them
much water, efpecialiy in winter ; as alfo when they
are Drifted, to preferve the earth about their mots,
otherwife they are very fubjed to perifh •, for in the
country where they grow naturally, they fay it is not
pofiible to remove thefe trees fo as to live ; if the
plants are properly managed, they will make con-
fiderable progrefs. I have fome plants now in the
Cheifea garden, more than twelve feet high, which
are but of eight years growth from feeds.
As the wood of this tree is now fo generally ufed in
England, fo it might furely be worthy of the care
of the planters in America, many of whom are pof-
fefled of barren rocky lands, which at prefent produce
no profit •, but if the feeds of this tree were fown
there, might turn out greatly to the advantage of
their fucceffors, though the prefent pofiefibrs fhould
not live to enjoy the profit ; but I fear there are few
of the gentlemen in thofe iilands, who extend their
thoughts fo far, as to make provifion for the rifing
generation.
The third fort was difcovered by the late Dr. Houf-
toun at Campeachy, from whence he fent the feeds
to England, which fucceeded in feveral gardens ;
when the doftor firft obferved thefe trees, they were
deftitute of leaves, but were loaded with ripe fruit ;
and on his fecond vifit to the place, he found the
trees in full verdure, but no appearance of flowers,
fo he was at a lofs to know what genus it belonged
to ; but as the fruit of the trees agree exadly with
thofe of the two former fpecies, fo I have ventured to
join it to them.
Thefe trees ufually rife to the height of eighty feet,
or upward, and divide into many large branches to-
ward the top ; garnifhed with leaves, fomewhat re-
fembling thofe of the Witch Hazel, but are broader
at their bafe, and cut angular at their top ; thefe are
of an Afh-colour underneath, and are fet on the
branches without any order ; the fruit of this tree is
much larger than that of the Barbadoes Cedar, being
broad at the bafe, and diminifhing gradually to the
top, where it terminates in a point, being upwards
of two inches long •, this has alfo a column, or woody
core, running lengthways through the fruit, to which
the winged feeds adhere as in the two former ; but as
both their fruit are fmooth on the outfide, this differs
from them, in having five angles running from the
bafe upward ; at each angle the fruit, when ripe,
feparates, and expofes the winged feeds, which are
difperfed by the winds.
We have no account of the wood of this tree, whether
it is ever ufed in buildings, or other purpofes, as
there have been few perfons of any curiofity in that
country, the cutters of Logwood being the chief
people who inhabit there, from whom there can be
little known of the produce. The plants which have
been raifed from the feeds in England, have made
great progrefs for the two firft years, but afterward
were but flow of growth ; for, in fix years more, they
did not fhoot fo much as in the firft year from the
feed, when they grew more than three feet high. .1
made feveral trials to propagate the trees by cuttings
and layers, but without fuccefs ; fo that by feeds,
feems to be the only method of having them ; thefe
may be raifed and managed in the fame manner as
the two foregoing forts, and with them conftantly
kept in the bark-ftove.
CEDAR of BERMUDAS. 7 Tunipfkus
CED AR of C AROLINA. j See Juniperus.
CEDAR of JAMAICA. See Theobroma.
CEDAR of LIBANUS. See Larix.
CEDAR of LYCIA. 1
CEDAR of PHOENICIA. sSee Juniperus.
CEDAR of VIRGINIA. J
CEIBA. See BoMbax.
CELASTRUS, Lin. Gen. Plant. 392. Euonymoi-
des. Ifnard. Ac. R. Sc. 1 7 x 6 . The Staff-tree.
The Characters are,
The flower hath a [mall one leaved empalement , cut into
Jive unequal blunt parts. The flower hath five oval pe-
CEL
tabs, which are equal , and fpread 'open.- It' hath five
fiamina as long as the petals , terminaieS by jwall jum-
mits, and a flm all ger men with a large receptacle , marked
with ten deep channels , fupporting a floor t flyle crowned
with an obtufle trifid ftigma. The ger men afterward be-
comes an oval., blunt , three-cornered capfuls , opening in
three cells , each containing an oval fmooth feed.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fefiion
of Linnaeus’s fifth clafs, intitled Pentandria Mono-
gynia, from the flower having five ftamina and one
ftyle.
The Species are,
1. Celastrus .( Bullatus ) inermis, foliis ovatis integer-
rimis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 196 Smooth Staff-tree with mal
entire leaves. Euonymus Virginianus, rotundifaliys
capfulis Coccineis eleganter bullatis. Pluk. Aim,
1 39 -
2. Celastrus ( Scandens ) inermis, caule volubili foliis
ferrulatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 285., Smooth Staff-tree with
a twining ft alky whofle leaves are fiightly flawed. Euony-
moides Canadenfls fcandens foliis ierratis. Ifnard, Ac.
Reg. 1716.
3. Celastrus (Pyr acanthus) fpinis nudis, ramis tereti-
bus, foliis acutis. Hort. Cliff. 72. Staff-tree with naked
fpines , taper branches , and pointed leaves. Lycium
iEthiopicum pyracanthae foliis. Hort. Amft. T. p.
i 6 3 -
4. Celastrus ( Buxifolius ) fpinis foliofis, rarnis angu-
latis, foliis obtufis. Hort. Cliff. 73. Staff-tree with,
leaves on the fpines , angular branches, and obtufle leaves.
Lycium Portoricenfe, Buxi foliis anguftioribus. Pluk.
Aim. 234. tab. 202. f. 3.
5. Celastrus ( Myrtifolius ) inermis, foliis ovatis fer-
rulatis, floribus racemofis caule credo. Hort. Cliff,
72. Staff -tree without fpines , oval flawed leaves , flowers
in long bunches , and an erect ftalk. Myrtifolia arbor,
foliis latis fubrotundis, flore albo. Sloan. Hift. Jam.
2. p. 79. tab. 193.
The firft fort grows naturally in Virginia, and many
other parts of North America, where it riles to the
height of eight or ten feet ; but in England there are
few of them much more than half that height. It
generally puts out two or three Items from the root,
which divide upward into feveral branches, covered
with a brown bark, garnifhed with leaves near three
inches long, and two broad, which are placed alter-
nately on the branches •, the flowers come out in loofe
fpikes at the end of the branches ; thefe are white,
made up of five oval petals, with a gertnen in the
center, attended by five ftamina : when the flowers
fall off, the germen fwells to a three-cornered cap-
fule, of a fcarlet colour, fet full of fmall protuber-
ances ; this opens in three cells, -each containing a
hard oval feed, covered with a thin red pulp. This
fhrub flowers in July, but rarely produces good feeds
in England.
It is propagated here by layers, which will take root
in one year ; the young branches only are proper for
this purpofe, fo that where there is not any of thefe
near the ground, the main ftalks fhould be drawn
down, and fattened with pegs to prevent their rifing,
and the young fhoots from them fhould be laid. The
beft time for doing this is in autumn, when they be-
gin to caft their leaves, and by that time twelve-
month they will be fufficiently rooted, when they
fhould be cut from the old plant, and planted in a
nurfery for two or three years to get ftrength ; after
which they muft be removed to the places where they
are to remain. This fhrub grows naturally in moift
places, fo will not thrive well in a dry foil. It is very
hardy, and bears the cold of our winters very well.
It is alfo propagated by feeds, which are frequently
brought from America; but as thefe rarely arrive
here time enough to fow before the faring, fo the
plants never come up the firft year; therefore the feeds
may be fown either in pots, or in a bed of loamy
earth, keeping them clean from weeds during the
fumrner ; andyhofe in the pots fhould be placed in the
fhade till the autumn, when the pots fhould be either
piunged into the ground in a warm fituation, or
placed
f
CEL
placed under a common frame, to prevent the froft
from penetrating through the fide ot the pots ; and
if the furface of thofe which are plunged in the
ground, and alfo the bed where the feeds are fown
are lightly covered with feme old tan from a decayed
hot-bed, it will fecure the feeds from being hurt by
fevere frofts. In the fpring the plants will come up,
which muft be kept clean from weeds, and, if the
feafon proves dry, they fhould have water now and
then, which will greatly forward their growth. If
the plants make good progrefs the firft fummer, they
may be tranfplanted into a nurfery in autumn, other-
wife they fhould remain in the feed-bed till the fecond
year, when they may be treated in the fame manner
as the layers.
The fecond fort fends out feveral ligneous ftalks from
the root, which are flexible, and twill themfelves
about whatever trees and fhrubs grow near them, or
when they are at a diftance from fuch fupport, they
twine about each other, and rife to the height of
twelve or fourteen feet ; but when they fatten them-
felves about trees they will grow much taller, but
wherever this happens, their branches girt the trees
fo clofely, as in a few years will deftroy them. Thele
are garnifhed with leaves about three inches long,
and near two broad, which are fawed on their edges,
and placed alternately on the branches ; they are of
a lively green above, and paler on their under fide,
having feveral tranfverfe nerves from the middle to
the fide. The flowers are produced in fmall bunches
toward the end of the branches, which are of an her-
baceous colour, compofed of five roundifh petals ;
thele are fucceeded by roundifh three-cornered cap-
fules, which are red when ripe, fpread open in three
cells, difcloflng the feeds in the fame manner as our
common Spindle-tree. This flowers about the be-
ginning of June, and the feeds ripen in autumn.
The feeds of this fort generally ripen well in England,
and the plants may be propagated from the feeds, or
by layers, in the fame manner as the former fort ; it
delights in a ftrong loamy foil, rather moift than dry,
and wall grow in woods among other trees and fhrubs,
where, when the fruit is ripe, they make a pretty ap-
pearance. It grows naturally all over North America,
and is extremely hardy.
The third fort is a native of Ethiopia, from whence
the feeds were firft brought to the gardens in Holland,
where the plants were propagated, and have been
fmce communicated to moft of the curious gardens in
Europe. This rifes with an irregular ftaik about
three or four feet high, fending out feveral fide
branches, covered with brown bark, garnifhed with
leaves about two inches long, and more than half
an inch broad, fome of which are pointed, and others
are obtufe ; they are ftiff, of a lucid green, and come
out irregular from the branches thefe continue green
through the year. The flowers are produced from
the fldes of the branches in loofe tufts, many of them
ariflng from one point, Handing upon long foot-
ftalks ; they are of an herbaceous white colour, com-
pofed of five petals, which fpread open, and five
Spreading ftamina, which furround a fwelling germen,
fupporting a tapering ftyle, crowned by an obtufe
trifid ftigma •, the germen afterward becomes an oval
fruit, of a fine red colour, which opens in thr^e cells,
containing one oblong hard feed, the other two cells
being generally empty.
This plant is commonly propagated by cuttings in
Europe, which is more expeditious than railing them
from feeds, becaufe the feeds rarely come up the firft
year. The cuttings may be planted any time in
fummer ; but thofe which are planted early, will have
more time to get ftrength before winter. They
fhould be planted in fmall pots, which will contain
four cuttings in each ; the earth of a kitchen garden,
which is well cultivated, is as good as any for this
purpofe. The pots fiiould be then plunged into a
moderate hot-bed, and fliaded from the fun every
day, and gently rdyefhed with water now and then •,
when they have taken root they muft be gradually
CEL
expofed to the open air, and then placed in a flickered
fituation till they have obtained ftrength, when they
fhould be feparated, and planted each in a fmall pot
filled with the fame earth, then placed in the fhade
.till they have taken frefh root •, after which they may
be placed with other exotic plants in a fheltered fi-
tuation till autumn, when they muft be houfed with
Myrtles, and other hardy green-houfe plants, and
will require the fame treatment.
This plant has been titled African Barberry by fome
ignorant perfons, I fuppofe from the refemblance of
its fruit to that of the Barberry.
The fourth fort grows, naturally at the Cape of Good
Hope, from whence I received the feeds. This rifes
with a flender ligneous ftaik to the height of ten or
twelve feet, covered with a light Afli-coloured bark,
and full of joints, which are armed with long fpines,
upon which grow many fmall leaves •, the branches
are flender, and armed with the fame fpihes at every
joint, but the whole plant is fo weak, as to require
fome fupport, without which they would fall to the
ground. The leaves come lout in clutters without
any order, which are fhaped fomewhat like thofe of
the narrow-leaved Box-tree, but are longer, and of
a loofe texture ; the branches are angular, and when
young their bark is whitifli. As I have not icon the
flowers of this fhrub, I can give no farther de-
fcription of it.
This rifes very eafily from feeds, and the plants make
great progrefs ; for I have raifed them four feet high
in two years from feeds, without any artificial heat ;
and fome of the plants have lived thro’ two winters
againft a fouth-eaft wall, but thefe have fhed their
leaves in winter, whereas thofe which were removed
into the green-houfe have retained their verdure
through the year.
It may be propagated by cuttings, which fhould be
planted in the fpring, and treated in the fame manner
as hath been direfled for the former fort •, or if the
young fhoots are laid, they will take root in one year,
and may then be tranfplanted either into pots, or
againft a good afpefted wall, where I find they will
endure our ordinary winters without any protection 5
and if they are covered in fevere frofts, they may be
brought, when old, to live abroad without protection.
Thofe in pots will require a little fhelter in winter,
but fhould not be tenderly treated, for that will caufe
them to have weak branches, nor will the leaves have
fo much verdure, as when they are expofed to the
open air in mild weather.
The fifth fort grows naturally in Jamaica, and alfo
in fome of the other iflands in the Weft Indies, where
it rifes to the height of eighteen or twenty feet,
fending out many fide branches, garnifhed with leaves
fomewhat like thofe of the broad-leavedMyrtle, which
are flightly fawed on their edges ; the flowers come
out from the fide of the branches in long bunches ;
they are white, and compofed of five petals, having
five ftamina placed oppofite to them, and a germen
in the center which is channelled ; this afterward be-
comes a fruit, having five cells, each inclofmg an
oblong feed.
This plant is at prefent rare in England, for the feeds
feldom grow the firft year ; therefore when the feeds
arrive here, they fhould be fown in fmall pots filled
with light earth, and plunged into a tan-bed, where
they fhould remain till the following fpring, when
they fhould be plunged into a frefh hot-bed of tan-
ners bark ; and if the pots are duly watered, the.
plants will appear in about a month after; when thefe
are fit to remove, they fhould be planted Into fepa-
rate fmall pots, and plunged again into the tan-bed,
being careful to water and fhade them till they have
taken new root, after which they fhould be treated
. in. the fame manner as other tender plants from the
fame countries.
CELERY or SALARY. See Apium.
CELLS of plants [of Celias, Lat.~\ are thofe partitions
or hollow places in the hulks or pods of plants, in
which the feed is contained.
Hhh CELOSIA.
ije
i
G E L
) *
CEL 0 S 1 A. Lin, Gen. Plant. 255. Amaranthus.
Tdurn. Inft. R. H. 2 34. tab. 118. Amaranth.
The Characters are.
The cmpalement is permanent, and compofed of three dry
coloured leaves. c The flower hath five eredt Jharp-pointed
petals , which are permanent , ftijfi, and floaped like a
flower-cup. It hath a flmall netlarium joined to the border
of the germen, to which adhere the jive ftamina , which
are terminated by turning fummits. 'The globular germen
fipports an upright flyle , which is as long as the ftamina ,
crowned with a Jingle Jligma. The empalement afterward
becomes a globular capflide with one cell opening horizon-
tally, containing romdiflo feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in die fir ft fection of
Linnaeus’s fifth- clafs, intitled Pentandria Monogynia,
the flower having five ftamina and one ftyle.
The Species are,
1 . Celosia ( Margaritaced ) folds ovatis ftipulis falcatis,
pedunculis angulatis, fpicis fcariofis. Lin. Sp. Plant.
297. Celofia with oval leaves, a faulchion- floaped ftipula,
md a rough fpike. Amaranthus fpica albefcente habi-
tiore. Martyn. Cent. 1. p. 7.
2. Celosia '( Criftata ) foliis lanceolato-ovatis recurvis
fubundatis pedunculis angulatis, fpicis oblongis crif-
tatis. Lin. Sp. 297. Celofia with oval ' fpear -floaped leaves,
angular foot-ftalks, and oblong crefted fpikes of flowers.
Amaranthus criftatus. Camer. Epit. 792. Crefted
Amaranth, commonly called Cockfcomb.
3. Celosia ( Pardculata ) foliis lanceolato-ovatis, pani-
cula diffufa filiformi. Flor. Virg. 144. Celofia with
oval fpear-Jhaped leaves, and a fender diflfufed panicle.
Amaranthus panicula flavicante gracili holofericea.
Sloan. Hift. 1. p. 142. tab. 90.
4. Celosia {Coccinea ) foliis ovatis ftridtis inauriculatis,
caule fulcato, fpicis multiplicibus criftatis. Lin. Sp.
297. Celofla with oval leaves , a furrowed ftalk , and
many crefted fpikes of flowers. Amaranthus panicula
fpeciofa criftata^ C. B. P. 121.
5. Celosia ( Caftrenfts ) foliis lanceolato-ovatis lineatis
acuminatiffimis, ftipulis falcatis, fpicis criftatis. Lin.
Sp. 297. Celofia with oval, linear , fpear -floaped, acute-
pointed leaves , and crefted fpikes of flowers. Amaranthus
vulgaris. Rumph. Amb. 5. p. 236.
6 . Celosia {Lanata ) foliis lanceolatis tomentofis obtufis,
fpicis confertis, ftaminibus lanatis. Flor. Zeyl. 102.
Celofia with fpear-Jhaped, obtufe , woolly leaves, and many
(pikes of flowers having downy ftamina.
The firft fort here mentioned, grows naturally in
America, from whence I have frequently received
the feeds. This rifes with an upright ftalk about two
feet high, garnifhed with oval leaves ending in points,
of a pale colour ; thofe on the lower part being four
or five inches long, and one and a half broad in the'
middle, but they diminifh gradually in their fize up-
ward. Toward the upper part of the ftalk, there are
a few fide branches fent out which ftand erect ; each
of which is terminated by a fiender fpike of flowers,
and the principal ftalk is terminated by one which
is much larger-, this is two or three inches long, and
about as duck as a man’s middle finger, the whole
fpike being of a filvery colour. But there is a variety
of this with fiender pyramidal fpikes, intermixed
with red toward the top, the feeds of which I re-
ceived from Dr. Linnaeus, by the above title ; but I
am inclinable to think it is different from that which
was figured by Dr. Martyn in his Decades of rare
plants, which I have cultivated many years in the
Chelfea garden, and have never found it to vary.
The fpike of this is much thicker than that of Lin-
nmus’s, and of equal fize the whole length ; whereas
his diminifnes almoft to a point at the top, and the
colours of both are very different. This fort is an-
nual like the other Amaranths, and requires the fame
culture.
The fecond fort is well known by its common ap-
pellation of Cockfcomb, which was given to it from
the form of its crefted head of flowers refembling a
Cockfcomb ; of this there are many varieties, which
differ in their form, magnitude, and colours ; but as
they vary from feeds, they are not enumerated as
6
G E-L
diftmfi fpecies. I have raifed great varieties ofdiefe
from feeds which came from China, and other coun-
tries, but have generally found them alter in a few
years, notwithftanding great care has been taken in
the having of their feeds : the principal colours of
their heads are red, purple, yellow, and white ; but
I have had feme, whole heads have been variegated
with two or three colours. I alfo raifed feme from
feeds which I received from Perfia, whole heads
were divided like a plume of feathers, which were
of a beautiful fcarlet colour, but thefe in a few
years degenerated : therefore I ftiall include all the
different varieties of Cockfcomb, under this general
title.
The feeds of the third fort were fent me from Ja-
maica by the late Dr. Houftoun. This grows na-
turally in moft of the Sugar Ifiands. It rifes with a
weak ftalk near four feet high, garnilhed with oblong
pointed leaves, which ftand oppofite at each joint.
The flowers come out in loofe panicles from the fide
of the ftalks, and alfo at the end of the branches :
thefe are divided into a great number of very fiender
fpikes, which are of a pale yellow, finning with a
glofs like filk. The plants of this periihed in the
autumn, without perfecting their feeds.
The fourth fort I received from China this hath a
furrowed ftalk, which rifes three or four feet high,
‘ garnilhed with oval leaves which are not eared at their
bafe the ftalk is terminated by feveral fpikes of
flowers which are varioufiy formed, fome being
crefted, others are plumed like feathers, of a bright
fcarlet colour, fo make a good appearance ; but the
feeds of this when carefully laved, are apt, to dege-
nerate.
The fifth fort is of humbler growth, the leaves are
oval, fpear-lhaped, ending in very acute points ; the
branches proceed from the wings of the leaves, al-
moft the length of the ftalk, and are terminated by
fiender fpikes of flowers of no great beauty, therefore
the plant is preferved as a variety in the botanic
gardens.
The fixth fort grows naturally in Ceylon; it rifes with
a very white woolly ftalk from two to three feet
high, garnilhed with obtufe, fpear-lhaped, woolly
leaves ; from the upper part of the ftalk come out
two or three fiender fide branches, which (as alfo the
principal ftalk) are terminated by woolly fpikes of
flowers : thefe flowers are fo clofely wrapped up in
their woolly empalements, as to be fcarce vifible to
the naked eye, fo they make no appearance ; but
the extreme whitenefs of the ftalk, leaves, and fpikes,
make a pretty variety among other tender plants
during their continuance.
This plant is tender; the feeds Ihould be fown in the
fpring upon a hot-bed, and the plants Ihould be
treated in the fame way as is directed for the Cockf-
combs ; but when the plants are fully grown, they
Ihould be removed into an airy glafs-cafe, where they
may be fereened from cold and wet, but have free
air admitted to them in warm weather, otherwife
they will not perfeft their feeds in this country.
In order to have large fine Amaranths, great care
Ihould be taken in the choice of the feeds ; for if they
are not carefully colleded, the whole expence and
trouble of railing them will be loft. When you are
provided with good feeds, they muft be fown on a
hot-bed (which Ihould have been prepared a -few
days before, that the violent heat may be abated)
about the beginning of March ; and in about a tort-
night’s time (if the bed is in good temper) the plants
will rife ; but as they are tender when they firft ap-
pear, they require great care for a few days till
they get ftrength ; firft, in giving them a due pro-
portion of air, to prevent their drawing up weak ;
and next to keep them from too great moifture, for
a fin all fhare of moifture will caufe their tender items
to rot : in fowing the feeds, there ihould be care
taken not to put them too clofe, for when the plants
come up in clufters, they frequently fpoil. each other
for want of room to grow : in a fortnight or three
weeks
CEL
weeks time the plants will be fit to remove, when
you muft prepare another hot-bed, covered with good
rich light earth, about four inches thick; which
Ihould be made a few days, that it may have a proper'
temperature of heat ; then raife up the young plants
with your finger, fo as not to break off the tender
roots, and prick them into the new hot-bed about
four inches diftance every way, giving them a gentle
watering to fettle the earth to their roots : but in
doing this, be very cautious not to bear the young
plants down to the ground by hafty watering, which
rarely rife again, or at leaft fo as to recover their
former ftrength in a long time, but very often rot in
the ferns, and die quite away.
After the plants are thus planted, they mull: be
fcreened from the fun till they have taken frefh root ;
but as there Is generally a great fteam riling from the
fermentation of the dung, which condenfes to wet
againft the glaffes, and this dropping upon the
plants, very frequently deftroys them ; fo the glaffes
Ihould be frequently turned in the day-time, whenever
the weather will permit ; but if the weather happens
to prove bad, that you cannot turn your glaffes, it
will be of great fervice to your plants, to wipe off all
the moifture two or three times a day with a woollen
cloth, to prevent its dropping upon the plants. When
your plants are firmly rooted, and begin to grow,
you muft obferve to give them air every day (more
or lefs, as the weather is cold or hot) to prevent
their drawing up too fall, which greatly weakens their
ftems.
In about a month or five weeks thefe plants will have
grown fo as to meet ; therefore Ihould have another
hot-bed, which Ihould be of a moderate temper, and
covered with the fame rich earth about fix inches
thick, in which they Ihould be planted (obferving to
take them up with as much earth about their roots as
poffible) at feven or eight inches diftance every way,
giving them fome water to fettle the earth about
their roots ; but be very careful not to water them
heavily, fo as to bear down the plants, (as was be-
fore directed) and keep them fhaded in the heat of
the day, until they have taken frefti root ; and be
fure to refrelh them often (but gently) with water,
and give them air in proportion to the heat of the
weather, covering the glaffes with mats every night,
left the cold chill your beds, and ftop the growth of
the plants.
In the middle of May you muft provide another hot-
bed, which Ihould be covered with a deep frame,
that your plants may have room to grow : upon this
hot-bed, you muft fet as many three-penny pots as
can ftand within the compafs of the frame-, thefe
pots muft be filled with good rich earth, and the ca-
vities between each pot filled up with any common
earth, to prevent the heat of the bed from evaporat-
ing, and filling the frame with noxious fteams then,
with a trowel, or fome fuch inftrument, take up
your plants (from the former hot-bed) with as much
earth as poffible to the roots, and place each fingle
plant in the middle of one of the pots, filling the pot
up with the earth before defcribed, and fettle it clofe
to the root of the plant with your hands ; water them
gently, as before, and fhade them in the heat of the
day from the violence of the fun, by covering the
glaffes with mats ; refrelh them often with water,
and give them a good quantity of air in the day-
time.
In about three weeks more, thefe plants will have
grown to a confiderable fize and ftrength, fo that you
muft now raife the glaffes very much In the day-time ;
and when the air is foft and the fun is clouded, draw
off the glaffes, and expofe them to the open air, and
repeat this as often as the weather will permit; which
will harden them by degrees, to be removed abroad
into the places where they are to remain the whole
feafon ; but it is not advifable to fet thefe plants out
until a week in July, obferving to do it when the air
is perfectly foft, and if poffible, in a gentle Ihower
of rain,
Let them at firft be fet near the {belter of a hedge
for two or three days, where they may be, fcreened
from the violence of the fun, and ftrong winds, to
which they muft be inured by degrees ; thefe plants,
when grown to a good feature, peifpire very freely,
and muft be every day refreftied with water, if the
weather proves hot and dry ; otherwife they will ftunt,
and never produce their plumes fo fine as they would
do if taken care of.
This is the proper management, in order to have fine
Amaranths ; which, if rightly followed, and the
kinds are good, in a favourable feafon, will produce
wonderful large fine heads, and are the greateft or-
nament to a good garden for upwards of two months :
by this method, I have had plants five or fix feet
high, with crefts near a foot in breadth ; and I ana
perfuaded, if the kind is good, (and there is no want
of dung, or conveniencies) in a kindly feafon, they
will grow much larger.
By the middle or latter end of September, the Ama-
ranths will have perfedted their feeds, fo that you
muft make choice of the largeft, moft beautiful, and
leaft branching plants of each kind for feed ; which
you Ihould remove under fhelter, (efpecially if the
weather proves wet, or the nights frofty) that the
feeds may be perfectly ripened ; in the choice thereof,
be fure never to take any feeds from fide branches,
nor from the neck of the plume, but fuch only as are
produced in the middle thereof, which in many plants,
perhaps, may be but a fmall quantity; but I do
affure you, it is thofe only you can depend upon, to
have your kinds good the fucceeding year.
CEL SI A. Lin. Gen. Plant. 675.. The name was
given to this plant in honour of Dr. Glaus Celfius,
profeffor of philofophy and theology in the univerfity
of Upfal, in Sweden, by Dr. Linnaeus. We have no
Englifti name for it.
The Characters are.
It hath an obtufe permanent empalement , which is as Jong
as the petal , divided at the top into Jive parts. " The
Jlower is of one leaf \ with a very fhort tube , fpread' open
above , and cut into five unequal parts ; the two upper
being fmall , and the under larger. It hath four hairy
Jiamina , which incline toward the upper fegmenis of the
petal , two of which are longer than the petals and two
are of the fame length , terminated by fmall roundif fum-
mits. In the center is fituated a roundiflq germen , fipport-
ing a fender ftyle , crowned by an obtufe ftigrna. 'The
germen afterward becomes a roundijh cap file comprefftd at
the top , fitting upon the empalement , having two cells
which are filled with fmall angular feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fedlion
of Linnaeus’s fourteenth clafs, intitled Didynamia
Angiofpermia, the flower having two long and two
fhort ftamina, and the feeds being included in a
capfule.
There is but one Species of this genus at prefent
known* which is,
Cels 1 a ( Orientals ) foliis duplicato-pinnatis. Hort. Cliff.
321. Celfia with double winged leaves. Verbafcum
orientale Sophias folio. Tourn. Cor. 8. Eafiern Mullein
with a Flixweed leaf.
This plant 'grows naturally in Armenia, from whence
Dr. Tournefort fent the feeds to the royal garden at
Paris, where they fucceeded, and have been fince
communicated to moft parts of Europe. In its na-
tural place of growth, this is an annual ; but in
England it will rarely ripen its feeds, unlefs the
plants come up in the autumn and live through the
winter.
It fends out many oblong leaves, which are finely-
divided almoft to the mid-rib on both fides ; thefe
lie flat on the farface of the ground, and from the
center arifes a roundifh herbaceous ftalk near two feet
high, garnifhed the whole length with leaves of the
fame fhape, but dimimfhing in their fize gradually
to the top : tliefe are placed^ alternately, and at the
foot-ftalk of each come out the flowers, more than
half the length of the ftalk, which are of an iron co-
lour on their outfi.de, but pale yellow within, fpread-
C E L
mg open like thofe of the common Mullein, but are
not fo regular ; the fhort tube being turned down-
ward, and the lower fegments being larger than the'
upper, and the fta m i n a be i n g u n e q u a! , have occafioned
Linnaeus- to remove it to his ringent flowers. The
feed-veftel is round, cornprefled, and hath two cells
filled with fmall feeds. It flowers in June, and the
feeds ripen in September : if the feeds of this plant
are fown upon a warm dry border as icon as they are
ripe, the plants will often come up and live through
the winter, provided the foil is poor ; for in rich
ground they are apt to grow rank, and then they are
generally deftroyed by the early frofts, or will rot
with much wet ; but it the plants fhould not rife the
fame autumn, there will be little hazard of their
growing the following spring. When the plants come
up, they will require no other care but to keep them
clean from weeds, and thin them if they are too clofe;
for they do not bear removing well, fo fhould be fown
where they are intended to remain.
I have fometimes, when the feafons have proved
warm, had ripe feeds from plants fown in the fpring;
but this cannot be depended on, therefore it is much
better to fow the feeds in autumn.
CELT IS. Tourn. Ml. R. H. 612. tab. 383. Lin.
Gen. Plant. 1012. The Lote or Nettle-tree, in
French Micocoulier.
The Characters are,
It hath male and hermaphrodite flowers on the flame tree :
the hermaphrodite flowers are fingle , and Jituated above
the male. The empalement of the hermaphrodite flower
is divided into five parts , in which there are no petals ,
but five jhort flamina terminated by thick quadrangular
flummits , which have four furrows. In the center is Ac-
tuated an oval germen , flupporting t-zvo reflexed ftyles
crowned by a fingle ftigma. The germen afterward becomes
a round berry with one cell , inclofing a roundijh nut. The
male flowers have their empalement s divided into fix parts,
and -have no germen or flyle, but in other parts like the
hermaphrodite.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fedlion of
Linnaeus’s twenty-third clafs, intitled Polygamia Mo-
noecia, from the fame tree having male and herma-
phrodite flowers.
The Species are,
1. Celtis (Auftralis) foliis lanceolatis acuminatis, fer-
ratis, nervofis. Nettle-tree with fpear-Jkapcd pointed
leaves , which are veined and l 'awed on their ed?es. Celtis
_ , t J o
iructu mgncante. Tourn. Mil. 612. Lote-tree with a
black fruit.
t. Celtis ( Occidentals ) foliis oblique-ovatis, ferratis,
acuminatis* Lin. Sp. Plant. 1044. Nettle-tree with
oblique , oval, pointed leaves , which are flawed on their
edges. Celtis fruftu obfcure purpurafcente. Inll. R.
H. 612. Lote-tree with a dark purple fruit.
3. Celtis ( Orientalis ) foliis ovato-cordatis, denticulatis,
petiolis brevibus. Nettle-tree with oval heart-jhaped
leaves, /lightly indented, and floort footflalks.. Celtis
orientalis minor, foliis minoribus & crafiioribus, fru&u
fiavo. Mil. Cor. 42. Smaller Eaftern Lote-tree with
/mailer and thicker leaves, and a yellow fruit.
4. Celtis ( Americana ) foliis oblongo-ovatis, obtufis,
nervofis, fuperne glabris, fubtus aureis. Nettle-tree
with oblong, obtufle, nervous leaves, which are fmooth on
their upper fur face , and of a gold colour beneath. Celtis
foliis citrii fubtus aureo, fruftu rubro. Plum. Cat. 18.
Ijote-tree with Citron leaves , of a gold colour on their under
fide, and a red fruit.
The firft fort grows naturally in the fouth of France,
in Spain and Italy, where it is one of the largeft trees
of thole countries : yet this is not fo plenty in Eng-
land as the fecond, nor do I remember to have feen
but two large trees of this fort in the Englifh gardens;
one of which was formerly growing in the Bifhop of
London’s garden at Fulham, but was cut down fome
years pail, with many other curious exotic trees,
which were there growing in great perfection : the
Other. was in the garden of Dr. Uvedale at Enfield,
■which was there Handing a few years ago, when I
paid a vifit to that place, which had' frequently pro-
CEL
duced fruit, but was never propagated in, this coun-
try ; nor were there any young plants of this kind in
the garden, till about fourteen years ago, when I pro-
cured a good quantity of the fruit from Italy, which
I communicated to feveral of my friends.
1 his tree riles with an upright ftem to the height
of forty or fifty feet, fending- out many {lender
branches upward, which have a fmooth dark coloured
bark, with fome fpots of gray •, thefe are garniflied
with leaves placed alternately, which are near four
inches long, and about two broad in the middle,
ending in long fharp points, and deeply fawed on
their edges, having feveral tranfverfe veins which
are prominent on their under fide. The flowers come
out from the wings of the leaves all along the
branches •, they have a male and an hermaphrodite
flower generally at the fame place, the male flowers
being fltuated above the others : thefe have no petals
but a green herbaceous empalement, fo make no
figure ; they come out in the fpring, at the fame time
when the leaves make their firft appearance, and
generally decay before the leaves have grown to half
their magnitude. After the flowers are paft, the
germen of the hermaphrodite flowers become a round
berry about the fize of a large Pea, which, when ripe,
is black.
The fecond fort grows naturally in North America;
it delights in rnoift rich foil, in which it becomes a
very large tree. This rifes with a ftrait ftem, which
in young trees is fmooth and of a dark colour, but
as they advance, it becomes rougher and of a lighter
green. The branches are much diffufed on every
fide, and are garnifhed with oblique oval leaves,
ending in points, fawed on their edges ; they are
placed alternately on the branches, with pretty
long foot-ftalks. The flowers come out oppofite to
the leaves, upon pretty long foot-ftalks ; the male
flowers Handing above the hermaphrodite as in the
other fpecies ; after thefe decay, the hermaphrodite
flowers are fucceeded by round ifln berries, which are
fmaller than thofe of the firft fort, and when ripe,
are of a dark purple colour. This tree flowers in
May, and the feeds ripen in Obtober. Of this fort
there are feveral pretty large trees in the Englifh
gardens, fome of which produce great quantities of
fruit annually, which in favourable feafons come to
maturity, fo that from thefe feeds there have been
plants railed-, and there are few years, in which there
is not fruit of this fort fent from America, whereby
it is now become pretty common in the Englifh nur-
feries.
This tree is late in coming out in the fpring, but in
recompenfe for that, it continues as long in beauty
in the autumn, for it is the lateft in fading of any
of the deciduous trees ; nor do the leaves alter their
colour long before they fall, but continue in full
verdure till within a few days of their dropping off;
and, fo foon as they begin to fall, the trees will in
a few days be quite deftitute of leaves, fo that the
litter which their falling leaves occaflon, may be
fooner cleared away, than that of any other deciduous
tree. There is little beauty in the flowers or fruit of
this tree ; but, as the branches are well clothed with
leaves, which are of a fine green colour, the trees,
when mixed with others in wilderneftes, make a
pleafing variety during the fummer feafon. The
wood of this tree being tough and pliable, is
efteemed by coachmakers for the frames of their car-
riages.
The third fort was difcovered by Dr. Tournefort in
Armenia, from whence he lent the fruit to the royal
garden at Paris, where they fucceeded, and the trees,
which were there railed, have produced fruit for
feveral years, fo that moil of the curious gardens in
Europe have been furnifhed with it from thepce.
It rifes with a ftem about ten or twelve feet high,
dividing into many branches, which fpread horizon-
tally on every fide, having a fmooth greenifh bark,
garnifhed with leaves about an inch and a half long,
and near an inch broad, inclining to a heart-fhape,
but
C E N
but are oblique, one of the ears of the bafe being
fmaller and lower than the other; they are of a
thicker texture than thofe of the common fort, and
of a paler green, placed alternate on the branches,
and have fhort foot-ftalks. The flowers come out
from the foot-ftalks of the leaves, in the fame manner
as the former, and are fu'Cceeded by oval yellow ber-
ries, which, when fully ripe, turn of a darker co-
lour. The wood of this tree is very white.
Thefe trees are all propagated by feeds, which Ihould
be fown foon after they are ripe, when they can be
procured at that feafon, for thefe frequently come up
the following fpring •, whereas, thofe which are flown
in the fpring, will not come up till a twelvemonth
after : therefore it is the belt way to fow them in pots
or tubs, that they may be eaflly removed, for thofe
which are fown in the fpring Ihould be placed in a
fhady fituation in fummer, and conftantly kept clean
from weeds ; but in autumn they fhould be placed in
a warm fituation, plunging the pots into the ground ;
and if they are covered over with a little tan from a
decayed hot-bed, it will prevent the froft from pene-
trating the earth to injure the feeds ; and if thefe
pots are placed on a gentle hot-bed in the fpring, it
will greatly forward the vegetation of the feeds,
whereby the plants will have more time to get ftrength
before the winter : but when the plants appear above
ground they mult have a large fhare of air admitted
to them, otherwife they will draw up weak ; and as
foon as the weather is warm, they muft be expoled
to the open air, and in fummer they muft be con-
ftantly kept clean from weeds ; if the feafon proves
dry, they will require water two or three times a
week. In autumn it will be proper to remove the
pots, and place them under a hot-bed. frame, to fhel-
ter them in winter from fevere froft ; or where there
is not that conveniency, the pots fhould be plunged
into the ground near a wall or hedge ; and as the
plants, when young, are full of fap, and tender, the
early frofts in autumn frequently kill the upper part
of the fhoots ; therefore the plants fhould be either
covered with mats, or a little ftraw or Peafe-haulm
laid over them to protefl them.
In the following fpring the plants fhould be taken
out of the feed-pots, and planted in the full ground :
this fhould be done about the middle or latter end of
March, when the danger of the froft is over ; there-
fore a bed or two fhould be prepared (according to
the number of plants railed) in a fheltered fituation,
and, if pofilble, in a gentle loamy foil. The ground
muft be well trenched, and cleared from the roots of
bad weeds, and when levelled, fhould be marked out
in lines at one foot, diftance ; then the plants fhould
be carefully turned out of the pots and feparated,
fo as not to tear their roots, and planted in the lines
at fix inches afunder, prefling the earth down dole to
the roots. If the ground is very dry when they are
planted, and there is no appearance of rain foon, it will
be proper to water the beds, to fettle the ground to
the roots of the plants ; and after this, if the fur-
face of the ground is covered with fome old tan or
rotten dung, it will keep it moift, and' prevent the
drying winds from penetrating to the roots of the
plants.
1 he following fummer, the neceffary care muft be to
keep them conftantly clean from weeds ; but after the
plants are pretty well eftablifhed in the ground, they
will not require any water, efpecially toward the lat-
ter end of fummer, for that will occafion their late
growth, whereby they will be in great danger of fuf-
fering by the autumn frofts ; for the more any of
thefe young trees are flopped in their growth by
drought towards autumn, the firmer will be their tex-
ture, fo better able to bear the cold.
The plants may remain in thefe nurfery-beds two
years, by which time they will have obtained fuffici-
ent ftrength to be tranfplanted where they are de-
flgned to remain for good, becaufe thefe plants ex-
tend their roots wide every way ; fo that if they
Hand long in the nurfery, their roots will be cut in
C E N
removing, which will be a great prejudice to their
future growth.
Thefe forts are hardy enough to thrive in the open air
in England, after they are become> ftrong ; but for
the two firft winters after they come up from feeds,
they require a little protedion, efpecially the third
fort, which is tenderer than either of the former. The
young plants of this fort frequently have variegated
leaves, but thofe are more impatient of cold than the
plain leaved. ,
The fourth fort was firft difcovered by father Plunder,
in the French iflands of America ; and it was found
growing in Jamaica, by Dr. Houftoun, who fent the
feeds to England. This rifes with a ftrait trunk
near twenty feet high, covered with a gray bark, di-
vided into many brandies upward, garnifhed with
leaves near four inches, long, and two and a half
broad, rounded at their extremity, of a thick texture,
very fmooth on their upper furface, and on their un-
der fide are of a lucid gold colour, placed alternately
on the branches. The fruit is round and red, but
the flowers I have not feen.
The feeds of this fort rarely come up the firft year,
fo they may be fowed in pots, and plunged into the
tan-bed in the ftove, where they fhould remain till
the plants come up. Thefe plants muft be conftantly
kept in the bark-ftove, and treated in the fame man-
ner as other tender exotics.
CENTAUREA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 880. Centaurium
majus. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 449. tab. 256. Jacea.
Tourn. 443. Cyanus. Tourn. 445. Greater Centaury,
Knapweed, Blue Blottle, &c.
The Characters are,
It hath a compound flower , whofe difiz is compofed of many
hermaphrodite florets , and the borders or rays of female
florets, which are larger and loofer ; thefe are mcluded
in a common , roundiflh, fcaly empalement ; the herma-
phrodite florets have narrow tubes , f welling at the top ,
and cut into five parts ; thefe have five Jhort hairy fta-
mina , terminated by cylindrical fummits : the germen is
Jituated under the petal, fupporting a flender ftyle, crown-
ed vnth an obtufe fligma. The germen afterward becomes
a flngle feed flout up in the empalement . The female
florets have a flender tube, but expands above, where
it is enlarged, and cut into five unequal parts thefe are
barren.
This genus of plants is ranged in the third fe&ion
of Linnaeus’s nineteenth clafs, intitled Syngenefia Po-
lygamia Fruftanea ; the flowers of this feition have
their difk and middle compofed of hermaphrodite flo-
rets, which are fruitful, and their borders of female
abortive florets.
The Species are,
1. Centaurea (. Alpina ) calycibus inermibus, fquamis
ovatis obtufis, foliis pinnatis glabris integerrimis im-
pari ferrato. Elort. Cliff. 421. Centaury with an em-
palement without fpines, oval obtufe [coles, and fmooth
winged leaves, which are entire. Centaurium alpinum
luteum. C. B. P. 117. Yellow Alpine Centaury.
2. Centaurea ( Centaurium ) calycibus inermibus, fqua-
mis ovatis, foliis pinnatis, foliolis ferratis decurren-
tibus. Elort. Cliff. 42 1 . Centaury with an empalement
without fpines, oval f cales, and winged leaves, whofe
lobes are flawed, and run along the midrib. Centaurium
majus, folio in lacinias plures divifo. C. B. P. 1 1 y.
Greater Centaury with a leaf divided into many parts.
3. Centaurea ( Glafifolia ) calycibus fcariofis foliis in-
divifls integerrimis decurrentibus. Hort. Cliff. 421.
Centaury with a fcaly empalement, and undivided entire
leaves running along the folks. Centaurium majus ori-
entale erecftum, glafti folio, flore luteo. Tourn. Con
32. Com. Rar. Plant. 39. Upright, eaflern, greater Cen-
taury, with a IVoad leaf and a yellow flower.
4. Centaurea ( Sttebe ) calycibus ciliatis oblongis, fo-
liis pinnatifidis linearibus integerrimis. Prod. Leyd.
140. Centaury with oblong hairy empalement s, and winged
pointed leaves , which are very narrow and entire. Stae-
be incana, cyano fimilis tenuifolia. C. B. P. Hoary
Stcebe with the appearance of Blue Bottle , and a narrow
leaf
I i i 5. Cental
\ZL.
CEN
| C'entaure a (Conifer a) calycibus fcariofis, foliis to-
mentofis, radicalibus lanceolatis, caulinis pinnatifidis
caule fimplici. Prod. Leyd. 142. Centaury with a fcaly
impalements woolly leaves , thofe near the root being
fpear-fhaped, thofe on the folk pointed , and a fingle ftalk.
Centaureum majus incanum, humile, capite pini.
Tourn. Inft. R. H. 469. Dwarf hoary , greater Cen-
taury , with a head like a Pine cone.
-6. Centaurea ( Montana ) calycibus ferratis, foliis lan-
ceolatis decurrentibus, caulefimpliciffimo. Hort. Cliff.
f 422. Centaury with fawed empalements , fpear-fhaped
running leaves , and a fingle ftalk. Cyanus montanus
latifolius. fc. Verbafculum Cyanoides. C. B. P. 273.
Greater Mountain Blue Bottle with broad leaves.
7. Centaurea (. Anguftifolia ) calycibus ferratis, foliis
lineari-lanceolatis decurrentibus, caule fimplici. Cen-
taury with fawed empalements , very narrow , fpear-fhaped ,
running leaves , and a fingle foot -ftalk. Cyanus angufti-
ore folio & longiore Belgicus. H. R. Par. Narrower
and longer leaved Belgick Blue Bottle.
8. Centaurea ( Mofchata ) calycibus inermibus, fubro-
tundis glabris, fquamis ovatis, foliis lyrato-dentatis.
Hort. Cliff. 421. Centaury with unarmed , roundijh ,
fmooth empalements , oval f cales , finuated leaves. Cya-
nus florid us oaoratus, Turcicus five orientals major.
Park. Theat. 421. Sweet oriental Cyanus , commonly
called Sweet Sultan.
9. Centaurea ( Amberboi ) calycibus inermibus, fubro-
tundis, glabris, fquamis ovatis obtufis, foliis lacinia-
tis ferratis. Centaury with roundijh , fmooth , unarmed
empalements , cto/* feales , cut leaves , which
are fawed on their edges. Cyanus orientalis flore luteo
fiftulofo. Ac. R. Par. 75. Eaftern Cyanus with a yellow
flftular flower , commonly called yellow Sweet Sidtan.
10. Centaurea ( Cyanus ) calycibus ferratis, foliis linea-
ribus integerrimis, infimis dentatis. Hort. Cliff. 422.
Centaury with fawed empalements , wry narrow entire
leaves indented below. Cyanus fegetum. C. B. P. 273.
Corn Blue Bottle. ■
11. Centaurea ( Lippii ) calycibus inermibus, fquamis
mucronatis, foliis pinnatifidis obtufis decurrentibus.
Lin. Sp. Plant. 910. Centaury with unarmed empale-
ments , having pointed feales , and winged pointed leaves ,
which are obtufe , running along the ftalk. Cyanus /£-
gypticus flore parvo purpureo, caule alato. D. Lipp.
Egyptian Cyanus with a fmall purple flower , and a wing-
ed ftalk.
12. Centaurea ( Cineraria ) calycibus ciliatis terminali-
feffilibus, foliis tomentofis pinnatifidis, lobis acutis.
Hort. Cliff. 422. Centaury with hairy empalements clofely
terminating the ftalks , woolly leaves with winged points ,
and the fegments very narrow. Jacea montana candi-
diffima, Sttebes foliis. C. B. P. 273. White Mountain
Knapweed with a Stasbe leaf.
13. Centaurea ( Ragufina ) calycibus ciliatis, foliis to-
mentofis pinnatifidis, foliolis obtufis ovatis integerri-
mis exterioribus majoribus. Hort. Cliff. 422. Centaury
with hairy empalements , woolly leaves with winged points,
the fmall leaves oval and obtufe, the outer larger. Jacea
arborea argentea Ragufina. Zan. Hift. 107. Silvery-
tree Knapweed of Ragufa.
14. Centaurea ( Napifolia ) calycibus palmato-fpinofis,
foliis decurrentibus radicalibus lyratis. Prod. Leyd.
141. Centaury with palmated fpinous empalements, and
finuated prickly leaves running alohg the ftalks. Jacea
cyanoides altera, alato caule. Herm. Par. 189. Ano-
ther Knapweed like Cyanus, with a winged ftalk.
15. Centaurea ( Rhapontica ) calycibus fcariofis, foliis
ovato-oblongis denticulatis integris petiolatis, fubtus
tomentofis. Hort. Cliff. 421. Centaury with fcaly em-
palements, oval, oblong , indented , entire leaves , having
foot -ftalks, woolly underneath. Centaurium majus, fo-
lio helenii incano. Tourn. Inft. 449. Greater Centaury
with a white Elecampane leaf.
16. Centaurea (Peregrina) calycibus fetaceo-fpinofis,
foliis lanceolatis petiolatis, inferne dentatis. Hort.
Cliff. 423. Centaury with briftly prickly ■ empalements,
fpear-fhaped leaves, with f oof -ftalks indented beneath.
Centaurium majus folio molli acuto laciniato, flore
aureo magno, calyce fpinofo. Boerh, Ind. alt. 1 , p.
CEN
144. Greater Centaury with a f oft, pointed, cut leaf, and
a large golden flower , with a prickly ernpalement.
17. Centaurea (Orientalis) calycibus fquamato-ciliatis,
foliis pinnatifidis, pinnis lanceolatis. Lin. Sp. Plant.
9 13. Centaury with hairy feales to the ernpalement , wing-
pointed leaves , whofe lobes are fpear-fhaped. Cyanus
foliis radicalibus partim integris, partim pinnatis,
bractea calycis ovali, flore fulphureo. Hall. Ad. Phil.
T 745-
tB. Centaurea ( Argentea ) calycibus ferratis, foliis to-
mentofis, radicalibus pinnatis, foliolis uniauritis. Lin.
Sp. 1290. Centaury with fawed empalements , woolly
leaves, thofe near the root winged, and the lobes eared .
Jacea Cretica laciniata argentea, flore parvo flavef-
cente. Tourn. Cor. 31.
19. Centaurea (Semper virens) calycibus ciliatis, foliis
lanceolatis ferratis, inferioribus haftatis. Lin. Sp.
1291. Centaury with a hairy ernpalement, fpear-fhaped
fawed leaves, and thofe near the root halbert-jhaped. Jacea
Lufltanica fempervirens.
20. Centaurea ( Splendens ) calycibus fcariofis obtufis,
foliis radicalibus pinnatifidis, caulinis pinnatis denti-
bus lanceolatis. Prod. Leyd. 142. Centaury with a rough
obtufe ernpalement, the radical leaves wing-pointed, and
thofe on the ftalk winged, fpear-fhaped, and indented.
Jacea caliculis argenteis major. Inft. R. H. 444.
21. Centaurea ( Romana ) calycibus palmato-fpinofis,
foliis decurrentibus inermibus, radicalibus pinnatifidis,
impari maximo. Hort. Cliff 423. Centaury with a
palmated fpiny ernpalement, fmooth running leaves, thofe
near the root wing-point ea l, and a large terminating lobe.
Jacea fpinofa Cretica. Zan. Hift. 141.
22. Centaurea ( Spharocephala ) calycibus palmato-fpi-
nofis, foliis ovato-lanceolatis petiolatis dentatis. Hort.
Cliff 423. Centaury with a palmated prickly ernpalement ,
and oval, fpear-fhaped, indented leaves, having foot-
ftalks. Jacea fphterocephala fpinofa Tingitana. H. L.
33 2 -
23. Centaurea ( Eriophora ) calycibus duplicato-fpino-
fls lanatis, foliis femidecurrentibus integris flnuatif-
que caule prolifero. Hort. Upfal. 272. Centaury whofe
ernpalement is downy and doubly armed with fpines, run-
ning leaves , foma- entire, others finuated, and a childing
ftalk.
24. Centaurea (Benedibia) calycibus duplicato-fpino-
fls lanatis involucratis, foliis femidecurrentibus den-
ticulato-fpinofis. Lin. Sp. 1296. Centaury whofe em-
palement is downy and doubly armed with fpines, running
leaves with indentures , terminating in fpines. Carduus
Benedidus. Camer. Epit. 562. BlejfedEhiftle.
There are many other fpecies of this genus, which
are preferved in botanic gardens for the lake of varie-
ty ; fome of which grow naturally in England, and
are often troublefome weeds in the fields, fo do not
deferve a place in gardens ; therefore I chofe not to
trouble the reader with mentioning their titles, but
have here feleded thofe fpecies which have fome
beauty to recommend them.
The firft fort grows naturally upon the Alps. This
hath a perennial root, which ftrikes deep into the
ground, lending out a great number of long, winged,
fmooth leaves, of a glaucous colour the ftalks rife
near four feet high, and divide upward into many
branches, garnifhed with fmall leaves of the fame
form as the lower ; each of thefe ftalks is terminated
by a fingle head of yellow flowers, compofed of many
florets ; thofe which occupy the difk are hermaphro-
dite, but thofe of the ray are female. This flowers
in June and July, and, in dry feafons, will perfedt
their feeds in autumn. It may be propagated either
by feeds, or by parting their roots in the autumn,
being careful not to divide the roots too fmall. The
feeds fhould be fown in the fpring on a bed of light
earth ; and when the plants are fit to remove, they
fhould be tranfplanted into a bed of frefh earth fix:
inches afunder, in which place they fhould remain
till autumn, when they fhould be planted where they
are defigned to remain.
The fecond fort ftands in the lift of medicinal plants
of the college, but is very rarely ufed the root is
reckoned
C E N
reckoned to be binding, and good for all kinds of
fluxes, and of great ufe to heal wounds. This grows
naturally on the mountains of Italy and Spain ; it hath
a ftrong perennial root like the former fort, from
which come out a great number of long winged leaves,
which fpread wide on every fide, of a lucid green,
and fawed on their edges the flower-ftalks are Ben-
der, but very ftiff, and divide upward into many
fmaller foot-ftalks ; thefe, togetherwith the other ftalks,
rife five or fix feet high, having at each joint one
fmall winged leaf of the fame form with the other :
each of thefe foot-ftalks is terminated by a fingie head
of purpliili flowers, which are confiderably longer
than the empalement. This fort flowers in July, and
in very warm dry feafons will produce ripe feeds in
England. It may be propagated by parting of the
roots in the fame manner as the former fort, and the
plants muft be treated in the fame -way, but fliould
have more room to grow, therefore it is not proper
for fmall gardens •, but in large open borders, or to
intermix in open quarters with other tall growing
plants, this will make a variety.
The third fort was difcovered by Dr. Tournefort in
the Levant, who fent the feeds to the royal garden at
Paris, and from thence it hath flnce been communi-
cated to molt of the curious gardens in Europe. This
hath a perennial root, which ftrikes deep into the
ground, from which fprings up a great tuft of long
entire leaves, fhaped like thofe of Woad, growing
upright, with many upright ftalks, which grow near
five feet high, garnifhed with leaves coming out An-
gle at each joint, of the fame fhape as the under, but
are lefs, and have a border or wing running along
the ftalk. The upper part of the ftalk divides into
two or three fmaller, each of which is terminated by
a fingie head of yellow flowers, included in a filvery
fcaly empalement. This flowers in July, but rarely
produces good feeds in England. It may be propa-
gated by parting the roots in the fame manner as the
former, and the plants may be treated in the fame
way, being equally hardy and as this doth not fpread
fo much as the laft, it may be allowed a place in
fmaller gardens.
The fourth fort grows naturally in Auftria. This
hath a perennial root as the former, from which come
out many winged leaves, which are hoary, the feg-
ments narrow and entire •, the ftalks rife near three
feet high, dividing into feveral branches, which have
a Angle winged leaf at each joint, of the fame fhape
with the other •, at the end of each ftalk is one head
of purple flowers, inclofed in an oblong fcaly em-
palement, each lcale being bordered with fmall hairs
like an eye- brow. The flowers appear in June, and
the feeds ripen in Augulf. This is propagated by
feeds, which may be fown in a bed of common earth,
in a nurfery ; and when the plants come up they
muft be thinned, and kept clean from weeds, and
the following autumn the plants may be tranfplanted
where they are defigned to remain after which they
will require no further care. Two or three of thefe
plants may be allowed a place in gardens where there
is room, for the fake of variety.
The fifth fort grows naturally in the fouth of France,
and in Italy : I received the feeds of this from Verona.
It hath a perennial root, which doth not divide and
fpread as the former, but grows fingie, fending out
in the fpring feveral entire fpear-fhaped leaves, and
afterward a Angle ftalk, more than a foot high, gar-
nifhed at each joint with one divided hoary leaf;
and at the top comes out a fingie, large, fcaly head,
ihaped like a cone of the Pine-tree, very taper at the
top, where it clofely furrounds the florets, whole tops
juft peep out of the empalement : they are of a bright
purple colour, and appear in June, but are not fuc-
ceeded by feeds in England, fo cannot be propagated
unlefs the feeds are procured from abroad. Thefe
feeds may be fown, and the plants afterward treated
in the fame manner as the laft.
The fixth fort is the common perennial Blue Bottle,
which by fome is titled Batchelors Button. This is I
/
c e n
To well known as to need no defeription ; the roots of
this fort creep under ground to a great diftance,
whereby the plant propagates too fall, and often be-
comes troublefome in gardens. It flowers in May and
June, and will grow in any foil and fituation.
The feventh fort differs from the eighth, in having
much longer and narrower leaves, which are not fo
white, the heads of flowers are alfo fmaller-, but
whether this is only a variety from the other, I cannot
determine, having never raifed either from feeds ; for
thefe plants fpread very much by their creeping roots,
which renders them barren, as is frequently the cafe
with many other creeping rooted plants, few of which,
produce feeds : however, this plant has always re-
tained its difference from the year 1727, when I
firft brought it to England ; and as it propagates fo
faff, it is now become almoft as plenty in the gar-
dens, as the common broad leaved fort. This is
equally hardy, and may be planted in any foil or fi-
tuation, where many other forts will not thrive, and
during its continuance in flower will make a variety
in the garden.
The eighth fort is annual, fo is only propagated by
feeds. This has been many years propagated in the
Englifh gardens, under the title of Sultan Flower, or
Sweet Sultan. It was brought from the Levant,
where it grows naturally in arable land among the
corn. This fends up a round channelled ftalk near
three feet high, which divides into many branches,
garniflied with jagged leaves, of a pale green, fmooth,
and ftand clofe to the branches ; from the fide of the
branches come out long naked foot-ftalks, each fuff
taining a Angle head of flowers fhaped like thofe of
the other fpecies, which have a very ftrong odour, fo
as to be oftenfive to many people, but to others is
very grateful. The empalement of thefe is fcaly,
round, and without fpines ; the flowers are in fome
purple, and others white, and likewife a flefh colour
between them hath come from the fame feeds. There
is alfo a variety of this with fiftular flowers, and ano-
ther with fringed flowers, commonly called Amber-
boi or Emberboi : but thefe have degenerated to the
common fort in a few years, although I have faved
the feeds with great care, fo I fuppofe they are only
varieties. Thefe feeds are commonly fown upon a
hot-bed in the fpring, to bring the plants forward,
and in May they are tranfplanted into the borders of
the flower-garden ; but if the feeds are fown in a
warm border in autumn, they will live through the
winter ; and thefe plants may be removed in the
fpring into the flower-garden, which will be ftronger,
and come earlier to flower than thofe which are raifed
in the fpring. The feeds may alfo be fown in the
fpring on a common warm border, where the plants
will rife very well, but thefe will be later in flowering
than either of the other. The autumnal plants will
begin to flower the middle of June, and will conti-
nue flowering till September ; and the fpring plants
will flower a month later, and continue till the froft
flops them. Their feeds ripen in autumn.
The ninth fort has been fuppofed to be only a variety
of the former, which is a great miftake ; for although
there is a great fimilitude in their appearance, yet
they are fpecifically different, fo never alter. I have
cultivated this fort upward of forty years, and have
never oblerved the leaft variation in it. This is much
tenderer than the former, fo the feeds muft be fown
upon a hot-bed in the fpring ; and when the plants
are fit to remove, they fliould be tranfplanted on a
frefh hot-bed to bring them forward : when they have
taken root in this bed, they muft have air admitted
to them every day, to prevent their drawing up weak,
and refrefhed with water fparingly, becaufe they are
very apt ' to rot with much wet. When the plants
have obtained ftrength, they muft be carefully taken
up, and planted in feparate pots filled with light earth,
and fome of them placed in the fhade till they have
taken root ; then they may be placed with other an-
nual plants in the pleafure-garden, where they will
continue long in beauty. But as thefe plants which
are
123
C E N
are placed in the open air rarely produce good feeds,
there fhould be two or three plants kept in a mode-
fate hot-bed under a deep frame, where they will come
earlier to flowery and being protected from wet and
cold, they will ripen their feeds every year, which is
the fureft method to preferve the fort.
This fort differs from the common, in its leaves be-
ing fawed on their edges the flowers are fiftular, of
a bright colour, and have a very agreeable foft odour.
It flowers in July and Auguft, and the feeds ripen in
Oftobe'r.
The tenth fort is the common Blue Bottle, which
grows naturally amongft the corn in molt parts of
England : this ftands in the lift of medicinal plants.
There is a diftilled water of the flowers, which is
efteemed good for the eyes. There are great varie-
ties of colours in thefe flowers, fome of which are
finely variegated : the feeds of thefe are fold by feedf-
men, by the title of Bottles of all Colours. Thefe are
annual plants, which will rife in any common border,
and require no other care but to keep them clean
from weeds, and thinned where they are too clofe,
for they do not thrive well when they are tranfplant-
ed. If the feeds are fown in autumn, they will fuc-
ceed better, and the plants will flower ftronger than
thofe which are fown in the fpring.
The feeds of the eleventh fort were fent me by Dr.
Juflieu, from Paris, who received them from Dr.
Lippi, at Grand Cairo. This is an annual plant,
which rifes near two feet high, fending out two or
three branches toward the top ; the leaves are divided
into many obtufe fegments, and have a border run-
ning along the ftalk; the flowers are fmall, of a
bright purple, and have a fcaly empalement. If the
feeds are fown in the fpring upon a border of light
earth, where the plants are to remain, they will re-
quire no farther care but to keep them clean from
'weeds. It flowers in July, and the feeds ripen in
autumn.
The twelfth fort is a perennial plant, which retains
its leaves through the year. This grows naturally
in Italy, on the borders of the fields. The leaves are
hoary, and divided into many narrow fegments ; the
ftalks rife near three feet high, branching upward in-
to many divifions, each being terminated by a head
of purple flowers ; thefe come out in June, and in
favourable feafons will perfed their feeds in autumn.
This fort will live abroad in moderate winters, if it
has a warm fituation and a dry foil •, but in fevere
winters the plants are commonly killed, fo one or
two of them may be ftieltered under a common frame
in winter to preferve the kind. It may be eafily pro-
pagated by feeds in the fame manner as the fourth
fort ; or if the young branches, which do not fhoot
up to flower, are cut off, and planted in a fhady bor-
der any time in fummer, they will take root, and in
autumn may be removed to warm borders, or put into
pots to be flickered in winter.
The thirteenth fort grows naturally in Mauritania,
and in feveral other places on the borders of the Me-
diterranean Sea. This feldom rifes more than three
feet high in this country ; it hath a perennial ftalk,
which divides into many branches, garnifhed with very
white woolly leaves, divided into many obtufe entire
lobes, the fmall leaves or lobes on the exterior part
of the leaf being the largeft. The flowers are pro-
duced from the fide branches upon fliort foot-ftalks,
which are bf a bright yellow, and are included in a
fine hairy empalement. Thefe appear in June and
July, but fcarce ever are fucceeded by feeds in Eng-
land. It is propagated by planting of the young Ihoots
in the fame manner as the laft, and the plants require
protection from hard froft. But if they are planted in
dry lime-rubbifh, where they will not grow luxuriant,
they will refill the cold of our ordinary winters in the
open air. As this plant retains its leaves all the year,
which are extremely white, it makes a pretty variety
in a garden.
The fourteenth fort is annual. This grows naturally
in the Archipelago. It rifes with a branching ftalk
C E N
dbout three feet high ; the lower leaves are hot niucli
unlike thofe of the Turnep, being rounded at their
ends, and their bafe is cut into many fegments ; thofe
upon the ftalks and branches are nearly of the fame
form, but diminifii gradually in their flze to the top 5
thefe have a bonier or wing running along the ftalks*
which conned them together ; the flowers are pro-
duced at the end of the branches, which have prickly
empalements; the fpines come out from the border
of the kales* divided _ like the fingers of a hand.
The flowers are of" a bright purple, fo make a pretty
appearance. This fort may be treated in the fame
manner as the Com Bottle, by lowing the feeds in
autumn, and keeping the plants clean from weeds.
The plants will flower in June, and the feeds will
ripen in Auguft. If fome feeds are alfo fown in the
fpring, the plants will come to flower a month after
the others, and will continue flowering till the froft
Hops them. But thefe plants do not always perfed
feeds, fo that from the autumnal plants the feeds will
more certainly be procured.
The fifteenth fort grows naturally upon the Helve-
tian, and fome of the Italian mountains. I received
the feeds of this fort from Verona : it hath a perennial
root and an annual ftalk; the leaves are oblong,
flightly indented on their edges, and woolly on thetr
under fide ; thefe have much the refemblance of thofe
of Elecampane, generally Handing upright ; the ftalks
rife little more than a foot high, and are terminated
by large Angle heads of purple flowers, inclofed in
fcaly empalements ; thefe appear in July, but unlefs
the feafon proves very dry and warm they have no
feeds fucceed them in this country ; fo that this, like
the fifth fort, is very difficult to propagate in Eng-
land, unlefs good feeds can be procured from the
countries where they naturally grow. This is very-
hardy, fo may be treated in the fame manner as any
of the former perennial forts, but will require a little
more room than the fifths
The fixteenth fort grows naturally in Auftria and
Hungary, from both which countries I have received
the feeds. The lower leaves of this plant fpread flat
on the ground ; they are foft, hairy, and end in fharp
points, but toward their bafe are cut into feveral nar-
row fegments •, the ftalks rife near three feet high,
garnifhed at each joint by fpear-fhaped entire leaves,
and are terminated by Angle large heads of flowers,
of a gold colour, inclofed in a prickly fcaly empale-
ment. This flowers in July and Auguft, but never
produces feeds in this country. It hath a perennial
root, which fends out offsets ; thefe may be taken
from the old plants in autumn, whereby it may be
eafily propagated. It is very hardy in refpefl to cold,
but fhould have a dry foil, the roots being very apt
to rot in winter with much wet.
The feventeenth fort grows naturally in Siberia. The
feeds of this were fent me from Peterfburgh. This
fends out many long winged leaves from the root,
which are divided into feveral fpear-ffiaped lobes ;
the ftalks rife near five feet high, and divide upward
into many fmaller branches, garniflied with leaves of
the fame form as the lower, but much fmaller, and
the fegments very narrow ; each of the ftalks is ter-
minated by a head of yellow flowers, inclofed in a
fcaly empalement ; the borders of the fcales are fet
with fine hairs like an eye-brow. It flowers in June,
July, and Auguft, and the feeds ripen in autumn.
This hath a perennial root and an annual ftalk, which,
with the leaves, decay in autumn, and arife new from
the root in the fpring. It may be propagated either
by feeds or parting of the roots, in the fame manner
as the fifth fort, and the plants require a large fhare
of room, fo ftiould not be planted too near other
plants ; therefore it is not proper furniture for fmall
gardens.
The eighteenth fort grows naturally in Crete. This
hath a perennial root ; the lower leaves are winged
and very woolly, thofe on the flower-ftalks are Angle,
wedge-fliaped, and indented ; the ftalks are termi-
nated by heads of yellow flowers, compofed of as many
1 florets
f
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florets as the other forts. This flowers in July, but
rarely produces ripe feeds in this country, fo is pro-
pagated by flips as the fifth fort ; and as the plants
which are expofed to the open air in winter are fre-
quently deftroyed, it will be proper to place one or
two of them under a common frame to preferve the
fpecies.
The nineteenth fort grows naturally in Portugal : the
ftalks of this are perennial ; the leaves continue in
verdure through the year, for which it is chiefly va-
lued, for the flower has little more beauty than the
common Knapweed. It flowers in June and July,
and in warm feafons the feeds ripen in September. It
is propagated by feeds, which, if fown in April in a
bed of light earth, the plants will rife eafily. Thefe
plants, in a dry foil and a fheltered fituation, will live
in the open air in mild winters ; but as they are fre-
quently killed when the frofts are fevere, it will be
proper to fhelter a plant or two under a common frame
in winter to preferve the fpecies.
The twentieth fort grows naturally in Spain, and
upon the Helvetian mountains. This rarely conti-
nues longer than two or three years : the lower leaves
are doubly wing-pointed, thofe on the ftalks are
fpear-fhaped, winged, and indented ; the ftalks rife
three feet high, and are terminated by flowers like
thofe of the common Knapweed, having filvery em-
palements. It flowers in July, and the feeds ripen in
September. If thefe are fown in April on a bed of
light earth, the plants will come up, and will live
through the winter in the open air.
The twenty-firft fort grows naturally in the Campania
of Rome. This is a biennial plant in England ; thofe
plants which arife from feeds in the fpring feldom
flower till the following year, and when they perfect
their feeds they die. The ftalks of this fort rife three
feet high •, the lower leaves are wing-pointed, without
fpines ; thofe on the ftalks run along the ftalks like
wings ; the flowers are large, red, and their empale-
ments are ftrongly armed with fpines. This flowers
in July, and the feeds ripen in September. It may
be propagated by feeds as the former.
The fecond fort grows naturally in Spain and Mauri-
tania. This is an annual plant, which rarely ripens
its feeds in England ; the leaves of this are fpear-
fhaped, indented, and woolly; the ftalk rifes two
feet high, dividing upward into three or fourbranches,
which are terminated by pretty large heads of flow-
ers, whofe empalements are woolly, and ftrongly
armed with fpines. This flowers in July, and in
warm feafons the feeds ripen in September. It is pro-
pagated by feeds as the two former forts.
The twenty-third fort grows naturally in Portugal.
The ftalk of this rifes two feet high, garnilhed with
woolly leaves ; fome of which are entire, others are
flnuated on their borders ; the ftalks are terminated
by woolly heads of flowers, ftrongly armed with dou-
ble fpines on the empalement, which almoft inclofes
the florets. It flowers in July, and in warm feafons
the feeds ripen in September. It is propagated by
feeds as the former.
The twenty-fourth fort is the Carduus Benedictus, or
Bleffed Thiftle, which is frequently ufed as an euii-
tic. It grows naturally in Spain and the Levant ; in
England it is propagated in gardens for medicinal
ufe. It is an annual plant, which perifiies foon after
the feeds are ripe. The fureft method of cultivating
this plant, is to fow the feeds in autumn ; and when
the plants come up, to hoe the ground, to cut up
the weeds, and thin the plants ; and in the following
fpring to hoe it a fecond time, leaving the plants a
foot afunder, which will ripen their feeds in autumn,
and foon after decay.
CENTAUR HJM MINUS. See Gentiana.
CENTINODIU M, Knot Grafs. See Polygonum.
CEPA, the Onion.
The botanical characters of this genus are the fame
with thofe of Allium, to which it is now joined by
the late fyftem but as this work is intended for the
inftrudion of fuch as are not well acquainted with the I
CEP
fcience of botany, or who may have no inclination to
ftudy it, and yet may want information how to cul-
tivate the plants which are ufeful in the kitchen, I
have chofen to treat of thefe under their former ap-
pellation. Mr. Ray and Tournefort admit of the
flftular leaves and~ fwelling ftalks, as characters to
diftinguifh the plants of this genus from Porrum and
Allium.
The Varieties of the common Onion are,
The Strafburgh. Cepa oblong. C. B. P. 71.
The Spanifh Onion. Cepa vulgaris, fioribus & tuni-
cis purpurafcentibus. C. B. P. 71.
The white Egyptian Onion. Cepa fioribus & tunicis
eandidis. C. B. P. 71.
All thefe vary from feeds, fo that there are feveral
intermediate differences which are not worth enume-
rating.
Thefe three varieties are propagated by feeds, which
fliould be fown at the latter end of February or the
beginning of March, on good, rich, light ground,
which fliould be well dug and levelled, and cleared
from the roots of all bad weeds ; then the feeds
fliould be fown in a dry time, when the furface of the
ground is not moift ; and where they are intended for
a winter crop, they muft not be fown too thick. The
common allowance of feed is fix pounds to an acre
of land ; but the generality of gardeners fow more,
becaufe many of them allow for a crop to draw out,
which they call cullings •, thefe are all fuch as want
to be removed from others, fo are thinned out when
young, and tied in bunches for the market ; but thofe
who have regard to their principal crop, never prac-
tife this ; therefore fow no more feeds than is fufficient,
which is the quantity before-mentioned, for when the
plants come up too clofe, they draw each other weak ;
and when this happens, their roots never grow fo
large as thofe which are thin : befldes, there is a
greater trouble in hoeing them ; and when they are
thinned for the market, the ground is trodden over,
and the Onions whkh are to ftand have their leaves
bruifed, whereby they are greatly injured ; fo that
where young Onions are wanted, it is a much better
way to fow fome feparate beds for this purpofe, than
to injure the future crop.
In about fix or feven weeks after fowing, the Onions
will be up forward enough to hoe ; at which time
(choofing dry weather) you fliould, with a finall hoe
about two inches and a half broad, cut up lightly all
the weeds from amongft the Onions ; and alfo cut
out the Onions where they grow too clofe in bunches,
leaving them at this firft hoeing at leaft two inches
apart. This, if well performed, and in a dry feafon,
will preferve the ground clear of weeds at leaft a
month or five weeks ; when you muft hoe them over
a fecond time, cutting up all the weeds as before, and
alfo cut out the Onions to a larger diftance, leaving
them this time three or four inches afunder. This
alfo, if well performed, will preferve the ground
clean a month or fix weeks longer, when you muft
hoe them over the third and laft time.
Now you muft carefully cut up all weeds, and Angle
out the Onions to near fix inches fquare ; by which
means they will grow much larger, than if left too
clofe. This time of hoeing, if the weather proves
dry and it is well performed, will keep the ground
clean until the Onions are fit to pull up ; but if the
weather fliould prove moift, and any of , the weeds
fliould take root again, you fliould, about a fortnight
or three weeks after, go over the ground and draw
out all the large weeds with your hands ; for the Oni-
ons ha dng now begun to bulb, they fliould not be
difturbed with a hoe.
Toward the middle of Auguft your Onions will have
arrived to their full growth, which may be known by
their blades falling to the ground and ftirinking ; you
fliould therefore, before their necks or blades are wi-
thered off, draw them out of the ground, cropping
off the extreme part of the blade, and lay them abroad
upon a dry fpot of ground to dry, obferving to turn
them over every other day at leaft, to prevent their
K k k finking
U4
ftriking Frefn root into the ground ; which they will
fuddenly do, efpecially in moift weather.
In about a fortnight’s time your Onions will be dry
enough to houfe, which muft be performed in per-
£e6t dry weather *, in doing of this, you muft care-
fully rub off all the earth from the roots, and be fure
to mix no faulty ones amongft them, which will in
a ftiort time decay, and fpoil all thofe that lie near
them-, nor fhould you lay them too thick in the
houfe, which would occafion their fweating, and -
thereby rot them nor fhould they be put in a lower
room, or ground floor, but in a loft or garret ; and
the clofer they are kept from the air, the better they
will keep. You fhould, at leaft, once a month, look
over them to fee if any of them are decayed •, which
if you find, muft be immediately taken away, other-
wife they will infedt ' all that lie near them.
But notwithftanding all the care you can poftibly take
in the drying and houfing of your Onions, many of
them will grow in the loft, efpecially in mild winters,
which are generally moift ; therefore thofe who would
preferve them late in the feafon, fhould feledt a parcel
of the firmeft and moft likely to keep from the
others, and with a hot iron {lightly finge their beards,
or roots, which will effectually prevent their fprouting;
but in doing of this there muft be great caution ufed
not to fcorch the pulp of the Onions, for that will
caufe them to perifh foon after.
The belt Onions for keeping are the Strafburgh kind,
which is an oval-fhaped bulb ; but this feldom grows
fo large as the Spanifn, which is flatter-, the white
fort is efteemed the fweeteft ; but thefe varieties are
not lafting -, for if you fave feeds of white Onions
only, you will have a mixture of the red ones amongft
them ; nor will the Strafburgh Onion keep long to its
kind, but will by degrees grow flatter, as do the
large Portugal Onions, when planted in our climate,
which in a year or two will be fo far degenerated,
as not to be known they were from that race.
But in order to fave feeds, you muft in the fpring
make choice of fome of the firmed:, largeft, and
beft fhaped Onions (in quantity proportionable to the
feed you intend to fave -,) and having prepared a
piece of good ground (which fhould be well dug, and
laid outin beds about three feet wide,) in the beginning
or middle of March you muft plant your Onions in
the following manner. Having ftrained a line about
four inches within the fide of the bed, you muft,
with a fpade, throw out an opening about fix inches
deep, the length of the bed, into which you fhould
place the Onions, with their roots downward, at
about nine inches diftance from each other; then
with a rake draw the earth into the opening again
to cover the bulbs ; then proceed to remove the line
again about a foot farther back, where you muft
make an opening as before, and fo again till the whole
is finifhed *, fo that you will have four rows in each
bed, between , which you muft allow a fpace of two
feet for an alley to go among them to clear them from
weeds, &c. In a month’s time their leaves will ap-
pear above ground,, and many of the roots will pro-
duce three or four ftalks each •, you muft therefore
keep them diligently cleared from weeds, and about
, the beginning of June, when the heads of the flowers
begin to appear upon the tops of the ftalks, you
muft provide a parcel of flakes about four feet long,
which fhould be driven i-nto the ground, in the rows
of Onions, at about fix or eight feet apart-, to which
you fhould fallen fome packthread, rope yarn, or
fmall cord, which fhould be run on each fide the
Items of the Onions, a little below their heads, to
fupport them from breaking down with the wind and
rain ; for when the feeds are formed, the heads will
be heavy, and fo are very often broken down by
their own weight, where they are not well fecured ;
and if the ftalks are broken before the feeds have
arrived to maturity, they will not be near fo good,
nor keep fo long as thofe which are perfedlly ripened.
About the end of Auguft the Onion feed will be
ripe, which may be known by its . changing, brown.
and the cells in which the feeds are contained-hpeninff
fo that if it be not cut in a ftiort time, the feeds will
fall , to the ground : when you cut off the 'heads, they
fhould be fpread abroad upon coarfe cloths in the
fun, obferving to keep it under flicker in the niHit,
as alio in wet weather -, and when the heads are quite
dry, you muft beat out the feeds, which are very
eaiily difcharged from their cells ; then having cleared
it from all the hufk, &c. after having expofed it one
day to the fun to dry, you muft put it up in bao-s
to preferve it for ufe.
The directions here given is for the general crop of
winter Onions ; but there are two other crops of this
common fort of Onion, cultivated in the gardens
about London to fupply the market, one of which is
commonly called Michaelmas Onions. Thefe are
fown in beds pretty clofe, the middle of Auguft,
and muft be well weeded when they come up. In
the fpring of the year, after the winter Onions are
over, they are tied up in bunches to fupply the
markets ; but from the thinning of thefe they carry
to market young green Onions in March, for fal-
lads, &c.
And in the fpring they fow more beds in the fame
manner, to draw up young for fallads, after the Mi-
chaelmas Onions are grown too large for that purpofe;
and where a fupply of thefe are required, there may
be three different fowings, at about three weeks
diftance from each other, which will be fufficient for
the feafon.
There are alfo the following forts of Onions cultivated
in the kitchen-gardens.
The Shallot, or Efchalottes, which is the Cepa Aft
calonica. Matth. 556.
The Ciboule, or Cepa fiflilis. Matth. Lugd. 1539.
The Gives, or Cepa fedilis juncifolia perennis. Mor.
Hift. 2. 383.
The Welch Onion I fuppofe to be the fame with the
Ciboule, although they pafs under different appella-
tions ; for I have feveral times received the Ciboule
from abroad, which, when planted, prove to be what
is generally known here by the title of Welch Onions.
There is alfo a great affinity between the Efchalottes
and thefe, fo that they are not well diftinguifhed yet ;
for although they are generally cultivated in the gar-
dens, yet they are not well known to the botamfls,
fome of whom have fuppofed a greater variety than
is in nature-, while others have joined them together,
making but two lpecies.
The Scallion, or Efcallion, is a fort of Onion which
never forms any bulbs at the roots, and is chiefly ufed
in the fpring for green Onions, before the other forts,
fown in July, are big enough; but this fort of
Onion, how much foever in ufe formerly, is now fo
fcarce as to be known to few people, and is rarely
to be met with, except in curious botanic gardens':
the gardeners near London fubflitute another fort for
this, which are thofe Onions which decay and fprout
in the houfe : thefe they plant in a bed early in the
fpring, which in a Abort time will grow large enough
for ufe ; when they draw them up, and after pulling
off all the outer coat of the root, they tie them up
in bunches, and fell them in the market for Scal-
lions.
The true Scallion is eafily propagated by parting the
roots, ejther in fpring or autumn ; but the latter feafon
is preferable, becaufe of their being rendered more
fit for ufe in the fpring : thefe roots fhould be planted
three or four in a hole, at about fix inches diftance
every way, in beds or borders three feet wide, which
in a fhort time will multiply exceedingly, and will
grow upon almoft any foil and in any fituation ; and
their being fo hardy as to refill the fevereft of our
winters, and being green, and fit for ufe fo early in
the fpring, renders them worthy of a place in all
good kitchen-gardens.
The Cives are a very fmall fort of Onion, which
never produce any bulbs, and feldom grow above fix
inches high in the blade, which is alfo very fmall and
(lender, and are in round bunches like the former ;
this
CEP
this was formerly in great requeft for fallads in the
fpring, as being milder than thofe Onions which had
fcood through the winter ; thefe are propagated by
parting their roots like the former, and are alfo very
hardy, and will be fit for ufe early in the fpring.
The Welch Onions are only propagated for fpring
ufe alfo ; thefe never make any bulb, and are there-
fore only fit to be ufed green for fallads, &c. They
are fown about the end of July, in beds of about
three feet and a half wide, leaving alleys of two feet
broad to go between the beds to clean them, and in a
fortnight’s time they will appear above ground,- when
they muff be carefully cleared from weeds; towards the
middle of Oftober their blades will die away, fo that
the whole fpot will feem to be naked, which hath led
many people to dig up the ground again, fuppofing
the crop totally loft ; whereas, if they ftand undif-
turbed, they will come up again very ftrong in Ja-
nuary, and from that time grow very vigoroufly, re-
filling all weathers; and by March will be fit to draw
for young Onions, and are, in the markets, more
valued than any other fort at that feafon ; for they
are extremely green and fine, though they are much
ftronger than the common Onion in tafte, approaching
nearer to Garlick, which hath occafioned their being
iefs efteemed for the table : but as no winter, how-
ever hard, will hurt them, it is proper to have a few
of them to fupply the table, ia cafe the common fort
iliould be deftroyed by frofts.
The roots of thefe Onions, if planted out at fix or
eight inches diftance, in March, will produce ripe
feeds in autumn, but it will be in fmall quantities
the firft year ; therefore the fame roots fhould remain
unremoved, which the fecond and third year will
produce many ftems, and afford a good fupply of
feeds ; thefe roots will abide many years good, but
fhould be tranfplanted and parted every fecond or
third year, which will caufe them to produce ftrong
feeds*
CEPHALANTHUS. Lin. Gen. Plant. 105. Pla-
tanocephalus. Vaill. Acad. R. Scien. 1722. Button
Wood.
The Characters are.
It hath a number of fmall flowers, which are collected into
a fpherical head ; thefe have no common empalement , but
each particular flower hath a funnel-Jhaped empalement ,
divided into four parts at the top ; the flower is funnel-
Jhaped , of one petal , divided at the top into four parts ,
incloflng four ftamina, which are inferted in the petal , and
are -floor ter than the tube , being terminated by globular
fummits. The gernien is fituated under the flower , fup-
porting a ftyle which is longer than, the petal , and is
, croivned by a globular fligma ; the gerinen afterward be-
comes a globular hairy capfule , incloflng one or two oblong
angidar feeds ; thefe are joined to an axis , and form a
round head .
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fe&ion of
Linnaeus’s fourth dais, intitled Tetrandria 'Mono-
gynia, the flower having four ftamina and but one
ftyle.
We have but one Species of this plant, viz.
Cephalanthus ( Occidentals ) foliis oppofitis ternifque.
Flor. Virg. 1 5. Button-tree with leaves growing oppofite ,
and fometimes by threes. Scabiofa dendroides Americana
ternis foliis caulem ambientibus, floribus ochroleucis.
Pluk. Aim. 336. tab. 77.
This fnrub grows naturally in North America, from
whence the feeds are annually fent to Europe, and of
late years great numbers of the plants have been raifed
in the gardens of the curious ; but there are no very
large plants in the Englifh gardens ; the largeft I have
feen are in the curious gardens of his grace the Duke
of Argyle, at Whitton, near Hounilow, where they
thrive better than in almoft any other place where
they have been planted, fo that in a moift foil they
will do the belt.
This feldom rifes higher than fix or feven feet in this
country. The branches come out by pairs, oppofite
at each joint ; the leaves alfo ftand oppofite, fome-
times by pairs, and at other times there are three
C E R
arifmg at the fame joint, ftanding round the branch s
thefe are near three inches long, and one and a quarte r
broad, having a ftrong vein running longitudinally
through the middle, and fome fmall tranfverfe veins
from that to the borders ; they are of a light green,
and their foot- ftalks change to a reddifh colour next
the branches ; the ends of the branches are terminated
by loofe fpikes of fpherical heads, about the ftze of a.
marble, each of which are compofed of many fmall
flowers, which are funnel-fhaped, of a whitifh yellow
colour, fattened to an axis which ftands in the middle;
thefe appear in July, and, in warm feafons, are fuc-
ceeded by feeds, which have fometimes ripened in
England.
Thefe plants are propagated chiefly by feeds (though
there has been fome raifed from cuttings and layers;)
thefe fhould be fown in pots, . for the greater conve-
niency of removing them either into a fhady fitnation,
or where they may have fhelter. If the feeds can be.
procured fo early as to low them before Chriftmas,
the plants will come up the following fummer ; but
if they are fown in the fpring, they generally remain
a year in the ground ; therefore, in fuch cafe, the
pots fhould be placed in the fhade that fummer, and
in the autumn following removed under a common
frame to fhelter them from froft, and the fpring
following the plants will come up.
The firft year, when the plants come up, it will be
neceflary to fhade them in hot dry weather, while
they are young, at which time they are often de-
ftroyed by being too much expofed ; nor fhould the
watering be neglected ; for as thefe plants naturally
grow on moift ground, fo when they are not duly
watered in dry weather, the young plants will languifn
and decay.
The next autumn, when the leaves begin to drop,
the young plants may be tranfplanted into nurfery-
beds, which fhould be a little defended from the cold
winds ; and, if the foil is moift, they will fucceed
much better than in dry ground ; but where it hap-
pens otherwife, it will be abfolutely neceflary to water
them in dry weather, otherwife there will be great
danger of the plants dying in the middle of fummer,
which has been the cafe in many gardens where thefe
plants were raifed.
In thefe nurfery-beds the plants may remain a year
or two (according to the progrefs they may have
made, or the diftance they were planted ;) then they
may be taken up in October, and tranfplanted where
they are to remain for good. Although I have men-
tioned but one feafon for tranfplanting them, yet
this may alfo be performed in the fpring, efpecially
if the ground is moift into which they are removed,
or that the plants are duly -watered, if the fpring
fhould prove dry, otherwife there will be more
hazard of their growing when removed at this
feafon.
Ihefe plants make a pretty variety among other
hardy trees and fhrubs, being extreme hardy in re-
fpeft to cold ; but they delight in a moift light foil,
where they will grow very fall:, and their leaves will
be larger than in dry land.
CERASTIUM. Lin. Gen. Plant, 518. Moufe-ear, '
or Moufe-ear Chickweed; in French, Oreille de
Souris.
The Characters are.
It hath a permanent five-leaved empalement, which fpreads
open-, the flower hath five obtufe bifid petals, which are
as large as the empalement. It hath ten J lender ftamina
floor ter than the petals, -terminated by roundiflo fummits.
In the center is fituated an oval ger men, from which arife
five ftyles, which are hairy, erebi, and crowned with ob-
tufe fligma ; the empalement afterward becomes an oval,
cylindrical, or globular capfule with one cell, opening at
the top, containing many roundiflo feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fourth fedlion
of Linnaeus’s tenth clafs, intitled Decandria Pen-
tagyrtia, the flower having ten ftamina and five
ftyles.
C E R
The Species are,
1. Cerastium {Repens) foliis lancolatis, pedunculis ra-
mofis, capfuiis fubrotundis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 439.
Cerajlium with fpear-foaped leaves , branching foot-ftalks ,
md roundijh capfules. Myofotis incana repens. Tourn.
Inft. R. H. 245. Hoary creeping Moufe-eaiy by fome
called Sea Pink.
2. Cerastium ( Pornentofum ) foliis oblongis, tomentofis,
pedunculis ramofis, capfuiis globofis. Lin. Sp. Plant.
440. Cerajlium with oblong woolly leaves , branching foot-
ftalks , and globular capfules. Myofotis 7 tomentofa, li-
nariae folio anguftiore, Tourn. Inft. R. H. 245.
Woolly Moufe-ear with a narrow Load-flax leaf.
$. Cer.astium ( Dichotomum ) foliis lanceolatis, caule
dichotomo ramoftffimo, capfuiis ereCtis. Prod. Leyd.
450. Cerajlhwi with ftp ear -fhaped leaves , a very branching
ftalk divided in forks , and upright capfules. Myofotis
Hifpanica fegetum. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 545. Spanifh
Corn Moufe-ear , or Horned Chickweed.
4. Cerastium ( Pentandrum ) ftoribus pentandriis, pe-
talis integris. Lin. Sp. Plant. 438. Cerajlium with
fiowers having five Jlamina , and entire petals.
5. Cerastium ( Perfoliatum ) foliis connatis. Hort. Cliff,
173. Cerajlium whofe leaves are joined. Myofotis Orien-
talis perfoliata folio lychnidis. Tourn. Cor. 1 8 : Eaftern
per foliated Moufe-ear with a Lychnis leaf
The firft fort grows naturally in France and Italy,
and was formerly cultivated in the Englifh gardens
under the title of Sea Pink •, one of the ufes made
of it was to plant it as an edging to keep up the earth
of borders ; but this was before the Dwarf Box was
brought to England, fince which all thofe plants
which were formerly applied for this purpofe have
been neglefted. This plant was by no means fit for
this ufe, becaufe its creeping branches would fpread
into the walks where they put out roots into the
gravel ; fo that unlefs they are frequently cut off,
they cannot be kept within compafs.
This fends out many weak ftalks which trail upon
the ground, and put out roots at their joints, where-
by it propagates very faft ; the leaves are placed by
pairs oppofite, which are about two inches long, and
little more than half an inch broad, very hoary ;
thofe next the root are much fmaller than the upper ;
the flowers come out from the fide of the ftalks upon
flender foot-ftalks, which branch out into feveral
fmaller, each fupporting a white flower, compofed of
five petals, which are fplit at the top. The whole
flower has the appearance of Chickweed flowers, but
are larger •, it flowers in May.
It propagates too faft by its creeping roots and trail-
ing branches, when it is admitted into gardens, fo
may be planted in any foil or fituation ; and is very
proper to be planted between {tones on the fide of
grottos, where it will fpread, and thrive without
care.
The feeds of the fecond fort I received from Iftria,
where it naturally grows ; this is by Parkinfon titled
hoary narrow-leaved Pink. The leaves of this fort
are narrower than thofe of the former, and are much
whiter ; the ftalks grow more erect, and the feed-vef-
fels are rounder, in which their chief difference con-
fifts. This is a trailing plant, and propagates by
lending out roots at the joints, in the fame manner
as the former, and is equally hardy. It flowers in
May and June, and the feeds ripen in Auguft.
The third fort is annual ; this grows naturally on
arable land in Spain, from whence the feeds were
fent to England, where it is allowed a place in bo-
< panic gardens for the fake of variety, but hath not
much beauty, this hath branching ftalks, which
grow about fix inches high, dividing by pairs in forks,
the flowers coming out in the middle of the divifions,
which are fhaped like thofe of Chickweed •, the whole
plant has a clammy moifture, which fticks to the
fingers of thofe who handle it. This flowers in May,
and the feeds ripen in July. If the feeds are lown in
autumn, they will fiicceed better than in the fpring ;
or if they are permitted to fall, the plants will rife
without care.
C E R
The fourth fort is very like the third in its whole
appearance, and differs from it, in having but live
ftamina in the flower, whereas the other hath ten.
This was difcovered by Mr. Lcefling, a pupil of
Dr. Linnaeus’s, in Spain, from whence he lent the feeds
to Upfal, part of which were fent me by the DoCtor.
The fifth fort was difcovered by Dr. Tournefort in
the Levant, from whence he fent the feeds to the
royal garden at Paris, where they fucceeded, and
have been fince communicated to moft of the curious
botanic gardens in Europe. This is an annual plant,
which rifes with an upright ftalk a foot high-, the
lower leaves of this plant have much refemblance to
thofe of the Lychnis, which is called Lobel’s Catchfiy,
fo that when the plants are young, it is not eafy to
diftinguifh them. The ftalks are garnifhed with
leaves of the fame fhape, but fmaller, placed by
pairs, and embrace the ftalks at their bafe. The
flowers come out at the top of the ftalks, and alfo
from the wings of the leaves, on the upper part of
the ftalks, which are white, and fhaped like thofe of
Chickweed. They appear in May and June, and are
fucceeded by beaked capfules, containing many
roundifh feeds.
If the feeds of this fort are fown in autumn, they wiljt
more certainly grow than thofe which are fown in the
fpring ; or if the feeds are permitted to fcatter, the
plants will come up and live through the winter, and
will require no other care but to keep them clean
from weeds.
There are many other fpecies of this genus than are
here enumerated, which are weeds in many parts of
England, fo are never cultivated in gardens, therefore
not worthv of notice here.
CERASUS [k jxcrosy Gr. fo called according to Ser-
vius, from Cerafus, a city of Pontus, which Lucullus
having deftroyed, he carried the Cherry-tree from
thence to Rome, and called it Cerafus, after the name
of the city -, but others will have it that the city took
its name from the abundance of thofe trees which
grew there.] The Cherry-tree.
The botanical characters of this genus, according to
the fyftem of Linnaeus, are the fame with thofe of
Prunus } therefore he has joined the Apricot Cherry,
Laurel, and Bird Cherry together, making them only
fpecies of the fame genus ; but thofe who admit of
the fruit, as a character to determine the genus, muft
feparate the Cherry from the others, becaufe they
differ greatly in the fhape of their {tones ; but there
is a more effential difference in nature between them,
which is, that the Cherry will not grow upon a
Plumb-ftock, by budding or grafting, nor will the
Plumb take upon a Cherry-ftock ; and yet we know
of no trees of the fame genus which do not unite with
each other, by budding or grafting.
However, as the joining fo many genera into one,
would occafion great confufion among gardeners,
who cultivate thefe trees for fale, therefore if there
were no other motive than that, it would be a fuf-
ficient excufe for not clofely following that fyftem in
this work, which is defigned for the inftruCtion of
thofe, who have not made botany their ftudy ; fo I
{hall refer the reader to the article Prunus, under
which the botanical characters will be inferred, and
proceed to the fpecies.
I lhall firft enumerate the forts which are fpecifically
different from each other, and then mention the va-
rieties of thefe fruits, which are cultivated in the
Englifh gardens many of which feem to differ fo ef-
fentially from each other, that they may be allowed
as fpecific differences ; but as I have not had an op-
portunity of trying the various forts from feeds, to
fee if they alter, fo I chofe to infert them only as va-
rieties, till further obfervation may better fettle their
boundaries.
The Species are,
1. Cerasus ( Vulgaris ) foliis ovato-lanceolatis, ferratis.
c phe common , or Kentifh Cherry. Cerafus fativa rotunda
rubra & acida. C. B. P. 449. Manured Cherry with
round \ red , acid fruit.
2. Cerasus
I
CER
C E R
,2. Cerasus {Nigra) foliis ferratis lanceolatis. Cherry-
tree with, [pear ffhaped [awed leaves. Cerafus major ac
fylveftris, fruftu fubdulci nigro colore inficiente.
C. B. P. 450. Greater wild Cherry-tree with a fweetijh
fruit , whofe juice affords a black colour.
3. Cerasus (fflortenfis) foliis ovato-lanceolatis, fioribus
confertis. Cherry-tree with oval [pear -[hoped leaves , and
[lowers growing in clufiffrs. Cerafus racemofa hortenfis.
C. B. P. 450. Commonly called the Clufter Cherry.
4. Cerasus ( Mahaleb ) fioribus corymbofis, foliis ovatis.
Lin. Sp. Plant. 474. Cherry-tree with fl.owers growing
in round bunches 3 and oval leaves. Ceraius fylveflris
arnara, mahaleb putata. J. B. Dhe Mahaleb or per-
fumed Cherry.
5. Cerasus ( Canadenfis ) foliis lanceolatis, glabris, inte-
gerrimis, fubtus, ccefiis, ramis patulis. Cherry-tree
with fmooth , fpear-fhaped , entire leaves., of a bluifh
green on their under fide, and fpreading branches. Cera-
fus pumila Canadenfis, oblongo angufto folio fructu
parvo. Du Hamel. Dwarf Canada Cherry , with oblong
narrow leaves, and a [mail fruit, called Ragouminier, Ne-
ga , or Minel in Canada.
The firft fort is the common or Kentilh Cherry,
■ which is To well known in England as to need no de-
icription. From this fort it hath been fuppofed many
of the varieties which are cultivated in the Englifh
gardens, have been raifed ; but as there are very
great differences in the fize and fhape of their leaves,
as alfo in the fhoots of the trees from thofe of this
fort, L think it is very doubtful, where the boun-
daries of their fpecific differences terminate : how-
ever, I fhall comply with the generality of modern
botanills, in fuppofing the following forts to have
been produced from the feeds of this, as we have not
iuffident experiments to determine otherwife.
The Early May Cherry. The Ox Heart.
The Luke ward.
The Carnation.
The Hertfordfhire Heart.
The Morello.
The Bleeding Heart.
Yellow Spanifh Cherry.
The May Duke Cherry.
The Archduke Cherry.
The Flemifh Cherry.
The Red Heart.
The White Heart.
The Black Heart.
The Amber Heart.
Two forts with double flowers, one larger and fuller
than the other. Thefe are propagated for ornament.
The iecond fort above-mentioned is the Black Cherry,
which is fuppofed to be a native of England. This
'brows to be a large tree; fit for timber, and is fre-
quently found growing as fuch in the woods. From
this, the only varieties which I have ever known
raifed by feeds, are the Black Coroun, and the
fmgll Wild Cherry ^ of which there are two or three
varieties, which differ in the fize and colour of their
fruit.
Thefe Wild Cherries are very proper to plant in parks,
becaufe they grow to a large fize, and make beautiful
trees ; and in the fpring, when they are in flower,
wall be very ornamental. The fruit of them will be
good food for birds, and when the trees are cut down,
the wood is very uleful for turners. Thefe trees will
thrive in poor land better than moft other forts, fo
there is an advantage in propagating them in thofe
places. The French often plant them for avenues to
their houfes, upon fuch land where they cannot get
any other trees to thrive •, they alfo cultivate them in
their woods to cut for hoops, and greatly efteem
them for this purpoie.
The ftones of this fort are generally fown for railing
flocks to graft or bud the other forts of Cherries up-
on, being of quicker growth, and of longer duration
than either of the other, fo are very juftly efteemed
and preferred to them.
The wood of the fourth fort, is by the French greatly
efteemed for making of cabinets,' becaufe it hath an
agreeable odour. This, and the wood of the Bird
Cherry, are often blended together, and pafs under
the appellation of Bois de Sainte Lucie j but the Bird
Cherry is the true fort.
The fifth fort was brought from Canada, where it
grows naturally, to the gardens in France, where it ,,
is cultivated as a flowering flirub for ornament. The.
ftones of this were fent me by Dr. Bernard de Juflieu,.
profeftor of botany at Paris, which fucceeded very
well in the Cheliea garden ; but by comparing this
with a fpecimen of the old Chamtecerafus, or Cerafus
humilis of Gerard, and other old writers, I find it to
be the fame plant, for it alfo agrees exabtly with their
deferiptions of it.
This is a low flirub, which feldom grows more than
three or four feet high, fending out many horizontal
branches, which fpreacl near the ground on every
fide ; and the lower branches are very fubjebl to lie in
the ground, where they will put out roots, and thereby
multiply. The young branches have a very fmooth
bark, inclining toward red •, the leaves are long,
narrow, very fmooth, and entire, having the appear-
ance of fotne forts of Willow leaves, of a light
green on their upper fide, but of a bluifh or fea-green
on their under : the flowers come out from the fide
of the branches, two, three, or four arifing at the
fame joint moft part of the length of the young
fhoots •, thefe are fhaped lik,e thofe of the common
Cherry, but are fmaller, (landing upon long fiender
foot-ftalks. The fruit is like thofe of the fmall wild
Cherry, but hath a bitterifh flavour. It flowers
about the fame time as the other forts of Cherries,
and the fruit ripens in July ■, thefe fruit are good
food for birds, and the French plant them among
their other fnrubs, to entice the birds to harbour
there.
It is eafily propagated by laying down the branches
early in the fpring, which will take root by the fol-
lowing autumn, when they may be taken off, and ei-
ther planted in a nurlery to get ftrength, or to the
places where they are defigned to remain. It may
alfo be propagated by lowing the ftones, in the fame
manner as other Cherries.
All the forts of Cherries which are ufually cultivated
in fruit-gardens, are propagated by budding or graft-
ing the leveral kinds into flocks of the Black or wild
Red Cherries, which are ftrong fhooters, and of
longer duration than any of the garden kinds. The
ftones of thefe two kinds are fown in a bed of light
fandy earth in autumn (or are preferved in fand till
fpring, and then fowed.) When thefe flocks arife
they mull be carefully weeded, and iftin dry weather
you refrefh them with water, it will greatly promote
their growth. Thefe ftocks Ihould remain in the
nurfery-beds till the fecond autumn after fowing; at
which time you Ihould prepare an open fpot of good
frefh earth, which fhould be well worked ; but if
the foil is frefti, it will be the better. In this ground,
in Oblober, you Ihould plant out the young ftocks
at three feet diftance row from row, and about a foot
afunder in the rows, being careful in taking them
up from their feed-beds to loofen their roots well with
a fpade, to prevent their breaking, as alfo to prune
their roots ; and if they are inclinable to root down-
wards, you Ihould fliorten the tap-root to caufe it to
put out lateral roots ; but do not prune their tops,
for this is what by no means they will endure.
The fecond year after planting out, if they take to
growing well, they will be fit to bud, if they are in-
tended for dwarfs : but if they are for ftandards, they
will not be tall enough until the fourth year ; for they
Ihould be budded or grafted near fix feet from the
ground, otherwife the graft will not advance much
in height ; fo that it will be impoffible to make a good
tree from fuch as are grafted low, unlefs the graft is
trained upward.
The ufual way with the nurfery gardeners is to bud
their ftocks in fummer, and fuch of them as mifearry
they graft the fuceeeding fpring (the manner of thefe
operations will be deferibed under their proper heads.)
Thofe trees where the buds have taken, muft be
headed off in the beginning of March about fix inches
above the bud ; and when the bud hath fhot in fum-
mer, if you fear its being blown out by the winds, you
may fallen it up with fome bafs, or any other foft
binding, to that part of the flock which was left above
h ^ l the
/
G E R
the bud. The autumn following thefe trees will be fit
to remove ; but if your ground is not ready to re-
ceive them, they may remain two years before they
are tranfplanted ; in doing which, you muft obferve
not to head them, as is by many pradifed, for this
very often is immediate death to them •, but if they
furvive it, they feldom recover this amputation in five
or fix years.
If thefe trees are intended for a wall, I would advife
the planting dwarfs between the ftandards ; fo that
while the dwarfs are filling the bottom of the walls,
the ftandards will cover the tops, and will produce
a great deal of fruit : but thefe, as the dwarfs arife
to fill the walls, muft be cut away to make room for
them •, and when the dwarf trees cover the walls, the
ftandards fhould be entirely taken away. But I would
advife, never to plant ftandard Cherries over other
fruits, for there is no other fort of fruit that will prof-
per well under the drip of Cherries.
When thefe trees are taken up from the nurfery,
their roots muft be fhortened, and all the bruifed parts
cut off ; and alfo all the fmall fibres, which would
dry, grow mouldy, and be a great prejudice to the
new fibres in their coming forth ; you muft alfo cut
off the dead part of the ftock which was left above
the bud, clofe down to the back part of it, that the
ftock may be covered by the bud. If thefe trees are
defigned for a wall, obferve to place the bud diredly
from the wall, that the back part of the ftock that
was cut may be hid from fight. The foil that Cher-
ries thrive beft in, is a frefh hazel loam ; but if the
foil is a dry gravel, they will not live many years, and
will be perpetually blighted in the fpring.
The forts commonly planted againft walls, are the
Early May, and May Duke, which fhould have a
fouth afpeded wall. The Hearts and common Duke
will thrive on a weft wall ; and in order to continue
this fort later in the feafon, they are frequently planted
againft north and north-weft afpeded walls, where
they fucceed very well ; and the Morello on a north
wall, which laft is chiefly planted for preferving.
The Hearts are all of them ill bearers, for which rea-
fon they are feldom planted againft walls : but I am
apt to believe, if they were grafted upon the Bird
Cherry, and managed properly, that defed might be
remedied •, for this ftock (as I am informed) will ren-
der Cherries very fruitful ■, and having the fame ef-
fed on Cherries, as the Paradife ftock hath on Apples,
they may be kept in lefs compafs, which is an expe-
riment well worth the trial.
Your trees, if planted againft a wall, fhould be
placed at leaft twenty or twenty-four feet afunder,
with a ftandard tree between each dwarf : this will
be found a reafonable diftance, when we confider, that
Cherry-trees will extend themfelves full as far as Apri-
cots, and many other forts of fruit.
In pruning thefe forts of fruit, you fhould never
fhorten their fhoots ; for the moft part of them pro-
duce their fruit buds at the extremities, which, when
fhortened, are cut off, and this often occafions the
death of the fhoot, at leaft a good part of its length :
their branches fhould be therefore trained in at full
length horizontally, obferving in May, where there is a
vacancy in the wall, to flop fome ftrong adjoining
branches, which will occafion their putting out two or
more fhoots : by which means, at that feafon of the
year, you may always get a fupply of wood for covering
the wall •, and at the fame time, fhould all foreright
fhoots be difplaced by the hand ; for if they are buffered
to grow till winter, they will not only deprive the bear-
ing branchesof their proper fupply of nourifhment, but
when they are cut out, it occafions the tree to gum in
that part (for Cherries bear the knife the worft of any
fort of fruit trees ;) but be careful not to rub off thefides
orfpurs, which are produced upon the two and three
years old wood; for it is upon thefe that the greateft part
of the fruit are produced, which fides will continue
fruitful for feveral years. And it is for want of duly
■obferving this caution, that Cherry-trees are often feen
fo unfruitful, efpecially the Morello, which the mo e
I
it is cut the. weaker it fhoots; and, at lift, by fre-
quent pruning, I have known a whole wall of them
deftroyed ; which, if they had been fuffe'red to grow
without any pruning, might probably have lived many
years, and produced large quantities of fruit.
Cherry-trees are alfo planted for orchards in many
parts of England, particularly in Kent, where there
are large plantations of thefe trees. The ufual dif-
tance allowed for their Handing is forty feet fquare,
at which fpace they are lefs iubject to blight than
when they are clofer planted ; and the ground may be
tilled between them almoft as well as if it were entire-
ly clear, efpecially while the trees are young ; and
often ftirring the ground, provided you do not dis-
turb their roots, will greatly help the trees ; but
when they are grown fo big as to over-fhadow the
ground, the drip of their leaves will fuffer very few
things to thrive under them. Thefe ftandard trees
fhould be planted in a fituation defended as much as
poffible from the ftrong wefterly winds, which are
very apt to break their tender branches ; this occafi-
ons their gumming, and is very prejudicial to them.
The forts beft approved for an orchard, are the com-
mon Red, or Kentifh Cherry, the Duke, and Luke-
ward ; all which are plentiful bearers. But orchards
of thefe trees are now fcarcely worth planting, except
where land is very cheap ; for the uncertainty of their
bearing, with the trouble in gathering the fruit, to-
gether with the fmall price it commonly yields, hath
occafioned the deftroying many orchards of this fruit
in Kent within a few years paft.
This fruit was brought out of Pontus, at the time
of the Mithridatic victory, by Lucullus, in the year
of the city 680, and were brought into Britain about
120 years afterward, which was An. Dorn. 55 ; and
were foon after fpread through moft parts of Europe,
it being generally efteemed for its earlinefs, as being
one of the firft of the tree fruit that appears to wel-
come in the approaching fruit feafon.
This fort of fruit hath been by many people grafted
upon the Laurel, to which it is a congener ; but the
effed it hath in the growth of the tree, as alfo in its
fruit, will not recommend it to pradice, the trees
being of fhort duration, and feldom produce much
fruit ; though this pradice is as old as Pliny, who
fays it gives the fruit a pleafant bitternefs : but there
is little to be depended upon in the writings of the
ancients, with refped to the feveral forts of trees be-
ing grafted upon each other ; very few of thofe which
we find mentioned by them to have been frequently
pradifed, will not fucceed with us. Nor is it owing
to the difference of climate, as fome have fuppofed,
who are inclinable to believe whatever they find re-
lated in thofe books, efpecially in the bufinefs of huf-
bandry and gardening ; whereas many of the rules for
the pradical part of hufbandry, are not founded on
experiments, but are mere theory ; for from many
repeated trials which have been made with the utmoft
care, by perfons of the beft fkill, it appears, that no
two forts of trees, which are of different claffes, will
take upon each other. However, the Laurel and
the Cherry being of the fame genus, or fo near of
kin to be ranked together by moft botanifts, will
take upon each other by grafting. But I have not
yet feen any of the trees fo grafted, which have lived
to be of any confiderable fize ; though I have feen
many trees fo grafted, which have lived a few years,
but have made very poor progrefs *, nor do I remem-
ber to have feen any fruit upon the Cherry-trees
which were grafted on the Laurels, therefore cannot
determine what effed this has on the flavour of the
fruit.
There are fome perfons who graft the Duke, and
other forts of Cherries, upon the Morello Cherry,
which is but a weak fhooter, in order to check the
luxuriant growth of their trees, which will fucceed
for three or four years : but they are not of long du-
ration, nor have I ever feen one tree fo grafted, which
had made fhoots above fix or eight inches long, but
they were clofely covered with bloffoms, fo may pro-
duce
C E R
duce feme fruit in a fmall compafs ; but thefe ate ex-
periments unfit to be carried into general ufe, and
only proper to fatisfy curiolity ; for is it not much
better to allow the trees a greater lhare of room
againft the walls, when one tree fo planted and pro-
perly managed, will produce more fruit than twenty
of thefe trees, or twice that number, when they are
planted too ciofe, though they are grafted upon the
Black Cherry or any other free flock.
The Early or May Cherry is the firft ripe, fo one or
two trees of this fort may be allowed a place in a gar-
den, where there is room for variety. The next ripe
is the May Duke, which is a larger fruit than the
other, and is more valuable. After this comes the
Archduke, which, if permitted to hang upon the
tree till the fruit is quite ripe, is an excellent Cherry ;
but few perfons have patience to let them hang their
full time, fo rarely have them in perfection, for thefe
fhould not be gathered before July-, and if they
hang a fortnight longer they will be better. This
is to be underftood of the fituation near London,
where they ripen a fortnight earlier than in places
forty miles diftant, unlefs they have a very warm
fheltered fituation. When this fort is planted againft
north walls, the fruit may be continued till the middle
of Auguft ; but thefe muft be protected from the
birds, otherwife they will deftroy them.
The Hertfordfhire Cherry, which is a fort of Heart
Cherry, but a firmer and better flavoured fruit, will
notripen earlier than the end of July, or the begin-
ning of Auguft, which makes it the more valuable
for its coming when the other forts of Cherries are
gone. This is now pretty common in the nurferies •,
but as it is one of the belt kind of Cherries, it is well
worthy of being propagated in the nurferies.
The Morello Cherry, which is generally planted
againft walls to a north afpeCt, and the fruit com-
monly ufed for preferving •, yet where they are plant-
ed to a better afpeCt, and fuffered to hang upon the
trees until they are thoroughly ripe, is a very good
fruit for the table ; therefore fome of the trees of this
fort fhould have place where there is plenty of wall-
ing, upon a fouth-weft wall, where they will ripen
perfectly by the middle or end of Augiift, at which
time they will be an acceptable fruit.
The Carnation Cherry is alfo valuable for coming
late in the feafon •, this has a very firm flefhy fruit, but
is not the beft bearer. This fort will fome feafons
ripen very well on elpaliers, and by this means the
fruit may be continued longer in the feafon.
The large Spanifh Cherry is nearly allied to the Duke
Cherry, from which it feems to be only a variety ac-
cidentally obtained ; this ripens loon after the com-
mon Duke Cherry, and very often paffes for it.
The yellow Spaniftt Cherry is of an oval fhape and
of an amber colour ; this ripens late, and is a fweet
Cherry, but not of a rich flavour ; and being but a
middling bearer, is not often admitted into curi-
ous gardens, unlefs where variety is chiefly con-
fidered.
The Corone, or Coroun Cherry, is fomewhat like the
Black Heart, but a little rounder •, this is a very good
bearer and an excellent fruit, fo fhould have a place
in every good fruit-garden. This ripens the middle
of July.
The Lukeward ripens foon after the Corone Cherry ;
this is a good bearer, and a very good fruit •, it is of
a dark colour, not fo black as the Corone ; this will
do well in ftandards.
The Black Cherry is feldom grafted or budded, but
is generally fown for flocks to graft the other kinds of
Cherries upon ; but where perfons are curious to have
the bell flavoured of this fort of fruit, they fhould be
propagated by grafting from fuch trees as produce
the beft fruit. This fort of Cherry is frequently
planted in wilderneffes, where it will grow to a large
fize, and, at the time of its flowering, will make a
variety, and the fruit will be food for the birds.
The double-flowering Cherry is alfo propagated for
the beauty of the flowers, which are extremely fine,
C E R
the flowers being as double and large as a Cinnamon
Rofe ; and thefe being produced in large bunches on
every part of the tree, render it one of the mofl beau-
tiful trees of the fpring. Some of the flowers which
are lefs double, will often produce fome fruit, which
the very double flowers will not but this defeCt is
fufficiently recompenfed in the beauty of its flowers.
This is propagated by budding or grafting on the
Black or Wild Cherry flock, and the trees are very-
proper to intermix with the fecond growth of flower-
ing trees.
CERASUS RACEMOSA. See Padus.
CERA TONI A. Lin. Gen. Plant. 983. Siliqua.
Tourn. Inft. R. H. 578. tab. 344. The Carob, or St.
John’s Bread, in French Carouge .
The Characters are,
It is male and female in diftinB trees. The male flowers
have large empalements , divided into five parts •, they have
no petals , but have five long fiamina , terminated by large
fummits. The female flowers have empalements of one
leaf \ divided by five tubercles ; they have no petals , but
a flefhy gerraen fituated within the receptacle , fupporting
a /lender ftyle , crowned by a jligma in form of a head.
The germen afterward becomes a long y flefhy , compr effect'
pod , divided by tranfverfe partitions , each having one
large , roundifh , compreffed feed.
This genus of plants is ranged in the third feCtion of
Linnteus’s twenty-third clafs, intitled Polygamia Tri-
oecia. The plants of this clafs have male, female,
and hermaphrodite flowers on diftinCt plants.
We have but one Species of this genus, viz.
Ceratonia [Siliqua/ H. L. The Carob-tree, or St.
John’s Bread. Siliqua edulis of Cafpar Bauhin, and
the Caroba of Dale.
This tree is very common in Spain, and in fome parts
of Italy, as alfo in the Levant, where it grows in the
hedges, and produces a great quantity of long, flat,
brown-coloured pods, which are thick, mealiy, and
of a fweetifh tafte. Thefe pods are many times eaten,
by the poorer fort of inhabitants when they have a
fcarcity of other food, but they are apt to loofen the
belly, and caufe gripings of the bowels. The pods
are directed by the College of Phyficians to enter fome
medicinal preparations, for which purpofe they are
often brought from abroad.
In England the tree is preferved by fuch as delight
in exotic plants, as a curioflty the leaves always
continue green, and being different in fhape from
moft other plants, afford an agreeable variety when
intermixed with Oranges, Myrtles, &c. in the green-
houfe.
Thefe plants are propagated from feeds, which, when
brought over freflh in the pods, will grow very well, if
they are fown in the fpring upon a moderate hot-bed 5
and when the plants are come up they fhould be care-
fully tranlplanted each into a feparate fmall pot filled
with light rich earth, and plunged into another mo-
derate hot-bed, obferving to water and ftiade them
until they have taken root •, after which you mull let
them have air, in proportion to the heat of the wea-
ther. In June you muft inure them to the open air
by degrees •, and in July they fhould be removed out
of the hot-bed, and placed in a warm fituation, where
they may remain until the beginning of October,
when they fhould be removed into the green-houfe,
placing them where they may have free air in mild wea-
ther ; for they are pretty hardy, and require only to
be fheltered from hard frofls. When the plants have
remained in the pots three or four years, and have
gotten ftrength, fome of them may be turned out of
the pots in the fpring, and planted into the full ground,
in a warm fituation, near a fouth wall, where they
will endure the cold of our ordinary winters very well,
but muft have fome fhelter in very hard weather.
I have not as yet feen any of thefe trees produce
flowers, though from fome which have been planted
fome time againft walls, it is probable there may
be flowers and fruit in a few years ; though it can-*
not be expedited that the fruit will ever ripen in this
country,
■ C JE R,
CER
CERE ERA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 260. Thevetia. Lin.
Hort. Cliff. 76. Prod. Leyd. 413. Ahouai. Tourn.
Inft. R. H. 657. tab. 434.
The Characters are,
The empalcment is compofed of five fharp-pointed haves ,
which fpread open and fall away.. 'The flower is of one
leaf funnel-fioaped , having a long tube fpread open at the
top , where ft is divided into five large obtufe fegments ,
fianding oblique to the mouth of the tube ; it hath five
Jlamina Jituated in the middle of the tube , which are ter-
minated by erebi fummits ; thefe fland clofe together. In
the center is fituated a roundifh germen, fupporting a fhort
fiy is, crowned by a fiigma in form of a head. The ger-
men afterward becomes a, large , flefioy , roundifh berry ,
with a longitudinal furrow on the fide , dividing it into
two cells , each containing a Jingle , large , compreffed nut.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft leftion of
Linnaeus’s fifth clafs, intitled Pentandria Monogynia,
the flower having five ftamina and one ftyle.
The Species are,
1. Cerbera ( Ahouai ) foliis ovatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 208.
Cerbera with oval leaves. Ahouai. Thevet. An tar eft .
66. Tourn. Inft. 658. The Ahouai.
2. Cerbera {Thevetia) foliis linearibus, longiffimis,
confertis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 209. Cerbera with very long
narrow leaves growing in clufiers. Ahouai Nerii folio,
flore luteo. Plum. Cat. 20. Ahouai with a Rofe-bay
leaf \ and a yellow flozver.
3. Cerbera {Manghas) foliis lanceolatis, nervis tranf-
verfalibus. Flor. Zeyl. 106. Cerbera with fpear-fioaped '
leaves and tranfverfe nerves. Manghas lactefcens, fo-
liis Nerii craflis venofis, Jafmini flore, fru'eftu Perfici
fimili venenato. Burm. Zeyl. 1 50. tab. 70.
The firft fort grows naturally in the Brazils, and alfo
in the Spanifh Weft Indies in plenty; and there are
fome of the trees growing in the Britifh iflands of A-
merica ; this rifes with an irregular ftem to the height
of eight or ten feet, lending out many crooked dif-
fufed branches. Which toward their tops are garnifhed
with thick fucculent leaves about three inches long,
and near two broad, of a lucid green, ftnooth, and
very full of a milky juice, as is every part of the
Ihrubs. The flowers come out in loofe bunches at
the end of the branches, of a cream colour, having
long narrow tubes at the top cut into five obtufe feg-
ments, which feem twilled, fo as to Hand oblique to
the tube ; thefe fpread open, and have the appearance
of the flowers of Oleander. It flowers in July and
Auguft, but never produces fruit in England. The
wood of this tree ftinks moft abominably, and the
kernels of the nuts are a moft deadly poifon ; fo that
the Indians always caution their children againft eating
them, for they know of no antidote to expel this poi-
fon ; nor will any of them ufe the wood of this tree
for fuel, but they take the kernels out of the fhells,
into which they put final! ftones, then bore a hole
through each fhell, and ftring them ; thefe they tie
about their legs to dance with, as the morris-dancers
ufe bells.
The fecond fort grows naturally in the Spanifh Weft
Indies, and alfo in fome of the French iflands in A-
merica, and hath lately been introduced into the Bri-
tifli iflands, from whence I received the feeds by the
title of French Phyfic Nut ; but how it came by that
appellation, I cannot imagine, becaufe there is another
plant which grows common there, and has palled un-
der that title many years.
This rifes with a round ftalk about the fame height
as the former, dividing upward into many branches.
Thefe, when young, are covered with a green fmooth
bark, but as they grow older, the bark becomes rough,
but changes to a gray or Afh-colour. The leaves are
four or five inches long, and half an inch broad in
the middle, ending in fliarp points, of a lucid green,
and come out in drifters without order, and are full
of a milky juice, which flows out when they are
broken. The flowers come out from the fide of the
branches upon long foot-ftalks, each fupporting two
or three yellow flowers with long tubes, fpreading
open in the fame manner as the former. It flowers
C £ 11
about the fame time as, the former, but never piifi
duces fruit in England.
The third fort grows naturally in India, and alfo in
fome parts of the Spanilli Weft Indies, from whence i
received the feeds ; this rifes with a woody fbfem to
the height of twenty feet, fending out many branches
toward the top, garnifhed with long fpear-fliapect
leaves, which are rounded at their ends ; the/are
thick, fucculent, and, on their upper fide, of a lu-
cid green, having feveral tranfverfe nerves from the
midrib to the fide ; on their under fide they are of a
paler green. The flowers are produced at the end of
the branches, ftanding on long foot-ftalks, each fuf-
taining two or three flowers fhaped like thofe of the
other fpecies.
Thefe plants may be propagated from their nuts,
which muft be procured from the countries where
they grow naturally ; thefe fhould be put into fmall
pots filled with light earth, and plunged into a hot-
bed of tanners bark in the fpring, and treated in the
fame manner as other tender exotic feeds, giving them
now and then a little water to promote their vegeta-
tion. When the plants are come up about two inches
high, they fhould be tranfplanted each into a fepa-
rate pot, filled with light landy earth, and plunged
again into a hot-bed of tanners bark, obferving to
fhade the glaflfes in the heat of the day, until the
plants have taken new root ; they muft ’alfo be fre-
quently refrefhed with water, but it muft not be
given in too large quantities. As the fummer ad-
vances, thefe plants fhould have air admitted to them
in proportion to the warmth of the feafon ; and when
they have filled thefe fmall pots with their roots, they
fhould be turned out and tranfplanted into other pots
of a larger fize, but they muft not be too large ; for
the roots of thele plants fhould be confined, nor fhould
the earth in which they are planted be rich, but a
light fandy foil is belt for them ; after they are new
potted they fhould be plunged into the hot-bed again,
obferving to water them now and then, as alfo to ad-
mit air under the glaffes every day in proportion to
the warmth of the feafon. When the plants are growq
about a foot high, they fhould have a larger fhare
of air, in order to harden them before the winter,
but they fhould not be wholly expofed to the open
air. In the winter thefe plants fhould be placed in a
warm ftove, and during that feafon they fhould have
very little water given to them, efpecially in cold
weather, left it fhould rot their roots. In the fol-
lowing fpring thefe plants fhould be fhifted again into
other pots, at which time you fhould take away as
much as you conveniently can of the old earth from
their roots, and afterwards cut off the decayed fibres ;
then put them into pots filled with the fame light fan-
dy earth, and plunge them into the bark-bed again,
for thefe plants will not thrive well unlefs they are
conftantly kept in tan : and as they abound with,
milky juice, they fhould be fparingly watered, for
they are impatient of moifture, efpecially during the
winter feafon.
When by any accident the tops of thefe plants are
injured, they frequently put out fnoots from their
roots, which, if carefully taken up and potted, will
make good plants, fo that they may be this way pro-
pagated.
CERCIS. Lin. Gen. Plant. 458. Siliquaftrum. Tourn.
Inft. R. H. 646. tab. 414. The Judas-tree, in French
Gminier.
The Characters are,
It hath a fhort bell-fhaped empalerneni of one leaf. \ which
is convex at the bottom ? and full of honey liquor ; at the
top it is indented in five parts. The flower hath five
petals , which are inferted in the empalement , and. greatly
refembles a papilionaceous fiozver. The two wings rife
above the jlandard and are reflexed ; the Jlandard is of
one roundifh petal , and the keel is compofed of two petals ,
in form of a heart , which inclofe the parts of genera-
tion. It hath ten diflinbl ftamina, zvhich decline, four
of which are longer than the reft, and are terminated by
oblong incumbent fummits. It hath a long fender ger-
men.
CER
'men, fitting upon a fender ftyle , crowned by an obtftfe
figma ; the ger men afterward becomes an oblong pod with
an oblique point , having one cell , inclofing fever al roundifh
comprejfed feeds.
This genus of jplants is ranged in the firft fedion of
Linnaeus’s tenth clafs, intitled Decandria Monogynia,
the flower having ten ftamina and one ftyle. This
genus is by all the writers placed with the papilio-
naceous flowers, before Linnaeus’s 'Syftem,. which
feparates it from them, becaufe the ftamina in thefe
flowers are all diftind * whereas the papilionaceous
flowers have nine ftamina joined together, and one
feparate.
The Species are,
1. Cercis ( Siliquaftrum ) foliis cordato-orbiculatis gla-
bris. Hort. Cliff. 1 56. • Cercis with round , heart-foaped ,
frnooth leaves. Siliquaftrum. Caft. Duran. 415. and
the Arbor Judae. Dod. Pemp. 786. The common Ju-
das-tree.
2. Cercis ( Canadenfs ) foliis cordatis pubefcentibus.
Hort. Cliff. 156. Cercis with downy heart-foaped leaves.
Siliquaftrum Canadenfe. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 647.
Canada Arbor Judas , or Red Bud-tree.
The firft fort grows naturally in the fouth of France,
Spain, and Italy, and is by the Spaniards and Por-
tuguefe, titled the Tree of Love: this rifes with an
upright trunk to the height of twenty feet, covered
with a dark brown bark, dividing upward into many
irregular branches, garnifhed with round, heart-fhap-
ed, frnooth leaves, placed irregularly on the branches,
having long foot-ftalks *, they are of a pale green on
their upper, and of a grayifh colour on their under
fide, and fall off in autumn. The flowers come out
on every fide the branches, and many times from the
Item of the tree in large clufters, arifing from the
fame point, having {hort foot-ftalks ; they are of a
very bright purple colour, fo make a fine appearance,
efpecially when the branches are covered pretty thick
with them : for they come out in the fpring with the
leaves, fo are in full beauty before the leaves have
obtained to half their fize. The fhape of the flower
is the fame as other papilionaceous (or butterfly)
flowers •, thefe have an agreeable poignancy, fo are
frequently eaten in fallads. When the flowers fall
off, the germen becomes a long flat pod with one
cell, containing one row of roundifh feeds, a little
compreffed ; but thefe do not often fucceed the flow-
ers in this country upon ftandard trees, for the birds
pick off the flowers when fully open •, but where they
have been planted againft good afpeded walls, I have
feen great plenty of the pods, which, in warm fea-
fons, have ripened very well.
Thefe trees are ufually planted with other flowering
trees and flirubs for ornaments to pleafure-gardens,
and for their fingular beauty, deferve a place as well
as moft other forts •, for when they are arrived to a
good fize, they are produdive of flowers, fo as that
the branches are often clofely covered with them * and
the fingular fhape of their leaves make a very pretty
variety in the fummer, and are feldom damaged by
infers, fo that they are often entire, when many other
trees have their leaves almoft eaten up. This tree
flowers in May, when planted in the full air, but
againft warm walls it is a fortnight or three weeks
earlier.
The wood of this tree is very beautifully veined with
black and green, and takes a fine polifh, fo may be
converted to many ufes.
There are two other varieties of this tree, one with
a white, and the other hath a flefti-coloured flower,
but thefe have not half the beauty of the firft. Tour-
nefort alfo mentions one with broader pods and
pointed leaves, which I believe is only a variety of this.
The fecond fort grows naturally in moft parts of North
America, where it is called Red Bud, I fuppofe from
the red flower-buds appearing in the fpring before
the leaves come out •, this grows to a middling ftature
in the places where it is a native, but in England
rarely rifes with a ftem more than twelve feet high,
but branches out near the root. The branches of this I
GER
are weaker than thole of the firft fort *, the leaves are
downy, and terminate in points ; whereas thofe of
the firft are frnooth, and round at the end where they
are indented. The flowers of this are alfo frnaller* fd
do not make fo fine appearance as thofe of the firft j
but the trees are equally hardy, and will thrive in the
open air very well.
The flowers of this fort are frequently put into fallads
by the inhabitants of America ; and the French in
Canada pickle the flowers, but thefe have little fla-
vour. The wood of this tree is of the fame colour
and texture as that of the firft.
Thefe plants may be propagated by fowing their feeds
upon a bed of light earth* towards the latter end of
March, or the beginning of April (arid if you put a
little hot dung 'under the bed, it will greatly facilitate
the growth of the feeds *) when the feeds are fown,
fift the earth over them about half an inch thick 5
and, if the feafon prove wet, it will be proper to
cover the bed with fnats, to preferve it from great
rains, which will fometirri.es burft the feeds, and caufe
them to rot * the feeds will often remain till the fpring
following before they come up* fo the ground muft
not be diftiirbed till you are convinced that the plants
are all come up *, for fome few may rife the firft year*
and a greater number the fecond.
When the plants are come up they fhould be care-
fully cleared from weeds, and in very dry weather
muft be now and then refreihed with water, which
will greatly promote their growth. The winter fol-
lowing, if the weather is very cold, it will be proper
to fhelter the plants, by covering them either with
mats or dry ftraw in hard frofts, but they fhould.
conftantly be opened in mild weather* otherwife they
will grow mouldy and decay.
About the beginning of April, you fhould prepare a
fpot of good frefti ground, to tranfplant thefe out
(for the beft feafon to remove them is juft before they
begin to {hoot -,) then you ftiould carefully take up
the plants, being careful not to break their roots,
and plant them as foon as pofiible, becaufe if their
roots are dried by the air, it will greatly prejudice
them.
The diftance thefe ftiould be planted* muft be pro-
portionable to die time they are to remain before they
are again tranfplanted ; but commonly they are plant-
ed two feet row from row, and a foot afunder in the
rows, which is full room enough for them to grow
two or three years, by which time they fhould be
tranfplanted where they are defigned to remain * for
if they are too old when removed, they feldom fuc-
ceed fo well as younger plants.
The ground between the plants ftiould be carefully
kept clean from weeds in fummer, and in the fpring
fhould be well dug to loofen the earth, that their
roots may extend themfelves every way ^ at that fea-
fon prune off all ftrong fide branches (efpecially if
you intend to train them up for ftandard trees,) that
their top branches may not be checked by their fide
fhoots, which often attrad the greateft part of the
nouriftiment from the roots ; and if their Items are
crooked, you muft place a ftrong ftake down by the
fide of each plant, and fallen the ftem to it in feveral
places, fo as to bring it ftrait, which direction it will
foon take as it grows larger, and thereby the plants
will be rendered beautiful.
When they have remained in this nurfery two of
three years, they ftiould be tranfplanted in the fpring
where they are defigned to remain, which may be in
wildernefs quarters among other flowering trees* ob-
ferving to place them with trees of the fame growth,
fo as they may not be overhung, which is a great pre-
judice to moft plants.
CEREFOLIUM. See Ch^erefolium.
CERE US. Par. Bat. 122. Boerh. Ind. alt. 1. 292.
Juffi Ad. R. Par. 1716. Cadus. Lin. Gen. Plant,
539. The Torch Thiftle.
The Characters are,
It hath an oblong fcaly empakment , which is covered with
(pines, and fits upon the germen . The flower is compofed
M mm of
CER
of a great number of narrovo pointed petals , which fpread
open like the funds rays It hath a great number of
declining Jianiina , which are inferted to the bafe of the
petals , and are terminated by oblong futnmits. 'The ger-
men , which is fituated under the empalement , fupports a
long cylindrical ftyle , crowned with a multifid fiigma ,
form of a head . The germen afterward becomes an oblong
fucculent fruit , u>i/£ a prickly Jkin, full of fmall feeds in-
ch fed in the pulp.
Dr. Linnaeus has joined the plants of this genus, and
alfo thofe of Qpitntia to the CaCtus, making them
only fpecies of the fame genus ; but as the flowers
of thefe plants differ greatly in their form from thofe
of the CaCtus, they ihould be feparatedj and bypre-
ferving the title to this genus, by which it has been
long known, it will prevent confufion ; and by increaf-
ing the number of genera, the lpecific differences
may be better afcertained; Linnaeus places the genus
of Cactus in his twelfth clafs, intitled Icofandria, in
which he includes thofe plants, whofe flowers have
from nineteen to thirty ftamina, which are fattened to
the petals.
The Species are,
1. Cereus ( Hexagonus ) eredtis, fexangularis, longus,
angulis diftantibus. Upright long Cereus with fix angles ,
which are far diftant. Cereus eredtus altiffimis Suri-
rsamenfis. Par. Bat. 116. Talleft upright Torch Thiftle
of Surinam.
2. Cereus ( Tetragonus ) eredtis quadrangularis, angulis
compreflis. Upright Cereus with four comprejfed angles.
Cereus eredtus quadrangularis, coflis alarum inftar
affurgentibus. Boerh. Ind. alt. 293. Four-cornered up-
right Torch Thiftle.
3. Cereus ( Lanuginofns ) eredtus odtangularis, angulis
obtufis, fuperne inermibus. Upright Cereus with eight
cbtufe angles, having no fpihes on the upper part. Ce-
reus eredtus, frudtu rubro non fpinofo. Par. Bat. 1 14.
Upright Torch Thiftle with a red fruity having no fpines .
4. Cereus ( Peruvianus ) eredtus odtangularis, angulis
obtufis, fpinis robuftioribus patulis. Upright Cereus
with eight angles which are obtufte , and ftrong fpreading
[pines. Cereus eredtus maximus frudtu fpinofo rubro.
Dadus. Par. Bat. 113. Great eft upright Torch Thiftle
with a red prickly fruit.
5. Cereus {Repandas) eredtus novemangularis, obfoletis
angulis, fpinis lana brevioribus. Upright Cereus with
nine angles , and fpines fhorter than the down. Cereus
Curaflavicus, eredtus, maximus, frudtu rubro non
fpinofo, lanugine flavelcente. Par. Bat. 1 1 5. Greateft
upright Torch Thiftle with a red fruit , having no fpines ,
and a yellowifh down.
6 . Cereus ( Heptagonus ) eredtus odtangularis, fpinis la-
na longioribus. Upright Cereus with feven or eight an-
gles, and fpines longer than the down. Cereus eredtus
craffiffimus maxitne angulofus, fpinis albis pluribus
longiflimis, lanugine flava. Boerh. Ind. alt. 293. Up-
right thickeft Torch Thiftle , having many angles , feveral
very long white fpines , and a yellow down.
y: Cereus ( Royeni ) eredtus novemangularis, fpinis lana
tequalibus. Upright Torch Thiftle with nine angles , and
fpines of equal length with the down. Cereus eredtus,
gracilis-, fpinofiffimis, fpinis flavis, polygonus, lanu-
gine alba pallefcente. Boerh. Ind. alt. 293. Upright
fender Torch Thiftle, very full of yellcwijh fpines, many
angles, and a pale white down.
8. Cereus ' {Gracilis) eredtus gracilior novemangularis
fpinis brevibus, angulis obtufis. Slenderer upright Torch
T hiftle having nine obtufte angles, and fhort fpines. Ce-
reus altiffimis, gracilior, frudtu extus luteo intus ni-
veo, feminibus nigris pleno. Talleft fender Torch Thif-
tle with a fruit yellow without, white within , and full
of black feeds.
9. Cereus {Triangularis) repens triangularis, frudtu
maximo rotundo, rubro, efculento. Creeping triangu-
lar Torch Thiftle, with very large , round, red, eatable
■ fruit. Cereus fcandens minor trigonus articulatis
frudtu fuaviflimo. Par. Bat. Prod. 118. Lejfer, creep-
ing, three-cornered, jointed Torch Thiftle, with a very
fweet fruit, commonly called in the Weft Indies, the true
;• -pickly Fear, and by the Spaniards Pithatiaya.
CER
10. Cereus ( Comprejfis ) repens triangularis, angulis
compreflis. Creeping triangular Torch Thiftle, with
comprejfed angles. Ficoides Americanum, f. Cereus
eredtus, criftatus, foliis triangularibus profunde ca-
naliculatis. Pluk. Phyt. tab. 29. f. 3. Cr eft ed Ameri-
can Torch Thiftle, with three angles deeply channelled.
11. Cereus {Grandiflorus) repens fubquinquangularibus.
Creeping Torch Thiftle with Jive angles. Cereus fcan-
dens minor polygonus articulatis. Par. Bat. 120.
Lejfer jointed climbing Torch Thiftle with many angles.
12. Cereus (. Flagdliformis ) repens decemangularis.
Creeping Cereus with ten angles. Cereus minor fcan-
dens, polygonus, fpinofiffimis, flore purpurea. Ed.
Prior. Lejfer climbing Torch Thiftle, with many fpinous
angles and a purple flower.
The firft fort has been the molt common in the Eng-
lifh gardens. This grows naturally in Surinam, from
whence it was brought to the gardens in Holland,
where it produced flowers in the year 1681, and from
the Dutch gardens, molt; parts of Europe have been
fupplied with this plant.
This rifles with an upright {talk, having fix large an-
gles, which are far afunder, armed with fharp fpines,
which come out in clutters at certain diftances, arif-
ing from a point, but fpread open every way like a ftar;
the outer fubftance of the plant is' foft,- herbaceous,
and full of juice, but in the center there is a ftrong
fibrous circle running the whole length, which fecures
the Item from being broke by winds. Thefe will
rife to the height of thirty or forty feet, provided
their tops are not injured, if they have room to grow •,
but fome of them have grown too tall to be kept in
the ftoves, fo have either been cut off’ or the plants
laid down at length in winter ; but whenever the Items
are cut, or otherwife injured, they put out one, two,
or fometimes three fhoots, from the angles, immedi-
ately under the wounded part, and frequently one or
two lower down. Thefe flioots, if they are not cut
off, form fo many diftindt Items, and grow upright j
but thefe feldom are fo large as the principal Item,
efpecially if more than one is left on the fame plant.
The flowers come out from the angles on the fide of
the Item •, thefe have a thick, flelhy, fcalyfoot-ftalk,
round, channelled, and hairy, fupporting a fwelling
germen, upon the top of which fits the fcaly prickly
empalement, clofely furrounding the petals of the
flowers, till a little time before they expand, which
in moil of the forts is in the evening, and their dura-
tion is very fhort, for before the next morning they
wither and decay. The flower of this fort is compofed
of many concave petals, which, when fully expand-
ed, are as large as thofe of the Hollyhock ; the inner
petals are white, and crenated at their extremity.
The empalement is green, with fome purple ftripes ;
the middle of the flower is occupied by a great num-
ber of ftamina, which decline, and rife at their extre-
mities, having roundifh fummits. The flowers of
this kind are never fucceeded by fruit in this coun-
try, nor do the plants often produce their flowers
here ; but when they do, there are generally feveral
on the fame plant. I have fome years had more than
a dozen upon a Angle plant, which have all flowered
within a few days of each other. The ufual time of
its flowering is in July.
This fort is not fo tender as the others, fo may be
preferved in a warm green-houfe, without any artifi-
cial heat •, but the plants Ihould have no water given
them in winter, when they are thus fituated ; for un-
lefs they are placed in a ftove, where the moifture
is foon evaporated, the wet will occafion them to rot.
Thefe plants naturally grow upon very dry rocky
places, where their roots are confined, fo they muff:
not be planted in large pots, nor Ihould they be plant-
ed in rich foil the bell compoft for them is one third
light earth from a common, a third of lea land, and
the other part fitted lime-rubbilh- ; ' if thefe are well
mixed together, and often turned over before the
plants are put into it, they will thrive the better. The
farther directions for their management, will be here-
after exhibited.
The
The feeofid fort rifes with an upright ftem like the
firft, but it hath only four angles, which are com-
prelfed, and Hand far afunder. This is very fubjedt
to put out many fnoots from the fides, which flops
its upright growth, fo that the plants rarely rife more
than four or five feet high. This hath not fiowerd
in England, fo far as I have been able to learn.
The third, fourth, fifth, fixth, feventh and eighth
forts grow naturally in the Britifh. iflands of America,
from whence I received them in the year 1728.
Thefe have the fame form as the firft, but difier in
the fize of their items, the number of angles, and
the length of their fpines, as is before expreffed in
their titles ; but, except the eighth fort, not any of
them have flowered in England as yet, though there
are many of the plants which are more than twelve
or fourteen feet high : the eighth fort hath the
fmalleft ftem of any of the upright forts which I have
yet feen ; this hath generally nine obtufe angles,
which are armed with ihort fpines, placed at farther
diftances than thofe of the other forts, nor are the
channels between the angles near fo deep. The
flowers of this are produced from the angels, in the
fame manner as the firft, but they are fmaller, and
the empalement is of a light green, without any
mixture of colour. The fruit is about the fize and
fhape of a middling Bergamot Pear, having many
foft fpines on the fkin ; the outfide is a pale yellow,
the infide very white, full of pulp, having a great
number of fmall black feeds lodged in it. This fort
frequently flowers in July, and in warm feafons will
perfeft its fruit, which hath very little flavour in this
country.
Thefe forts are more impatient of cold than the firft,
fo require a ftove to preferve them in winter ; nor
fhould they be expofed abroad in fummer, but kept
conftantly in the houfe, giving them a large fliare of
air in warm weather.
The twelfth fort grows naturally in Peru, from
whence it was fent to the royal garden at Paris •, and
in the year 1734, I was favoured with fome cuttings
of it by Dr. Bernard de Juffieu, demonftrator of
the plants in that garden. Thefe fucceeded in the
Chelfea garden, and have fince been communicated
to moft of the curious gardens in England. This is
not fo tender as the other forts, fo may be preferved
in a good green-houfe, or placed under a hot-bed
frame in winter, and in fummer fhould be expofed
to the open air, which will prevent the {hoots from
drawing weak, and thereby a greater number of
flowers will be produced •, but during the time they
remain in the open air, they fhould have little water;
and if the feafon fhould prove wet, the plants fhould
be fcreened from it, otherwife it will caufe them to
rot the following winter. This fort produces its flow-
ers in May, and fometimes earlier, when the feafon
is warm.
The ninth fort is, by the inhabitants of Barbadoes,
trained up againft their houfes for the fake of its-
fruit, which is about the bignefs of a Bergamot Pear,
and of a moft delicious flavour. This, and alfo the
tenth, eleventh, and twelfth forts, are tender, fo
require a warm ftove to preferve them. Thefe
fhould be placed againft the walls of the ftove, into
which they will infinuate their roots, and extend
themfelves to a great length ; and with a little help,
in fattening them to the wall in a few places, may be
led up about the deling of the houfe, where they
will appear very handfome. And the eleventh fort,
when arrived to a fufficient ftrength, will produce
many exceeding large,, beautiful, fweet-fcented flow-
ers ; but they are (like moft of the flowers of thefe
kinds) of very fhort duration, fcarcely continuing
full blown fix hours ; nor do the fame flowers ever
open again, when once clofed : they begin to open
in the evening between feven and eight of the clock,
are fully blown by eleven, and by three or four the
next morning fade, and hang down quite decayed ;
but, during their continuance, there is fcarce any
flower of greater beauty, or that makes a more mag-
6
nificent appearance ; for the calyx of the flowe%
when open, is near a foot diameter ; the infide of
which, being of a fplendid yellow colour, appears
like the rays of a bright ftar, the outfide of a dark
brown *, and the petals of the flowers being of a pure
white, adds to the luftre ; and the vaft number of
recurved ftamina, furrounding the ftyle in the center
of the flower, make a fine appearance ; and add to
this the fine fcent of the flower, which perfumes the
air to a conflderable diftance : there is fcarce any plant
which deferves a place in the hot-houfe fo much as
this, efpecially as it is to be trained againft the waif
where it will not take up room. The ufual feafon
of its flowering is in July, and when the plants are
large, they will produce a great number of flowers,
fo that there will be a fucceflion of them for feveral
nights, and many of them will open the fame night.
I have frequently had fix,, eight, or ten flowers open
at the fame time upon one plant, which have made
a moft magnificent appearance by candle-light, but
none of them have been fucceeded by any appearance
of fruit.
The tenth fort produces a flower little inferior to the
former, as I have been informed by perfons who
have feen them ; but I never had the good fortune to
have any of thefe plants which have bee.fi under my
care flower ; nor have I heard of more than two gar-
dens where they have as yet flowered in England ;
the firft of them was many years fince in the royal
gardens at Hampton Court, when there was a curious
collection of exotic plants kept in good order in
thofe gardens, which have fince been greatly ne-
gleCted ; the other was produced in the gardens of
the right honourable the Marquis of Rockingham,
at Wentworth-Hall, in Yorkfhire. Thefe are the
only gardens in this country where I have heard of
this fort having produced flowers ; although there are
many of thefe plants in feveral gardens, which are of
a conflderable age, and extend their branches to a
yery great diftance.
The ninth fort has never produced any flowers as yet
in England, nor have we any good figure of the
flower in any of the botanic books but I have been
informed by fome curious perfons who have refided
in America, that the flowers are not near fo beautiful
as thofe of the tenth and eleventh, but the fruit is
greatly efteemed by all the inhabitants.
The twelfth fort produces a greater number, of flow-
ers than either of the other ; thefe are of a fine Pink
colour, both within and without; the petals are not
fo numerous, and the tube of the flower is longer
than thofe of the other fpecies ; and, contrary to all
the other forts, keep open three or four days, pro-
vided the weather is not too hot, or the place where
they ftand kept too warm. During the continuance
of thefe flowers, they make a fine appearance. This
fort has very {lender trailing branches, which require
to be fupported ; but thefe do not extend fo far as
thofe of the other fort, nor are their branches jointed
as thofe are, fo they cannot be trained fo far againft
the walls of the houfe ; but as it produces fuch
beautiful flowers, and in fo great plenty, it may be
placed among the firft clafs of exotic plants. This
plant has produced fruit in the garden at Chelfea,
but it hath not as yet ripened.
Thefe plants are all propagated by cuttings, fo that
if you intend to increafe the number of them, you
muft cut off the items of the upright forts at what
length you pleafe ; thefe fhould be laid in a dry place
to heal the part cut, at leaft a fortnight or three weeks
before they are planted ; but if they lie a month it
is much the better, and they will be in lefs danger
of rotting, efpecially thofe forts which are the moft
fucculent.
Thefe cuttings fhould be planted in pots filled with
the mixture of earth before directed, laying fome
ftones in the bottom of the pots to drain off the
moifture ; then place the pots into a gentle hot-bed
of tanners bark, to facilitate their rooting, giving
them once a week a gentle watering.
The
CER
The beft feafon for this work is in June, or the be-
ginning of July, that they may have time to root
before winter ; towards , the middle of Auguft you
mull begin to give them air by degrees, to harden
them againft winter, bur. they fhould not be wholly
expofed to the open air or fun 5 at the end of Sep-
tember they mull be removed into the ftove, or
green-houfe, where they are to abide the winter,
during which feafon you muft be very careful not to
let them have much water ; and always obferve to
place the young plants, for the firft winter, in a little
warmer fituation than the older plants* as being fome-
what tenderer.
Thefe plants fhould always have a dry fituation in
winter, for as they imbibe the greateft part of their
nourifnment from the circumambient air, fo if this
be too replete with moift particles, it will occafion
their rotting • therefore they fhould hot be expofed
abroad, not even in the midft of fummer, unlefs they
are tinder fhelter * for great rains, which often happen
at that feafon, are very injurious to them * the firft
eight forts fhould be therefore placed fo as to enjoy
a free air in the fummer, but, at the fame time,
fcreened from rains and great dews •, it will therefore
be much the better method to fet them in an open
glafs ftove, where the windows may be fet open in
good weather, and fhut in cold or wet. The other
four forts muft not be expofed too much to the open
air, even in the hotteft feafon, especially if you de-
fign to have them flower-, and in winter they
fhould be kept very warm, and have no water given
them.
When you have once cut off the tops of any of thefe
plants, in order to increafe them, the lower parts
will put forth f reflu fhoots from their angles, which,
When grown to be eight or nine inches long, may alfo
be taken off to make frefh plants-, and, by this means,
the old plants will continually afford a fupply, fo that
you never need cut off above one plant of a fort,
which you fhould preferve for a breeder.
Thefe plants being fucculent, they will bear to be a
long time out of the ground; therefore whoever hath
a mind to get any of them from the Weft Indies,
need give no other inftructions to their friends, but
to cut them off, and let them lie two or three days
to dry ; then put them up in a box with dry hay, or
ftraw, to keep them from wounding each other with
their fpines, and if they are two or three months on
their paffage, they will keep very well, provided no
wet get to them.
CERINTHE. Lin. Gen. Plant. 17 1. Tourn. Inft.
R. H. 79. tab. 16. Honeywort; in French, Me-
linet.
The Characters are.
It hath an oblong permanent empalement , cut into Jive
equal parts. The J, lower hath one pet ah having a thick
Jhort tube , which fwells upward much thicker , and at the
brim is quinquejid the chaps are naked and pervious *
it hath Jive Jhort fiamina , terminated by pointed upright
fummits. In the bottom are fituated Jour germen , fup-
porting a Jlender fiyle the length of the Jtamina , crowned
by an obtufe ftigma -, two of the germen afterward be-
comes fo many feeds , which are hard , fmooth , plain on
■one fide , but convex on the other , and are inclofed in the
empalement.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft feftion of
Linnaeus’s fifth clafs, intitled Pentandria Monogynia,
the flower having five ftamina and one ftyle.
The Species are,
1. Cerinthe {Major) foliis ovato-oblongis, afperis,
amplexicaulibus, corollis obtufiufculis, patulis. Ho-
ney wort with oval , oblongs rough leaves , embracing the
Jialk , and fpreading blunt petals. Cerinthe quorundam
major, fpinofo folio, fiavo fiore. ,J. B. 3. 602.
Greater Honey wort with a prickly leaf and a yellow
flower,
2. Cerinthe JGlabris ) foliis oblongo-ovatis, glabris,
amplexicaulibus, corollis obtufiufculis, patulis. Honey-
wort with oblong , oval fmooth leaves , embracing the
folks , and a fpreading blunt petal. Cerinthe fiore rubro
2
CER
piirpiirafcerite. C. B; P. 258. Honeywort with a pur.
plifh red flower.
3. Cerinthe {Minor) foliis amplexicaulibus, integris,
frudtibus germnis* corollis acutis, claufis. Lin. Sp.
Plant. 137. _wneywort with entire leaves , embracing
the ftalki a double fruity and a pointed ch fed petal Ce-
rinthe minor. C. B. P. 258. Smaller Hotneywcrt.
The firft fort grows naturally in Germany and Italy.
This is an annual plant, which fifes with fmooth
branching ftalks a foot and a half high, garnifhed
with oval, oblong, prickly leaves, which are of a
fea-green, fpotted with white, and embrace the ftalks
with their bale ; the flowers are produced at the end
of the branches. Handing between the fmall leaves,
which embrace the ftalks ; thefe are long* tubulous,
and blunt at the top, where the tube is greatly en-
larged ; they are yellow, and have a mellous liquor
in their tubes, with which the bees are much de-
lighted •* and an herbaceous empalement, cot into
five parts* which afterward inelofes the feeds ; thefe
flowers have each four embryos, or germen, but only
two of them are fruitful The top of the ftalks are
reflexed backward, fomewhat like thofe of Turn foie.
It flowers in June and July, and the feeds ripen in
Auguft and September. If the feeds are not taken
as foon as they change black, they drop out of the
empalement in a fhort time ; fo unlefs they are care-
fully gathered up, they will vegetate with the firft
moift weather.
The fecond fort is like the firft, but the leaves are
larger, and fmooth, having no prickles on them.
The flowers of this are of a purplifh red colour, and
the plants grow larger. This grows in Italy, and the
fouth of France -, it is alfo an annual plant.
The third fort grows naturally on the Alps, and
other mountainous places * this hath flenderer ftalks
than either of the former, which rife two feet hipfi,
and clofer garnifhed with leaves than either of the
others ; thefe embrace the ftalks with their bafe, and
are of a bluer green colour. The flowers are fmall,
their upper part is deeply cut into five fegments,
but the mouth of the tube is clofely fhut up * the em-
palement is large, and clofely furrounds the flower.
The flowers are yellow, and appear at the fame time
with the other forts. If the feeds of this are per-
mitted to flatter, the plants will come up in autumn,
and thefe will grow much taller, and flower earlier
than thofe which are fown in the fpring ; this hath
been fuppofed a perennial plant by many, but from
many years obfervation, I could never find thefe
plants continue after they had flowered and perfected
their feeds.
The fpecies of this plant are propagated by feeds,
which fhould be fown foon after they are ripe for,
if they are kept till fpring, the growing quality of
them is often loft ; or at leaft they lie fome months in
the ground beforp they grow; the plants are hardy, and
if the feeds are fown in a warm fituation, they will
endure the winter’s cold very well without fhelter ;
thefe autumnal plants are alfo much furer to produce
ripe feeds than thofe which are fown in the fpring,
which are generally late in the feafon before they
flower * and confequently if the autumn fhould not
prove very warm, their feeds would not be per-
fected.
The plants make a pretty variety for large borders in
gardens, where, if they are fuffered to drop their
feeds, the plants will arife without any farther care
fo that when a perfon is once furniftied with the fe-
veral varieties, he need be at no more trouble than
to allow each of them a refpective place where it may
remain, and fow itfelf ; and with this culture, there
is a greater certainty of preferving the forts than in
any other management ; nor will they perhaps be en-
tirely loft in this way, if it fhould happen that the
feafon fhould prevent their ripening feed (as it fome-
times proves -,) for when great quantities of die feeds
have flattered upon the ground,' fome of them will
be buried fo deep, in ftirring the earth, as not to
grow the firft year ; which, upon being turned up
to
to the air the fucceeding year, will come tip as well
as new feeds.
CESTRUM. Lin. Gen. Plant. 231. Jafminoldes.
Dill. Nov. Gen. 170. Ballard Jafmine.
The Characters are.
It hath a Jhort tubular empalement of one leaf which is
indented at the top into five parts , which are ere ft. Id he
flower is funnel-jhaped , of one petal , having a long cy-
lindrical tube , which fpreads open at the top , where it is
cut into five equal fegments ; it hath five J lender fiamina
the length of the tube, to which they adhere , and are ter-
minated by roundifh four-cornered fummits.. The oval cy-
lindrical germen is fituated in the empalement , fupporting
a fender ftyle the length of the fiamina , crowned by an ob-
tufe thick ftigma. The germen afterward becomes an
oval oblong berry with one cell , inclofing fever al roundifh
feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fedtion
of Linnaeus’s fifth clafs, intitled Pentandria Mo-
nogynia, the flower having five fiamina and one
ftyle.
The Species are,
1. Cestrum (. Nofturnum ) fioribus pedunculatis. Hort.
Cliff. 490. Ceftrum with flowers ftanding upon foot-
ftalks. Jafminoldes foliis Pifhaminis, fiore virefcente
nodtu odoratiflimo. Hort. Elth. 183. tab. 153. Bafiard
Jafmine with leaves of Pifhamin , and a greenifh flower ,
fuelling very fweetly in the night.
2. Cestrum ( Diurnum ) fioribus felfilibus. Hort. Cliff.
491. Ceftrum with flowers growing to the branches.
Jafminoides laureolte folio, fiore eandido interdiu
odorato. Hort. Elth. 186, tab. 154. B aft ard Jafmine
with a Spurge Laurel leaf \ and a white flower , fuelling
in the day.
■3.. Cestrum ( Nervofum ) foliis lanceolatis oppofitis ner-
vis tranfverfalibus, pedunculis ramofis. Ceftrum with
fpear-fhaped leaves growing oppofite , having tranfverfe
veins , and branching foot-ftalks to the flowers. Jafmi-
noides Americanum, lauri folio, fiore albo odorato.
Houft. MSS. Bafiard Jafmine of America with a Bay
leaf and a white , fweet , fuelling flower.
4. Cestrum (-Spicatum) foliis ovato-lanceolatis, fioribus
fpicatis, alaribus & terminalibus. Ceftrum with oval
fpear-fhaped leaves , and flowers growing in fpik.es from
the flides and tops of the branches.
5. Cestrum ( Confertum ) foliis oblongo-ovatis, obliquis,
fioribus alaribus confertis, tubo longiflimo & tenuif-
fimo. Ceftrum with oblong oval leaves which are oblique ,
and flowers growing in dufters from the flides of the'
branches , with a very long Jlender tube.
6. Cestrum ( Venenatum ) foliis lanceolatis obliquis, fio-
ribus alaribus, pedunculis foliofis. Ceftrum with ob-
lique fpear-fhaped leaves , flowers proceeding from the files
of the branches , and leafy foot-ftalks. Jafminum lauri-
nis foliis, fiore pallide luteo, frudtu atrocasruleo po-
lypyreno venenato. Sloan. Hift. Jam. 2. p. 196.
Ja fmine with Bay leaves , a pale yellow flower , and a dark
blue fruit with many feeds , which are poifonous.
The firft fort was many years paid raifed in the cu-
rious gardens of the Duchefs of Beaufort, at Bad-
mington, in Gloucefterfhire, and was from thence
communicated to feveral gardens in England and
Holland, where in the latter it pafies under the title
of Badmington Jafmine to this time. This grows
naturally in the iftand of Cuba, from whence I re-
ceived the feeds by the title of Dama de Noche, i. e. |
Lady of the Night •, which appellation I fuppofe was
given it, from the flowers fending out a ftrong odour
after the fun is fet.
It rifes with an upright ftalk about fix or feven feet
high, covered with a grayifh bark, and divides up-
ward into many flender branches, which generally
incline to one fide *, and are garnifhed with leaves
placed alternate, which are near four inches long,
and one and a half broad, fmooth on their upper fide,
of a pale green, and on their under- fide they have
feveral tranfverfe veins, and are of a fea-green colour,
having fhort foot-ftalks. The flowers are produced
at the wings of the leaves, in flu all clufters, ftanding
upon fiiort foot-ftalks, each fuftaining four or five
flowers, which have very fhort empalemefits, vfitil
long flender tubes* which are enlarged at the top,
where they are cut into five parts which are reflexed %
thefe are of an herbaceous colour ; they appear in
Auguft, but are not fucceeded by berries in this
country •, but thofe which I received from America
were finall, and of a dark brown colour, inclofing
feveral feeds. , ' . . ■ :
The feeds of the fecond fort were fent me from the
Havannah, by the title of Dama de Dio, or Lady of
the Day this rifes with an upright ftalk to the height
of ten or twelve feet, covered with a fmooth light
green bark, dividing upward into many fmalier
branches, garnifhed with fmooth leaves near three
inches long, and one and a half broad, of a lively
green colour, and the confiftence of thofe of the
Spurge Laurel *, thefe are ranged alternately on the
branches. Toward the upper part of the {boots come
out the flowers from the wings of die leaves, ftanding
in clufters clofe to the branches ; they are very white,
ftiaped like thofe of the former fort, and fine!! fweet
in the day time, from whence it had the appellation
of Lady of the Day. The berries of this are fmalier
than thofe of the firft fort. This flowers in Sep-
tember, October and November.
The third fort was fent me from Carthagena in New*
Spain, near which place it grows naturally •, this rifes-
with a fhrubby ftalk five or fix feet high, covered
with a brown bark, and divides upward into many
fmall branches, garnifhed with fpear-fhaped leaves,
about four inches long, and little more than one
broad * they are fmooth, of a light green, and have
many horizontal veins running from the midrib to
the fides, and are placed oppofite. From the wings -
of the leaves, toward the upper part of the branches,
are produced the flowers, ftanding upon branching
foot-ftalks, each fuftaining four or five flowers, whofe
' tubes are fwelling at their bafe, juft above the em-
palement, but contrail upward to the mouth, where
- the petal is cut into five broad fegments which fpread
flat ; they are white, but without (cent.
The fourth fort was fent me from Carthagena with
the former. This rifes with a fhrubby ftalk ten or
twelve feet high, covered with a light gray bark, and
fends out many branches the whole length, gar-
nifhed with oval fpear-fhaped leaves, ftanding
without order; they are two inches and a half long,
and one and a half broad, of a light green,
with flender foot-ftalks. The flowers come out in
loofe fpikes from the fide, and alfo the end of the
branches, which are fhaped like thofe of the firft fort,
and are of a whitifh green colour, without (cent.
Thefe are fucceeded by roundifh purple berries, the
fize of large Peafe, which have afoft juicy pulp, filled
with fiat feeds.
The fifth fort riles with feveral fhrubby ftalks eight
or ten feet high, covered with a white fmooth bark,
fending out many irregular branches, garnifhed with
oblong oval leaves, which at their bafe are longer on
one fide, fo that the foot- ftalk is oblique ; they are
placed on the branches ’without order, and are of a
pale green. The flowers come out in clufters from
the fide of the branches, many of them arifing from
the fame point ; thefe have very flender long tubes,
. which are cut at the top into five acute fegments
which are erect. They are of a pale yellow, and
without fcent.
The fixth fort grows naturally in Jamaica, from
whence it was lent me by the late Dr. Houftoun,
This rifes with a woody item eight or nine feet hi gh,
covered with a fmooth brown bark, and fends taut-
many branches on the fide which grow eredl, gar-
nifhed with oval fpear-fhaped leaves, wfaofe foot-ftalks
are fiiort ; they are five inches Jong, and two broad,
fmooth, of the confiftence with Bay leaves, and are,
placed alternate on the branches. From the wings
of the leaves the flowers are produced, moil part of
the , length of the branches ; the foot-ftalks of the
flowers are garnifhed with fmall leaves, {landing
between each flower in a lingular manner, the flowers
N n n rifing
•j?-
CES
riling one above the other ; and between, or oppofke
to each, is one, and fcmetimes two leaves, of the
fame form' with thofe on the branches. The flowers
are of a pale , yellow, and emit a difagreeable odour.
Thefe are fucceeded by oval berries of a Violet co-
lour, full of juice, each containing feveral flat feeds ;
they are reckoned very poifonous, £o have the ap-
pellation of Poifon Berries in Jamaica.
This has been, by many of the writers on botany,
fuppofed to be the fame with the firft ; but any perfon
who has feerj both forts growing, cannot doubt of
their being diftind fpecies ; the fhape and fize of
the leaves are very different, as are alfo their flowers
and berries. Some have alfo fuppofed that the Parqui
of Pere Feuille, is the fame with this, but that is a
great miftake , for the flowers of this plant are pro-
duced in loofe bunches at the extremity of the
branches, whereas thofe of this fort come out from
the fide, at the foot-ftalks of the leaves ; fo that this
plant is certainly different from either of thefe, but
approaches neared to the third.
The fifth fort I take to be the fame as Pere Plumier’s
Jafminum aliud arborefcens, foliis folani, minus ; for
by an impeded fpecimen of his plant which was
fliewn me, the leaves appear the fame, but as the
fpecimen was without flower or fruit, fo I could not
determine it.
The firft and fecond forts produce their flowers every
year in England, but the others do but feldom flower
here ; but as they retain their leaves all the year, fo
they make a pretty variety in the ftove, during the
winter feafon ; and when they flower, the branches
are commonly well garnifhed at their joints with
bunches of flowers, fo they make a fine appearance at
that time.
All thefe plants grow naturally in very hot countries,
fo cannot be preferved in England without artificial
heat ; therefore require to be placed in a warm ftove,
efpecialiy in the winter. The tv/o firft are hardier
than the others ; thefe I have kept feveral years in
a dry ftove, with a moderate fhare of heat in winter,
and in the middle of fummer have fet them in the
open air, in a warm fituation. With this manage-
ment I have found them thrive, and produce flowers
much better than when they have been placed in a
greater heat ; but I have often endeavoured to keep
thefe plants through the winter, in a green-houfe, or
a glafs cafe, without fire, but could never fucceed ;
for by the end of January, they commonly de-
cayed.
The other forts require a larger fhare of heat, efpe-
cialiy when the ■ plants are young ; therefore they
fhould be plunged in the tan-bed of the bark-ftove,
otherwife they will lofe their leaves in winter, if they
are not quite deftroyed ; but after three or four years
growth, they will bear to be treated more hardily,
provided they are inured to it gradually.
Thefe plants may be propagated from feeds, or by
cuttings. Thofe which come from feeds are always
the moft vigorous, and ftraiteft plants ; but as they
do not produce feeds in England, fo the other method
is generally pradifed, becaufe their feeds are rarely
brought hither.
The belt time to plant thefe cuttings is about the
end of May, by which time the fhoots will have had
time to recover their ftrength, after their confinement
during the winter feafon. The fhoots which come
out from the lower part of the ftalks, fhould always
be chofen for this purpofe. Thefe fhould be cut
about four inches long, and five or fix of them may
be planted in each halfpenny pot ; - for the cuttings
of moft forts of exotic plants, will fucceed better when
they are planted in thefe fmall pots, than they do in
larger, as I have many years experienced. The earth
in which thefe are planted, fhould be frefh and light,
but not full of dung : when the cuttings are planted,
the earth niuft be prefled prettv dole to them, and
then gently watered ; after which the pots niuft be
plunged into a moderate hot-bed of tanners bark, and
every day (haded from the fan. They muft alfo have
CHI
n'e fli air admitted to them in warm weather, and
two or three times a week refrefhed with water.
With this management the cuttings will put out
roots in five or fix weeks, when they fhould be gra-
dually expofed to the fun ; and when they begin to
put out fhoots, they muft have a greater fhare of
frefh air admitted to them, to prevent their drawing
up weak •, and their waterings fhould be oftener re-
peated, but given in fmall quantities, for their young
tender fibres will not endure much wet. When they
have made good roots, they fhould be carefully
fhaken out of the Dots, and each put into a feparate
fmall pot, filled with the fame fort of earth as before ;
then give them fame water, to fettle the earth to their
roots, and plunge them again into the tan-bed ; ob-
ferving if any of their leaves hang down, to fhade
them from the fun in the middle of the day, until
they have taken frefh root ; after which they fhould
have a large fhare of air in warm weather, to
ftrengthen them before winter. Their waterings in
the fummer fhould be frequent; and if they are
fprinkled all over their leaves, it will wafh and cleanfe
them from filth, which will greatly promote their
growth ; but their roots muft not be kept too
moift.
In the autumn the plants of the three laft forts muft
be removed into the bark-ftove, and plunged into
the tan-bed, where they muft be treated in the fame
manner as other tender exotic plants ; but the two
firft forts may be treated otherwife, efpecialiy when
they have obtained ftrength, yet the firft winter they
may be managed in the fame way as the others.
There muft be great care had in watering of thefe
plants in winter, for they are all (except the fecond
fort) very impatient of moifture, ; fo that they are loon
killed by being over-watered.
If the feeds of thefe are procured from the countries
where they grow naturally, they fhould be fowed in
fmall pots filled with the earth before direded, and
plunged into a moderate hot-bed of tanners bark,
giving them now and then a little water. Sometimes
the feeds will come up the lame year, but they very
often lie in the ground till the fpring following ; fo
that if the plants do not appear in fix or feven weeks
after the feeds are Town, they will not come up that
feafon ; in which cafe the pots may be plunged in
the fan-bed of the ftove, between the other plants,
where they will be fbadedfrom the fun, and but little
water given them ; in this fituation they may remain
till the following fpring, when they fhould be re-
moved, and plunged into a frefh hot-bed, which will
bring up the plants in a fhort time, provided the
feeds were good.
When the young plants are fit to remove, they fhould
be carefully fhaken out of the pots, and each planted
into a feparate pot filled with the before-mentioned
earth, and plunged into the hot-bed again, and af-
terward treated in the fame way as hath been direded
for the plants raifed from cuttings.
CETERACH. See Asplenium.
CHflEROPHYLLUM. Lin. Gen. Plant. 320.
Tourn. Inft. R. H. 314. tab. 166. [py^o^AAw, of
pca/jow, to rejoice, and <pl\\ov, Gr. a leaf, becaufe the
leaves, fteeped in wine, and drank, will exhilarate
and chear melancholy perfons.] Chervil.
The Characters are,
It is an umbelliferous ■plant ; the principal umbel is fpre act-
ing and hath no involucrum , compofed of feveral fmall
ones , called rays ; the fmall ones have a five-leaved in-
volucrum , which is reflexed ; the flowers have five heart-
Jhaped inflexed petals , and jive Jlamina , which are ter-
minated by roundifh fummits : the germen is fituated below
the flower , fupporting two reflexed jlyles , crowned with
obtufe Jligmas. The germen aflterward becomes an ob-
long pointed fruit , dividing in two parts , each having
one jeed , which is convex on one fide and plain on the
other,
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fedion of
Linnteus’s fifth clafs, intitled Pentandria Digynia, the
flowers having five ftamina and two ft vies.
Th<?
C H JE
The Species are,
1. Ch/ERophyllum ( Sylveftre ) caule ftriato geniculis
tumidiufculis. Flor. Suec. 2. N. 2 57. Wild Chervil
with ftriated ftalks, wh'ofe joints are fwelling. Myrrhis
fylveftris feminibus lsevibus. C. B. P. 160. Wild Myrrh
with frnooth feeds.
2. Chzerophyllum ( Bulbofuni ) caule fevi, geniculis
tumidis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 258. Chervil with a frnooth
jlalk, and fwelling joints. Myrrhis tuberofa & nodofa
conyophillon. Mor. Umb. 67. Tuberous and knotted
Myrrh with a Hemlock leaf ,
3. Ch^erophyllum (Temulum) caule fcabro, geniculis
tumidis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 258. ■ Chervil zvith a rough
fialk , and fwelling joints. Chaerophyllum fylveftre.
C. B. P. 152. Wild Chervil
4. Chhsrophyllum (Annum) caule tequali, foliolis inci-
fis acutis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 258. Chervil with unequal
jlalk , and leaves cut into acute fegments. Myrrhis pe-
rennis alba minor, foliis hirfutis, femine aureo. Mor.
Umb. 282.
£ m Ch/erophyllum (Hirfutum) caule gequali, foliolis in-
cifis acutis, feminibus fubulatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 371.
Wild Chervil with an equal jlalk , whofc fmall leaves are
cut acutely , and awl-jhaped feeds . Myrrhis paluflris,
latifolia rubra. C. B. P. 161.
The firft fort grows naturally on the fide of high-
ways, and the borders of the fields in moft parts of
England, fo is never cultivated in gardens. It is fre-
quently called Cow Parfley, but for what reafon I
cannot fay, becaufe there are few animals who care to
eat it, except the afs for it is reckoned to have fome-
thing of the quality of Hemlock, but in a lefs degree.
It is a weed which fhould be rooted out from all
paftures in the fpring, for it is one of the moft early
plants in flhooting ; fo that by the beginning of April
the leaves are near two feet high. The leeds of this
plant fpread greatly over the ground, and as the
roots are perennial, they are often very troublefome
weeds to deftroy.
The fecond fort grows naturally in Hungary and If-
tria. This plant hath a thick tuberous root, from
which come forth feveral leaves refembling thofe of
Wild Chervil, which fpread horizontally near the
ground. The ftalks rife fix or feven feet high, which
are fpotted with purple, and garnilhed with leaves of
the fame form as thofe below. The knots at the
joints of the ftalks fwell out on every fide, at which
is placed one of thefe divided leaves *, the ftalks are
terminated by fmall umbels of white flowers, which
are fucceeded by long narrow feeds. It flowers in June,
and the feeds ripen in Auguft. If the feeds of this
plant are permitted to fcatter, the plants will come
up without any farther care, and only require to be
kept clean from weeds.
The third fort grows naturally on the fides of foot-
walks, and on the borders of woods in many parts
of England, fo is not cultivated in gardens.
The fourth fort grows naturally in the paftures about
Geneva, and in Switzerland ; this hath a perennial
root, from which come out in the fpring many leaves,
fhaped like thofe of the firft, but narrower, hairy,
and more divided. The ftalks are channelled, and
rife three feet high, garnifhed with the like leaves ;
thefe are terminated by large umbels, formed of many
fmall ones, which are coftipofed of flowers, having
five heart-fliaped petals, which turn inward •, thefe
are fucceeded by long pointed feeds. The whole
plant has an aromatic fmell and tafte.
The fifth fort grows naturally on the Alps, and the
Helvetian mountains. It is a perennial plant, fome-
what refembling the firft fort, but their leaves are
hairy, and their fegments are broader ; the ftalk rifes
four feet high, terminated by large umbels of flow-
ers, which in fome plants are red, and in others
white *, thefe are fucceeded by long pointed feeds,
two being joined in the fame cover.
Thefe plants are preferved in botanic gardens for va-
riety ; but as their ufe either in medicine or the kitchen
are not known, they are rarely admitted into other
gardens.
6
G H A
, \ ( •
CHAMftjCERASUS. See Cerasus and Ld s
NICERA.
CHAMA CIS TITS. See Cistus,
CHAMflFCLEMA. See Glechoma,
CHAM 3 SC YPARISSU S. See Santglina,
C H A M JE D A P H N E. See Ruscus.
CHAMJEDRYS. See Teucrium.
CHAMftELflEA. See Cneorum.
CHAMfEMELUM. See Anthemis.
CHAM iE M E S P I L U S. See Mespilus.
CHAMflEMORUS. See Rubus.
CPIAMfENERION. See Epilobium.
CHAMfEPITYS. See T eucrium.
CHAMARHODODENDRON. See Aza-
lea and Kalmia.
CHAMiERIPHES. See Cham^rops.
CHAMiEROPS. Lin. Gen. Plant. 1084. Chamte-
riphes. Pont. 10. Dod. Pempt. 820. Dwarf Palm, or
Palmetto.
The Characters are,
It hath male and hermaphrodite flowers in dijlir. \El plants ;
the hermaphrodite flowers are all included in one common
fpatha or hood, , which is comprejfed and bifid , and the
fpadix or club is branching •, each flower hath a fmall three-
pointed empalement ; they have one thick upright petal,
which is cut into three parts , and turns inward at the
top , and five comprejfed ftamina which join at their bafe ,
terminated by narrow twin fummits , joined to the inte-
rior part of the ftamina. They have three roundifh ger-
men , each having a diftinbi ftyle , which is permanent , ter-
minated by pointed ftigma. The three germen after-
ward become fo many round berries , having one cell , each
containing a jingle feed. The male flozvers are like the her-
maphrodite, but the ftamina are not diftinbi , nor have they
any germen.
This genus of plants is joined with the other kinds
of Palms by Dr. Linnaeus, and placed in the appem
dix to his Genera Plantarum ; but fhould be ranged
in his twenty-third clafs, or rather made adiftinft ciafs
by themfelves, becaufe their manner of fructification
is very different from moft other plants.
The Species are,
1. Cham^erops (Humilia) frondibus palmatis, plicatis,
ftipitibus fpinofis. Hort. Cliff. 482. Bzvarf Palm with
folding palmated leaves, and prickly foot-ftalks. Palma
humilis, fc. Chamteriphes. J. B. Hift. 1. 368. Bzvarf
Palm , or Palmetto.
2. Chamaerops ( Glabra ) foliis fiabelliformibus, maxi-
mis, ftipitibus glabris. Bwarf Palm with very large
fan-fhaped leaves , and frnooth foot-ftalks. Palma non
fpinofa humilima. Bwarf Palm without fpines , com-
monly called fmall Palmetto Royal.
The firft fort grows naturally in Spain, particularly
in Andalufia, where, in the fandy land, the roots
fpread and propagate fo faft, as to cover the ground
in the fame manner as the Fern in England. The
leaves of thefe plants are tied together to make be-
foms for fweeping.
This never riles with an upright ftem, but the foot-
ftalks of the leaves rife immediately from the head of
the root, and are armed on each fide with ftrong
fpines ; they are flat on their upper furface, and con-
vex on their under fide. The center of the leaves
are fattened to the foot-ftalk, which fpread open like’
a fan, having many foldings, and at the "top are
deeply divided like the fingers of a hand ; when they
firft come out, they are clofed together like a fan
when fhut, and are fattened together by ftrong fibres
which run along the borders of the leaves •, and when
the leaves fpread open, thefe fibres or firings hang
from the fides and ends ; the borders of the leaves
are finely fawed, and have white narrow edgings %
they are from nine to eighteen inches long, and near
a foot broad in their wideft part : as the lower leaves
of the plants decay, their veftiges remain, and form
a fhort flump above ground, in the fame manner as
our common male Fern does ; from between the
leaves comes out the fpadix or club, which fuftains
the flowers ; this is covered with a thin fpatha or
hood, which falls off when the bunches open and di-
vide.
I'M
1
CHE
vide. As all the plants of this fort which I have feen
flower were male, I cannot give any particular de-
fcription of their fructification.
This plant is commonly propagated here by heads,
which femetimes feparate from the main root ; if thefe
are carefully taken off with fibres and planted, they
will grow - 5 but the plants fo raifed are not fo good
as thofe which are produced from feeds ^ fo that if
good feeds can be procured, that is by much the bet-
ter way to propagate them. The feeds fhould be
fown in fmall pots filled with light fandy earth, and
plunged into a moderate hot-bed of tanners bark ;
thefe muff be refreflied now and then with water.
If the feeds are frefh, the plants will come up in two
months •, thefe rife with a Engle long-pointed leaf.
When they appear they muft be now and then re-
frefhed with water, but they muft not have it in too
great plenty. If the plants are not too clofe to each
other in the pots, they will not require to be tranf-
p: anted the firft year ; therefore they fhould remain
in the fan-bed all the fumimer, but in warm weather
they muft have plenty of air admitted to them. In
autumn the pots fhould be removed into the drove,
and, if they are plunged into the bark-bed the firft
winter, it will greatly forward the growth of the
plants. The following fpring the plants fhould be
carefully turned out of the pots, fo as to preferve
their roots entire ; for all the forts of Palms have ten-
der roots, which, if they are cut off or broken, fre-
quently kill the plants : then they fhould be each
planted into a feparate fmall pot filled with light, Tan-
dy, undunged earth, and plunged into a frefh hot-
bed to encourage their taking root ; the following
fummer they fhould be gradually hardened, by raid-
ing the glaffes pretty high, fo as to admit a large
fhare of air to them, but they fhould not yet be wholly
expofed to the open air. The autumn following the
plants may be placed in a dry ftove ; but as the plants
advance and get ftrength, they may be treated more
hardily, and in fummer placed in the open air in a
warm fituation, and in winter may be, preferved in a
warm green-houfe without artificial heat
As the plants advance in growth, they fhould be put
into larger pots ; but when this is done, there muft
be great care taken, that their roots are not cut 'or
broken, nor fhould they have pots too large. In
winter they muft have but little water, and if they
are expofed to the open air in fummer, they will not
require much, unlefs the feafon proves very warm and
dry, in which cafe they may be fparingly watered
two or three times a week.
The fecond fort grows naturally in the Weft Indies,
where it never rifes with a ftem ; the foot-ftalks of
the leaves are rounder than thofe of the former, and
have no fpines on their fides. When the plants are
old their leaves are three or four feet long, and up-
ward of two broad ; thefe are folded in the fame man-
ner as thofe of the firft, but the folds are broader,
and the leaves are of a darker green ■, fome of thefe
plants have put Out (lender bunches of male flowers
in England, which were too imperfect to form a de-
fcription.
This fort rifes freely from feeds, which may be eafily
procured from the iflands in America ^ thefe muft be
fown in the fame manner as the former, and the plants
treated in the fame way ; but as they are natives of
a warmer climate, they fhould be conftantly kept in
the bark-ftove, where, if they are carefully managed,
they will make good progrefs.
I have received feeds from Carolina of a Dwarf Palm,
which is very like this, if not the fame ; but the plants
do not make fo good progrefs here, as thofe which
came from Jamaica; the berries were fo like, that I
could not diftinguifh them ; but as the plants ad-
vance, if they are different, it will appear.
CHAMiESUBUS. See Rubus.
CHAMiESYC E. See Euphorbia.
CHEI E A N T H U S. Lin. Gen. Plant. 730. Leu-
cojum. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 220. tab. 107. Stock Gil-
liflower and Wall-flower, in French 'Girofllie r ou Violier,
CHE
The Characters are,
It hath a flour-leaved comprejfled $k f dement ; the two
outer leaves are f 'welling at their kafe. The flower hath
four petals placed in flotm of a crofls ■, thefe are longer than
the empalement. It hath fix parallel /minim , which are
the length of the empalement, two of which are between
the j welling leaves of the einpalernent , the other are a little
floor ter, and are terminated bp efett bifid furnmits , which
are reflexed at the top. It hath a four-cornered priflmatic
germen as long as the Jlamina , fupporting a very floort
comprejfled Jlyle, crowned with an oblong divided fligma,
which is reflexed and permanent. The germen afterward
becomes a long comprejfled pod with two cells , opening with
two valves, filled with comprejfled feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond feeftion
of Linnaeus’s fifteenth clafs, inti tied Tetrandynamia
filiquofa, the flowers having two long and four fliorter
ftamina, and the feeds are lodged in long pods.
The Species are,
1. Cheiranthus (. Eryfmoides ) foliis lineari-ianceolatis
dentatis cattle redo, filiquis tetragonis. Cheiranthus
with narrow, indented, flpear-Jhaped leaves, an upright
ftalk , and four-cornered pods. Hefperis leucoii folio
ferrato, filiqua quadrangula. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 223.
Dames Violet with a flawed Wall-flower leaf, and a qua-
drangular pod.
2. Cheiranthus ( Integerrimis ) foliis lanceolatis inte-
gerrimis, caule erecto, filiquis tetragonis. Cheiranthus
with flpear-Jhaped entire leaves, an upright ftalk, and qua-
drangular pods. Hefperis leucoii folio non ferrato,
filiqua quadrangula. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 223. Dames
Violet with a Wallflower leaf not flawed, and a quadran-
gular pod.
3. Cheiranthus ( Cheiri ) foliis lanceolatis, acutis, gla-
bris ramis angulatis. Hort. Cliff'. 334. Cheiranthus
with flpear-Jhaped , pointed, Jmooth leaves. Leucojum
luteum vulgare. C. B. P. Common yellow Leucojum , or
Wallflower .
4. Cheiranthus (Anguft folium) foliis linearibus, un-
guibus petalorum calyce longioribus. Cheiranthus
with narrow leaves, and the necks of the petals longer
than the empalement. Leucojum anguftifolium Alpi-
num flore fulphureo. H. R. Par. Narrow-leaved Wall-
flower of the Alps, with a fulphur- coloured flower.
5. Cheiranthus ( Annuus ) foliis lanceolatis, fubdenta-
tis, obtufis, incanis, filiquis cyiindricis apice acutis,
■ caule herbaceo. Lin. Sp. Plant'. 662. Cheiranthus with
flpear-Jhaped leaves fomew'hat indent ea l, obtufe, and hoary
cylindrical pods, with acute points ancl an herbaceous ftalk.
Leucojum incanum minus. C. B. P. 200. Lefjer
hoary Stock Gill flower, commonly called the Ten Weeks
Stock.
6 . Cheiranthus (Incanus) folks lanceolatis, integerri-
mis, obtufis, incanis, filiquis apice t run cat is, com-
preffls, caule fuffruticofo. Hort. Upfal. 187. Chei-
ranthus with very entire fpear-jhaped leaves, which are
obtufe and hoary, comprejfled pods with truncated points ,
and a fhrubby ftalk. Leucojum incanum mains.
C. B. P. 200. Greater hoary Stock Gilliflower, commonly
called the Vfueen’s Stock Gilliflower. #
7. Cheiranthus ( Coc'cineiis ) foliis lanceolatis undatis,
caule erecto indivifo. Cheiranthus with waved fpear-
fhaped leaves , and an upright undivided ftalk. Lcuco-
jum incanum majus Coccineum. M01*. Kift. 2. 240.
Greater hoary Stock Gilliflower with a fear let flower , com-
monly called the Brampton Stock Gilliflower.
8. Cheiranthus (Aldus) foliis lanceolatis, integerri-
mis, obtufis, incanis, ramis floriferis axillaribus, caule
fuffruticofo. Cheiranthus with hoary , entire, flpear-
Jhaped, abtitfe leaves, flower branches proceeding from the
fides, and a fhrubby ftalk. Leucojtfm album five pur-
pureum five vioiaceum. Ger. The white, purple, or
Violet Stock Gilliflower. *
9. Cheiranthus (Glabfus) foliis lanceolatis, acutis, pe-
tiolatis, viridibus, caule fuffruticofo. Cheiranthus with
fpearfloaped acute leaves, which arc green , having foot-
ftalks, and a flrrubby ‘ftalk. Leucojum album odora-
tifiimum, fSlio viridi. C. B. P. 2. 102. Sweet eft white
Stock Gilliflower with a green leaf , commonly called white
Wallflower.
10, Che iran-
\
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10. Cheiranthus ( Seniflalis ) foliis conferto-capitafiis,
recurvatis, undatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. App. 1198. Chei-
ranthus -with leaves growing clofe together in heads , which
turn- backward, and are waved.
lu Cheiranthus (. Littoreus ) foliis lanceolatis, fubden-
tatis fubtomentofis fubcarnofis, petalis emarginatis,
filiquis tomentofis. Lin, Sp. 925. Cheiranthus with
fp ear -jh aped, indented , woolly leaves , cmarginated petals ,
and woolly pods. Leucojum maritimum anguftifolium.
C. B. P. 221. N arrow -leaved Sea Stock ■ Gilliflower .
12. Cheiranthus ( Maritimus ) foliis lanceolatis acuti-
ufculis, caule diffufo, antheris eminentibus. Amcen.
Acad. 4. p. 280. Cheiranthus with acute fpear-fhaped
leaves, a diffufed Jlalk , and eminent anther a. Hefperis
maritima, lupina, exigua. Tourn. Inft. 223. Small,
low , maritime Dames Violet, commonly called Dwarf , or
Virginia Stock Gilliflower.
13. Cheiranthus {Chius) foliis obovatis aveniis emar-
ginatis, filiquis apice fubulatis.' Hort. Upfal. 187.
Cheiranthus with oval emarginated leaves and pods, whofe
fummits are awl-Jhaped. Hefperis filiquis hiriutis flore
parvo rubello. Hort. Elth. 1S0. tab. 147. Dams
Violet with hairy pods, and a fmall reddiflo flower.
14. Cheiranthus {Dricufpidatus ) filiquarum apicibus
tridentatis foliis lyratis. Hort. Cliff. 335. Cheiranthus
with pods indented in three parts at the point, and lyre-
floaped leaves. Hefperis maritima latifolia filiqua tricuf-
pide. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 223. Broad-leaved maritime
Dames Violet, with a three-pointed pod.
15. Cheiranthus {Sinuatis) foliis tomentofis obtufis
fubfinuatis, ramis integris, filiquis muricatis. Lin.
Sp. 926. Cheiranthus with woolly, obtufe, fr, mated
leaves, intire branches , and rough pods. Leucojum
maritimum finuato folio. C. B. P. 200.
t 6 . Cheiranthus ( Driftis ) foliis linearibus fubfinuatis,
floribus feffilibus petalis undatis, caule fuffruticofo.
Lcefl. Cheiranthus with linear indented leaves, flowers
clofe to the ftalk, waved petals, and a Jhrubby Jlalk. Leu-
cojum minus breviore folio, obfolete flore. Barrel.
It. 999.
17. Cheiranthus ( Lacerus ) foliis lacero-dentatis acu-
minatis, calycibus pilofis, filiquis nodofis mucronatis.
Lin. Sp. 926. Cheiranthus with torn, indented, pointed
leaves, hairy empalements, and knobbed , acute-pointed
pods. Leucojum Lufitanicum purpureum, foliis ele-
ganter dentatis. Parad. Bat. 193. .
The firft fort grows naturally in the fouth of France,
in Spain and Italy ; this is an annual plant, which
rifes a foot high, with an angular channelled ftalk,
which branches upward on every fide ; thefe are gar-
nifhed with long, narrow, green leaves, refembiing
thofe of the common Wall-flower, but are fharply
indented on their edges, fitting clofe to the ftalks ;
at the extremity of the branches the flowers are pro-
duced in loofe fpikes ; thefe are yellow, having four
petals fituated in form of a crofs, greatly refembiing
thofe of the common yellow Wall- flower, but have
no fcent ; thefe are fucceeded by long four-cornered
pods, filled with brown feeds. It flowers in June,
and the feeds are ripe in autumn.
The fecond fort grows naturally in Hungary and If-
tria •, this is alfo an annual plant, rifing with an upright
ftalk nearly the fame height as the other, but doth
not branch out as that doth. The leaves are broader,
fmoother, and not pointed as thofe of the other ;
they Hand alternately on the ftalk without any vifible
foot-ftalk, and are of a deep green. The flowers
come out in loofe fpikes at the top of the ftalks ;
thefe are fmall, and of a pale yellow without fcent,
and are fucceeded by four-cornered pods like thofe
of the former. It flowers, and the feeds are ripe at
the fame time with the former.
Thefe two plants have by fome perfons been fuppofed
the fame, but I have cultivated them thirty years,
and have never found them alter. If their feeds are
permitted to fcatter, the plants will come up without
care, and will thrive on any foil or fituation, and up-
on walls, or in rubbifti, in the fame manner as the
common Wall-flower.
The fecond fort grows naturally upon old walls and
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buildings in many parts of England; it is alfo cul-
tivated in gardens for the fragrancy of its flowers*.
When thefe plants grow upon walls or buildings,
they feldom rife more than fix or eight inches high,
having very tough roots and firm ftalks *, the leaves
are fhort, and fharp-pointed, and the flowers, are
fmall, but in gardens the plants will grow two feet
high, and branch out wide on every fide ; the leaves
are broader, and the flowers much larger ; but in fe-
vere winters, when thefe plants are frequently killed
in the gardens, thofe upon the walls will receive no
injury, though they are much more expofed to the
winds and frofts ; for as thefe plants are ftunted, and
of a firmer texture, having but little juice, the cold
never affedts them.
There is a variety of this with very double flowers,
which is propagated in the gardens from flips planted
in the fpring, which readily take root. There is
one fort of this with variegated leaves, which is pre-
ferved in the gardens, but this is not quite fo hardy
as the plain.
The large, yellow, bloody Wall- flower, is alfo fup-
pofed to be a variety of this, which has been im-
proved by culture ; and this I am inclinable to be-
lieve, becaufe I have frequently obferved many of
them degenerate to the common fort ; but although
I have many years fowed the feeds of tfie common
fort from the walls, yet I could never find them alter,
except in being larger, but not any of them approach-
ed toward the other varieties. The large bloody
Wall-flower will frequently rife with double flowers
from feeds, if they are carefully faved from filch
plants as have five petals ; and thefe double flowers
may be propagated by flips as the common fort,
but the plants fo raifed will not produce fuch large
fpikes of flowers as thofe which are propagated by
feeds.
There is alfo another variety with double blood-co-
loured flowers, whofe petals are fhorter and more nu-
merous, approaching nearer to the common double
W all-flower, but much larger. This is called the
Old Bloody Wall-flower. It is propagated from flips,
in the fame manner as the other double forts. There
are fome intermediate varieties of thefe flowers, dif-
fering in the fize and colour of their petals, which
the florifts diftinguiffi as different ; but as they
conftantly vary from feeds, they do not deferve
notice.
The fourth fort grows naturally upon the Alps, and
the mountains in Italy, where it rarely riles above fix
inches high ; the leaves are very narrow, and the
flowers grow in clofe fpikes at the end of the
branches ; they are of a pale yellow, or brimftone co-
lour, and the necks of the petals are much longer
than the empalement ; thefe have but little fcent.
When this fort is cultivated in gardens, it grows as
large as the common Wall-flower, and makes a finer
appearance, for the fpikes of flowers are longer, and
they grow much clofer together ; but they have little
fcent, which occafioned their being firft negle&ed,
and at prefent there are few, if any, of the plants re-
maining in the Englifh gardens. It was titled the
Straw-coloured Wall-flower by the gardeners.
The forts with ftngle flowers produce feeds in plenty,
from which the plants are raifed ; but the largeft and
deepeft coloured flowers ffiould always be felefted
for feeds, becaufe from feeds carefully faved, there
will be fewer of the plants degenerate. The feeds
ffiould be fown in April, upon poor or undunged foil,
and when the plants are fit to remove, they ffiould be
tranfplanted into nurfery-beds, at about fix inches
diftance each way, obferving to water and fiiade them
until they have taken frelfi root ; after which they will
require no farther care, but to keep them clean from
weeds all the fummer ; and at Michaelmas they may
be tranfplanted into the borders of the flower-garden
where they are defigned to remain, that the plants
may get good roots before the froft comes on. This
is the method which is commonly prafitifed with thefe
flowers ; but if the feeds are forwn upon poor land,
O o o where
wtere. they are defigned to remain* and hot i:ranf- .
planted, they will thrive, and endure the froft in win-
ter much better than thofe which are removed ; fo
that upon ruins or rubbifti the feeds of thefe plants
may be lown, where they will thrive and continue
much longer than in good land ; and in filch places,
if they are properly difpofed, they will be very orna-
mental, and their dowers having a ftrong odour, will
perfume the air to a confiderable diftance.
The Stock Gillifiowers are diftinguifhed frorfl the
Wall-flowers by their hoary leaveSi Thefe agree with
each other in their botanical chhradlers, fo are gene-
rally included in the fame genus ; but the gardeners
remove them to a confiderable diftance, and treat
them very differently •, yet there is fo great affinity
between them, as that they may be treated in the
fame manner, and both will grow equally upori old
walls or ruins ; but as they have been feparated by
moft of the writers on gardening, I have, in compli-
ance with that cuftom, ranged them accordingly.
The fifth fort is now generally known by the appel-
lation of ten Weeks Stock, but it is what was for-
merly titled Annual Stock Gilliflower, whicli of late
has been applied to another fpecies, which is biennial.
This rifes with a round fmooth ftalk about two feet
high, dividing into feveral branches upward, garnifh-
ed with fpear-fhaped hoary leaves, which are rounded
at their ends, and placed without order, fometimes
being almoft oppofite, and others alternate, and fre-
quently three or four together of unequal fizes •, at
the ends of the branches the flowers are produced in
loofe fpikes, which are placed alternate ; the empale-
ment of the flower is large, ered, and (lightly cut
into feveral acute parts at the top ; the petals are
large and heart-fhaped, fpreading open in form of a
crofs ; the pods are long, cylindrical, and have a
longitudinal furrow on one fide, which opens in two
cells, which are filled with flat roundifti feeds, having
a thin border. It flowers in July and Auguft, and
the feeds ripen in Odober.
Of this fort there are the red, the purple, the white,
and ftriped, with Angle flowers, and the fame colours
with double flowers ; thefe are very great ornaments
in the borders of the flower-garden in the autumn,
when there is a fcarcity of other flowers ; and if the
feeds are fown at two or three different times, the flow-
ers may be continued in fucceflion near three months.
The fir ft lowing fhould be about the middle of Fe-
bruary, upon a very llender hot-bed, juft to bring up
the plants, which mult be guarded againft froft ; and
when they are fit to remove, they fhould be tranf-
planted into the nurfery beds, at about three or four
inches diftance, obferving to water and fhade them
till they have taken root, and afterward to keep them
clean from weeds ; in thefe beds they may remain
five or fix weeks to get ftrength, and may then be
planted into the borders of the flower-garden, where
they are to remain : if thefe are tranlplanted when
there is rain, they will foon take root, after which
they will require no farther care. From thefe early
plants good feeds may be expected, therefore fome
of the fineft plants of each colour fhould be preferv-
ed, and marked for feeds, which, when ripe, fhould
be carefully cut before the froft pinches it, and the
ftalks tied up in fmall bundles, and hung up in a dry
room till the pods are well dried, when the feeds may
be rubbed out and preferved for ufe.
The fixth fort is a biennial plant, though when the
feeds are fown early in the fpring, the plants often
flower the following autumn ; but thefe plants which
are fo forward, are often killed in winter ; therefore
it is much better to fow them in May, that the plants
may not grow too rank the fir ft feafon ; they will
live through the winter, and produce large fpikes
of flowers the fecond year.
This is commonly called the Queen’s Stock Gilli-
flower by the gardeners, and differs greatly from the
other forts, though many of the late botanifts have
fuppofed they were only feminal variations ; but from
near forty years experience in the culture of thefe
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plants, I can affirm, that the fpecies here enumerate
ed, do not alter from one to the other, though they
frequently vary in the colour ot their flowers.
It rifes with a ftrong ftalk, which is almoft fhrubby,
a foot high or more, having oblong, fpear-fhaped,
hoary leaves, which are frequently waved on their
edges, and turn downward at the extremity •, from
the ftalk is fent out many lateral branches, which are
garnifhed with the fame fhaped leaves, but fmaller *
thefe fide branches are each terminated by a loofe
fpike of flowers, each having an oblong woolly emu
p element, arid confift of four large roundifti petals,
which are indented at the end. Thefe ufually ap-
pear in May and June, but the fame plants frequently
continue flowering rhoft part 1 of the fummer. The
feeds ripen in autumn, arid the plants generally pe-
rifh foon after but when any of them grow in
dry rubbifh, they will laft two or three years and
become fhrubby ; but thofe with Angle flowers, are not
Worth preferving after they have perfe&ed their feeds.
The flowers of this fort vary in their colour * fome
are of a pale red, others are of a bright red, and fome
are curioufly variegated, but thofe of the bright red
are generally moft efteemed. There is always a
great number of double flowers produced, if the feeds
are well chofen, frequently three parts in four of the
plants will be double ; and as the plants divide into
many branches, they make a fine appearance during
their continuance in flower.
The feventh fort is known by the title of Bromptorf
Stock Gilliflower, I fuppofe from its having been
there firft cultivated iri England. This rifes with an
upright, ftrong, undivided ftalk, to the height of
tv/o feet or more, garnifhed with long hoary leaves,
which are reflexed, and waved on their edges, and at
the top form a large head ; out of the center of thefe
arifes the flower-ftalk, which, when the plants are
ftrong, is frequently a foot and a half long, putting
out two or three fnort branches toward the bottom *
the flowers of this kind have longer petals than any
of the other forts, and are formed into a pyramidal
fpike ; but thofe with Angle flowers are loofely dif-
pofed, becaufe the flowers having but few petals, do
not fill the fpike, as thofe do which are double ; for
thefe often have fo many petals, as to render each
flower as large and full as fmall Rofes ; and when
they are of a bright red, make a pretty appearance,
being excelled by none of the flowery tribe; but the
plants of this fort produce but one fpike, in v/hich it
differs from all the other kinds, and being conftant in
this particular, I think is fufficient to eftablifh a dif-
tinfl fpecies. This fort is generally biennial, though
many times the plants are preferved longer; but
they are always ftronger the firft year of their flower-
ing, than they will be after ; fo that the feeds are
fown every fpring, to continue a fucceflion of flower-
ing plants.
The eighth fort is the White Stock Gilliflower,
which is of longer duration than either of the other
forts. I have frequently had thefe plants live three or
four years, which have become fhrubby ; their ftalks
have been three feet high, and branched out on every
fide, fo as to appear like fhrubs ; thefe feldom fend
out flower-ftalks from the center of the plant, but it
is the fide branches which produce the flowers, and
thefe fide branches divide into feveral other, which is
not common to the other forts. There are always
many double flowers rife from feeds of this fort, when
they are well chofen ; fome years I have fcarce had
enough Angle flowers to preferve the kind. The va-
rieties of this are few, fometimes a few of the plants
will produce pale fldh-coloured flowers, and now and
then fome have been purple ; and as that fort of Stock
Gilliflower, which is titled the Twickenham Purple,
will fometimes come with flowers variegated with
white, I have been inclinable to think thefe two
may be varieties of each other ; and the rather, be-
caufe the plants agree with each other in their exter-
nal habit ; for neither of thefe put out their fiower-
ftems from the center of the plants, but always on
their
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their fide, fo that thefe are undoubtedly a diftindt fpe-
cies from the former.
The ninth fort is known by the title of White Wall-
flower, among the gardeners and florifts. This riles
with a greenifh ftalk a foot high, dividing into many
branches, garnifhed with narrow, fmooth, fpear-
fliaped leaves, of a lucid green, and of thicker con-
fluence than thofe of any of the other forts •, they
come out without any order, are near three incnes
long, and about half an inch broad in the middle ^
the flowers are produced in loofe fpikes at the end of
the branches, which are of a pure white, and have a
great fragrancy, efpecially in an evening or in cloudy
weather •, the flowers are lucceeded by oblong corn-
preflfed pods like thofe of the other fpecies. There is
a variety of this with double flowers, which is propa-
gated by cuttings or flips, in the fame manner as the
double Wall-flowers but thefe plants require protec-
tion from great rains, and froft in winter -, fo if they
are planted in pots, and placed under a common
frame in winter, where in mild weather they may en-
joy the open free air, and be covered from hard rains
and froft, they may be preferved feveral years.
Sometimes many of the plants with double flowers
will come up from feeds, but not fo frequent as
fome of the other forts. I have for feveral years raifed
.more than one hundred plants in a feafon, without
obtaining one double flower •, and from the leeds 01
thefe, have the following year had more than half
the plants with double flowers : but this is not to be
expected often.
The feeds of the tenth fort were fent me by Dr.
Linnmus, from Upfal in Sweden. This plant riles
about fix inches high, with an herbaceous fwelling
ftalk ; the leaves are produced in clufters at the top,
which are very hoary, waved on their edges, have ob-
tufe points, and let very clofe to the ftalk •, the flow-
ers are produced in {lender fpikes from the fide of
ftalk *, thefe are purple, but not fo fragrant as many
of the other forts •, the pods are woolly, and recurve
backward at the end.
All thefe forts flower in May and June, at which
time they are the greateft ornament to the flower-
garden, therefore deferve our care to cultivate them
as much as any of the flowery tribe ; but in order to
have many double flowers, there muft be great care
taken in the choice of plants for feeds, without which
there can be little hopes of having thefe flowers in
perfe&ion. The only lure way of getting many dou-
ble flowers, is to make choice of thofe Angle flowers
which grow near many double ones ; for 1 have al-
ways found thofe feeds which have been laved from
plants growing in beds clofe to each other, where
there happened to be many double flowers among'
them, have produced a much greater number of
plants with double flowers, than thofe which have
been faved from plants of the fame kinds, which
grew Angle in the borders of the flower-garden •, fo
that there fliould be a fmall bed of each kind planted
on purpofe to lave feeds in the flower-nurfery •, or if
they are fown there, and the plants thinned properly
when they are young, they need not be tranfplanted ;
for I have always obferved the plants which have
come up from fcattered feeds, which have not been
tranfplanted, endure the froft much better than thofe
which have been removed ; for as thefe plants fend
out horizontal roots from the bottom of their Hems,
which fpread near the furface of the ground, fo when
they are tranfplanted, the roots are forced downward
out of their natural direction •, and if their ftalks were
grown tall before removal, they are generally planted
low in the ground, whereby they are apt to rot, if
the ground is moift, or the winter fhould prove wet ;
therefore where they can be left unremoved, there
will be a better chance of their living through t le
winter •, and as thefe beds heed not be of great extent,
fo when the winter proves very fevere, it will not be
much trouble or expence to arch the beds over with
hoops, and cover them with mats in frofty weather,
by which method they may be always preferved.
2
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The gfound where thefe feeds are fown, muft riot
have any dung, for in rich land the plants will groW
very vigorous in furnmer, but when the froft comes
on, or the heavy rains in autumn, either of which
will foon deftroy them ^ for thefe plants will thrive
upon rocks or old walls, as was before obferved ; and
in fuch Atuations they will live, when all thofe which
are planted in gardens are deftroyed. The bell time
to fow the feeds is about the beginning of May ; and
if the feafon fliould prove dry, it will be proper to
fhade the beds with mats every day, to prevent the
earth from drying too fall but the covering muft be
taken off every evening, to admit the dews' of nighty
and they fliould be gently watered in the evening two
or three times a week. When the plants ftrft appear,
with their two feed-leaves, they are often attacked by
flies, efpecially in dry hot feafons ^ therefore to pre-
vent their deftroying of the plants, the covering
fliould be continued over them during the heat of the
day, and the plants frequently refreftied with water,
which will keep them in a growing ftate, fo the flies
will not infeft them ^ for I have always obferved, they
never attack any plants unlefs they have been Hunted
in their grcwth : when the plants have got ftrength,
they will be fecure from this danger^ and the cover-
ings may be removed ; after this the plants will re-
quire no farther care but to keep them clean from
weeds, and to be thinned to the diftance of nine
inches or a foot afunder, that they may have proper
room to grow, and not draw each other up tall and
weak. The plants which are drawn out of thefe beds
to thin them, may be planted in the borders of the
flower-garden, where they are deflgned to remain,
and the fooner they are removed, when the plants
have got Ax or eight leaves, the more likely they will
be to live through the winter ; becaufe their roots
will not have extended themfelves fo far, fo cannot
be planted deep in the ground, and may take their
natural diredtion ; therefore whenever thefe plants are
removed, it is always the beft way to do it when they
are young.
The farther care of the plants which are left in the
beds, will be to cover them in winter with mats ; and
when they come to flower, all thofe which are not of
good colours, or whofe flowers are fmall, fliould be
drawn out as foon as they appear, that they may not
impregnate thofe wfliich are deflgned for feeds with
their farina ; but thofe with double flowers fliould by
no means be removed, nor fliould their flowers be cut
off, but fuffered to fade among the Angle ones, by
which the feeds will be improved ; it will alfo be a
fure method of preferving each fort in perfedlion, to
liave them leparate from each other, in diftinct beds ;
though I think there is no danger of any of the fpe-
cies Altering, by the mixture of their farina, but their
colours are liable to be changed by it ; fo that in or-
der to continue thofe pure, they fliould not Hand
too near each other.
The time for flowing the feeds before-mentioned^
muft be underftood to be for the forts which are bien-
nial ; for the annual, or ten Weeks Stock GilliflowCr
fliould be for the flrft feaion fown in February, as
was before diredted ; and to fucceed thefe, there
fhould be another parcelTown in March ; and thofe
who are curious to continue thefe flowers late in the
autumn, fliould fow a parcel of the feed the latter
end of May ; and if thefe laft fown plants are upon
a warm border, where they may be covered, by
placing glaffes before them in winter, or covering
them v/ith mats, they may be continued in flower till
Chriftmas ; and if fome of the plants are potted, and
put under a hot-bed frame in autumn, where they
may enjoy the open air in mild weather, and be
fereened from hard rains and froft •, by which method
I have known thefe plants kept flowering all the win-
ter* when the winters have not been very fevere.
There are fome who propagate the double Stock Gib
liflowers by flips and cuttings, which will take root
when properly managed •, but the plants fo raifed are
never fo ftrong as thofe which come from feeds, and
their
IS*
I
their fpikes of flowers are always' very fhort, and have
hot half the beauty ; therefore it is not worth while
to practife this method, unlefs for thofe forts which
cannot be obtained with any certainty from feed.
The eleventh fort grows naturally in the fouth of
France, Spain, and Italy, near the fea coaft. This
rifes near a foot high, with a ligneous ftalk., dividing
into many fmall branches, garnifhed with narrow
hoary leaves, which are entire, and rounded at their
extremity ; the flowers are produced in loofe fpikes
at the end of the branches, which are fmaller than
thofe of either fort before-mentioned, of a bright red
at their firft appearing, but fade to a purple before
they fall off The ftalks, leaves, and the whole plant
is very white, and by its woody ftalks hath the ap-
pearance of a perennial plant, but it generally pe-
fifties in autumn. The feeds of this fort ftiould be
fown in autumn, upon A warm border, where the
plants are defigned to remain ; when the plants come
up, they will require no farther care but to keep
them clean from weeds, and thin them where they
come up too clofe. Thefe autumnal plants will
flower early in June, fo will produce good feeds ;
but thofe which are fown in the fpring will flower in
July and Atiguft, fo that from thefe there cannot be
any certainty of having ripe feeds : however, by bow-
ing the feeds at two or three different feafons; there
may be a fuccefiion of flowers continued for three or
four months.
1 »
The twelfth fort is commonly fown in gardens,
fometimes as an edging for borders, but more gene-
rally in patches between taller growing flowers : it is
titled fometimes Dwarf annual Stock Gilliflower, and
by others it hath the appellation of Virginia Stock
Gilliflower. This feldom rifes more than fix inches
high, fending out many branches from the root,
which intermix and grow irregular ; thefe are gar-
nifhed with fpear-fhaped leaves, rounded at their
ends, and fit clofe to the branches ; the flowers come
out in loofe fpikes at the end of the branches, which
are of a purple colour, compofed of four petals in
form of a crofs, and are fucceeded by {lender pods
like thofe of the other forts. If the feeds of this
fort are fown in patches, at two or three different
times, the firft in autumn, the fecond the latter end
of March, and the third the end of April, or the be-
ginning of May, in the borders of the flower-garden,
they will make a variety, when intermixed with other
low growing annual flowers, for three months.
The thirteenth fort rifes near two feet high, fending
out many upright branches from the bottom, which
are thinly garniftied with fpear-fhaped leaves, the
lower ones being a little indented ; the flowers come
out Angle, at great diftances from each other, toward
the upper part of the branches ; thefe are fmall, of a
purplifh red colour, and foon fall away, being fuc-
ceeded by long taper pods, with awl-fhaped points.
This is an annual plant, which may be treated in the
fame manner as the laft mentioned fort ; but as it
hath little beauty, it is not often cultivated in gardens.
The fourteenth fort grows naturally on the fea coafts
in Italy, Spain, and Portugal. This is alfo an an-
nual plant, which branches out from the root into
many declining ftalks ; the lower leaves are about
two inches long, and three quarters of an inch broad,
very deeply finuated on their edges, and hoary ; thofe
upon the ftalks are of the fame form, but much
fmaller ; the flowers are produced from the ftdes of
the ftalks ftngly, and at the top in loofe fpikes ; the
empalements of the flowers are covered with a white
down, as are alfo the end of the branches ; the flow-
ers are purple, compofed of four leaves placed in
form of a crofs ; the pods are about three inches long,
taper, woolly, and at their ends are divided into three
parts, which fpread into a triangle. It flowers in Ju-
ly, and when the feafon is favourable, the feeds will
ripen in autumn ; but if the feeds are fown in autumn
on a warm border, the plants will live through the
winter, and thefe will flower early in June, fo from
thefe good feeds may be obtained from them.
Che
The .fifteenth fort grows naturally on the fea coafts
in the fouth of France and Spain, where it continues
three. or four years ; the ftalk is ered, and the whole
plant is covered with a white down ; the lower leaves
are broad, fpear-fhaped, obtufe, and alternately in-
dented; the flowers are fldh-coloured,. compofed. of
four petals like the other fpecies, and are fucceeded
by long woolly pods.
This may be propagated by feeds in the fame manner
as the other forts ; and if the plants grow in rubbifh,
they will live through the winter better than in rich
earth.
The fixteenth fort is of humble growth, feldom rifina
above eight or nine inches high; the leaves are very
narrow, and indented on their edges ; the ftalk be-
comes lhrubby, to which the flowers grow very clofe •;
thefe are of a worn out purple colour, fo make but
little appearance. It grows naturally in Spain and
Italy, and is not fo hardy as the other forts, therefore
requires fome protection in winter.
The Seventeenth fort grows naturally in PbrtugaL
This is a low annual plant with pointed leaves, whole
borders ate indented as if tom ; the empalement of
the flower is hoary ; the flowers have four purple pe-
tals placed in form of a crofs, which are fucceeded
by knobbed-pointed pods inclofing flat feeds.
It the feeds of this kind are fown m the ipring Upon
Sheltered borders, where the plants are to remain, and
they are thinned and kept clean from weeds, the
plants will flower in July, and produce ripe feeds in
autumn.
CHELIDONITJM. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 231. tab.
1 16. Lin. Gen. Plant. 572. Chelidonium majus. Rail
Meth. Plant. 100. Glaucium. Tourn. Inft. R. H.
tab. 130. Celandine, or Greater Celandine, in French
Cheliodine or Eclair.
The Characters are,
The flower hath a roundijh empalement , compofed of two
concave obtufe leaves , which fall off ; it hath four large
roundijh petals , which fpread open and are narrow at their
bafe ; in the center is fituated a cylindrical germen , at-
tended by a great number of famine^ which are broad at
the top , and are terminated by oblong , compreffed , twin
fummits. Upon the germen is fituated a bifid fiigma in
form of a head. The germen afterward becomes a cylin-
drical pod, with one or two cells , opening with two valves,
and filled with many fmall feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft feftion of
Linnaeus’s thirteenth clafs, intitled Polyandria Mo-
nogynia, the flower having many ftamina and one
ftyle. To this genus he has joined the Glaucium of
Tournefort, whofe characters very well agree with
thofe of Celandine, fo are very properly brought
together.
The Species are,
1. Chelidonium ( Majus ) pedunculis urnbellatis. Lin.-
Gen. Plant. 505. Celandine with anumbellated footfalk.
Chelidonium majus vulgare. C. B. P. 144. Greater
common Celandine.
2. Chelidonium ( Laciniatum ) foliis quinque lobatis,
lobis anguftis acute laciniatis. Celandine whofe leaves
are compofed of five narrow lobes , which are cut into many
acute figments. Chelidonium majus laciniato fiore.
Cluf. Hift. 203. Greater Celandine with a jagged flower .
3. Chelidonium {(Glaucium) pedunculis unifloris, foliis
amplexicaulibus finuatis, caule glabro. Lin. Sp. Plant.
506. Celandine with fingle flowers on the foot-folks, finu-
ated leaves which embrace the ftalks, and a finooth ftalk.
Glaucium fiore luteo. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 351. Glau-
cium with a yellow flower ; and the Papaver corn icu la-
tum luteum. C. B. P. 171. Yellow horned Poppy.
4. Chelidonium {Comiculatum) pedunculis unifloris, fo-
liis ieffilibus pinnatifidis, caulq hifpido. Lin. Sp.
Plant. 506. Celandine with fingle flowers upon the foot -
ftalks , leaves fit clofe to the ftalks which have winged
points , and a rough ftalk. Glaucium hirfutum fiore
Phcenicio. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 253. Hairy Glaucium ,
or homed Poppy , with a fiarlet flower.
5. Chelidonium {Glabrum) pedunculis unifloris, foliis
f femiamplexicaulibus, den tads, glabris. Celandine with
foot -
/
foot-ftalks having a fingte flower , and fmooth indented
leaves , which half embrace the ftalks . Glaucium gla-
brum flore Phoenicio. Tourn. Inft. 254. Smooth horned
Poppy with a fcarlet flower.
6. Chelidonium ( Hybridum ) pedunculis unifioris* foliis
pinnatifidis, linearibus, caule kevi filiquis trivalvibus.
Lin. Sp. Plant. 724. Celandine with Jingle flowers upon
the foot-ftalk , many pointed narrow leaves , and a fmooth
ftalk. Glaucium flore violaceo. Tourn. Inft. 254.
Horned Poppy with a Violet-coloured flower.
The firft fort is the common Celandine which is ufed
in medicine, and is efteemed aperitive and cleanfing,
opening obftrudions of the fpleen and liver, and is
of great ufe in curing the jaundice and fcurvy. This
grows naturally on the fide of banks, and in fiiady
lanes in many parts of England, fo is feldom culti-
vated in gardens * for if the feeds are permitted to
fcatter* the ground will be plentifully ftored with
plants to a confiderable diftance. It flowers in May,
at which time the herb is in the greateft perfedion
for ufe.
The fecond fort is found growing in a few particular
places, where the feeds have been formerly fown, or
the plants caft out of gardens. This is by fome fup-
pofed to be only a variety of the firft, but I have
propagated this by feeds above forty years, and have
conftantly found the plants produced to be the fame
as thofe from which the feeds were faved, and never
vary, nor have I ever obferved the firft alter to this.
The leaves of this are divided into narrow long feg-
ments, which are deeply jagged on their edges, and
the petals of the flower are cut into many parts, in
which it differs from the firft. If the feeds of this
fort are permitted to fcatter, they will fill the ground
with plants. They both delight in fhade. There is
a variety of this with double flowers* which generally
riles the fame from feeds* which is not ufual in many
other plants * however, this variety may always be
preferved by parting the roots.
The third fort is known by the title of Horned Poppy*
it was fo called from the refemblance which the
flower bears to the Poppy, and the long feed-veffel,
which is like a horn. It grows naturally upon the
fandy and gravelly fhores by the fea, in many parts
of England, from whence the feeds have been brought
into gardens, where it is fometimes allowed to have
place for the fake of variety. This plant abounds
with a yellow juice which flows out from every part,
when broken. It fends out many thick gray leaves,
which are deeply jagged * the ftalks are* ftrong,
fmooth, and jointed, which rife near two feet high,
and divide into many brandies. Thefe are garnifhed
with leaves at each joint * thofe on the lower part of
the ftalks are long, broad, and deeply jagged, but
the upper leaves are entire and almoft heart-fhaped :
they clofely embrace the ftalks with their bafe * from
the bofom of the leaves come out the ftiort foot-ftalks
of the flowers, each fupporting one large yellow
flower, compofed of four broad petals, which fpread
open like the garden Poppy, in the center of which
are a great number of yellow ftamina, furrounding
a long cylindrical germen, crowned by an arrow-
pointed ftigma, which is permanent, remaining upon
the top of the horned feed-veffel, which grows nine
or ten inches long, having a longitudinal furrow on
one fide, where it opens when ripe, and lets out the
feeds. This is a biennial plant, v/hich flowers the
fecond year, and perifhes foon after the feeds are
ripe.
If the feeds of this plant are permitted to fcatter,
they will fill the ground near them with plants, fo
that it is not a proper plant for a flower-garden * but
if a few of the feeds are fcattered about in rock work,
the plants will rife without trouble, and in fuch
places will have a pretty effed. And if the feeds are
permitted to fcatter, there will always be a fupply of
young plants * fo the only care they will require, is
to pull them up when they multiply too faft. It
flowers in June and July, and the feeds ripen in
autumn.
CHE
The fourth fort grows naturally in Spain, Italy, and
fome parts of Germany, from whence the feeds have
been brought to England. The leaves of it are
deeply jagged and hairy, of a pale green, and grow 1
dole to the ftalks : thofe at the bottom lie on the
and are broader than thofe above. The
ground
ftalks afte a foot and a half high, having a Angle
jagged leaf placed at each joint * thefe have many di-
vifions, from their origin to the point, which is ex-
tended longer than the lower leaves. The flowers
come out from the bofom of the leaves * thefe are
compofed of five broad obtufe petals, which are of
a dark fcarlet colour, and foOn fall off. In the center
of each is fituated an oblong germen, having no ftyle,
but fupports a bifid ftigma * this is attended by a
great number of ftiort ftamina, terminated by obtufe
fummits. The germen afterward becomes a long
taper pod, on the apex of which the bifid ftigma re-
mains, fitting on the middle partition, which divides
the pod into two cells, which are filled with final!
feeds. The flower hath an empalement compofed of
two hollow leaves, which are clofely fet with fhort
prickles * this falls away when the flower is expanded.
It flowers in June and July, and the feeds ripen in
autumn. As the flowers of this plant are but of
ftiort duration, they do not make any confiderable
figure * but the foliage of the plant is very elegant,
and might be introduced by way of ornament to fur-
niture with great advantage, being very pidurefque:
it may alfo be wrought into patterns for filks, and
painted upon porcelain, where it would have a very
good effed. If the feeds of this plant are fowri in
the autumn, they will more certainly grow than
thole which are fown in the fpring * which frequently,
in dry feafons, do not come up the fame year, or at
leaft not before autumn * whereas thofe fown in au-
tumn, frequently come up foon after, or if not at
that feafon* do not fail coming up in the fpring;
and thefe plants come early to flower, fo that good
feeds may always be obtained from them. They
fhould be fown where the plants are to remain, and
they will require no other care but to thin them
where they are too clofe, and keep them clean from
weeds.
The fifth fort differs from the fourth* in having
broader leaves, which are not fo deeply divided * the
whole plant is fmooth, and the flowers are larger, but
are of the fame colour : this is alfo an annual plant*
and requires the fame treatment as the laft.
The fixth fort grows naturally among the Corn, in
fome parts of England. This is alfo an annual plant*
whofe feeds fhould be fown in autumn, for thofe
which are fown in the fpring feldom fucceed. The
leaves of this fort are finely jagged, and divided into
narrow fegments, fomewhat like thofe of Buckftiorn
Plantain * they are fmooth, of a lucid green, and are
commonly oppofite. The ftalks rife little more than
a foot high, dividing into two or three branches up-
ward, garnifhed with fmall leaves of the fame form
as thofe below. The flowers are fuftained by flender
foot-ftalks, which come out from the win^s of the
leaves * thefe are compofed of four obtufe petals, of
a Violet colour* in the center of which is fituated a
cylindrical germen, attended by a great number of
ftamina * the germen afterward ‘becomes a long cy-
lindrical pod, like thofe of the other fpecies. °The
flowers of this plant are very fugacious, feldom lading
above three or four hours before the petals drop off,
efpecially in clear weather. It flowers in May, and
tne. feeds ripen in July, and the plants foon after
perifh. If the feeds are permitted to fcatter, the plants
will come up without care as the others.
C H EL ONE [yjxPr,, Gr . a tortoife.] Tourn. Ad,
R. S. 1706. tab. 7. fol. 2. Lin. Gen. Plant. 666 .
The Characters are.
The empalement of the flower is of one leaf cut into five
parts , and is permanent * the flower is of the ringent kind *
having a floor / cylindrical tube , which is fwollen at the
chaps , whey e it is oblong , convex above , and plain below\
the mouth is adtnofl do fed \ the upper lip is obtufe and in-
1 -P P P den t ed *
1 Ml
1
denied, the lower Up is lightly cut into three parts. It
hath four ftamina, which are inclofed in the backfide of
the petal , the two fide ones being a little longer than the
other , which are terminated by oval hairy fummits, It
hath an oval germen fupporting a ./lender fly le, crowned by
an obtufe ftigma ; the germen afterward becomes an oval
capfule having two cells, which are filled with flat roundifh
feeds having a border.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond feflion
of Linnaeus’s thirteenth clafs, intitled Didynamia
Angiofpermia, from the flower having two long and
two fhort ftamina, and the feeds being included in a
capfule.
The Species are,
1. Chelone ( Glabra ) foliis lanceolatis, acuminatis, fef-
filibus, obfolete ferratis, radiee reptatrice. Chelone with
pointed fpear-Jhaped leaves ', fet clofe to the ftalks, with
/mall ferratures on their edges , and a creeping root. Che-
lone Acadienfls flore albo. Tourn. Aft. R. Par. 1706.
Chelone of Acadia, with a white flower.
2. Chelone ( Purpurea ) foliis lanceolatis, obliquis, pe-
tiolatis, oppofitis, marginibus acute ferratis. Chelone
with oblique fpear-floaped leaves, growing oppoflte on foot-
ftalks, and their borders Jh apply flawed. Chelone floribus
fpeciofis pulcherrimis, colore rofe damafeenae. Clayt.
Flor. Virg. 71. Chelone with a very beautiful looking
flower , the colour of the Damajk Rofe.
3. Chelone ( Hirfuta ) caule foliifque hirfutis. Lin. Sp.
Plant. 6 1 1 . Chelone with hairy /talks and leaves. Digi-
tatis Virginiana, panacis coloni foliis, flore amplo,
pallafcente. Pluk. Mant. 64. Virginia Foxglove with
Clowns all-heal leaves , and a large pale flower.
The firft fort grows naturally in rrioft parts of North
America. This is called by Jofcelin, in his New
England Rarities, the Humming Bird-tree. It hath
a pretty thick jointed root, which creeps under ground
to a confiderable diftance, fending up fmooth chan-
nelled ftalks, which rife about two feet high, garniflhed
with two leaves at each joint, Handing oppoflte
without foot-ftalks ; thefe are three inches and a half
long, and about three quarters of an inch broad at
their bafe, where they are broadeft, and diminifh
gradually to a fharp point ; they have fmall ferratures
on their edges, which fcarcely appear. The flowers
grow in a clofe fpike at the end of the ftalks ; they
are white, and have but one petal, which is tubular,
and narrow at the bottom, but fwells upward, almoft
like the Foxglove flower; the upper fide is bent
over and convex, but the under is flat, and (lightly
indented in three parts at the end. When the flowers
fall off, the germen turns to an oval capfule fitting
in the empalement, filled with roundifh compreffed
feeds, which have a thin border. It flowers in Au-
guft, and when the autumn proves favourable, the
feeds will fometimes ripen in England ; but as the
plants propagate fo fail by their creeping roots, the
feeds are feldom regarded. The beft time to tranf-
plant the roots is in autumn, that they may be well
eftablifhed in the ground before the fpring, otherwile
they will not flower fo ftrong, efpecially if the feafon
proves dry ; but when they are removed in the fpring,
it fhould not be later than the middle of March, by
which time their roots will begin to pufh out new
fibres. They will thrive in almoft any foil or fituation,
but their roots are apt to creep too far, if they are
not confined, and fometimes intermix with thofe of
other plants •, and then their ftalks ftand fo far diftant
from each other, as to make but little appearance •,
therefore they fhould be planted in pots, which will
confine their roots, fo that in each pot there will
be eight or ten ftalks growing near each other, when
they will make a tolerable, good appearance. This
plant is very hardy, fo is not injured by cold, but it
muft have plenty of water in hot weather.
The fecond fort was difeovered in Virginia by Mr.
Clayton, who fent it to England : the roots of this
do not creep fo far as thofe of the firft, the ftalks are
ftronger, and the leaves much broader, and are ob-
lique ; they are deeply fawed on their edges, and
ftand upon fhort foot-ftalks : the flowers are of a
bright purple colour, fo make a finer appearance-.
This flowers at the fame time with the firft, and is
propagated by parting of the roots in the fame
manner.
The third fort I received from New. England, where
it grows naturally : this is near to the firft fort, but
the ftalks and leaves are very hairy, and the flower
is of a purer white; It flowers at the fame time with
the former, and requires the fame treatment.
As thefe plants flower in the autumn, when there is
a fcarcity of other flowers, it fenders them the more
valuable, efpecially the fecond fort, whole flowers
make a very pretty appearance, when they are
ftrong ; alid if fome of them have a fhady fituation
in the fummer, they will flower later in the autumn.
CHENOPODI A-MORUS. See Blitum.
CHEN OPODIUM [gyve trohov, Grf Tourn. Inft;
R. H. 506. tab. 288. Lin. Gen. Plant. 272. Goofe-
foot, or Wild Orach.
The Characters are;
It hath a permanent empalement, compofled of jive oval
concave leaves : the flower hath no petal, but in the center
it hath five ftamina placed oppoflte to the leaves of the
empalement , and of the fame length , terminated by
roundijh twin fummits •, it hath a round germen fupport-
ing a fhort double ftyle, crowned by an obtufe ftigma.
The germen afterward becomes a five-cornered fruit inclofed
in the empalement, containing one roundifh deprejfed feed.-
Linnaeus places this genus in the fecond feftion of his
fifth clafs, intitled Pentandria. Digynia, the flower
having five ftamina and two ftyles.
The Species are,
1. Chenopodium ( Bonus Henri cus) foliis triangulari-fk-
gittatis, integerrimis fpicis compcfitis aphyllis. Hort;
Cliff. 84. Goofefoot with nrrow-jhaped triangular leaves
which are entire. Chenopodium folio triangulo. Tourn.
Inft. 506. Goofefoot with a triangular leaf, called Englijh
Mercury, All Good, or Good Henry.
2. Chenopodium ( Vulvaria ) foliis integerrimis rhombeo-
ovatis, floribus conglomeratis axiliaribus. Flor. Suec.
216. Goofefoot with entire, oval , rhomb oidal leaves, and
flowers growing in clufters on the fide of the ftalks.
Chenopodium feetidum. Tourn. Inft. 506. Stinking
Orach.
3’. Chenopodium ( Scoparia ) foliis lineari-lanceolatis,
planis, integerrimis. Hort. Cliff. 86. Goofefoot with
narrow fpear-Jhaped leaves, which are plain and entire .
Chenopodium lini folio villofo. Tourn. Inft. R. H.
Goofefoot with a hairy Flax leaf, commonly called Belve-
dere, or Summer Cyprefs.
4. Chenopodium ( Botrys ) foliis oblongis, finuatis, ra-
cemis nudis multifidis. Hort. Cliff. 84. Goofefoot with
oblong finuated leaves, and naked multifid J pikes of flowers.
Chenopodium ambrofioides folio finuato. Tourn. Inft.
506. Goofefoot, like Ambrofia, with finuated leaves, com-
monly called Oak of Jerufalem.
5. Chenopodium ( Ambrofioides ) foliis lanceolatis, den-
tatis, racemis foliatis fimplicibus. Hort. Cliff. 84.
Goofefoot with fpear-Jhaped indented leaves, and fingle
leafy /pikes of flowers. Chenopodium ambrofioides
Mexicanum. Tourn. Inft. 506. Mexican Goofefoot, like
Ambrofia , commonly called Oak cf Cappadocia.
6 . Chenopodium ( Fruticofum ) foliis lanceolatis, den-
tatis, caule fruticofo. Goofefoot with fpear-Jhaped in-
dented leaves, and a Jhrubby ftalk. Chenopodium am-
brofioides Mexicanum fruticofum. Boerh. Ind. alt. 2.
p. 90. Shrubby Mexican Orach.
7. Chenopodium ( Multifidum ) foliis multifidis, fegmen*
tis linearibus, floribus axiliaribus feflilibus. Lin. Sp.
320. Goofefoot with multifid leaves , linear fegmmts, and
flowers fet clofe to the ftalk. Chenopodium fempervirens,
foliis tenuiter laciniatis. Hort. Elth. 78.
There are many other fpecies of this genus, fome of
which grow naturally on dunghills and the fide of
ditches, in moft parts of England, where they often
become very troublefome weeds for which reafon,
I have not enumerated them here.
The firft fort is found growing naturally in fhady
lanes in many parts of England, but it is very doubt-
ful if the feeds have not been caft out of gardens
originally,
t
CHE
originally, becaufe this plant was Formerly cultivated
in kitchen-gardens for ufe ; and in fome of the nor-
thern counties, the people ftill preferve it in their gar-
dens as an efeulent herb •, which in the fpring feafon,
they drels in the fame manner as Spinach, for which
it is a fubftitute. But, as the latter is a much better
herb, it has obtained the preference very juftly, in all
the countries where the' culture of the kitchen-garden
is underftood.
The fecond fort is very common upon dunghills,
and in gardens, in molt parts of England : it is fel-
dom cultivated, except in fome phyfic-gardens ; for
the markets in London are fupplied with it by the
herb-women, who gather it in the places where it
grows wild.
The third fort is fometimes cultivated in gardens ;
it is a beautiful plant, which is naturally difpofed to
grow very clofe and thick, and in as regular a pyra-
mid as if cut by art. The leaves are of a pleafant
green; and were it not for that, it hath fo much of
the appearance of a Cyprus-tree, that at fome diftance
it might be taken for the fame, by good judges : the
feeds ihould be fown in autumn ; and in the fpring,
when the plants are come up, they may be planted
into pots of good earth, and kept fupplied with wa-
ter in dry weather : thefe pots may be intermixed
with other plants to adorn court-yards, &c. where
they will appear very handfome, until their feeds be-
gin to fwell and grow heavy;, which weigh down and
difplace the branches ; at which time the pots Ihould
be removed to fome abjeft part of the garden, to
perfed their feeds ; which, if permitted to fall upon
the ground, will come up the next fpring ; fo that you
need be at no more trouble in propagating thefe
plants, but only to tranfplant them where you intend
they Ihould grow.
The fifth fort was formerly ufed in medicine; but
although it ftill continues in the catalogue of fimples
annexed to the London Difpenfatory, yet is very fel-
dom ufed at prefent. This plant may be propagated
by fowing the feeds in an open border of good earth
in the fpring, where it will per fed its feeds in au-
tumn ; which, if permitted to fhed upon the ground,
will arife as the former.
The fourth fort was brought from America, where
the feeds are called Worm Seed, I fuppofe from
fome quality contained in it, which deftroys worms
in the body.
This is propagated by fowing the feeds in the fpring,
as the before-mentioned fort, and will perfed its feed
in autumn; after which, the plant decays to the
ground : but if the root be preferved in fhelter un-
der a common frame in winter, the ftalk's will rife
again the following fpring.
The leaves of this plant emit a very ftrong odour
when bruifed, fomewhat like thofe of the Ambroiia,
for which the plants are preferved in gardens, for the
fiower hath no beauty. This plant grows naturally
in rnoft parts of North America, where it is generally
called Worm Seed. It fends up feveral ftalks from
the root, which rife about two feet high, garnifhed
with oblong leaves a little indented on their edges, of
a light green, and placed alternately on the ftalks ;
the flowers come out from the wings of the leaves
on the upper part of the branches, in loofe fpikes :
thefe appear in July, and the feeds ripen in Septem-
ber ; which, if permitted to fcatter, the plants will
come up the following fpring, when a few of them
may be tranfplanted into pots filled with kitchen-gar-
den earth, to be preferved through the winter ; and
the others may be planted in the common borders,
where they will flower and perfedt their feeds ; but
unlefs the winter is very favourable, the roots will be
deftroyed.
The feeds of all the fpecies of this genus will fuc-
ceed beft, if they are fown in autumn ; for when they
are fown in the fpring, they frequently lie a whole
year before the plants come up : therefore where the
feeds of any of them fcatter, the plants will come up
much better than thofe which are fown by hand.
The fifth fort is annual : this alfo grows naturally in
North America, from whence I have frequently re- |
ceived the feeds. 7 It is alfo a native of many of the
warm countries in Europe. This hath many oblong
leaves at the bottom, which are deeply finuated on
both iides, fomewhat like thofe of the Oak-tree,
from whence it received the title of Oak of Jerufalem.
Theft are purple on their under fide, and when bruif-
ed, emit a ftrong odour. The ftalks rife about eight
or nine inches high, dividing into feveral fmaller
branches. The lower part of thefe is garnifhed with
leaves of the fame fhape with thofe below, but are
fmaller. The flowers grow in naked loofe fpikes,
divided into many parts : they are fmall, herbace-
ous, and are fucceeded by fmall round feeds. This
fort flowers in June and July, and the feeds ripen in
autumn.
The fixth fort hath leaves very like thofe of the
fourth, and have the fame feent : but this hath a
fhrubby ftalk, which rifts five or fix feet high, and
divides into many branches. It is a native of Ame-
rica, and muft be houfed in the winter, for it will
not live through the winter in England in the open
air. It is eafily propagated by cuttings during any
of the fummer months, which, if planted in a fhady
border, and duly watered, will foon take root ; and
then may be planted in pots filled with light earth,
and placed in the fhade till they have taken new root,
after which they may be placed with other hardy ex-
otic plants in a fheltered fituation during fummer ;
and when the froft comes on, they muft be removed
into the green-houfe ; but they only require protec-
tion from hard frofts, and fhould have plenty of air
in mild weather. This grows naturally in the Brafils.
The feventh fort grows naturally at Buenos Ayres ;
this rifts with a fhrubby ftalk three or four feet high,
garnifhed with oblong leaves, which are cut into
many linear fegments ; the flowers fit clofe to the
ftalks, which, like the other fpecies of this genus,
have no petals, but the empalement inclofes five flen-
der ftamina : the germen fupports two ftyles, crowned
by obtufe ftigma.
This is a perennial plant, which retains its leaves
through the year, fo will add to the variety in a
green-houfe in winter, but has little other beauty to
recommend it. This may be propagated by cuttings,
which, if planted in a bed of light earth during any
of the fummer months, and duly fhaded and watered,
will put out roots ; then they may be tranfplanted into
pots, and may be placed with other hardy exotic
plants in fummer, but muft be fheltered from froft in
winter.
CHERRY-LAUREL. See Padus*
CHER R Y-T REE. See Cerasus.
CHERVIL. See Sc andix.
CHESNUT. See Castanea.
C H E S N UT, the Horfe. See EscuLtiSi
CHION ANTHUS. Lin. Gen. Plant. 21. The Fringe,
or Snowdrop- tree. This title was given to this plant
by Dr. Van Royen, from the whitenefs of its flow-
ers : the inhabitants of America, where this tree is a
native, call it Snowdrop-tree, for the fame reafon :
and the Dutch call it Sneebaum, i. e. Snow-tree, on
the fame account.
The Characters are.
It hath a permanent empalement cf one leaf. \ which is
erect, and cut into four acute parts ; the flower is of one
petal , having a floor t fpreading tube the length of the em-
palement , and the upper part is cut into flour very long
narrow fegments , which are ereH. It hath two floor t
ftamina mflerted in the tube of the petal , which are ter-
minated by upright heart-jhaped fummits. In the center
is placfd the oval germen , fupporting a Jingle flyle ,
crowned by an obtufe trifid ftigma. T 'he germen after-
ward becomes a round berry with one cell , inclofmg one
hard feed.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fedtion of
Linnseus’s fecond clafs, in-titled Diandria Mono-
gynia, the flower having two ftamina and one
, ftyle.
\h5
We
tVc have but one Species of this plant in the Eng-
lifh gardens, viz.
Chionanthus pedunculis trifidis trifloris. Lin. Sp.
Plant. 8. Snowdrop-tret, or Fringe-tree , • with tfifid
foot-Jialks J, up-porting three flowers. Amelanchier Vir-
giniana laurocerafi folio. Pet. Hof. Sicc. 241. Virgi-
nia Amelanchier with a Laurel leafl.
This fhrub is common in South Carolina, where it
grows by the fide of rivulets, and feldom is more
than ten feet high : the leaves are as large as thofe of
the Laurel, but are of a much thinner fubftance *
the flowers come out in May, hanging in long
bunches, and are of a pure white, from whence the
inhabitants call it Snowdrop-tree * and, from the
flowers being cut into narrow fegments, they give
it the name of Fringe-tree. After the flowers have
fallen away, the fruit appears, which becomes a
black berry* about the fize of Sloes, having one hard
feed in each.
This tree is now more common in the curious gar-
dens in England, than it was a few years fince * there
having been many young plants raifed from the feeds,
which have been brought from- America lately : there
Irave alfo been fome plants propagated by layers,
though there is great uncertainty of their taking root,
which they feldom do in lefs than two years * nor
will they ever take root, unlefs they are well fupplied
with water in dry weather.
The beft way to obtain good plants, is from the
feeds, which mull be procured from America, for
they never have produced any fruit in this country.
The feeds fhould be fown in fmall pots filled with
■ frefh loamy earth foon after they arrive, and fhould
be placed under a hot-bed frame, where they may
remain till the beginning of May, when they muft be
removed to a fituation expoled to the morning fun,
and fereened from the fun in the middle of the day.
In dry weather the pots muft be watered, ,and kept
clean from weeds * for as thefe feeds lie in the ground
a whole year before the plants will come up, they
fhould not be expofed to the fun the firft fummer, but
tlie following autumn they fhould be removed, and
placed under a frame, to proted the feeds from be-
ing injured by the froft ; and if the po-ts are plunged
into a moderate hot-bed the beginning of March, it
will bring up thd plants much fooner than they will
otherwife rife 5 by which means they will get more
ftrength the firft fummer, and be better able to refift
the cold of tlie next winter. While thefe plants are
very young, they will be in danger of fuffering by
fevere froft -, but when they have obtained ftrength,
they will refift the greateft cold of our climate in the
open air ; therefore for the two or three firft winters,
it will be proper to keep them under fhelter * fo that
the young plants may remain in the feed-pots all the
firft fummer, and the following winter * and in the
fpring before they begin to fhoot, they fhould be
fhaken out of the pots, and carefully feparated fo as
not to break off their roots, and each planted in a
fmall pot filled with light loamy foil, and plunged
into a very moderate hot-bed, juft to forward their
taking frefh root * then they fhould be gradually
inured to the open air, and during the following fum-
mer, the pots fhould be plunged into the ground, to
prevent the earth from drying, in a fituation where
they may enjoy the morning fun, but fereened from
the great heat at noon. During the fummer feafon,
they will require to be frequently watered, and kept
clean from weeds. The autumn following, they
fhould be again placed under a hot-bed frame to
fereen them from froft •, but they fhould enjoy the
free air at all times, when the weather is mild. The
■April following, the plants may be fhaken out of the
pots, with the ball of earth to their roots, and planted
where they are deftgned to remain.
This fhrub delights in a moift, foft, loamy foil, and
if it is planted in a fheltered fituation, will endure
the cold of our winters very well in the open air ; but
in dry land it is very fubjed to decay in warm
feafons.
In the places where this fhrub grows naturally, if
produces great quantities of flowers, fo that they
leem covered with fnow, which gave occafion to the
inhabitants for titling it Snowdrop-tree •, but in Eng-
land the flowers are feldom fo numerous, fo do not
make fo good an appearance.
CHIRONIA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 227.
The Characters are*
The flower hath a permanent empalement of one leaf.,
cut into five oblong fegments : it hath one petal , with a
roundijh tube 3 the fize of the empalement , divided into
five equal parts above , which fipread open : it hath five
floor t broad ftamina , which are j aft ened to the top of the
tube , and are terminated by large oblong fiummits , which
join together , and after the flowers drop are fpirally twift-
ed. It hath an oval germen , fituated in the center ,
fupporting a fender declining flyle , crowned by a rifling
ftigma in form of a head. The germen afterward becomes
an oval capfule with two cells , filled with fmall j'eeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fedion of
Linnaeus’s fifth clafs, intitled Pentandria Monogynia,
the flower having five ftamina and one ftyle.
The Species are,
1. Chironia frutefeens, capfulifera. Lin. Sp. Plant.
190. Shrubby Chironia bearing capfules. Cerrtauri-
um minus Afrieanum, arborefeens, latifolium, flore
ruberrimo. Com. Rar. PI. 8. tab. 8. Lejfer Tree-like
African Centaury , with a broad leaf and a very red
flower ;
2. Chironia frutefeens baccifera. Lin. Sp. Plant.-
190. Shrubby berry-bearing Chironia. Centaurium
minus arborefeens pulpiferum. Com. Rar. Pk 9.
tab. 9. Lejfer Tree-like Centaury with feeds furrounded
with pulp.
Thefe plants grow naturally at the Cape of Good
Hope, from whence their feeds were brought to Hol-
land many years paft, and die plants were raifed in
fome of the curious gardens there, and have fince
been communicated to the curious in many parts of
Europe. The feeds of the firft fort were fent me
from Paris, by Mr. Richard, gardener to the king
at Verfailles, from which I raifed feveral plants, which
have flowered in the Chelfea garden feveral years, but
have not as yet perfeded any feeds.
It hath a fibrous root, which fpreads near the furface
of the ground. The ftalks are round, and inclining
to be ligneous, but are of a very foft texture * thefe
grow from two to three feet high, having feveral
branches on every fide, which grow erqd, garnifhed
with fucculent leaves, which are an inch or more ia
length, and an eighth part of an inch broad, ending
in an obtufe point. At the ends of each fhoot the
flowers are produced, which are tubulous, and fpread
open at the top like thofe of Periwinkle * thefe are of
a bright red colour, and when there are a large num-
ber of the flowers open on the fame plant, they make
a very fine appearance. In the center of the flower
■ is placed an oval germen, upon which there is fixed
a recurved ftyle, having a blunt ftigma at tlie top,
furrounded by five incurved ftamina, each fupporting
a large fummit. When the flowers fall away, the
germen becomes an inflated capfule, which is filled
with fmall feeds. The flowers are produced from
June to autumn, and the feeds ripen in Oftober. This
plant fhould be placed in an airy glafs-cafe in winter,
where it may enjoy a dry air and much fun, but will
not thrive in a warm ftove-; nor can it be well pre-
ferved in a common green-houfe, becaufe a damp
moift air will foon caufe it to rot.
The feeds of this plant fhould be fown in fmall
pots filled with light fandy earth, foon after they
are ripe, and plunged into a moderate hot-bed, and
muft be frequently but gently watered * fome-,
times the feeds will lie a long time in the ground, fa
that if the plants do not appear the fame feafon, the
pots fhould not be difturbed, but preferved in fhelter
till the following fpring, and then plunged into a
frefh hot-bed, which will bring up the plants in a
fhort time, if the feeds are good. When the plants
are fit to remove, they fhould be tranfplanted into
2 fmall
C H O
final! pots, four or five in each pot ; then plunge the
pots into a moderate hot-bed, and fprinkle them with
water, and fnade them every day from the fun till
they have taken new root ; after which they mult
have a large fhare of air in warm weather, to prevent
their drawing up weak : when the plants have obtain-
ed fome ftrength, they mult be gradually inured to
bear the open air •, but when they are expoied abroad,
■ if there fhould happen much rain, the plants mult
be fcreened from it, otherwife it will caufe them to
rot : when the plants have filled the pots with their
roots, they Ihouid be parted, and each put into a fe-
parate pot filled with light fandy earth, not rich with
dung, placing them in the lhade till they have taken
frefli root j then they may be removed to a warm
Iheltered fituation, and mixed with fuch other plants
as require but little water •, in which fituation they
may remain till: autumn, when they mufb be placed
in a dry airy glafs-cafe and in the winter fhould have
very little wet, but muft enjoy the fun aS much as
poffible ; and in mild weather fhould have frelh air
admitted to them, but muft be protedted from froft :
with this management, the plants will thrive and pro-
duce flowers the fecond year from feed.
The fecond fort rifes with a firmer ftalk than the
firft, which is round, jointed, and divides upward
into a greater number of branches, garnifhed with
fhort narrow leaves, which are pretty thick and luc-
culent. The flowers are produced at the end of the
branches, in the fame manner as thofe of the firft,
which are of a fine red colour, but not half fo large
as the flowers of the firft ; when thefe fall away, they
are fucceeded by oval pulpy berries, in which are in-
cluded many fmall feeds. This fort continues flow-
ering great part of fummer and autumn, and in warm
feafons the feeds will ripen in England.
It is propagated by feeds in the fame manner as the
former fort, and the plants require the fame treat-
ment.
CHIVES, as they are by fome titled, are the fta-
mina, which fupport the fummits in the center of
flowers.
C H I V E T S, in French, are the fmall parts, or little
offsets from the roots of bulbous plants, by which
they are propagated.
CHONDRILLA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 815. Tourn.
Inft. R. H. 475. tab. 268. [of Gr. a carti-
lage.] Gum Succory.
The Characters are,
The common empalement is compofed of many narrow cy-
lindrical fcades , which are equal. The flower is compofed
of many hermaphrodite florets , which are uniform , and lie
imbricatim , like tiles on a houfe thefe have one petal ,
which is ftzetched out on one fide like a tongue , and are
I indented at the top in four or five fegments they have
each five fort hairy flamina , terminated by cylindrical
fummits. The germen is ftuated under the floret , halving
a fly le the length of the flamina, crowned by two reflexed
ftigmas j the germen afterward becomes a fingle , oval ,
comprejfed feed, crowned with a fingle down, and inclofed
in the empalement.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fedtion of
Linnaeus’s nineteenth clafs, intitled Syngenefia Poly-
gamia aequalis. The flowers of this fedtion are
compofed of only hermaphrodite florets, which are
fruitful.
We have but one Species of this genus, viz. .
Chondrilla ( Juncea .) Lin. Hort. Cliff. 383. ' Gum Suc-
cory. Chondrillajuncea vifcofa arvenfis. C. B. P. 30.
Vifcous Field Gum Succory with rufhy ftalks.
This plant grows naturally in Germany, Helvetia,
and France, on the borders of the fields, and is fel-
dom preferved in gardens, becaufe the roots are very
apt to fpread, and become troublefome weeds ; and
the feeds having down on their tops, are carried by
the wind to a great diftance, fo that the neighbouring
ground is filled with the plants ; the roots of this
ftrike deep into the ground, and fpread out with
thick fibres on every fide, each of which, when cut,
or broken into many parts, will fiioot up a plant ; fo
C H R
that when this plant hath obtained poffeffion of the
ground, it is very difficult to root out. The root
fends out a great number of flender ftalks, which at
their bottom are garnifhed with oblong finuated
leaves, but thofe above are very narrow and entire.
The flowers are produced from the fide and top of
the branches, which are like thofe of Lettuce, and
are fucceeded by feeds of the fame form, crowned
with down. It flowers in July, and the feeds ripen
in September.
The other fpecies of this genus which were enume-
rated in the former edition, are referred to the Lac-
tuca and Crepis.
CHRISTMAS FLOWER, or Black Helle-
bore. See Helleborus.
CHRISTQPHQRI ANA. See Actea.
C HR I S A N THEMOIDES O S T EOSPER-
MON. See Gsteosperm-um.
CHRYSANTHEMUM-. Tourn. Inft. R. H.
491. tab. 280. Lin. Gen. Plant. 866. Leucanthe-
mum. Tourn. Inft. R. FI. 492'. [^pva-dAe^ov, Gr.
from xpv<r<&>, gold, AA/ v,© j , a flower ; that is to fay,
Golden Flower.] Corn Marigold.
The Characters are,
It hath a compound flower , the rays being compofed of
female florets which are extended \ on one fide like a tongue ,
and are indented in three fegments at the end ; thefe have
an oval germen , fupporting a flender flyle, crowned by two
obtufe ftigmas. The hermaphrodite florets which compofe
the difk, are funnel-floaped the length of the empalement ,
but are divided into five fegments at the top, which are
fpread open •, thefe have five fhort hairy flamina, termi-
nated by tubular cylindrical fummits, and have an oval
germen, with flyle and ftigma like the female ; the germen
afterward becomes a fingle , oblong , naked feed.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fedtion
of Linnaeus’s nineteenth clafs, intitled Syngenefia
Polygamia fuperflua. In this fedtion all the central
florets which compofe the difk, are hermaphrodite
and fruitful, and the rays are compofed of female
florets.
The Species are,
1. Chrysanthemum ( Segetum ) foliis amplexicaulibusi’
fuperne laciniatis, inferne dentato-ferratis. Hort. Cliff.
416. Corn Marigold with leaves embracing the ftalks, the
upper being jagged, and the lower indented like a flaw .
Chryfanthemum fegetum. Cluf. Hift. 1. p. 334. Corn
Marigold.
2. Chrysanthemum ( Leucanthemum ) foliis amplexicau-
libus, oblongis, fuperne ferratis, inferne dentatis.
Hort. Cliff. 416. Corn Marigold with oblong leaves em-
bracing the ftalks, the upper ones being flawed, and the
lower indented. Beilis fylveftris caule foliofo major.
C. B. P. 261. Greater wild Daify with a leafy ftalk.
3. Chrysanthemum ( Serotinum ) foliis lanceolatis, fu-
perne ferratis, utrinque acuminatis. Hort. Cliff. 416.
Corn Marigold with fpear-floaped leaves , thofe above be-
ing flawed, and pointed on all fides. Beilis major, ra-
dice repente, foliis latioribus, ferratis. Mor. Hift. 3.
p. 29. Greater Daify with a creeping root , and broad
flawed leaves.
4. Chrysanthemum ( Montanum ) foliis imis fpathulato-
lanceolatis, ferratis, fummis linearibus. Sauv. Monfp.
87. Corn Marigold with lower leaves pointed like a fpear-
faped fpatula, and flawed, and the upper ones linear .
Leucanthemum montanum minus. Tourn. Inft. 492.
Leffer Mountain Ox-eye.
5. Chrysanthemum ( Graminifolium ) foliis linearibus, 1
fubintegerrimis. Sauv. Monfp. 87. Corn Marigold
with narrow leaves , which are entire. Leucanthemum
gramineo folio. Tourn. Inft. 493. Ox-eye with a Grafs
leaf.
6 . Chrysanthemum ( Alpinum ) foliis pinnatifidis, la-
ciniis parallelis, integris, caule unifloris. Lin. Sp.
Plant. 889. Corn Marigold with many pointed leaves,
whofe fegments are parallel and entire, and one flower on
each foot-ftalk. Leucanthemum Alpinum, foliis Co-
ronopi. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 493 . Alpine Ox-eye with a
Hartfioorn leaf
Q^q q 7. Chrysan-
\
J
CHR
f. Chrysanthemum ( Corymbiferum ) foliis pinnatis, in-
cifo-ferratis, caule multifloro. Prod. Leyd. 174. Corn
Marigold with winged leaves , fawed fegments , and many
flowers upon aftalk . Tanacetum montanum inodorum,
minore flore. G. B. P. 132. Unfavoury Mountain Tanfly
with a lejfler flower.
8. Chrysanthemum ( Coronarium ) foliis pinnatifidis, in-
cifis, extrorfum latioribus. Hort. Cliff. 416. Corn
Marigold with wing-pointed cut leaves , whofe exterior
parts are broadefl. Chryfanthemum Creticum. Cluf.
Hift. 1. p. 3 34. Corn Marigold of Crete.
9 4 Chrysanthemum ( Monflpelienjium ) folds imis palma-
tis, foliolis linearibus, pinnatifidis. Sauv. Monfp.
304. Corn Marigold , whofe lower leaves are palmated ,
and the fmaller linear , ending in many points. Eeu-
canthemum montanum foliis Chryfanthemi. Tourn.
Inft. 49 2 * Mountain Ox-eye' with Corn Marigold leaves.
10. Chrysanthemum ( Frutefcens ) fruticofum, foliis li-
nearibus dentato-trifidis. Hort. Cliff. 417. Shrubby
Corn Marigold with narrow leaves , having three indent-
ed points. Leucanthemum Canarienfe, foliis Chry-
fanthemi, Pyrethri fapore. Tourn. Inft. 493. Canary
Ox-eye with Corn Marigold leaves , and the tafte of Pe-
titory.
11. Chrysanthemum ( Flofculofum ) flofculis omnibus
uniformibus, hermaphroditis. Hort. Cliff 417. Corn
Marigold , whofe florets are all uniform and hermaphro-
dite. Beilis fpinofa, foliis Agerati. C. B. P. 262.
Prickly Daify with Maudlin leaves.
12. Chrysanthemum ( Pallidum ) foliis linearibus, in-
ferne apice dentatis, fuperne integerrimis, peduncu-
lis nudis unifloris. Corn Marigold with narrow leaves ,
thofe on the lower part being indented at their points , the
upper entire , and naked foot-flalks with one flower. Chry-
fanthemum pallidum minimis, imifque, foliis incifis
fuperioribus integris, capillaribus. Barrel. Icon. 421.
Leaf Corn Marigold , with the under and lejfler leaves di-
vided, the upper entire.
The firft fort is the common Corn Marigold, which
grows naturally amongft the corn, and the borders of
the corn-fields in divers parts of England, fo is rarely
admitted into gardens ; but we have inferted this and
the next to introduce the'other fpecies.
The fecond fort is the greater Daify, which Hands
in the lift of medicinal plants in the College Difpen-
fatory : this grows naturally in moift paftures, almoft
every where in this country. It rifes with ftalks near
two feet high, garnifhed with oblong indented leaves,
which embrace the ftalks with their bafe. The foot-
ftalks are each terminated by one white flower, fliaped
like thofe of the Daify, but four times as large. It
flowers in June.
The third fort grows naturally in North America,
but hath been long preferved in the Englifh gardens.
The roots of this plant creep far under the furface,
and fend up ftrong ftalks three or four feet high, gar-
nifhed with long fawed leaves, ending in points ;
the ftalks divide upward into many fmaller, each be-
ing terminated by a large, white, radiated flower ;
thefe appear in September. It multiplies very faft
by its creeping roots, and will thrive in any foil or
fituation.
The fourth fort grows naturally upon the Alps, and
other mountainous places. I received this from Ve-
rona, near which place it grows in plenty : this fends
up a Angle ftalk a foot high, garnifhed with entire
leaves above, but the under leaves are fawed on the
edges. The ftalk is terminated by one large white
flower, fhaped like thofe of the third fort. It flowers
in June, and the feeds ripen in Auguft. This fort
may be propagated by feeds, which, if fown in a
fhady border, will come up in about fix weeks ; and
the plants, when fit to remove, may be tranfplanted
into a fhady border, where they are to remain, and
will require no other care but to keep them clean
from weeds.
The fifth fort grows naturally about Montpelier ;
this hath a perennial root, from which fprings up
many narrow Grafs-like leaves, and, between them,
ftalks which rife a foot and a half high, garnifhed
with leaves of the fame form as thofe below. Tm
ftalks are each terminated by one large white flower
with a yellow difk or middle. This flowers in June ■
but rarely perfects feeds in England, fo is propagated
only ky parting the roots : the beft time for this is in
autumn, that the plants may get good root before
winter.
The feventh fort grows naturally on the Alps, and
other mountainous places in Germany : this fends out
upright ftalks, garnifhed with leaves cut into many
parallel fegments, fomewha't like thofe of Buckfhorn
Plantain. The ftalks rife a foot and a half high,
and are each terminated by a Angle flower of the
fame form with thofe of the laft : it hath a perennial
root, and may be propagated in the fame manner as
the other.
The eighth fort has been many years cultivated In
the gardens for the beauty of its flowers. Of this
there are Angle and double with white, and the
fame with yellow flowers ; and as thefe do not differ
from each other in any thing except in the colour of
their flowers, therefore they are generally efteemed
but one fpecies j but this difference is conftant, for I
have never found the feeds faved from the white, pro-
duce plants with yellow flowers, nor thofe of the yel-
low produce white.
There is alfo a variety of thefe colours with fiftular
florets, which has accidentally rifen from feeds of the
other ; thefe are generally titled Quill-leaved Chry-
fanthemum •, but as the feeds faved from thefe dege-
nerate to the common forts, fo they do not merit a par-
ticular denomination.
Thefe plants are always efteemed as annual, fo the
feeds are ufually fown upon a flender hot-bed in the
fpring, and the plants treated in the fame manner as
the African Marigold, for the culture of which we
fhall refer the reader to that article •, but as the plants
which rife from feeds, do many of them produce fin He
flowers, although the feeds are faved from the beft;
double flowers, therefore many perfons now propa-
gate thefe plants from cuttings, whereby they conti-
nue the double forts only ; thefe cuttings, taken from
the plants the beginning of September, and planted
in pots, will readily take root ; and if they are placed
under a hot-bed frame to fcreen them from the froft
in winter, letting them have free air in mild weather,
they will live through the winter ; and in the fpring
thefe plants may be tranfplanted into the borders of
the flower-garden, where they will flower in June,
and continue in fucceflion till the froft puts a flop to
them •, by this method all the varieties may be conti-
nued without variation, but the plants which are pro-
pagated this way by cuttings will become barren foon,
fo will not produce feeds.
The ninth fort is a perennial plant, fending out many
ftalks from the root, which divide into branches, gar-
nifhed with pretty thick leaves, deeply cut into many
fegments, like thofe of the laft fort ; thefe are of a
pale green ; the flowers are produced at the end of
the branches, Handing upon pretty long naked foot,-
ftalks ; they are very like thofe of the common
Greater Daify, in fize and colour. It flowers in June,
aqd continues till the end of September. This fort
ripens feeds every year in England, by which the
plant is eafily propagated ; for if the feeds are fown
in the fpring on a common border, the plants will
come up in fix weeks ; when thefe are fit to remove,
they may be tranfplanted into a nurfery-bed at about
a foot diftance every way, and kept clean from weeds
till autumn, when they may be removed to the places
where they are defigned to remain. As thefe plants
extend their branches pretty far on every fide, they
fhould be allowed at leaft two feet room ; therefore
they are not very proper furniture fqr fmall gardens,
where there is not room for thefe large growing
plants ; but in large gardens, thefe may have a place
for the fake of variety.
If thefe plants are planted in poor dry land, or upon
lime-rubbifti, they will not grow fo vigorous as in
good ground, fo they will endure tha cold better,
and
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.and Continue longer; for when their leaves and
branches are replete with moifture, they are very apt
to rot in the winter, fo are feldom of long duration ;
but where the plants have grown from the joints of
old walls, I have known them continue in vigour fe-
ver al years.
The tenth fort grows naturally in the Canary Illands,
from whence it was firft brought to England, where
it has been long an inhabitant in fome curious gar-
dens. It has been frequently called by the gardeners
Pellitory of Spain, from the very warm tafte which it
hath, much refembling the talte of that plant.
This riles with a fhrubby ftalk near two feet high,
dividing into many branches, garnilhed with pretty
thick fucculent leaves, of a grayilh colour, cut into
many narrow fegments, which are divided into three
parts at their extremity. The flowers come out from
the wings of the leaves. Handing upon naked foot-
ftalks fingly, which greatly refemble thofe of the
common Chamomile ; there is a fucceffion of flowers
upon the fame plants great part of the year, for which
it is chiefly efteemed. This plant will perfect feeds
in England, when the feafons are favourable ; but as
the cuttings of it take root fo eaflly, if planted dur-
ing any of the fummer months, the feeds are rarely
fown.
As this plant is a native of warm countries, it will
not live in the open air in England during the winter
feafon ; therefore when the cuttings have made good
roots, diey fhould be each planted into a feparate pot,
and placed in the fhade till they have taken frefh
root ; then they may be removed to a fheltered fitua-
tion, where they may remain till autumn, at which
time they muft be removed into the green-houfe to
proteft them from froft ; but in mild weather they
fhould have plenty of free air, and, during the win-
ter, they fhould be frequently refrefhed with water,
but it muft not be given them in too great plenty. In
fummer they will require more moifture, and fhould
be treated in the fame manner as other hardier kinds
of exotic plants.
The eleventh fort grows naturally at the Cape of
Good Hope, from whence the feeds were brought
many years paft to Holland, where the plants were
firft raifed, and from thence all the other parts of
Europe have been fupplied with this plant. It riles
with a fhrubby ftalk about two feet high, which di-
vides into many (lender branches upward, garnilhed
with oblong leaves, much indented on their edges,
each indenture terminating in a foft fpine ; thefe are
of a pale green, fet clofe to the branches. The flow-
ers are produced on fhort foot-ftalks from the wings
of the leaves, toward the upper part of the branches ;
thefe are globular, and formed of a great number of
hermaphrodite florets, which are tubular and even,
having no rays, fo are naked, and of a deep yellow
colour. The flowers appear in June, and continue
in fucceflion till the froft flops them. This may
be propagated by cuttings in the fame manner as the
laft, and the plants fhould be treated in the fame way.
The twelfth fort grows naturally about Madrid : this
hath a low fhrubby ftalk, which feldom rifes a foot
high, putting out feveral (lender ligneous branches,
garnifhed with narrow, pale, green leaves ; thofe on
the lower part of the branches are indented at their
extremity in feveral parts, but the upper leaves are
entire ; from the end of each branch is produced a
naked foot-ftalk fix inches long, fuftaining one ra-
diated flower, of a fulphur colour. The flowers
come out in June and July, but there is feldom any
feeds ripened in England ; this fort muft be fheltered
under a common frame in winter, for unlefs the win-
ter proves very favourable, the plants will not live in
the open air here. It may be propagated by cuttings
in fummer,- as the two laft forts, but thefe cuttings
do not 1b readily take root as thofe do.
CHRYSOB AL ANUS. Lin. Gen. Plant. 585.
Icaco. Plum. Nov. Gen. 44. Cocoa Plumb.
The Characters are.
The empalement of the flower is of one leaf \ divided into
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five parts, almofi to the middle. The flower hath five
petals , which fpread open , and ten Jlamina , five of which
are longer than the petals ; the other are floor ter, and are
terminated by heart-fhaped fummits. In the center is fitu-
ated an oval germen, fupporting a trifid fhort ftyle, crowned
by obtufe Jligmas. The germen afterward becomes an
oval flefhy berry , inclofing a nut with five longitudinal
furrows.
This genus of plants' is ranged in the firft fedlion of
Linnaeus’s thirteenth clafs, intitled Polyandria Mo-
nogynia ; but it would be more properly placed in
the third fedlion of his tenth clafs, for the flowers
have ten (lamina and three ftyles.
The Species are,
I- Chrysobalanus {Icaco) folks ovatis, emarginatis,
floribus racemofis, caule fruticofo. Chryfobalanus with
oval indented leaves, flowers growing in bunches , and a
fhrubby ftalk. Frutex Cotini fere folio craffo, in fum-
mitate deliquium patiente, frudtu ovali caeruleo offi-
culum angulofum continente. Catefb. Car. The Cocoa
Plumb.
2. Chrysobalanus ( Purpurea ) folks decompofttis, fo-
liolis ovatis integerrimis. Chryfobalanus with decom-
pounded leaves . whofe lobes are oval and entire. Icaco
fructu purpureo. Plum. Nov. Gen. 44. Icaco with
purple fruit.
The firft fort grows naturally in the Bahama Ifiands,
and in many other parts of America, but commonly
near the fea. It rifes with a fhrubby ftalk about
eight or ten feet high, fending out feveral fide
branches, covered with a dark brown bark, (potted
with white ; thefe are garnifhed with oval (tiff leaves,
which are indented at the end, in form of a heart,
placed alternately on the branches. From the
wings of the leaves, and alfo at the divifion of the
branches, the flowers are produced, which grow in
loofe bunches ; thefe are fmall and white, having
many ftamina in each, which are joined to the petals
of the flowers, terminated by yellow fummits. The
flowers are fucceeded by oval Plumbs about the fize
of Damfons ; fome of thefe are blue, fome red, and
others yellow ; they have a fweet lufcious tafte. The
Spaniards in the ifland of Cuba, make a conferve of
thefe fruits. The ftone of the Plumb is fhaped like
a Pear, and hath five longitudinal ridges on it. This
grows naturally on moift land.
The feeds of the fecond fort were fent me from Ja-
maica, with Plumier’s title ; the ftones were exadlly
the fame fhape of thofe of the former, but the plants
have leaves compounded of feveral winged lobes,
which are branched out oppofite, each having fix or
feven pair of pinnae (or lobes.) This fort hath not
flowered in England, fo I can give no farther account
of it.
As thefe trees are natives of the warm parts of
America, fo they will not thrive in England, unlefs
they are kept in a warm Hove. They are propagated
by feeds, which muft be obtained from the countries
where the plants naturally grow ; thefe muft be fown
in the fpring in fmall pots filled with light earth, and
plunged into a hot bed of tanners bark, obferving
frequently to water the pots ; but not let them have
much at each time. In fix weeks the plants will
come up, and, if properly managed, will be fit to
remove in a month’s time after, when they fhould be
carefully feparated, and each planted into a feparate
fmall pot filled with light kitchen-garden earth, and
then plunged into the hot-bed again, obferving to
fhade them from the fun till they have taken frefh
root ; after which they muft have air every day in
proportion to the warmth of the feafon, and their
waterings during the fummer fhould be frequent, but
fparing. In the autumn the plants muft be removed
into the bark-ftove, and plunged into the tan-bed ;
and in winter the plants muft not have too much
water, left it occafions their throwing off their leaves.
In fummer they muft have a good fhare of air, and
the plants in the (love fhould be conftantly treated in
the fame manner as other tender plants from the fame
countries.
CHRY-
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1
C HR Y SOCOM-A. Lin. Gen. Plant. 845. Dilien,
Gen. 14. Coma aurea: Boerh. 1. p. 12 1. Goldy-
locks.
The Characters are,
The common' empalement is imbricated , the fades are
narrow , the outer being convex and pointed ; the flower is
compofed of many hermaphrodite florets , which are tubular ,
equal, and funnel-fh aped, cut into five fegments at the brim ,
which turn back ; thefe have each five floort J lender fta-
ntina , terminated by cylindrical fummits ; they have an
oblong germen , fupporting a flender fiyle, crowned by
two oblong deprejjed ftigmas. The germen afterward be-
comes a Jingle , oblong , compreffed feed, crowned with hairy
down.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fetftion of
Linnaeus’s nineteenth clafs, intitled Syngenefia Po-
lygamia fEqualis ; the plants of this fe&ion have only
hermaphrodite florets, which are fruitful.
The Species are,
1. Chrysqcoma ( Linofyris ) herbacea, foliis linearibus,
glabris, calycibus laxis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 841. Her-
baceous Goldylocks with narrow fmooth leaves , and loofe
empalements. Coma aurea Germanica linari^ folio.
Park. Theat. 688. German Goldylocks.
2. Chrysocoma [Biflora) herbacea paniculata, foliis
lanceolatis trinerviis, pundatis, nudis. Lin. Sp. Plant.
841. Herbaceous Goldylocks with flowers growing in pa-
nicles, and fpear-Jhaped leaves, having three nerves , and
yellozv flowers growing in umbels.
3. Chrysocoma {Coma Aurea) fruticofa foliis linearibus
dorfo decurrentibus. Hort. Cliff. 397. Shrubby Goldy-
locks with very narrow leaves, whofe back parts run along
the ftalks. Coma aurea Africana fruticans, foliis li-
nariae auguftis, major. Com. Hort. Amft. 2. p. 89.
Greater florubby African Goldylocks, with narrow Toad-
flax leaves.
4. Chrysocoma ( Cornua ) fubfruticofa, foliis linearibus
fubtus pilofls, floribus ante florefcentiam cernuis.
Hort. Cliff 397 ’ Shrubby Goldylocks with very narrow
hairy leaves , and flowers nodding before they are blown.
Coma aurea foliis linaris auguftioribus minor. Hort.
Amft. 2. p. 89. Lejfier Goldylocks with narrower Toad-flax
leaves.
5. Chrysocoma ( Ciliata ) fuffruticofa, foliis linearibus
redis, ciliatis ramis pubefcentibus. Lin. Sp. Plant.
481. Shrubby Goldylocks with narrow leaves and downy
branches. Conyza Africana, tenuifolia, fubfrutefcens,
fiore aureo. Hort. Eltb. 104. tab. 68. Narrow-leaved ,
African, Jhrubby Fleabane, with a golden flower.
The firft fort grows naturally in Germany, and alfo
in France and Italy; this hath a perennial root; the
ftalks rife two feet and a half high, are round, ftiff,
and clofely garnifhed with long, narrow, fmooth
leaves, which come out without any order, of a pale
green colour ; the upper part of the ftalk divides
into many flender fbdt-ftalks, each fuftaining a Angle
head of flowers, which are compofed of many her-
maphrodite florets, contained in one common em-
palement, having very narrow fcales. The flowers
are of a bright yellow, and Hand difpofed on the top
of the ftalk, in form of an umbel. Thefe appear in
July ; and in favourable feafons are fucceeded by
feeds, which ripen in September, foon after which
the ftalks decay to the root, and new ones arife the
following fpring.
This plant is generally propagated by parting of the
roots, that being the moft expeditious method ; for
the feedling plants do not flower till the fecond or
third year. The befc time to remove the plants and
part their roots, is foon after the ftalks decay in au-
tumn, that the plants may get frefh roots before
winter. It delights in a dry loofe foil, in which it
will live in the open air, and propagate by its roots
very faft ; but in ftrong wet land, the roots often rot
in winter.
The fecond fort grows naturally in Siberia, from
whence the feeds were font to Peterfburgh, part of
which I received from the late Dr. Amman, who
was profeffor of botany in that univerflty. This plant
hath a perennial creeping root, which fpreads on
1
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every fide to a confiderable diftance, fending up
many erefb . ftalks, garniihed with flat fpear-fhaped--
leaves, ending in points ; thefe are rough, and have
tnree longitudinal veins ; the upper part of the ftalks
branch out, and form loofe panicles of yellow flow-
ei s, which are larger than thofe of the former fort.
This flowers in June and July, and the feeds ripen
in autumn.
It propagates too faft by its creeping roots to be
admitted into the flower-garden, for the roots will
often extend two or three feet every way in the
compafs of one year, fo that they will interfere with
the neighbouring flowers ; but as the plants will grow
in any foil or Atuation, fo a few roots may be planted
on the fide of extenfive rural walks round the borders
of fields, where they will require no care, and their
flowers will make a good appearance, and continue
long in beauty.
The third fort grows naturally at the Cape of Good
Hope. . This rifes with a ligneous ftalk about a foot
high, dividing into many fmall branches, which are
garnifhed with narrow leaves, of a deep green, coming
out on every fide without order ; the back part of
each leaf hath a fmall fhort appendix, which runs
along the ftalks. The flowers are produced at the
end of the branches, on flender naked foot-ftalks ;
thefe are of a pale yellow, and fhaped like thofe of
the former forts, but are larger. This plant flowers
great part of the year, for which it is chiefly efteemed;
the feeds ripen very well in autumn, which if fown
on a common border of light earth in the fpring, the
plants will come up, and may be tranfplanted into
pots, to be removed into Ihelter in winter, for thefe
plants will not live through the winter in the open
air in England.
The moft expeditious method of propagating this
plant is by cuttings, which, if planted in a common
border in any of the fummer months, and covered
with hand-glafles, will eafily take root, provided they
are Ihaded from the fun and duly watered : when
thefe have gotten good roots they Ihould be carefully
taken up, and each planted in a feparate pot, filled
with light earth, placing them in the flhade till they
have taken new root ; then they may be expofed with
other hardy exotic plants till autumn; when they
mu ft be removed into the green-houfe during the
winter feafon ; they Ihould enjoy a large Ihare of
free air in mild weather, for they only require pro-
tection from froft, fo muft not be too tenderly
treated.
The fourth fort is a native of the Cape of Good
Hope, from whence I received the feeds ; this is a
lefs plant than the former, it hath a Ihrubby ftalk,,
branching out in the fame manner ; the leaves are
fhorter, and a little hairy ; the flowers are not half
fo large, of a pale fulphur colour, and nod on one
fide before they are blown. This alfo flowers great
part of the year, and ripens feeds very well ; but
this is generally propagated in the fame manner as
the former, and the plants require the fame treat-
ment.
The fifth fort is alfo a native of the fame country as
the two former ; this hath a low Ihrubby ftalk, which
branches out on every fide, very narrow, Ihort,
rough, and reflexed ; the flowers Hand Angle on the
top of naked foot-ftalks, which arife from the upper
part of the branches ; thefe flowers are larger than
thofe of the laft, and Hand ereft. This plant requires
the fame treatment as the two former, and is pro-
pagated by cuttings in the fame manner.
CHRYSOPHYLLUM. Lin. Gen. Plant. 233.
Cainito. Plum. Nov. Gen. 9. tab. 9. The Star
Apple.
The Characters are,
The empalement is permanent, and confifts of five fmall ,
roundijh , concave petals ; the flower is compofed of five
petals , which fpread open, and are cut in the middle into
two parts ; it hath five ftamina placed alternate to the
fegments of the petals , terminated by heart-fhaped fum-
mits i the oval germen is fitnated in the, center, fupporl-
I
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ing a jjoort ftyle , crowned by an obtufe ftigma. The ger-
men afterward becomes a large , oval, flejhy fruit , inclofmg
three or four flat feeds , having hardjhells.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fecftion of
Linnaeus’s fifth clafs, intitled Pentandria Monogynia,
the flower having five ftamina and one ftyle.
The Species are,
1. Chrysophyllum ( Cainito ) foliis ovatis, parallele
ftriatis fubtus, tomentofo-nitidis. Jacq. Amer. 15.
Chryfophyllum with oval leaves , with parallel veins and
neat woolly leaves on their under fide. Cainito folio
fubtus aureo, fru£tu olivae formi. Plum. Nov. Gen.
10. The Damfon-tree.
2. Chrysophyllum ( Glabrum ) foliis utrinque glaberri-
mis. jacq. Amer. 15. Chryfophyllum with very fmooth
leaves. Cainito folio fubtus aureo, fru&u maliformi.
Plum. Nov. Gen. 10. The Star Apple.
Thefe trees grow naturally in the Weft-Indies, where
the firft fort rifes from twenty to thirty feet high,
dividing into many branches, garnifhed with oval
leaves, fmooth above, and of a gold colour on their
tinder fide •, the flowers come out from the fide of
the branches, at the fetting on of the leaves, in
round clufters, which are fucceeded by oval, fmooth,
pulpy fruit, inclofmg three or four hard flat
feeds.
The fecond fort rifes with an upright trunk to the
height of thirty or forty feet, dividing into many
ilender branches, garnifhed with fpear-fhaped leaves,
coming out without order •, from the wings of the
leaves, and alfo at the extremity of the branches, the
flowers are produced in bunches, which are fucceeded
by round pulpy fruit the fize of a Golden Pippin,
containing many flat hard feeds.
The fruit of both thefe trees is very rough and af-
tringent at firft, but by lying fome time after they
are gathered, they become mellow, like the Medlar.
The timber of both thefe trees is ufed in buildings,
and for fhingles to cover houfes.
Thefe plants are preferved in feveral curious gardens
for the beauty of their leaves, efpecially the firft fort,
whofe under fldes fhine like fattin, the upper Aides are
of a deep green. The leaves continue all the year,
fo make a very pretty appearance in the ftove at all
leafons.
Thefe trees, being natives of the warmeft parts of
the world, cannot be preferved in this country, with-
out being kept in the warmeft ftoves •, and fhould
always remain in a hot-bed of tanners bark, other-
wife they will make but little progrefs. They are
propagated by feeds, which muft be procured from
the places of their growth, for they do not produce
fruit in Europe. Thefe feeds muft be frefh, other-
wife they will not grow 3 and if they are fent over in
fand, it will preferve them from drying too much 3
when the feeds arrive, they muft be fown as foon as
pofftble in fmall pots filled with light frefh earth, and
plunged into a good hot-bed of tanners bark. If
the feeds are good, and the bed in a proper tempe-
rature of warmth, the plants will appear in five or
fix weeks •, and in about two months after, will be
ftrong enough to tranfplant 3 in doing of which, the
plants, with all the earth, fhould be fhaken out of
the pots very carefully, and feparated with their roots
entire, and each planted into a Angle fmall pot Ailed
with frefh rich earth, and plunged again into a hot-
bed of tanners bark, watering and fhading them un-
til they have taken frefh root. If the hot-bed in
which thefe plants are plunged, is from time to time
ftirred, and a little frefh tan added to it, to renew
the heat when it declines, the plants will make good
progrefs, and in three or four months will be near
a foot high, and may then be fhifted into pots a
fmall Aze larger than thofe they before were in. If
thefe plants are conftantly kept in a warm bed in the
ftove, and fhifted twice a year, to renew the earth
to their roots, they will thrive very faft, and put out
their fide branches., fo as to make a handfome ap-
pearance in the ftove, with other curious plants of
the fame country 3 for though they do not produce
either flowers or fruit, yet as they keep their leaivel
through the year, which are fo very beautiful, they
deferve a place in the ftove, better than moft other
plants. The chief care they require, is to keep their!
conftantly in a proper degree of heat, and never to
put them into too large pots •, and in winter they
fhould not have too much water, about twice a week
will be often enough to water them •, and in the
depth of winter, they fhould not have much at each
time.
Thefe trees are frequently propagated in the Weft-
Indies, by planting of their branches (as I have been
informed by perfons of credit-,) but I have not
heard of their being propagated in England by that
method.
CHRYSOSPLENIUM. Lin. Gen. Plant. 493.
[^u< 70 (T 7 rAAio!/, of Gold, and cnr'/Iv, tire fpleen 3
q. d. a plant, the flowers of which are of a golden
colour, and good againft difeafes of the fpleen.]
Golden Saxifrage.
The Characters are.
The empalement is divided into four or jive parts , which
fpread open , are coloured , and permanent. The flower
hath no petals, but eight or ten ftamina, vtohich are ftoort
erect, and fltand oppofite to the- angles of the empalement i
terminated by fingle fummits : the germen is immetfed in
the empalement , Jupporting two jhort ftyles, crowned by
obtufe ftigma. The germen afterward becomes a capflule
with two beaks, opening with two valves , and filled with
fmall feeds .
This genus t>f plants is ranged in the fecond fedcion
of Linnaeus’s tenth clafs, intitled Decandria Digynia,
the flowers having ten ftamina and two ftyles.
The Species are,
1. Chrysosplenium {Alterniflolium) foliis alternis. Flor.
Suec. 317. Golden Saxifrage with alternate leaves. Saxi-
fraga aurea foliis pediculis oblongis infldentibus. Raii
Syn. Hift. 206. Golden Saxifrage with leaves growing
upon long foot-Jialks.
2. Chrysosplenium {Oppofitifolium) foliis oppofttis, Sauv.
Monip. 128. Golden Saxifrage with oppofite leaves .
Chryfofplenium foliis amplionbus auriculatis. Tourn.
Inft. 146. Golden Saxifrage with larger eared leaves.
Thefe two plants are found growing wild in many
parts of England, upon marfhy foils and bogs, as
alfo in moift fhady woods, and are feldom propagated
in gardens 3 where, if any perfon has curioflty to
cultivate them, they muft be planted in very rr.oift
fhady places, otherwife they will not thrive. They
flower in March and April.
CIBOULS, orCHIBOULS. See Gepa.
CICER. Lin. Gen. Plant. 783. Tourn. Inft. R. LL
tab. 2 10. [This plant is called Cicer, of K/xuf, ftrength^
becaufe it is faid to ftrengthen : it is alfo called Aide-*
taria, becaufe the feeds of it refemble the head of a
ram.] Cicer, or Chich Peafe.
The Characters are.
The empalement of the flower is cut into five flegmnts, flour
of which lie upon the ftandard 3 the two middle, which are
the longeft , are joined, the other is under the keel. The
flower is of the butterfly kind-, the jlandard is larger
roundijh, and plain 3 the wings are much jhcrier and ob- [
tufle, the keel is jhorter than the wings, and is jharp-
pointed. It hath ten ftamina , nine of them are joined,
and the tenth is feparate, terminated by fingle fummits.
It hath an oval germen jupporting a fingle ftyle, crowned
by an obtufe ftigma. The germen afterward becomes a
turgid fwelling pod of a rhomboidal figure , inclofmg two
roundijh feeds, with a protuberance on their fide.
This genus of plants is ranged in the third fetftion of
Linnaeus’s feventeenth clafs, intitled Diadelphia De-
candria, from the flower having ten ftamina joined
in two bodies.
There is but one Species of this genus* viz.
Cicer ( Arietinum ) foliolis ferratis. Hort. Cliff. 3 yen
Chich Peafle with flawed leaves. Cicer fativum. C, B. P,
347. Garden Chich Peafle.
There is a variety of this with a red feed, which dif-
fers from it in nothing but the colour.
R r r
It
C I c
If is much cultivated in Spain, being one of the in-
gredients in their olios, and is there called Gara-
vance ; it is alfo cultivated in France, but in England
it is rarely fown.
This plant is annual, {hooting out feveral hairy ftalks
from the root, which are about two feet long; gar-
niihed with long winged leaves of a grayifh colour,
composed of feven or nine pair of fmall roundilh
leaves (or lobes) terminated by an odd one, which
are fawed on their edges. From the fide of the
branches come out the flowers, fometimes one, at
other times two together. They are fhaped like thofe
of Peafe, but are much fmaller and white, Handing
on long foot-ftalks ; thefe are fucceeded by fhort
hairy pods, including two feeds in each, which are
the fize of common Peafe, but have a little knob or
protuberance on one fide.
The feeds of this plant may be fown in the fpring,
in the fame manner as Peafe, making drills with a
hoe, about an inch and a half deep, in which the feeds
fhould be fown at about two inches afunder, then
with a rake draw the earth into the drill to cover the
feeds. The drills fhould be made at three feet diftance
from each other, that there may be room for their
branches to fpread, when the plants are fully grown,
as alfo to hoe the ground between them, to keep it
clean from weeds, which is all the culture thefe plants
require.
This plant flowers in June, and the feeds ripen in
Auguft ; but unlefs the feafon proves warm and dry,
the plants decay in this country before the feeds are
ripe.
CICHORIUM. Lin. Gen. Plant. 825. Tourn. Inft.
R. H. tab. 272. f.i'gflpov, Or xi of hi giti, to
find, becaufe found every where in walking.] Succory.
The Characters are,
The flower .hath a common fcaly empalement , which at
Jirft is cylindrical, hut is afterward expanded ; the fleales
are narrow , fpear-Jhaped, and equal. The flower is com-
pofed of many hermaphrodite florets , which are plain,
uniform, and ft and circularly , each having one petal,
which is tongue-Jhaped, and cut into five fegments. They
have five floor t hairy flamina, terminated by five-cornered
cylindrical fummits. The germen is fituated under the
petal, fupporting a fender flyle, crowned by two turning
fligmas : the germen afterward becomes a Jingle feed, in-
clofed with a down, and Jhut up in the empalement.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft feCtion of
Linnaeus’s nineteenth clafs, intitled Syngenefia Poly-
gamia aequalis. The plants of this feCtion have only
hermaphrodite fruitful florets.
The Species are,
1. Cichorium ( Intybus ) floribus gerriinis feffilibus, foliis
runcinatis. Flor. Suec. 650. Succory with two flowers
fitting clofe to the ftalk. Cichorium fylveftre five of-
ficinarum. C. B. P. 126. Wild Succory.
2. Cichorium ( Spinofum ) caule dichotomo fpinofo flo-
ribus axillaribus feflilibus. Hort. Cliff. 388. Succory
with a prickly forked [talk. Cichorium fpinofum. C.
B. P. 126. Prickly Succory.
3. Cichorium ( Endivia ) floribus folitariis pedunculatis,
foliis integris, crenatis. Hort. Cliff. 389. Succory with
fingle flowers on foot-ftalks, and entire crenated leaves.
Cichorium latifolium, five endivia vulgaris. C. B. P.
125. Broad-leaved Succory , or common Endive.
4. Cichorium ( Crifpum ) floribus folitariis pedunculatis,
foliis fimbriatis, crifpis. Succory with fingle flowers on
foot-ftalks, and fringed curled leaves. Endivia crilpa.
C. B. P. 125. Curled Endive.
The firft fort grows naturally by the fides of roads
and in fhady lanes, in many parts of England : this
has been fuppofed to be no other way differing from
the garden Succory, but by the latter being cultivated
in gardens ; indeed, moft of the writers on botany,
have confounded the two forts together ; for the Gar-
den Succory which is deferibed in moft of the old
books, I take to be the broad-leaved Endive, which
is the third fort here enumerated, for I have many
years cultivated both forts in the garden, without
finding either of them alter. There is an effential
c 1 c
difference between thefe,- for the wild Succory hath
a perennial creeping root, whereas the other is at moft
but a biennial plant ; and if the feeds of the latter are
fown in the fpring, the plants will flower and produce
feeds the fame year, and perifh jn autumn, fo that
it may rather be called annual. The wild Succory
fends out from the roots long leaves, which are jagged
to the midrib, each fegment ending in a point ; from
between thefe arife the ftalks, which grow from three
to four feet high, garnifhed with leaves, fhaped like
thofe at the bottom, but are fmaller, and embrace
the ftalks at their bafe. Thefe branch out above into
feveral fmaller ftalks, which have the fame leaves,
but fmaller and lefs jagged ; the flowers are produced
from the fide of the ftalks, which are of a fine blue
colour ; thefe are fucceeded by oblong feeds, inclofed
in a down. It flowers in June and July, and the
feeds ripen in September.
The fecond fort grows naturally on the fea-coafts in
Sicily and the iflands of the Archipelago. This fends
out from the root many long leaves, which are in-
dented on their edges, Spreading flat on the ground ;
from between thefe arife the ftalks, which have very
few leaves, and thofe fmall and entire : the ftalks are
divided in forks upward, from between thefe come
out the flowers, which are of a pale blue, and are
fucceeded by feeds Ihaped like thofe of the common
fort ; the ends of the fmaller branches are terminated
by ftar-like fpines, which are very fliarp. The plant
is biennial with us in England, and in cold winters is
frequently killed. It flowers and feeds about the fame
time with the former fort, and may be treated in the
fame way as the Endive.
The broad leaved Succory or Endive, differs from
the wild forts in its duration, the root always perifhing
after it has ripened feeds : the leaves are broader,
rounder at the top, and not laciniated on the fides as
the leaves of the wild ; the branches are more hori-
zontal, and the ftalks never rife fo high.
This fort is not much cultivated in the Englifli gar-
dens at prefent, for the curled Endive being tenderer,
and not fo bitter, is generally preferred to it. The
broad-leaved and curled Endive Has been fuppofed
to be only varieties from each other, which hath ac-
cidentally been produced by culture ; but from having
cultivated both near forty years, I could never find
that they ever altered, otherwife than by the curled
fort coming more or lefs curled ; the leaves of this
fort have only a few flight indentures on their edges,
and the ftalks grow more ereCt, having but few leaves
upon them. This, when blanched, has a bitter tafte,
which has occafioned its being generally neglected
in England, but in Italy it is ftill cultivated in their
gardens.
All the forts of Succory are efteemed aperitive and
diuretic, opening obftruCtions of the liver, and good
for the jaundice ; it provokes urine, and cleanfes the
urinary paffages of flimy humours, which may flop
their paflage.
The curled Endive is now much cultivated in the
Englifh gardens, being one of the principal ingredi-
ents in the fallads of autumn and winter, for which
purpofeit is continued as long as the feafons will per-
mit. I fhall therefore give directions for the managing
of this plant, fo as to have it in perfection during the
autumn and winter months.
The firft feafon for flowing of thefe feeds is in May,
for thofe which are fown earlier in the year, generally
run up to feed, before they have arrived to a proper
fize for blanching ; and it frequently happens, that
the feeds fown in May in the rich ground near Lon-
don, will run to feeds the fame autumn ; but in fi-
tuations which are colder, they are not fo apt to run
up, therefore there fhould be feme feeds fown about
the middle or latter end of that month. The fecond
lowing fhould be* about the middle of June, and the
laft time in the middle of July. From thefe three
different crops, there will be a fupply for the table
during the whole feafon ; for there will be plants of
each lowing, very different in their growth, fo that
C I c
there will be three different crops frofn. the fame
beds.
When the plants come up they muff be kept dean
from weeds, and in dry weather duly watered, to
keep them growing till they are fit to tranfplant, when
there fhould be tin open fpot of rich ground prepared
to receive the plants, in fize proportionable to the
quantity intended. When the ground is well dug and
levelled, if it fhould be very dry, it muft be well
watered to prepare it to receive the plants •, then the
plants fhould be drawn up from the feed-bed care-
fully, fo as not to break their roots, drawing out all
the largeft plants, leaving the fmall ones to get more
fcrength ; which, when they have room to grow,
by taking away the large ones, they will foon do.
As the plants are drawn up, they fhould be placed
with their roots even, all the fame way, and every
handful as they are drawn, fhould have the tops of
their leaves fhortened, to make them of equal length:
this will render the planting of them much eafier,
than when the plants are promifcuoufly mixed, heads
and tails : then the ground fhould be marked out in
rows at one foot afunder, and the plants fet ten
inches diftant in the rows, doling the earth well to
their roots, and let them be well watered ; and repeat
this every other evening, till the plants have taken
good root, after which they muft be kept clean from
weeds.
When the plants of the feed-bed have been thus
thinned, they fhould be well cleaned from weeds and
watered, which will encourage the growth of the re-
maining plants, fo that in ten days or a fortnight
after, there may be another thinning made of the
plants, which fhould be tranfplanted in the fame
manner. And at about the fame diftance of time,
the third and laft drawing of plants may be tranf-
planted.
Thofe plants which were the firft tranfplanted, will
be fit to blanch by the latter end of July at fartheft ;
and if they are properly managed, in three weeks or
a month, they will be fufficiently blanched for ufe, j
which will be as foon as thefe fallads are commonly 1
required •, for during the continuance of good Cos i
Lettuce, few perfons care for Endive in their fallads ;
nor, indeed, is it fo proper for warm weather. If
any of the plants fhould put out flower-ftems, they
fhould be immediately pulled up and carried away,
being good for nothing, fo fhould not be left to in-
commode the neighbouring plants. As the quantity
of roots neceffary for the fupply of a middling family
is not very great, fo there fhould not be too many
plants tied up to blanch at the fame time, therefore
the largeft fhould be firft tied, and in a week after
thofe of the next fize •, fo that there may be three
different times of blanching the plants, on the fame
fpot of ground. But as in fome large families there
is a great confumption of this herb for foups, fo the
quantities of plants fhould be proportionably greater,
at each time of planting and blanching. The manner
of blanching is the next thing to be treated of,
therefore in order to this you fhould provide a parcel
of fmall Ofier twigs (or bafs mat) to tie up fome of
the largeft heads to blanch ; which fhould be done in
a dry afternoon, when there is neither dew nor rain
to moiften the leaves in the middle of the plants,
v/hich would occafion their rotting foon after their
being tied up. The manner of doing it is as follows,
viz. You muft firft gather up all the inner leaves of
the plant in a regular order, into one hand, and then
take up thofe on the outfide that are found, pulling
off and throwing away, all the rotten and decayed
leaves which lie next the ground ; obferving to place
the outfide leaves all round the middle ones, as near
as poffiblq to the natural order of their growth, fo
as not to crofs each other: then having got the
whole plant clofe up in your hand, tie it up with
the twig, bafs, &c. at about two inches below the
top, very clofe •, and about a week after go over the
plants again, and give them another tie about the
middle of the plant, to prevent the heart leaves from
C I G
burfting but on one fide * which they are fubjedE
to do, as the plants grow, if not prevented this
way.
In doing of this you need only tie up the largeft
plants firft, and fo go over the piece once a week,
as the plants increale in their growth ; by which,
means you will continue the crop longer, than if they
were all tied up at one time : for when they are quite
blanched, which will be in three weeks or a month
after tying, they will not hold found and good above
ten days or a fortnight, efpecially if the feafon proves
wet : therefore it is that I would advife to fow at
three or four different feafons, that you may have a
fupply as long as the weather will permit. But in.
order to this, you muft tranfplant ail the plants of the
laft fowing under warm walls, pales, or hedges, to
fcreen the plants from froft ; and if the winter fhould
prove very fharp, you fhould cover them with fome
Peafe haulm, or fuch other light covering, which
fhould be conftantly taken off in mild weather : thefe
borders fhould alfo be as dry as poffible, for thefe
plants are very fubje£t to rot, if planted in a moift foil
in winter.
Although I before directed the tying up of the plants
to blanch them, yet this is only to be underftood for
the two firft fowings ; for after Gffober, when the
nights begin to be frofty, thofe plants which are fo
far above ground will be liable to be much prejudiced
thereby, especially if they are not covered in frofty
weather • therefore the belt method is, to take up
your plants of the latter fowings in a very dry day,
and with a large fiat-pointed dibble, plant them into
the fides of trenches of earth, which fhould be laid
very upright, planting them Tideways, on the fouth
fide of the trenches, towards the fun, with the tops
of the plants only out of the ground, fo that the hafty
rains may run off, and the plants be kept dry, and
fecured from frofts.
The plants thus planted, will be blanched fit for ufe
in about a month or five weeks time, after which it
will not keep good more than three weeks, before it
will decay * you fhould therefore continue planting
fome frefh ones into trenches every fortnight or three
weeks, that you may have a fupply for the table j
and thofe which were laft tranfplanted out of the feed
beds, fhould be preferved till February, before they
are planted to blanch •, fo that from this you may be
fupplied until the beginning of April, or later : for
at this laft planting into the trenches, it will keep
longer than in winter, the days growing longer; and
the fun, advancing with more ftrength, dries up the
moifture much fooner than in winter, which will pre-
vent the rotting of thefe plants ; but if the weather
ftiould prove frofty, thefe latter plantations of Endive
fhould be covered with mats and ftraw to preferve
it, otherwife the froft will deftroy it, but the covering's
muft always be taken off when the weather is fa-
vourable.
When your Endive is blanched enough for ufe, you
muft dig it up with a fpade ; and after having cleared
it from all the outfide green and decayed leaves, you
fhould wafh it well in two or three different waters to
clear it the better from flugs, and other vermin,
which commonlyfnelter themfelves amongft the leaves
thereof, and then you may ferve it up to the table
with other fallading.
But in order to have a fupply of good feeds for the
next feafon, you muft look over thofe borders where
the laft crop was tranfplanted, before you put them
into the trenches to blanch ; and make choice of fome
of the largeft, founded:, and moft curled plants, in
number according to the quantity of feeds required :
for a fmall family, a dozen of good plants will pro-
duce feeds enough ; and for a large, two dozen or
thirty plants.
Thefe fhould be taken up and tranfplanted under a
hedge or pale, at about eighteen inches diftance, in
one row about ten inches from the hedge, &c. This .
work fhould be clone in the beginning of March, if
the feafon is mild, otherwife it may be deferred a
fortnight
C I c
fortnight longer,. When the flower-items begin to j
advance, they fhouid be fupported with a packthread,
which fhouid be fattened to nails driven into the pale,
or to the ftakes of the hedge, and run along before
the Items, to draw them upright clofe to the hedge
or pale, otherwife they will be liable to break with
the ftrong winds. Obferve alfo to keep them clear
from weeds, and about the beginning of July your
feeds will begin to ripen •, therefore, as foon as you
find the feeds are quite ripe, you mutt cut off the
ftalks, and expofe them to the fun upon a coarfe cloth
to dry i and then beat out the feeds, which mutt be
dried, and put up in bags of paper, and preferred
for ufe in fome dry place. But I would here caution
you, not to wait for all the feeds ripening upon the
fame plant ; for if fo, all the firft ripe and bell of
the feeds will fcatter and be loft before the other are
near ripe ; fo great a difference is there in the feeds
of the fame plant being ripe.
The wild Succory (of which there are fome varieties
in the colour of the flowers) is feldom propagated in
gardens •, it growing wild in unfrequented lanes and
dunghills in divers parts of England, where the herb
women gather it, and fupply the markets for me-
dicinal ufe.
Cl CUTA properly flgnifies an hollow intercepted
between two knots, of the ftalks or reeds of which
the Ihepherds ufed to make their pipes, as Virgil
fingsj
Eft mihi diflparibus fleptem compact a Cicutis
Fiftula
CICUTA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 316. Sium. Rail Syn.
212. Water Hemlock.
The Characters are,
It is a plant with an umbellated flower -, the principal
umbel is compofed of fever al j mailer ( called rays-,) thefe
are equal, roundijh , and briftly : the great umbel hath no
involucrum, but the fmaller have , which are compofed of
many fort leaves. The flowers have each five oval pe-
tals nearly equal, which turn Inward they have five
hairy ftamina, which are longer than the petals, termi-
nated by fingle fummits. The germen is fituated below
the flower , fupporting two fender ftyles, which are per-
manent and longer than the petals , crowned by ftigmas in
form of a head. The germen afterward becomes a roundifh
channelled fruit dividing into two parts , containing two
oval feeds , plain on one fide and convex on the other.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fec-
tion of Linnaeus’s fifth clafs of plants, intitled Pen-
tandria Digynia, the flower having five ftamina and
two ftyles. The title of this genus has been gene-
rally applied to the common Hemlock, which
grows naturally on the banks by highways, in molt
parts of England. But to that plant Dr. Linnaeus
has applied the old title of Conium, and added this
title, to the poifonous Water Hemlock defcribed by
Webfer.
The Species are,
1. Cicuta ( Virofa ) umbellis oppofitis foliis, petiolis
marginatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 235- Hemlock with umbels
cppofite to the leaves, and obtufe marginated foot-folks.
Sium erucae folio. C. B. P. 1 54. Sium with a Rocket
leaf Cicuta aquatica Gefneri. J. B. hi. 2. p. 175.
Water Hemlock of Gefner.
2. Cicuta ( Maculata ) foliorum ferraturis mucronatis,
petiolis membranaceis, apice bilobis. Lin. Sp. Plant.
256. Hemlock with pointed ferratures to the leaves, and
membranaceous foot -ftalks ending in two lobes. Angelica
Virginiana foliis acutioribus, femine ftriato minore,
cumini fapore & odore. Mor. Hilt. 3. p. 281. Vir-
ginia Angelica with pointed leaves , and a fmall channelled
feed , having the tafte and fmcll of Cumin.
3. Cicuta ( Bulbifera ) ramis bulbiferis. Lin. Sp. 367.
Hemlock, whofle branches bear bidbs. Am mi foliorum
lacinulis capillaribus, caule angulato. Flor. Virg. 3 1 .
The firft fort grows naturally in handing waters in
many parts of England, fo is never propagated in
gardens ; for unlefs there is a confiderabie depth of
C I N
Handing water for the plants to root in, they will
not grow. I have feverai times tranfplanted thefe
plants into ponds, where they have grown one ham-
mer, but have not continued through the winter.
It grows near four feet high, with a branching hol-
low ftalk, garnilhed with winged leaves. The ftalks
are terminated by umbels of yellowifh flowers, which
are fucceeded by fmall channelled feeds like thefe of
Parley. It flowers in June and July, and the feeds
ripen in autumn.
The fecond fort grows naturally in North America,
from whence the feeds have been brought to England,
where the plants are preferved in botanic gardens for
the fake of variety. This is propagated by feeds,
which' fhouid be fown in autumn in a fhady border,
where the plants will come up in the fpring, and re-
quire no other care but to keep them clean.
The third fort is a native of North America. This
is fometimes preferved in botanic gardens for variety,
but being a plant of no great beauty or ufe, is fd-
dom allowed a place in other gardens. It is propa-
gated by feeds, which fhouid be fown in autumn, and
the plants afterward treated as thofe of the fecond
fort.
CICUT ARIA. See Ligusticum.
C I N A R A. See Cynara.
CINERARIA, Sea Ragwort.
The Characters are,
It has a fmple empalement , compofed of many fmall equal
leaves. The flower is radiated. The difk is compofed of
many hermaphrodite florets , which are funnel- f aped, cut
into five figments at the top -, thefe have five fender fia-
mina , crowned by cylindrical fummits , and an oblong ger-
men, fupporting a very fender ftyle , crowned by two erect
ftigmas. The germen afterward becomes a narrow four-
cornered feed , covered with downy hairs. The female flo-
rets which compofe the rays are tongue-fhaped, indented
at their points -, thefe have an oblong germen with two
ftyles , and have feeds like the hermaphrodite florets , which
are included in the empalement.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond order
of Linnaeus’s nineteenth clafs, intitled Syngenefia
Polygamia fuperflua, the flowers Ljeing compofed of
hermaphrodite and female florets, which are both
fruitful.
The Species are,
t. Cineraria ( Geifolia ) pedunculis ramofls, foliis re-
niformibus fuborbiculatis fublobatis dentatis petioia-
tis. Lin. Sp. 1242. Ragwort with branching foot -ftalks,
kidney-jhaped , orbicular , indented leaves upon foot-folks.
Jacobaea Africana, hederas terreftris folio, repens.
Hort. Amft. 2. p. 145.
2. Cineraria ( Maritima ) floribus paniculatis, foliis
pinnatifidis tomentofis, laciniis finuatis, caule fru-
tefeente. Lin. Sp. 1244. Sea Ragwort with a Jhrubby
folk, woolly wing-pointed leaves , and flowers growing in
panicles. Jacobaea maritima. C. B. P. 13 1. Sea
Ragwort.
3. Cineraria ( Amelloides ) pedunculis unifloris, foliis
ovatis oppofitis, caule fuffruticofo. Lin. Sp. 1245.
Ragwort with an under fhrub ftalk , oval leaves placed op-
pofite , and foot-ftalks with one flower. After caule ra-
mofo fcabro perenne, foliis ovatis feflilibus, pedun-
culis nudis unifloris. Fig. pi.
4. Cineraria ( Othonnites ) pedunculis unifloris, foliis
oblongis indivifis fubdentatis petiolatis alternis nu-
dis. Lin. Sp. 1244. Ragwort with oblong undivided
leaves fightly indented, and foot-ftalks with one flower.
Jacobaea Africana frutefeens, craffis & fucculentis fo-
liis. Hort. Amft. 2. p. 147.
5. Cineraria ( Tomentofa ) foliis pinnato-flnuatis den-
tatis fubtus tomentofis, floribus paniculatis, caule
frutefeente. Ragwort with finuated, wing-fhaped , in-
dented. leaves, downy on their under fide , flowers in pa-
nicles, and a (hrubby ftalk. Jacobaea maritima latifo-
lia. C. B. P. 69.
There are feverai other fpecies of this genus than are
here enumerated, but being plants of little . ufe or
beauty are omitted, as they are rarely^ cultivated in
gardens.
The
C I R
The firft fort grows naturally at the Cape of Good
Hope. The root of this is compofed of many imall
fibres •, the (talks are weak, fo trail on the ground,
if they are not fupported •, but if they are will
rile' four feet high, dividing into many branches,
garni Hied with roundifh kidney-fhaped leaves, cre-
mated on their edges ; the flowers are produced at
the extremity of the branches infmall clutters •, they
are yellow, and in fhape like thofe of the common
Ragwort, which are fucceeded by feeds, crowned
with down.
This fort is eafily propagated by cuttings, which, if
planted in a fhady border during the fumrner months,
and duly watered, will put out roots in a month or
five weeks , foon after which it will be proper to
transplant them into pots, becaufe their roots are
very apt to (bread in the full ground ; fo when the
plants are taken up, many of their roots are tom
off, whereby the plants are endangered. This is alfo
often the cafe of the plants in pots. When they
are not often removed, their roots will llioot through
the holes in the bottom of the pots into the ground,
and the plants will grow luxuriantly ; but when the
pots are removed, and thofe roots torn off, the plants
are often killed thereby. As this plant grows na-
turally at the Cape of Good Hope, it is too tender to
live through the winters in England in the open air ;
yet if it is nurfed tenderly, it is very apt to draw up
weak, and thereby is deftroyed ; therefore the lureft
method to preferve it, is to make young plants an-
nually from cuttings, and to place them in a common
hot-bed frame in winter, where they may enjoy the
full air in mild weather, but be fcreened from the
froft, and in fummer place them abroad with other of
the hardier forts of exotic plants.
The fecond fort grows naturally on the fea-coafts in
fome parts of England and Wales, in particular
warm fpots, but in the fouth of France and Italy, it
is very common. This hath many ligneous (talks,
which rife two or three feet high, dividing into many
branches, which have a white downy bark, and are
garnilhed with very woolly leaves fix or eight inches
long, deeply finuated, and jagged on their borders
into many winged points they are downy on both
iides. The (talks which fupport the flowers are a
foot or more in length, having two or three fmall
leaves on each, (haped like thofe below, and are ter-
minated by many yellow flowers growing in panicles,
fhaped -like thole of common Ragwort ; thefe appear
in June, July, and Auguft, and are fucceeded by
feeds, which ripen the beginning of Obtober.
This fort is alfo eaflly propagated by planting cut-
tings or flips of it on a (hady border during the fum-
mer months, obferving to water them duly. When
thefe are well rooted, they fhould be planted in a dry
rubbifliing foil, where they will refill the cold of our
ordinary winters very well, and continue many years ;
but in rich moift ground, the plants are often fo very
luxuriant in fummer, as to be killed in winter when
there is much froft.
The third fort grows naturally at the Cape of Good
Hope. 1 his hath branching (talks, which are
fimibby, and rife from two to three feet high, gar-
niftied with oval leaves placed oppoflte : the foot-
ftalks of the flowers are long, naked, and fupport
one^ blue flower at the top, whofe rays are reflexed ;
thefe appear great part of the year, and thofe which
blow in fummer are fucceeded by compreffed feeds
crowned with down.
This may be propagated by fowing the feeds on a bed
of light earth the beginning of April, and when the
plants are fit to remove, they (hould be part of them
planted in pots, that they may be flieltered in winter
under a hot-bed frame ; the remainder may be plant-
ed clofeto a warm wall in poor ground, where, if the
winter proves favourable, "they will live but if thefe
fail, thofe in the frame will be fecured. It may alfo
be propagated by cuttings, in the fame manner as
the laft mentioned.
The fourth fort hath fiirubby branching ftalks, which
C I R
rife three or four feet high, garniflied with oblong,
thick, undivided leaves, of a glaucous colour. The
flowers are produced on branching foot-ftalks, arifing
toward the end of the branches ; they are yellow,
(haped like thofe of the other forts, but are rarely
fucceeded by feeds in England. This is eafily pro-
pagated by cuttings any time in fummer : the plants,
when rooted, muff be planted in pots, that they may
be removed into flicker in winter, for. they will not
live abroad in England. It grows naturally at the
Cape of Good Hope.
The fifth fort grows naturally on the fea coafts of Italy
and Sicily. This has great refemblance to the fecond
fort, but the ftalks are more woody, rife higher, and
do not branch fo much. The leaves are broader,
not fo much finuated, and are of a black green co-
lour on their upper fide. The flowers are produced
in fmaller bunches on the top of the foot-ftalks, and
are like thofe of the fecond fort, but are rarely fuc-
ceeded by feeds in England, nor are the plants fo
hardy, therefore (hould be flieltered in winter. It is
eaflly propagated by cuttings during the fummer
months, in the fame way as the fecond fort. ,
CIRCE A. Lin. Gen. Plant. 24. Tourn. Inft. R. H.
301. tab. 155. [It is faid to be fo called from Circe,
the famous enchantrefs, faid to have enchanted U-
lyfles and his companions. Boerhaave fuppofes it to
be fo called, becaufe the fruit of this plant takes
hold of peoples cloaths, and by this means draws
them to it, as the enchantrefs Circe was wont to do
by her enchantments.] Enchanter’s Nightfhade.
The Characters -are,
1 The empalement of the flower is compofed of two oval
concave leaves : the flower hath two heart-floaped petals ,
which are equal and fpread open ■, it hath two eredt hairy
flamina , terminated by. roundijh fummits. The germen
is fituated under the flower , fupporting a fender ftyle ,
crowned by an obtnfe bordered ftigjna. 'The empale-
ment afterward becomes a rough oval capfule with twQ
cells opening lengthways , each containing a Jingle oblong
feed :
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft feblion of
Linnteus’s fecond clafs, intitled Diandria Monogynia,
the flower having two (lamina and one ftyle.
The Species are, ,
t. Circe a ( Lutetiana ) caule erefto, racemis pluribus,
Lin. Sp. Plant. 9. Enchanter's Nightfhade, with an up-
right ftalk and many fpikes of flowers. Circea luteti-
ana. Lob. Icon. 266. Common Enchanter's Night-
Jhade.
2. Circea ( Alpina ) caule adlcendente, racemo unico.
Lin. Sp. Plant. 9. Enchanter's Nightfhade, with an
afcending ftalk and a Jingle fpike. Circea minima. Col.
p. 2. 80. Leaf Enchanter's Nightfhade.
The firft fort grows naturally in (hady woods, and
under hedges, in many parts of England. This
plant hath a .creeping root, by which it multiplies
greatly. The ftalks are upright, and rife a foot and
a half high, garniflied with heart-Ihaped leaves placed
oppoflte, upon very long foot-ftalks : thefe are of a
dark green on their i,ipper fide, but are pale on their
under fide. The ftalks are terminated by loofe fpikes
of flowers, which are branched out into three or four
fmall fpikes. The flowers are fmall and white, hav-
ing but two petals, oppoflte to which are fituated the
two (lamina. After the flowers fall away, the em-
palement of the flower becomes a rough capfule, in-
clofing two oblong feeds.
The fecond fort grows at the foot of mountains in
many parts of Germany. It alfo grows naturally in,
a wood near the Hague, from whence I brought it.
to England. This fort feldom riles more than fix or
eight inches high, with a (lender ftalk, garniflied
with leaves fhaped like thofe of the former fort, but
fmaller, and are indented on their edges. The flow-
ers are produced on Angle loofe fpikes at the top of
the ftalks, which are fmaller than thofe of the former
fort, but of the fame form and colour. Thefe plants
flower in June, and their feeds ripen in Auguft; but
they both multiply exceedingly by their creeping
S s 5 rogts,
: C I s
roots, fo are feldom kept in gardens, ufliefs for the 1
fake of variety.
If the roots are planted in any fhady moift part of a
garden, they will increafe fall enough without any
care.
CIRCULATION of the fap. See Sap.
CIRRI are thefe fine firings or fibres put out from
the ftalks of plants, by which feme plants fallen them-
felves to walls, pales, or trees, in order to their fup-
port, as Ivy, &c.
CIRSIUM. See Carduus.
C I S S AM P E L O S. Lin. Gen. Plant. 993. Caapeba.
Plum. Nov. Gen. 33. tab. 29.
The Characters are,
It is male and female in different plants •, the male flow-
ers have no empalement they have four oval plain petals ,
■and a wheel-jloaped nedtarium in the dijk , with four fmall
ftamina joined together , crowned by plain fummits. The
female flowers have neither empalement or corolla inflead
of petals , there is a large nedlarium , whofle membranes
ft and round the hairy oval germen , which afterward be-
comes a fucculent berry , mclofmg a fingle feed.
This genus of plants is ranged in the twelfth feftion
of Linnaeus’s twenty-fecond clafs, intitled Dicecia
Monodelphia, the male -and female flowers being on
different plants, and the male flowers have four" 3 fta-
mina, which are joined in one body.
The Species are,
1. Cissampelqs (Pariera) foliis peltatis .cordatis emar-
ginatis. Lin. Sp. 1473- Cijfampelos with target heart-
fhaped leaves which are indented at their top. Caapeba
folio orbiculari, & umbilicato laevi. Plum. Nov. 33.
Caapeba with a round , flmooth , umbilicated leaf.
2. Cissampelqs ( Caapeba ) foliis baft petiolatis integris.
Lin. Sp. 1 473 • Cijflampelos with leaves having foot-
ftalks , and entire at their bafe. Caapeba folio orbicu-
lari non umbilicato. Plum. Nov. Gen. 33. Caapeba
with a round leaf not umbilicated , called Velvet Leaf hi
America.
Thefe plants grow naturally in the warmeft parts of
America, where they twift themfelves about the neigh-
bouring fnrubs, and rife to the height of five or fix
feet. The ftrft fort hath round heart-fhaped leaves,
whofe foot-ftalks are fet within the bafe of the leaf,
refembling an ancient target •, thefe are hairy on their
under fide, and have pretty. long flender foot-ftalks.
Toward the upper part of the ftalks the flowers come
out from the wings of the leaves ; thofe of the male
plants, grow in fhort fpikes or clufters, and are of a
pale herbaceous colour ; but the female flowers are
produced in long ioofe racemi from the fide of the
ftalks, and are fucceeded by a fingle pulpy berry in-
clofing a fingle feed.
The fecond fort hath round heart-fhaped leaves,
which are extremely woolly and foft to the touch ;
thefe have their foot-ftalks placed at the bafe between
the two ears ; the flowers of this come out in bunches
from the fide of the ftalks, in the fame manner as the
firft. The ftalks and every part of the plant is co-
vered with a foft woolly down.
The feeds of both thefe plants were fent me from
Jamaica, by the late Dr. Houftoun, which fucceeded
in the Chelfea garden, where the plants produced
their flowers for feveral years ; and the fruit of the
firft fort were produced, but thefe would not grow,
though they feemed to be perfectly ripened •, but the
plants grew at feme diftan.ee from the male, fo were
probably not impregnated.
Thefe plants are propagated by feeds, which fhould
be fown upon a hot-bed in the lpring ; and the plants
mull afterward be treated in the fame way as other
tender exotics, keeping them conflantly in the
bark-ftove, otherwife they will not live in this
country.
The firft fort is fuppofed to be the Pareira, whofe
root has been fo much eftee tried as a diuretic. But
by a fpecimen which I received from the late Dr.
Houftoun, under the title of Pariera, it fhould ra-
ther be ranged under the genus of Smilax.
OSS US, Wild Grape.
C I s
The Characters are.
It hath a fmall many-leaved empalement , and four con-
cave petals to the fldfmr, with a large nedlarium at the
border of the germen , and four ftamina the length of the
corolla infer ted in the nedlarium , crowned by foundijh fnm-
mits. The germen is four-cornered , fupporting a fender
ftyle the length of the ftamina, crowned by an acute ftigma.
The cover of the flower afterward becomes a berry inclofnr
one roundifh feed. &
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft feftion of
Linnseus s fourth clafs, intitled Tetrandria Mono-
gyma, the flowers having four ftamina and one
ftyle.
The Species are,
1. Cissus {Cordifolia) foliis cordatis integerrimis. Lin.
Sp.. 170. Wild Grape with entire heart-f. hoped leaves.
Vitis folio fubrotundo, uva coryrnbofa casruleo.
Plum. Gen. 18.
2. Cissus ( Sicyoides ) foliis ovatis nudis fetaceo ferratis.
Lin. Sp. 170. Wild Grape with oval leaves which are
flawed. Bryonia alba geniculate, violas foliis, baccis
e viridi-purpurafeentibus. Sloan. Hift. jam. 1. p. 10G
3. Cissus [ Acida ) foliis ternatis obiongis carnofis mci~
fis. Lin. Sp. 170. Wild Grape with trifoliate leaves,
which are oblong , flejhy , and cut on their edges. Vitis
trifolia minor coryrnbofa, acinis nigrioribus turbina-
tis. Plum. Sp. 18.
4. Cissus ( Trifoliata ) foliis ternatis fubrotundis fubden-
tatis. Lin. Sp. 170. Wild Grape with roundifh trifoliate
leaves , which are fightly indented. Bryonia alba tri-
phylla maxima. Sloan. Hift. Jam. 1. p. 106.
Thefe plants all of them grow naturally in the
ifland of Jamaica, and in fome of the other ifland$
in the warm parts of America, where they fend out flen-
der branches, having tendrils at their joints, by which,
they fallen to the neighbouring trees, bufhes, and
any other fupport, mounting to a confiderable height.
The firft fort produces bunches of fruit, whiclTare
frequently eaten by the negroes, but are chiefly food
for. birds and wild fowl, as indeed are molt of the
fruit of the other forts, as they all grow in the un-
cultivated parts.
The plants are preferved in fome of the European
gardens, more for the fake of variety, than for ufe
or beauty, as they rarely produce either fruit or flow-
ers in moderate climates. They are propagated ei-
ther by laying their flexible branches down in pots of
earth, where they will put out roots in four or five
months, or by planting cuttings in pots filled with
light earth, which fhould be plunged into a moderate
hot-bed of tanners bark, covering the pots clofely with
hand-glafles to exclude tjie outer air : the cuttings
mufl be frequently refrefhed with water, but not too
much given at each time. When thefe or the layers
are well rooted, they fhould be carefully taken up,
and each planted in a fmall pot filled with light earth,
and plunged into the hot-bed of tan, where they
fhould conflantly remain, being too tender to thrive
in England, but with this care. Therefore they
fhould be fhifted into larger pots when it is neceflary,
and their branches mufl be fupported with flakes, to
prevent them from trailing over the neighbouring
plants ; and in warm weather the plants fhould have
free air admitted to them daily. With this treatment
they 'will thrive very well.
C I S T U S. Lin. Gen. Plant. 598. Tourn. Inft. R. H.
259. tab. 136. [It is fo called from Kilrk, or Kurad?,
Gr. Ivy, becaufe its fmall feminal vefTel is inciofed in
a cifta, or little cheft. J Rock-role.
The Characters are,
The flower hath a five-leaved empalement which is perma-
nent , two of the middle alternate leaves being fmatter than
the other. The flower hath five large roundifh petals which
fpread open it hath a great number of hairy ftamina ,
which are fhorter than the petals , and are terminated by-
fmall roundifh fummits. In the center is ftuated a roundifh
germen , fupporting a fingle ftyle the length of the ftamina ,
crowned by a plain orbicular ftigma. The germen after-
ward becomes an oval clofe cap fide, having in fome five 3
and others ten cells , filled with fmall roundifh feeds.
This
CIS
This genus of plants is ranged in the fir ft fection of
Linnaeus’s thirteenth clafs, intitled Polyandria Mo-
nogynia, the flowers having many ftamina and but
one ftyle.
T'he Species are,
1. Cistus (. Ptiofus ) arborefcens exftipulatis foliis ovatis,
petiolatis hirfutis. Lin. Sp. 736. Tree Rock-rofe with
oval leaves , whofe foot-ftalks are hairy. Ciftus mas ma-
jor, folio rotundiore. J. B. 2. 2. Greater male Ciftus ,
or Rock-rofe , with a rounder leaf.
2. Cistus ( [Inc anus ) arborefcens exftipulatis foliis fpatu-
latis tomentofis rugofis, inferioribus baft vaginantibus
connatis. Hort. Cliff. 205. Tree Rock-rofe with fpa-
tule-jhaped , woolly , rough leaves , which are joined at their
hafe. Ciftus mas 2 folio longiore incano. J. B. 2. 2.
3. Cistus ( Rreviorifolitts ) arborefcens, foliis ovato-lan-
ceolatis, ‘ baft connatis, hirfutis, rugofis, pedunculis
florum longioribus. Tree Rock-rofe with oval fpear-
Jhaped leaves , joined at their bafe , which are hairy and
rough , and longer foot-ftadks to the flowers. Ciftus mas
folio breviore. C. B. P. 464.
4. Cistus (. Lufltanicus ) arborefcens, foliis ovatis, ob-
tufis, villofis, fubtus nervofis rugofis, floribus am-
plioribus. Tree Rock-rofe , with oval , obtufe , hairy
leaves , which are nervous and rough on their under fide ,
and larger flowers. Ciftus mas Lufltanicus, folio am-
pliffimo incano. Tourn. Inft. 259.
5. Cistus ( Hifpanicus ) arborefcens villofus, foliis lan-
ceolatis, viridibus, ball connatis, floribus feflilibus,
calycibus acutis. Hairy-tree Rock-rofe with green fpear-
jhaped leaves joined at their bafe , flowers fit tin clofe , and
ftoarp -pointed empakments.
6 . Cistus ( Ladaniferus ) arborefcens exftipulatus, foliis
lanceolatis, fupra lmvibus, petiolis bafi coalitis va-
ginantibus. Hort. Cliff. 205. Tree Rock-rofe with fpear-
Jloaped leaves , fmooth on their upper fide , and their foot-
ftalks joining like fheaths. Ciftus ladanifera Hifpanica
incana. C. B. P. 467.
j. Cistus ( Albidus ) arborefcens exftipulatus foliis ovato-
lanceolatis tomentofis incanis, feflilibus fubtrinerviis.
Sauv. Monfp. 150. Tree Rock-rofe with oval , fpear-
Jhapea l, woolly leaves , fitting clofe to the ftalks. Ciftus
mas folio oblongo incano. C. B. P. 464.
8. Cistus {Salvif alias) arborefcens exftipulatus, foliis
ovatis petiolatis utrinque hirfutis. Hort. Cliff. 205.
Rock-rofe with oval hairy leaves , having foot-ftalks.
Ciftus foemina, folio falviae, fupiria humifparfa. C.
B. P. 466.
9. Cistus ( 'Creticus ) arborefcens exftipulatus, foliis fpa-
tulato-ovatis pefiolatis enerviis fcabris, calycinis lan-
ceolatis. Lin. Sp. 738. Tree Rock-rofe with oval fpatule-
fhaped rough leaves without veins , , having foot-ftalks.
Ciftus ladanifera Cretica flore purpureo. Tourn. Cor.
19. Gum-bearing Ciftus of Crete with a purple flower.
10. Cistus ( Oleafohus ) fruticofus, foliis lineari-lanceo-
latis, hirfutis, feflilibus, floribus terminalibus. Shrubby
Rock-rofe. with narrow, fpear-jhaped. , hairy leaves, fitting
clofe to the branches , and flowers terminating the ftalks.
Ciftus ledon foliis olem fed anguftioribus. C. B. P.
1 67.
11. Cistus fLaurifolius) arborefcens exftipulatus foliis
oblongo-ovatis petiolatis, trinerviis fupra glabris.
Tree Rock-rofe with oblong oval leaves , having foot-
ftalks, fmooth above , and the foot-ftalks joined at their
bafe. Ciftus ledon foliis iaurinus. C. B. P. 476.
12. Cistus (Cordifolius) foliis oblongo-cordatis, glabris,
petiolis longioribus, caule fruticofo. Rock-rofe with
oblong, heart-Jhaped , fmooth leaves , longer foot-ftalks ,
and a ftcrubby ftalk.
13. Cistus [Monfp elienftsj) arborefcens exftipulatus, fo-
liis lineari-lanceolatis, feflilibus, utrinque villofis, tri-
nerviis. Hort. CM. 205.- Tree Rock-rofe with linear
fpear-jhaped leaves fitting clofe to the branches , hairy on
bothjides, having three nerves. Ciftus ladanifera Monf-
pelienfurn. C. B. P. 467.
14. Cistus ( Sajicifolius ) arborefcens, foliis lineari-lan-
ceolatis, lubtus incanis, trinerviis, petalis fubrotundis.
Tree Rock-rofe with narrow fpear-jhaped leaves, hoary
on their under fide, having three nerves with roundifh pe-
tals. Ciftus ladanifera Hifpanica, falicis folio, flore
1
CIS
aibo, macula punicante infignito. Tourn. Inft. II. H.
260. Spanijh Gum-bearing Ciftus with white flowers
fpotted with purple.
15. Cistus [R opulifolius) arborefcens exftipulatus, foliis
cordatis kevibus acuminatis petiolatis. Hort, Cliff.
205. Tree Rock-rofe with heart-Jhaped fmooth leaves ,
having foot-ftalks. Ciftus ledon foliis populi nigrae
major. C. B. P. 467.
16. Cistus ( Crifpus ) arborefcens exftipulatus, foliis lan-
ceolatis pubefeentibus trinerviis undulatis. Hort. Cliff.
206. Rock-rofe with - fpear-jhaped, hairy, waved leaves,
having three veins. Ciftus mas, foliis chamasdryos,
C. B. P. 464.
1 7. Cistus ( Halimifolius ) foliis ovatis, incanis, inferne
petiolatis, fuperne coalitis, caule fruticofo. Rock-rofe
with oval hoary leaves , thofe beneath having foot-ftalks,
and the upper ones joined at their bafe, and a jhnibby ftalk .
Ciftus Ralimi, folio 1. Cluf. Hift. 1. p. 71. Ciftus
with Sea Purftane leaves.
18. Cistus ( Longif alius ) foliis lineari-lanceolatis, incanis
petiolatis, floribus racemofls caule fruticofo. Rock-
rcfe with narrow fpear-jhaped leaves , having foot-ftalks
which are hoary, flowers growing in clufters , and a
Jhrubby ftalk. Ciftus folio halimi longiore incano. j.
B. 2. 5.
Thefe plants all grow naturally in the fouth of France,
in Spain, and Portugal, from whence their feeds
have been brought to England, where molt of the
forts are now cultivated in the nurferies for fale. The
firft fort hath a ftrong woody Item, covered with a
rough bark, which rifes three or four feet high, di-
viding into many branches, fo as to form a large
bufhy head •, garnifhed with oval hairy leaves, placed
oppoftte, and fit clofe to the branches, having feveral
fmaller leaves of the fame form, rifing from the fame
joint. The flowers are produced at the end of the
branches, four or five ftanding together, almoft in
form of an umbel, but rarely more than one is open
at the fame time ; thefe are compofed of five large
roundifh petals of a purple colour, which fpread open
like a Role, having a great number of ftamina, fur-
rounding- the oval germen in the center, terminated
by fmall, roundifh, yellow fummits ; thefe flowers
are but of fhort duration, generally falling off the
fame day they expand ; but there is a fuccefiiori of
frefh flowers every day for a conflderable time. After
the flowers are paft, the germen fwells to an oval
feed-veffel, fitting in the empalement, which is hairy j
thefe capfules have ten cells, which are full of finall
roundifh feeds. This fort flowers in May and June,
and the feeds ripen in autumn; and there is generally
more flowers produced in September and Odtober, if
the autumn proves favourable, and where the plants
are protected from froft, they frequently produce foffie
flowers all the winter feafon.
The fecond fort differs from the firft in the fhape of
the leaves, which are longer and whiter ; thofe on
the lower part of the branches are oval, and join at
their bafe, furrounding the ftalks, .but the upper
leaves are fpear-lhaped and diftincft ; the flowers are
larger, and of a paler purple colour. This flowers
• and ripens feeds at the fame time with the firft.
The third fort differs from both the former, in having
fhorter and greener leaves, which are joined at their
bafe, and are hairy. The foot-ftalks of the flowers
are much longer, and the flowers are fmaller, but of
a deeper purple. This flowers and feeds at the fame
time with the two former, and the fhrubs grow T as
large as the firft fort.
Th e fourth fort hath much larger and rounder leaves
than either of the former, which are hairy, and
fmooth on their upper fide, but rough, and full of
veins on their under ; the branches are white, hairy,
and the flowers are very large, and of a light purple
colour. This flowers at the fame time with the
former.
The fifth fort doth not rife fo high as either of the
former, but fends out branches near the root, which
are hairy and ereft, garnifhed with fpear-fhaped
leaves, of a dark green colour, which join at their
bafe 5
1
!4-o
CIS '
bafe, furrounding the {talk. At each joint comes
out a very ilender branch, having three pair of fmall
leaves of the fame fhape with the other, terminated
by a fmgle flower ; the ends of the branches have
three or four flowers fitting dole without foot-ftalks.
The flowers are of a deep purple colour, and like
thole of the firft. This flowers at the fame time with
the other forts.
I he fixth fort rifes to the height of five or fix feet,
with a ftrong woody ftalk, fending out many hairy
branches, garhifhed with fpear-fhaped leaves, fmooth
on their upper fide, but veined on their under, having
ihort foot-ftalks, which join at their bafe, where they
form a fort of fheath to the branch. The flowers
come out at the end of the branches, which are large,
of a light purple colour, and refembling thofe of the
fourth fort.
The feventh fort hath erect branches, which come
out from the lower part of the ftalk, and are woolly;
garniftied with oblong hoary leaves, covered with a
white down, which are fmooth above, but veined
on their under fide, joining at their bafe where they
furround the ftalk ; the flowers are produced at the
end of the branches, which are of a bright purple
colour, and large. This flowers at the lame time
with the other forts.
The eighth fort hath a flender fmooth ftalk, covered
with a brown bark, which never rifes more than three
feet high, fending out many horizontal weak branches,
which fpread wide, garniftied with fmall oval leaves,
which are hairy, {landing upon ftiort foot-ftalks. The
flowers come out at the wings of the leaves, upon
long naked foot-ftalks ; thefe are white, and fome-
what fmaller than thofe of the other forts. This
flowers in June, July, and Auguft.
The ninth fort grows naturally in the iflands of the
Archipelago ; this is the plant which produces the
labdanum, as is hereafter mentioned ; it rifes three
or four feet high, with a woody ftalk, fending out
many lateral branches, covered with a brown bark,
garniftied with oval, fpear-fliaped, hairy leaves, with
waved borders ; thefe in warm feafons fweat a glu-
.... o
tinous liquid, which fpreads on the furface of the
leaves, is very clammy and fweet fcented. The flowers
come out at the end of the branches, on fhort hairy
foot-ftalks ; they are of a deep purple colour, and
about the flze of a fmgle Rofe ; thefe appear in June
and July.
The tenth fort rifes with a fhrubby ftalk about four
feet high, the branches are very, hairy, glutinous,
grow erect, and are garnilhed with long, narrow,
hairy leaves, ending in points, of a deep green on
both fldes, having a deep longitudinal furrow on their
upper fide, made by the midrib, which is prominent,
the flowers ftand upon long foot-ftalks at the end of
the branches, which are of a pale fulphur colour,
having a bordered empalement, which is cut into
five acute parts at the top. This flowers in June,
July, and Auguft, and the feeds ripen in autumn.
The eleventh fort rifes with a ftrong woody ftem to
the height of five or fix feet, fending out many eredt
branches, garnifhed with fpear-fhaped leaves ending
in points ; thefe are thick, white on their under fide,
of a dark green above, and very glutinous in warm
weather. The flowers are produced at the end of
the branches, upon long naked foot-ftalks, which
branch on their fldes into fmall foot-ftalks, each fuf-
taining one large white flower, having a hairy em-
palement. This fort flowers in June and July.
The twelfth fort rifes with a fmooth fhrubby ftalk
, four or five feet high, fending out many flender lig-
neous branches, covered with a fmooth brown bark ;
garnifhed with oblong heart-fhaped leaves, which are
fmooth, and have long foot-ftalks. The flowers are
produced at the end of the branches. Handing upon
pretty, long foot-ftalks ; they are white, and appear
in June, July, and Auguft, but rarely produce any
feeds in England.
The thirteenth fort rifes with a flender fhrubby ftalk,
from three to four feet high, fending out many
C I S
branches from the bottom upward, which are 'hairy,
garnifhed with fpear-fhaped leaves, of a very dark
gj een colour, having three longitudinal veins in each,
and in warm weather are covered with a glutinous
fweet- fcented iubftance, which exfudes from their
P^res, The flower-ftalks which come out at the end
of the branches, are long, naked, and fuftain many
white flowers, rifing above each other; their em-
palements are bordered, and end in fharp points.
This flowers at the fame time with the laft men-
tioned.
The fourteenth fort rifes with a woody ftem to the
height of five or fix feet, fending out many fide
branches from the bottom, the whole length ; thefe
are fmooth, covered with a reddifh brown bark, gar-
nifhed with narrow fpear-fliaped leaves, whitiflTon
their under fide, of a dark green above, having three
longitudinal veins. The flowers are produced at the
end of the branches, on fhort foot-ftalks, and are
compofed of five very large, roundifh, white petals,
each having a large purple fpot at their bafe. The
whole plant exfudes a fweet glutinous fubftance in
warm weather, which hath a very ftrong balfamic
fcent, io as to perfume the circumambient air to a
great diftance. This flowers in June, July, and
Auguft.
There is a variety of this with white flowers, having
no purple fpots, which is in all other refpe&s the fame
with this.
The fifteenth fort hath a fliff, flender, woody ftalk,
which fends out many branches the whole length, and
rifes to the height of fix or feven feet ; the leaves are
large, heart-fhaped, and of a light green colour ;
thefe fit clofe to the branches, having many nerves 5
the flowers are produced at the end of the branchy
upon naked foot-ftalks ; they are white, and foon drop
off. This flowers in June and July, and is atprefent
pretty rare in the Englifh gardens.
The Sixteenth fort hath weak, flender, woody branches,
which fpread horizontally, fo feldom rife more
than two or three feet high, garnifhed with fpear-
fhaped hairy leaves, which are indented on their
edges, and have three longitudinal veins running
through them ; the flowers are white, coming out
upon naked foot-ftalks from the wings of the leaves;
thefe are fucceeded by roundifh blunt feed-veffels,
having feveral cells, filled with angular feeds. This
flowers in June and July, and the feeds ripen in Au-
guft and September.
The feventeenth fort hath an upright fhrubby ftalk,
which rifes four or five feet high, fending out many
branches from the ground upward, fo as • to form a
large bulh. The branches are channelled and hoary.
The leaves are oval. Handing oppofite ; thofe on the
lower part of the branches have foot-ftalks, but up-
ward they coalefce at their bafe, and furround the
ftalk; they are very white. The foot-ftalks of the
flowers which rife at the end of the branches, are a
foot in length, naked, hairy, and put out two or
four fhorter foot-ftalks on the fide, each fupporting
three or four flowers. The flowers are large, of a
bright yellow colour, but of fhort duration; their em-
palements are hairy, and fharp-pointed. This fknvers
in June and July, and at prefent is but in fewEnglifti
gardens.
The eighteenth fort hath been long preferved in the
Englifh gardens ; this rifes with a flender woody
ftalk three or four feet high, fending out many
flender branches, garnilhed with narrow, fpear-fhaped,
hoary, waved leaves ; from the wings of the leaves
come out flender branches, which have two or three
pair of fmall leaves, terminated by loofe bunches of
flowers, each Handing on a flender foot- ftalk. The
flowers are of a dirty fulphur colour, and appear in
June and July, but are never fucceeded by feeds in
this country.
This fort will not live abroad in the winter, fo is
always placed in a green-houfe, where, by its hoary
leaves, which continue all the year, it makes a va-
riety.
All
All the various' kinds of Ciftus are very great orna-
ments to a garden; their flowers are produced in
great plenty, which though but of a fhort duration,
yet are fucceeded by frefh ones almoft every day for
above two months fuccefiively; thefe flowers are
many of them about the bignefs of a middling Role,
but Angle, and of different colours ; the plants con-
tinue their leaves all the year.
Thefe plants are all of them, except the laft, hardy
enough to live in the open air in England, unlefs in
very fevere winters, which often deftroys many of
them, fo that a plant or two of each fort may be kept
in pots, and fheltered in winter, to preierve the
kinds ; the reft may be intermixed with other fhrubs,
where they will make a pretty diverflty ; and in fuch
places where they are fheltered by other plants, they
will endure the cold much better than, where they
are fcattered fingly in the borders. Many of thefe
plants will grow to the height of five or Ax feet, and
will have large fpreading heads, provided they are
permitted to grow uncut; but if they are ever
trimmed, it fhouid be only fo much as to prevent their
heads from growing too large for their ftems ; for
whenever this happens, they are apt to fall on the
ground, and appear unAghtly.
Thefe fhrubs are propagated by feeds, and alfo from
cuttings ; but the latter method is feldom pradfiled,
unlefs for thofe forts which do not produce feeds in
England ; thefe are the twelfth, feventeenth, and
eighteenth forts ; all the others generally produce
plenty of feeds, efpecially thofe plants which came
from feeds; for thofe which are propagated by cuttings,
are very fubjedt to become barren, which is alfo com-
mon to many other plants.
The feeds of thefe plants may be fown in the fpring
upon a common border of light earth, where the
plants will come up in Ax or feven weeks, and, if
they are kept clear from weeds, and thinned where
they are too clofe, they will grow eight or ten inches
high the fame year ; but as thefe plants, when young,
are liable to injury from hard fro ft, therefore they
fhouid be tranfplanted when they are about an inch
high, feme into fmall pots Ailed with light earth,
that they may be removed into fhelter in winter, and
the others into a warm border, at about Ax inches
diftance each way ; thofe which are potted, muft be
fet in a lhady Atuation till they have taken new root;
and thofe planted in the border muft be ftiaded every
day with mats till they are rooted, after which the
latter will require no other care but to keep them
clean from weeds till autumn, when they fhouid have
hoops placed over them, that they may be covered
in frofty weather ; thofe in the pots may be removed
into an open Atuation, fo foon as they have taken
new root, where they may remain till the end of Oc-
tober, but during the fummer they muft be fhifted
into larger pots, and be frequently watered ; the end
of O&ober they fhouid be placed under a hot-bed
frame to fereen them from the cold in winter, but,
at all times, when the weather is mild, they fhouid
be fully expofed to the open air, and only covered in
frofts : with this management, the plants will thrive
much better than when they are more tenderly
treated.
The above method is what the gardeners generally
pra&ife ; but thofe who are defirous to have their
plants come forward, fhouid fow the feeds on a mo-
derate hot-bed in the fpring, which will bring up the
plants very foon ; but thefe muft have plenty of air
when they appear, otherwife they will draw up very
weak ; when the plants are At to remove, they fhouid
be each planted into a feparate fmall pot, and plunged
Into a very moderate hot-bed, obferving to fhade
them till they have taken frefh root ; then they muft
have plenty of air admitted to them every day in good
weather, to prevent their drawing up weak ; and by
degrees they muft be hardened, fo as to be removed
into the open air the beginning of June, and then
they may be treated in the fame manner as is before
direfted for the other feedling plants. By the bringing
of the plants forward in the fpring in this method/
they will grow to the height of two feet, or more,-
the Arft fummer, and have many lateral branches, fo
will be ftrong enough to plant abroad the following
fpring, and molt of them v/ill flower the fame fummer,
whereas thofe which, are fown in the full ground,
rarely flower till the year after ; nor v/ill they be fo
ftrong, or capable to refill the cold of the fecond
winter, as thofe which have been brought forward.
In the fpring following, thefe plants may be turned
out of the pots, with all the earth preferved to their
roots, and planted in the places where they are to re-
main (for they are bad plants to remove when grown
old,) obferving to give them now and then a little
water, until they have taken frefh. root ; after which
time, they will require no 'farther care than to train
them upright in the manner you would have them
grow; but thofe plants which were at Arft planted
into a border in the open ground, fhouid be arched
over, and covered with mats in frofty weather, during
the Arft winter, but may be tranfplanted abroad the
fucceeding fpring. In removing of thefe plants, you
fhouid be careful to preferve as much earth about
the roots as you can ; and if the feafon fhouid prove
hot and dry, you muft water and fhade them until
they have taken frefh root, after which they v/ill re-
quire no other culture than was before directed.
Thefe plants may alfo be propagated by cuttings,
which fhouid be planted in May or June, upon a bed
of light earth, keeping them fhaded with mats, and
frequently refrefhed with water, until they have taken
root ; which will be in about two months time, when
you may tranfplant them into pots Ailed with good
frefh light earth, and they fhouid be fet in a fhady
place until they have taken root, then they may be
expofed to the open fun until October, when you
fhouid remove them into fhelter the Arft winter ; but
the fucceeding fpring you may plant them abroad, as
was before directed for the feedling plants.
The fourteenth and fifteenth forts are by much the
moft beautiful of all thefe Ciftus’s ; the flowers, which
are as big as a large Rofe, are of a fine white, with a
deep purple fpot on the bottom of each leaf. Thefe
plants alfo abound with a fweet glutinous liquor,
which exfudes through the pores of the leaves in fo
plentiful a manner in hot weather, that the furfaces
of the leaves are covered therewith ; from this plant
Clufius thinks might be gathered great quantities of
the ladanum which is ufed in medicine, in the woods
in Spain, where he faw vaft quantities of this ftirub
growing.
But it is from the ninth fort, which Monf. Tourne-
fort fays, the Greeks, in the Archipelago, gather
this fweet gum ; in the doing of which (Bellonius
fays) they make ufe of an inftrument like a rake
without teeth, which they call ergaftiri ; to this are
tied many thongs of raw and untanned leather, which
they rub gently on the bufhes that produce ladanum,
fo that the liquid moifture may flick upon the thongs,
after which they ferape it off with knives ; this is
done in the hotteft time of the day, for which reafon
the labour of gathering this ladanum is exceflive, and
almoft intolerable, fince they are obliged to remain
on the mountains for whole days together, in the very
heat of fummer, or the dog days ; nor is there any
perfon almoft that will undertake this labour, except
the Greek monks.
Monf. Tournefort alfo relates the fame in his travels,
where he fays, that the fhrubs which produce the
ladanum grow upon dry Tandy hillocks ; and that he
obferved feveral country fellows in their fhirts and
drawers, that were brufhing the fhrubs with their
whips ; the ftraps whereof, by being drawn over the
leaves of the plant, licked up a fort of odoriferous
balfam flicking upon the leaves, which he fuppofes
to be part of the nutritions juice of the plant, which
exfudes through the pores of the leaves, where it re-
mains like a fattifh dev/, in fhining drops as clear as
turpentine.
T t t
When
J
C I T
When the whips are ftifficiently laden with this'greafe,
they take a knife, and fcrape it clean off the it raps,
and make it up into a mafs of cakes of different fizes ;
this is .what comes to us under the name of ladanum,
or labdanum. A man. that is diligent, will gather
three pounds two ounces per day, or more, which
. they fell for a crown on the fpot •, this work is rather
unpieafant than laborious, becaufe it muft be done in
’ the hotteft time of the day, and in the greatelt calm-,
v arid yet the pureft ladanum is not free from filth,
becaufe the winds of the preceding days have blown
duft upon thefe fnrubs, which, by the glewy fub-
ftance upon the fuimc.es of the leaves, is thereby de-
tained and mixed therewith. But to add weight to
this drug, they knead it up with a very fine blackifh
fand, which is found in thofe parts, as if nature her-
felf was minded to teach them how to adulterate this
commodity. It is no eafy thing to difcover this cheat,
when the fand has been well blended with the la-
danum ; in order to which you muft chew it for
feme time, to find whether it crackles between the
teeth, and if it doth, you muft firft diffolve it, and
then ftrain it, in order to purify away what has been
added to it.
CITHAREXYLUM. Lin. Gen. Plant. 678.
Fiddle-wood.
The Characters are.
The empalement of the flower is bell-fhaped , ofl one leaf \
indented in five parts. The flower is of one leaf \ funnel-
Jhaped , divided at the top into jive equal parts , which
fpread open. It hath four fiamina which adhere to the
tube , two of them being longer than the other , terminated
by oblong fummits with two lobes. In the center is fi-
tuated the roundifh germen , fupporting a fender ftyle ,
crowned by an obtufe double-headed ftigrna. The germen
afterward becomes a capfule with two cells , each having
a Jingle feed.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fecftion
of Linnaeus’s fourteenth clafs, intitled Difiynamia
Angiofpermia; the plants of this fection have two
long, and two Ihort ftarnina, and the feeds are in-
cluded in a capfule.
The Species are,
1. Cith arexylum ( Cinereum ) ramis angulatis, foliis
ovato-lanceolatis venis candicantibus. Fiddle-wood with
angular branches , and oval fpear-fhaped leaves , having
white veins. Citharexylum arbor laurifolia Americana,
foliorum venis latis candicantibus. Pluk. Almag. 108.
Fiddle-wood with oval fpear-fhaped leaves , which are
veined , indented , and placed by threes , angular branches ,
and flowers growing in loofe bunches. This is the common
Fiddle-wood of America.
2. Citharexylum ( Album ) foliis oblongo-ovatis, in-
tegris, oppofitis, ramis angulatis, floribus fpicatis.
Fiddle-wood with oblong , oval . , entire leaves growing op-
pofite , angular branches , and flowers growing in fpikes.
Berberis fructu arbor maxima baccifera, racemofa,
foliis integris obtufis, flore albo pentapetalo odora-
tifllmo, frudu nigro monopyreno. Sloan. Cat. Jam.
170. Fiddle-wood , or Fiddle-wood.
The firft fort grows common in moft of the ifiands
in the Weft-Indies, where it rifes to a great height,
and becomes a very large timber-tree ; fhe wood of
which is greatly eiteemed for buildings, being very
durable.
This hath an upright trunk fifty or fixty feet high,
fending out branches on every fide, which have fe-
ver al angles, or ribs, running longitudinally, gar-
nifned by three oval fpear-fhaped leaves at every
print, handing in a triangle, upon Ihort foot-ftalks.
• ’The leaves are about four inches long, and one or
two broad, of a lively green colour, pretty much
notched on- their edges, having feveral deep veins
running from the midrib to the edges, which are of
a whim colour on their upper fide, and very prominent
. on their under. The flowers come out from the fides,
. and alio at the end of the branches, in loofe bunches,
which are fucceeded by final] pulpy berries, inclofing
two feeds in each.
The fecond fort is a native of the fame ifiands with
C I T
the firft. This is alfo a very large tree, whofe timber
is greatly valued in America, for buildings, being
very. durable-, and from thence I have been informed
the French gave it the title of Fiddle- wood, which
the Englifh have rendered- -Fiddle-wood and home
have fuppofed that the wood -was ufed for making
thofe muficai inftruments, which is a great, miftake.
This tree rifes with a ftrong upright trunk to the
height of fixty feet or more, fending- out many an-
gular branches. Handing oppofite, which are covered
with a loofe whitifh bark, (from whence the inhabitants
give it the name of white Fiddle- wood,) g a milked with
oval oblong leaves, handing oppofite, on Ihort foot-
ftalks ; thefe are of a lucid green, and are rounded at
their ends. The flowers comeout in long loole ipikes,
toward the end of the branches, which are white,
and fmell -very fweet , thefe are followed by fmal.1,
roundifh, pulpy berries, each indofing a Angle feed.
The firft fort hath been long preferved in forne of
the curious gardens in England, for the fake of va-
riety. The leaves continuing through the year, and
being of a fine green colour, make a pretty variety in
the ftove during the winter feafon : this may be pro-
pagated either by feeds, or cuttings j the latter is the
ufual method in England, where the feeds are not
produced ; but when feeds can be obtained from
abroad, the plants which rile from them are much
better than thofe raifed from cuttings.
The feeds of this fort fhould be fown in fmall pots
early in the fpring, and plunged into a frelh hot-bed
of tanners bark, and treated in the fame manner as
other exotic feeds, which are brought from hot coun-
tries. If the feeds are frelh, the plants will appear
in fix or feven weeks, and in about one month more
will be fit to tranfplant; when this is done, the
plants Ihould be carefully feparated, fo as not to tear,
or break off their roots, and each planted in a fmall
pot filled with light frelh earth, and plunged into
the hot- bed again, obferving to Ihade them till they
have taken frelh root; after which they fhould have
a large Ihare of air admitted to them in warm weather,
and muft be frequently watered; in autumn the plants
Ihould be removed into the bark-ftove, where it will
be proper to keep them the firft winter, till they
have obtained ftrength ; then they may be afterward
kept in a dry ftove in winter, and in the middle of
fummer they may be expofed in the open air for two
or three months, in a warm fituation, with which
management the plants will make better progrefs
than when they are more tenderly treated.
If the cuttings of thefe plants are planted in fmall pots
during the fummer months, and plunged into a
moderate hot-bed, they will take root, and may af-
terward be treated in the fame manner as the feedling
plants.
The feeds of the fecond fort were fent me by William
Williams, Efq; from Jamaica, which have fucceeded
in the phyfic garden at Chelfea ; but as the plants
have not yet flowered, I can give no other account
of them, than what is before-mentioned ; however,
they feem to be full as hardy as thofe of the firft fort,
and make full as great progrels. The leaves of this
fort continue all the year, and having a gloffy green
colour, make a pretty appearance in the winter
feafon.
CITRUS. Lin. Gen. Plant. 807. Citreum. Tourn.
Inft. R. H. 620. tab. 395, 396. The Citron-tree.
The Characters are.
The empalement of the flower is of one leaf \ indented in
five parts. The flower hath five oblong , thick petals ,
which fpread open , and are a little concave ; it hath ten
fiamina , which a/re not equal , and join in three bodies at
their bafle , terminated by oblong fummits. The oval germen
in the center fupports a cylindrical ftyle , crowned by a
globular ftigrna ; the germen afterward becomes an oblong
fruit , with a thick flefhy Jkin filled with a fucculent pulp ,
having many cells , each containing two oval hard feeds.
Dr. Linnaeus has joined the Aurantiuni 'and Limon
to this genus, making them only different fpecies of
the lam* genus ; but all the varieties of Citron which
I have
C 1 T
T h aye examined, have but ten (lamina in tneir flow-
ers, whereas thofe of the Orange have more, lb that
thefe may be feparated on that tiilforefice ; bn . lour-
nefort adds, as a diftinguiftiing character to mis ge-
nus, the appendix which grows to the foot - talk of
the leaf. However, I (hall not fo clofely fol low Lin-
naeus, in joining thole things together, W 'ch have
by all the writers on botany and garden ng been
kept feparate, left I fhould render this work unin-
telligible to thofe who have not ma.de botany tneu
ftudy.
The Species are,
1. Citrus ( Medica ) fructu oblongo, majori, mucrona-
to, cortice craflo rugofo. Citron with a larger , oblong ,
pointed fruit, having a thick rough rind. Malum
Citreum dulci medulla. Fet. Help. 72. The Sweet
Citron.
2. Citrus {Tuber of a) fruclu oblongo, cortice tuberofa
rugofo. Citron with an oblong fruit , having a rough
' knobbed' rind. Malum Citreum vuigare. Fer. Help.
^7. The common Citron.
There are feveral varieties of this fruit, with which
the Enslifii gardens have been Supplied from Genoa,
where is the great nurfery for the feveral parts of Eu-
rope for this fort, as alfo Orange and Lemon-trees •,
and the gardeners who cultivate them there, are as
fond of introducing a new variety to their collection,
as the nurfery-men in England are of a new Pear, Ap-
ple, Peach, &c. fo that the varieties being annually
increafed, as are many of our fruits from feeds, there
is like to be no end of the vatiety of thefe, nor of
the Orange and Lemon-trees.
The fruit of the Citron is feldom eaten raw, as thofe
of the Orange, but they are generally preferved, and
made into fweetmeats, which are by fome perfons
greatly efteemed ; and as thefe are kept till winter
and fpring, when there is a fcarcity of fruit for fur-
niftfmg out the defert, they are the more valuable ;
but unlefs the feafons are warm, and the trees are
well managed, the fruit rarely ripens in England.
Some of the faireft fruit which I have feen growing
in England, were in the gardens of his late grace the
Duke of Argyle, at Whitton, where the trees were
trained againft a fouth wall, through which there
are flues contrived for warming the air in winter,
and glafs-covers to put over them when the weather
begins to be cold. In this place the fruit were as
large, and perfectly ripe, as they are in Italy or Spain.
The feveral forts of Citrons are cultivated much in
the fame manner as the Orange-tree, to which I fnall
refer the reader, to avoid repetition ; but Avail only
remark, that thefe are fomewhat tenderer than the
Orange, and fhould therefore have a warmer fituation
in winter, otherwife they are very fubjedt to call their
fruit. They fhould alfo continue a little longer in the •
houfe, in the ipring, and be carried in again fooner in
the autumn ; as alfo have a warmer and better de-
fended fituation in the fummer, though not too much
expofed to the fun in the heat of the day.
And as their leaves are larger, and their flioots
ftronger, than thofe of the Orange, they require a lit-
tle more water in the fummer ; but in winter they
fhould have but little water at each time, which
muft be the oftener repeated. The foil ought to be
much the fame as for the Orange-tree, but not quite
fo ftrong.
The common Citron is much the beft ftock to bud
any of the Orange or Lemon kinds upon, it being
the ftraiteft and free ft growing tree. The rind is
fmoother, and the wood lefs knotty, than either the
Orange or Lemon ; and will take either fort full as
well as its own kind, which is what none of the other
forts will do : and thefe flocks, if rightly managed,
will be very ftrong the fecond year after fowing, ca-
pable to receive any buds, and will have ftrength to
force them out vigoroully •, whereas it often happens,
when thefe buds are inoculated into weak flocks, they
frequently die, or remain till the fecond year before
they put out ; and thofe that fhoot the next fpring af-
ter budding, are oftentimes fo weak as hardly to be
C L A
fit to remain, being incapable to make a ftrait hand*
fome item, which is the great beauty of thefe trees.
Cl TRUE. See Pepo.
CL AR Y. See Sclarea.
CLAYTONIA, Gron. Flor. Virg. Lin. Gen. Plank
2 a o.
The Characters are,
T hr flower hath a two-leaved oval empakment , with a
trcnherfe bafe : it hath five oblong oval petals, which
'are indented at the top, and five awl-floaped recurved fta-
mina , which are floor ter than the petals, terminated bf
oblong fummits. In the center is ‘ fituated an oval germ en,
fupporting a Jingle jlyle, crowned by a trifid ftigma. The
germen afterward becomes a rcundijh capfuls , having three
cells, opening with three daflic valves, and filled with
round feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft feCtion of
Linnaeus’s fifth clafs, in titled Pentandria Monogynia,
the flower having five ftaminaand but one ftyle.
The Species are,. ,
1. Claytonia ( Virginica ) folks linearibus. Lin. Sp.
Plant. 294. Claytonia with very narrow leaves. Orni-
thogalo affinis Virginiana, flare purpurea pentapeta-
loide. Pluk. Aim. 272.
2. Claytonia ( Siberica ) folks ovatis. Lin. Sp. Plant.
294. Claytonia with oval leaves. Lirania. A At. Stockh.
1746.
The firft fort grows naturally in Virginia, from
whence it was font by Mr. Clayton to England, and
received its tirle from him.
It hath a fmall tuberous root, which fends out low
(lender ftalks in the fpring, about three inches high,
which have each two or three fucculent narrow leaves
about two inches long, of a deep green colour. At
the top of theftalk are four or five flowers produced.
Handing in a loofe bunch ; thefe are compofed of
five white petals which fpread open, and are fpotted
with red on their inftde ; after thefe fall away, the
germen becomes a roundifh capfule divided into three
cells, which are filled with roundifh feeds. The flow-
ers appear in April, and the feeds ripen in June, loon
after which the plant decays to the root.
The fecond fort mows naturally in Siberia.' This is
1 f * .«
a low plant, feldom riling more than two or three
inches high ; the root is tuberous, fending out three
or four oval leaves ; the foot-ftalk of the flower arifes
immediately from the root, fuftaining two or three
fmall white flowers of the fame fhape with thofe of
the firft fort, fo make but little figure in a garden.
The plants are both propagated by feeds, and alfo
from offsets fent out from the roots : the feeds fhould
be fown upon a fhady border of light earth, or in
pots filled with the like mould, foon after they are
ripe; for if they are kept out of the ground till
fpring, the plants will not come up till the next year ;
whereas thofe which are fown early in the autumn,
will grow the following Ipring, fo that a whole year
is gained. When the plants come up, they will re-
quire no other care but to keep them clean from
weeds ; and in the autumn, if fome old tanners bark
is fpread over the furface of the ground, it Will fe-
cure the roots from being injured by froft which, if
it Ihould prove very fevere, might injure the young
plants, but in mild winters they will not require pro-
tection.
The beft time to tranfplant the roots is about Micha-
elmas, when they are inactive ; but as they are fmall,
if great care is not taken in opening the ground,
the roots may be buried and loft ; for they are of a
dark colour, fo are not eafily diftinguifhed from the
ground.
C L, A V I C L E [Claviculus, LoJfl] a clafper or tendril.
CLEMATIS. Lin. Gen. Plant. 616. Clematitis.
C. B. P. 300. [Kx-npuTig, of KXijjwa, a twig or clafper,
& c. becaufe it climbs up trees with clafpers, like
thofe of Vines. Hence it is called Viimiltum due-
tile, Ranunculus obfequiofus ; and alfo Antrogeno-
rnene, and Flammula, as though producing a car-
buncle ; for the leaves being bruifed, and applied to
the fkin, burn it into carbuncles, as it is in the pefti-
lence ;
C L E
knee j and Flammula, beeaufe it one leaf be cropped
in a hot day in the lumpier feafon, and bruifed, and
presently put to the noftrils, it will caufe a fmell and
pain like a flame. | Virgin’s Bower,
The Characters are,
'2 he flowers haws no empalement •, they have each four
loofe oblong petals , with a great number of ftamina ,
which are floor teg i nan the pet ah , and. the fummits ad-
here to their fide . fikey have many germen , which arc
roundifh and comprefted • the awl-Jhaped ftyle , which is
longer than the ftamina , is crowned by a Jingle ftigma.
the germina afterward become fio many roundijh com -
'prejjed feeds, with the ftyle fitting on their top , and are
colie bled into a head , the fiyles of the fever al fpecies being
of various forms .
This genus of plants is ranged in the feventh feclion
of Linnaeus’s thirteenth dais, intitled Polyandria Po-
lygynia, the flowers of this lection having many fta-
mina and feveral ftyles.
The Species are,
1. Clematis (Rebta) foliis pinnatis, foliolis ovato-lan-
ceolatis, integerrimis, caule eredo. Hort. Cliff. 225.
Clematis with winged leaves , whofe lobes are oval , fpear-
Jhaped , entire, and an upright ftalk. Clematitis
five flammula furre&a alba. J. B. 2. 12 7. Upright
white Climber.
2. Clematis ( Integrifolia ) foliis fimplicibus, ovato-lan-
eeolatis. Hort. Cliff. 225. Clematis with Jingle leaves,
which are oval and fpear-Jhaped. Clematitis casrulea
erefta. C. B. P. 300. Upright blue Climber.
3. Clematis ( Hifpanha ) foliis pinnatis, foliolis lanceo-
latis, acutis, integerrimis, caule erecto. Clematis with
winged leaves , whofe lobes are fpear-Jhaped , pointed ,
erVirf, an upright ftalk. Clematitis Hifpanica fur-
reda altera & humilior flore albicante. H. R. Par.
4. Clematis {V it alb a) foliis pinnatis, foliolis cordatis,
fcandentibus. Hort. Cliff. 225. Clematis with winged
leaves , whofe lobes are heart-Jhaped and climbing. Cle-
matitis latifolia integra. J. B. 2. p. 125. Climber with
broad entire leaves , commonly called Viorna , or F ravelled s
7 °y-
5. Clematis ( Canadenfis ) foliis ternatis, foliolis corda-
tis, acutis, dentatis, fcandentibus. Clematis with tri-
foliate , heart-Jhaped , pointed leaves , which are indented ,
£svd climbing. Clematitis Canadenfis latifolia & tri-
phylla. Sar. Broad-leaved Canada Climber.
6. Clematis ( Flammula ) foliis inferioribus, pinnatis,
laciniatis, fummis fimplicibus, integerrimis, lanceo-
latis. Hort. Cliff. 225. Clematis whofe lower leaves are
winged and jagged , and the upper ones Jingle , fpear-Jhaped ,
, and entire. Clematitis five flammula repens. C. B. P.
300. Creeping Climber.
7. Clematis ( Cirrhofa ) cirrhis fcandens foliis fimplici-
bus. Hort. Cliff. 226. Clematis with climbing tendrils ,
and fimple leaves. Clematitis peregrina, foliis pyri
incifis. C. B. P. 300. Foreign Climber with cut Pear-
Jhaped leaves.
8. Clematis ( Viticella ) foliis compofitis decompofitif-
que, foliolis ovatis, integerrimis. Hort. Cliff. 225.
Clematis with compound and decompounded leaves , whofe
fmall leaves are oval and entire. Clematitis caerulea
vel purpurea repens. C. B. P. 300. Single blue Virgin's
Bower.
9. Clematis (. Alpina ) foliis compofitis ternatis ternatif-
• que, foliolis acutis ferratis. Clematis with compound
leaves , whofe lobes are Jharply fawed. Clematitis Al-
pina geranii folio. C. B. P. 300. Alpine Climber with
tM, Crane's-bill leaf .
10. Clematis ( Viorna ) foliis compofitis decompofitif-
que, foliolis quibufdam trifidis. Flor. Virg. 62. Cle-
matis with compound and decompounded leaves, fome of
whofe lobes are. trifid. Clematis purpurea repens, pe-
talis fiorum coriaceis. RaiiHift. 1928. Creeping pur-
ple Climber , with coriaceous petals to the flower.
11. Clematis [Orient alls) foliis compofitis, foliolis in-
cifis angulatis lobatis cuneiformibus, petalis interne
villofls, Lin. Sp. 765. Clematis with compound leaves,
whofe fmall leaves are cut into angular wedge-Jhaped
lobes, and the inftde of the petals are hairy. Clematitis
Orientalis folio apii, flore ex viridi flavefeente, pofte-
.CLE
rius reflexo',^ Tourn. Cor. 20. Eaftern Climber with d
huahagp leaf, ana a refllexed, greenijh, yellow flower.
12.^ Clematis [vioirica j foliis compofitis & decompofi-
tis, foliolis ternatis, ferratis. Gmel. Climber with
compound and decompounded haves, whofe fmall leaves are
fawed and trifoliate.
1 3-. Clematis (Dioica) foliis ternatis, integerrimis, flo-
nhus diocis. Fhree-leavcd Climber , with entire leaves,
having three lobes , and male and female flowers on the
fame plant. Clematis foliis terms. Sloan. Cat. 84.
T hree-leaved , Climber.
14. Clematis ( Americana ) foliis ternatis, foliolis cordato-
acuminatis, integerrimis, floribus corymhofis. Fhree-
leaved Climber with heart-Jhaped pointed lobes , which are
entire, and flowers collebied in round bunches. Clematitis
Americana triphylla, foliis non dentatis. Houft. MSS.
15, Clematis ( Crifpa ) foliis fimplicibus, ternatifque,
foliolis integris trilobifve. Lin. Sp. Plant. 543. Climber
with fingle and trifoliate leaves, whofe fmall leaves are
either entire, or have three lobes. Clematis flore crifpa.
Hort. Elth. 86. Climber with a curled flower.
The firll fort grows naturally in the fouth of France,
Italy, Auftria, and feveral parts of Germany, but
hath been long cultivated in the Englifli gardens for
ornament. This hath a perennial root. The ftalks
are upright, about three or four feet high, garnifhed
with winged leaves (landing oppofite, which are com-
pofed of three or four pair of lobes, terminated by
an odd one •, they are oval, fpear-fhaped, and en-
tire : the flowers are produced in large loofe panicles
at the top of the ftalks ; theie are compofed of four
white petals, which fpread open ; and the middle is
occupied by a great number of (lamina, (unrounding
five or fix germen, which afterward become fo many
comprefted feeds, each having a long tail or beard
fitting on the top. It flowers in June, and the feeds
ripen in September.
The fecond fort grows naturally in Hungary and Tar-
tary, but hath been long an inhabitant in the Englifh
gardens. The root of this is perennial, fending up
many (lender upright ftalks, from three to four feet
high, garnifhed with oppofite fingle leaves at each
joint, having (hort foot-ftalks •, the leaves are near
four inches long, and an inch and an half broad in
the middle, of a bright green, fmooth, and entire,
ending in a point : the (kwers come out from the
upper part of the ftalks, (landing upon very long
naked foot-ftalks, each fupporting a fingle blue flow-
er, compofed of four narrow thick petals which fpread
open, and many hairy (lamina furrounding the ger-
mina in the center. After the flowers are pad, the
germen become fo many comprefted feeds, each hav-
ing a tail or beard. It flowers and feeds at the fame
time with the former fort.
The third fort is very like the firft, from which it
differs in having but two or three pair of lobes in each
leaf, which are narrower and (land farther afunder :
the ftalks are (horter, and the flowers larger.
The fourth fort grows naturally in the hedges, in
mod parts of England. This hath a tough climbing
ftalk, fending out clafpers, by which it fattens to the
neighbouring butties and trees, and fometimes rifes
more than twenty feet high, fending out many fide
branches, fo as often to cover all the trees and bufhes
of the hedge. This puts out many bunches of white
flowers in June, which are fucceeded by feveral flat
feeds joined in a head, each having a long twilled
tail fitting on the top, which is covered with long
white hairs •, and in autumn, when the feeds are near
ripe, they appear like beards, from whence the qoun-
try people call it Old Man’s Beard. The branches of
this being very tough and flexible, are ufed for tying
up faggots from whence, in fome countries, it is
called Bind with.
There are two varieties of this, one with indented
leaves, which is the moft common, and the other hath
entire leaves •, but as thefe are fuppofed to arife acci-
dentally from feeds, they are not diftinguiified by
later botanifts.
The
I
The fifth fort grows naturally in moll parts of North
America, from whence the feeds have been brought to
•Europe. This is in its firft appearance very like the
laft fort, but the leaves are broader, and grow by
threes on the fame foot-ftalk, whereas thofe of the
former have five or feven lobes in each leaf. The
flowers appear at the fame time with the former,
but the feeds do not ripen in England, unlefs the
feafon is very warm. There is little beauty in this
fort.
The fixth fort hath a climbing ftalk like the fourth •,
the lower leaves of this are winged, and deeply cut
on their edges, but the upper leaves are Angle, fpear-
fliaped, and entire. The flowers of this fort are
white, and appear in June or July. This grows na-
turally in the fouth of France, and in Italy.
The feventh fort grows naturally in Spain and Por-
tugal. This hath a climbing ftalk, which will rife to
the height of eight or ten feet, fending out branches
from every joint, whereby it becomes a very thick
bulky plant ; the leaves are fometimes Angle, at
other times double, and frequently trifoliate, being
indented on their edges. Thefe keep their verdure
all the year : oppofite to the leaves come out clafpers,
which fallen themfelves to the neighbouring Ikrubs,
by which the branches are fupported, otherwife they
would fall to the ground. The flowers are produced
from the fide of the branches ; thefe are large, of an
herbaceous colour, and appear always about the end
of December, or beginning of January, which being
a feafon wdien few perfons viflt gardens for informa-
tion, thefe flowers have efcaped their notice, fo that
many have fuppofed this fort doth not produce flow-
ers in England ; and the flowers being nearly the
fame colour of the leaves, thofe who have been more
conllant vifitors of gardens, have palled by this plant,
without noticing the flowers ; but for many years to-
gether, it hath produced plenty of flowers in the gar-
den at Chelfea, and always at the fame feafon.
The feventh fort is cultivated in the nurfery-gardens
for fale, and is known by the title of Virgin's Bower.
There are four varieties of it which are preferved in
the gardens of the curious, and have been by fome
treated as fo many diftindt fpecies ; but as their only
differences confift either in the colour of their flow-
ers, or the multiplicity of their petals, they are now
only efteemed as feminal variations •, but as they are
diftinguifhed by the nurfery-gardeners, I fliall juft
mention them.
1 . Single blue Virgin’s Bowen
2. Single purple Virgin’s Bower.
3. Single red Virgin’s Bower.
4. Double purple Virgin’s Bower.
Thefe have no difference in their ftalks or leaves, fo
that the fame defcription will fit them all; excepting
the colours or multiplicity of petals in their flowers.
The ftalks of thefe plants are very flender and weak,
having many joints, from whence come out fide
branches, which are again divided into fmaller. If
thefe are fupported, they wall rife to the height of
eight or ten feet, and are garnifhed with compound
winged leaves, placed oppofite at the joints. Thefe
branch out into many divifions, each of which hath
a flender foot-ftalk, with three fmall leaves, which
are oval and entire : from the fame joint, generally
four foot-ftalks arife, two on each fide ; the two lower
havethree of thefe divifions, fo that they are each com-
pofedofnine fmall leaves or lobes-, but the two upper
have only two oppofite leaves on each, and between
thefe arife three flender foot-ftalks, each fupporting
one flower. The flowers have each four petals,
which are narfow at their bafe, but are broad at the
top and rounded : in one they are of a dark worn-out
purple, in another blue, and the third of a bright pur-
ple or red colour. The double fort, which is com-
mon in the Englifh gardens, is of the worn-out pur-
ple colour : but the foreign catalogues mention dou-
ble flowers of both the other colours, which may
probably be found in fome of their gardens ; but
as I have not feen them myfelf, I have not noticed
them. The double flowers have no ftamina or
germen, but in lieu of them, there is a multiplicity
of petals, which are narrow, And turn inward at the
top.
Thefe plants grow naturally iii the woods in Spain
and Portugal, but have been long cultivated in the
Englifh gardens for ornament. They flower in June
and July, but they felddnl ripen feeds in England;
and^the double fort continues to the end of Auguft.
The ninth fort grow T s naturally on the Alps, and other
mountains in Italy. I received it from mount Baldus,
where it grows in plenty. This hath a flender climb-
ing ftalk, which riles three or four feet high, fup-
porting itfelf by faftening to the neighbouring plants
or fhrubs. The leaves of this are compofed of nine
lobes or fmall leaves, three flanding upon each foOt>
flalk, fo that it is what the former writers flile a nine-
1 leaved plant. The flowers come out at the joints of
the ftalk, in the fame manner as the common Tra-
vellers Joy, which are white, fo make no great ap-
pearance. This fort flowers in May.
The tenth fort grows naturally in Virginia and Caro-
lina, from both of thefe countries I have received the
feeds. This hath many flender ftalks, garnifhed with
compound winged leaves at each joint and are ge-
nerally compofed of nine leaves, [landing by threes,
like thofe of the eighth fort, but the fmall leaves or
lobes of this are nearly of a heart-fhape. The flowers
of this Hand upon fhort foot-ftalks, which come out
from the wihgs of theleaves, one on each fide theftalk.
The flowers are compofed of four thick petals, which
are purple on their outfide, and blue within. They
appear in July, and if the autumn proves warm, the
feeds will ripen in September.
The eleventh fort was difcovered by Dr. Tournefort
in the Levant, from whence he fent the feeds to the
royal garden at Paris, where they fucceeded and per-
fected feeds, fo that molt of the gardens in Europe
have been furnifhed with the feeds from thence : this
hath weak climbing ftalks, which fallen themfelves
by their clafpers, to any plants or Ikrubs which Hand
near them, and thereby rife to the height of feven or
eight feet, garnilhed with compound winged leaves^
confiding of nine fmall leaves (or lobes) which are
angular and lharp-pointed. The flowers come out
from the wings of the leaves, which are of a yellowifli
green, and the petals are reflexed backward ; they
come out in April and May, and in warm feafons-
the feeds will ripen very well, if the plants have &
good fituation.
The twelfth fort grows naturally in Siberia, from
whence the feeds were fent to the imperial garden at
Peterfburgh, where they fucceeded and produced
feeds, part of which were fent me in the year 1753;.
Thefe grew, and the plants have; flowered feveral
years in the Chelfea garden. It hath weak climbing
llalks which require fupport, that rife from four to
fix or eight feet high ; the joints are far afunder ; ar.
each of thefe come out two compound winged leaves,
whofe fmall leaves or lobes are placed by threes ; thefe
are deeply fawed on their edges, and terminate in fharp
points. The flowers come out from the wings of the
leaves Angle, Handing upon long naked foot-ftalks, and
are compofed of four broad obtufe petals, which fpread
open in form of a erofs, of a whitilh yellow colour.
In the center is placed feveral germen, lurrounded
by a great number of ftamina, v/ith fiat comprefled
fummits, of the fame colour with the petals of the
flower ; after thefe are pail, the germen become fo
many comprefled feeds, each having a bearded tail.
It flowers in February March and April, and the
feeds ripen in July or Auguft.
The thirteenth fort was fent me from Jamaica by
the late Dr. Houftoun. This hath flender climbing
ftalks, which fallen themfelves to the trees and fnrubs
which Hand near them, and thereby rife to the height
of ten or twelve feet, garnilhed with trifoliate leaves,
coming out on each fide the ftalk ; the lobes
are large, oval, and entire, having three longitudinal
veins. The foot-ftalks of the flowers arife at the
I- 1 u u fame
fkme joints, dole to thofe of the leaves, one on each
fioe the {lanes-: thefe are long, naked, and grow hori-
zontally, extending beyond the leaves before they
divide and branch •, then there comes out three or
four pair of fin all foot-ftalks from the large one, each
of which divides again into three fmaller, each ftm-
porting a Angle flower : the lower pair of thefe are
extended four or five inches, the other gradually di-
itiinilh to the top, io that they form a pyramidal
thyrfe of flowers ; thefe are white, and are compofed
of four narrow petals which are reflexed back, but
the ftamina all Hand erect.
This hath been by fame perfons fuppofed to be the
lame with the common Travellers Joy, but thofe who
have feen the two plants, cannot doubt of their be-
ing diftinft fpecies.
1 he fourteenth fort was fent me from Campeachy
by the late Dr. Houftoun. This hath ftrong climb-
ing ftalks, which fallen themfelves by their clafpers
to the neighbouring trees, whereby they are fupport-
ed, and rife to the height of twenty feet or more, gar-
nifiied at each joint by trifoliate leaves, which are
heart-fhaped, pointed, and entire. The flowers
come out on long, naked, branching foot-ftalks,
which rife from the wings of the leaves; they are
white, and colleded into round ifh bunches; thefe are
fucceeded by feeds fhaped like thofe of the common
fort, but have long curling beards to each, which are
finely feathered.
The fifteenth fort grows naturally in Carolina, from
whence I received the feeds in the year 1726. This
hath weak ftalks which rife near four feet high, and
by their clafpers fallen themfelves to the neighbouring
plants, whereby they are fupported. The leaves
come out oppofite at the joints; thefe are lbmetimes
jingle, at others trifoliate, and fome of the leaves are
divided into three lobes. The flowers come out
fingly from the fide of the branches upon Ihort foot-
ftalks, which have one or two pair of leaves below
the flower, which are oblong and {harp-pointed.
The flowers have four thick petals, like thofe of the
tenth fort ; thefe are of a purple colour, and their
inner furface is curled, and hath many longitudinal
furrows. This flowers in July, and the feeds ripen in
September.
The three firft forts have perennial roots, which mul-
tiply pretty faft, but their ftalks die down every au-
tumn, and new ones arife in the fpring, in which par-
ticular they differ from all the other fpecies, therefore
require different management, and are propagated in
a different manner ; therefore I fhall firft give direc-
tions for their culture.
Thefe plants are propagated either by feeds, or part-
ing their roots ; but the, former being a tedious me-
thod (the plants feldom riling until the fecona year
after fowing, unlefs the feeds are Town in the autumn
foon after they are ripe, and are often two years
more before they flower,) the latter is generally prac-
tifed. The belt feafon for parting thefe roots is in
October or February ; either juft before their branches
decay, or before they rife again in the fpring.
They will grow almoft in any foil orfituation ; but if
the foil is very dry, they iliould always be new plant-
ed in the autumn, otherwife their flowers will not be
fo ftrong ; but if the foil be wet, it is better to defer
it until the fpring. The roots may be cut through
their crowns with a iharp knife, obferving to preferve
to every offset fome good buds or eyes ; and then it
matters not how fmall you divide them, for their
roots increafe very faft : but if you part them very
fmall, you fhould let them remain three or four years
before they are again removed, that their flowers
may be ftrong, and their roots multiplied in eyes,
which in lefs time cannot be obtained.
Thefe plants are extreme hardy, enduring the cold
of our fevereft winters in the open air, and are very
proper ornaments for large gardens, either to be
planted in large borders, or intermixed with other
hardy flowers in quarters of flowering flirubs ; where,
by being placed promifeuoufly in little open places,
they fill tip thole fmall vacancies, and are agreeable
enough. They begin to flower about, the beginning
of June, and often continue to produce firefh flowers
until Auguft, which, renders them valuable, efpeci-
aily fince they require very little care in their culture ;
foi their roots may be fuftered to remain feveral
years undifturbed, where there is no want to part
them, which will not in the leaft prejudice them.
The fourth fort is found v/ild in moft parts of Eng-
land, growing upon the Tides of banks under hedges,
and extends its trailing branches over the trees and
flirubs that are near it. This plant in the autumn is
generally covered with feeds, which are collected into
little heads, each of which having, as it were, a rough
plume raftened to it, hath occafioned the . country
people to give it the name of Old Man’s Beard. It
is titled by Lobel and Gerard, Viorna'; and by Do-
donseus, Yitis alba : in Englifh it is moft commonly
called 1 ravellers Joy. This fort is rarely cultivated
in gardens, being too rambling, and having but little
beauty.
The fifth and fixth forts have no more beauty than
the fourth, fo are leldom preferved in gardens, unlefs
for the fake of variety. They are both as hardy as
the common fort, and may be propagated either by
feeds or laying down their branches.
The feventh fort retains its leaves all the year,
which renders it valuable. This was formerly pre-
ferved in green-houfes in the winter, fuppofing it too
tender to live in the open air in England ; but now
it is generally planted in the full ground, where the
plants thrive much better than in pots, and produce
plenty of flowers, which they never did when they
were more tenderly treated ; nor have I found that
the plants have fuftered from fevere frofts ; for thofe
which have been growing in the open air at Chelfea,
more than fifty years, have refilled the greateft cold
without covering.
This fort doth not produce feeds in England, fo it is
propagated by layers, and alfo from cuttings. If
they are propagated by layers, it muft be done in the
beginning of Odtober, when the fhoots of the fame
year only fhould be chofen for this purpofe ; for the
older branches do not put out roots in lefs than two
years, _ whereas the tender {hoots will make good
roots in one year : thefe muft be pegged down into
the ground, in the fame manner as is ufually prac-
tifed for other layers, to prevent their rifing. If the
fhoots have two inches of earth over them, it will be
better than a greater depth ; but then, a little old tan-
ners bark fhould be fpread over the furface of the
ground, to keep out the froft ; for as the plants ge-
nerally begin flowering about Chriftmas, lb at the
fame time they are putting out roots, which being
but juft formed, m^y be injured by fevere frofts":
thefe layers will have ftrong roots by the follow-
ing autumn, when they may be taken from the old
plant, and traniplanted where they are defigned to
remain.
When they are propagated by cuttings, they fhould
be planted in March, in pots filled with good kitchen-
garden earth, and plunged into a very moderate hot-
bed, obferving to {hade them from the fun in the day-
time, and gently water them two or three times a
week, and in lefs than two months they will have
taken root, when they Ihould be gradually inured to
the open air. The following fummer they may be
placed in any part of the garden till Michaelmas, and
then they fhould be turned out of the pots and planted
in the full ground, either where they are defigned to
remain, or into a nurfery-bed, to grow a year longer
to get ftrength, before they are placed out for good.
All the varieties of Virgin’s Bower are propagated by
laying down their branches ; for although the Angle
flowers fometimes produce feeds in England, yet as
thefe feeds, when fown, generally remain a whole
year in the ground before they vegetate, fo the other
being the more expeditious method of increafing thefe
plants, is generally praftifed : but in order to fuc-
ceed, thefe layers fhould be laid down at a different
feafon.
feufon from the former fort; for when they are laid
in the autumn, their fhoots are become tough, fo
rarely put out roots under two years ; and after lying
fo long in the ground, not one in three of them will
have made good roots j fo that many have fuppofed
thefe plants were difficult to propagate, but fince they
have altered their feafon of doing it, they have found
thefe layers have fucceedecl as well as thofe of other
plants. •
The beft time for laying down the branches is in the
beginning of July, foon after they have made their
firft fhoots, for it is thefe young branches of the
fame year, which freely take root ; but as thefe are
very tender, there fhould be great care taken not to
break them in the operation : therefore thofe
branches from which thefe fhoots were produced,
fhould be brought down to the ground, and fattened
to prevent their rifing ; then the young fhoots fhould
be laid into the earth, with their tops raifed upright,
three or four inches above ground ; and after the
layers are placed down, if the furface of the ground
be covered with mofs, rotten tanners bark, or other
decayed mulch, it will prevent the ground from dry-
ing, fo that the layers will not require watering above
three or four, times, which fhould not be at lefs than
five or fix days interval ; for when thefe layers have
too much wet, the tender fhoots frequently rot ; or
when the young fibres are newly put out, they are fo
tender, as to perifh by having much wet : therefore
where the method here directed is praftifed, the lay-
ers will more certainly take root, than by any other
yet pradifed.
As moft of thefe plants have climbing branches,
they fhould be always planted where they may be
fupported, otherwife the branches will fall to the
ground and appear unfightly ; fo that unlefs they are
properly difpofed, inftead of being ornaments to a
garden, they will become the reverie. Where there
are arbours or feats, with trellis work round them,
thefe plants are very proper to train up againft it ; or
where any walls or other fences require to be covered
from the fight, thefe plants are very proper for the
purpofe ; but they are by no means proper for open
borders, nor do they anfwer the expectation, when
they are intermixed with fhrubs ; for unlefs their
branches have room to extend, they will not be pro-
ductive of many flowers.
The fort with double flowers is the moft beautiful,
fo that fhould be preferred to thofe with Angle flow-
ers, of which a few only fhould be planted for va-
riety. They are all equally hardy, fo are feldom in-
jured by froft, excepting in very fevere winters, when
fometimes the very tender fhoots are killed ; but if
thefe are cut off in the fpring, the Items will put out
new fhoots.
The tenth, eleventh, and fifteenth forts are alfo very
hardy plants, and have climbing branches, fo may
be difpofed in the fame manner as the other : they
are alfo propagated by layers, which will fucceed, if
performed at the fame time, and in the fame manner
as is directed for them.
The other forts are natives of the warmeft parts of
America, fo will not thrive in this country, unlefs
they are preferved in ftoves ; but as thefe are great
ramblers and plants of no great beauty, they are fel-
dom preferved in Europe, but in botanic gardens for
the fake of variety. Thefe may be propagated by
layers, in the fame manner as the other forts ; or may
be raifed from feeds, obtained from the countries
where they naturally grow ; but thefe muft be treated
in the fame manner as other exotic plants from the
fame country.
CLEOME. Lin. Gen. Plant. 740. Sinapiftrum.
Tourn. Inft. R. H. 231. tab. 116.
The Characters are.
The ftoiver hath a four-leaved empakment which fpreads
open: it hath four petals which are inclined upward and
fpread open , the two lower being lefs than the other •, in the
bottom there are three mellous glands which are roundijh ,
and an feparated by the mpalement, It hath fix or more
flamina which are incurved , having rifing fummits fixed
to their fide : it hath a Jingle fiyle , fupporting an oblong
germen , which is of the fame length as the jtamina , and
crowned by a thick ftigma. The germen afterward be-
comes a long cylindrical pod, fitting upon the. fiyle , having
one cell, opening with two valves , and filled with roundijh
feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fe&iori
of Linnaeus’s fifteenth clafs, intitled Tetradynamia
Siliquofa •, the plants of this feCtion have in the flow-
ers four long and two fhort ftamina, and their feeds
are included in long pods.
The Species are,
1. Cleome fPentapMfild) floribus gynandris^ folds qui-
natis caule inermi. Lin. Sp. 938. Cleome with flowers
having male and female parts , five leaves, and finooih
ftalks. Sinapiftrum Indicum, pentaphyllum flore
carneo, minus, non fpinofum. H. L.
2. Cleome ( Ornithopodoides ) floribus hexandris, foliis
ternatis, foliolis ovati-lanceolatis. Lin. Sp. Plant.
940. Cleome with flowers having fix ftamina, trifoliate
leaves, and fpear-Jhaped lobes. Sinapiftrum Orientale,
triphyllum, ornithopodii filiquis. Tourn. Cor. 17.
3. Cleome ( Lufitanicd ) floribus hexandris, foliis terna-
tis, foliolis lineari-lanceolatis, filiquis bivalvibus.
Cleome with flowers having fix ftamina , trifoliate leaves ,
narrow fpear-Jhaped lobes , and pods having two valves „
Sinapiftrum Lufitanicum triphyllum, flore rubroi
Tourn. Inft. R. H. 231.
4. Cleome ( Vifcofa ) floribus dodecandris, foliis quina-
tis ternatilque. Flor. Zeyl. 241. Cleome with flowers
having twelve ftamina, trifoliate and quinquefoliate
leaves. Sinapiftrum Zeylanicum, triphyllon & pen-
taphyllon vifcofum, flavo flore. Mart. Dec. 3.
5. Cleome ( Triphylla ) floribus hexandris, foliis ternatis,
foliolo intermedio majori. Clecme with flowers having
fix ftamina, and trifoliate leaves , whofe middle lobe is the
largeft. Sinapiftrum Indicum triphyllum, flore car-
neo non fpinofum. H. L.
6. Cleome ( Erucago ) floribus hexandris, foliis feptenis,
caule fpinofo, filiquis pendulis. Cleome with flowers
having fix ftamina , leaves with feven lobes, a prickly
ftalk, and hanging pods. Sinapiftrum fEgyptiacum
heptaphyllum, flore carneo, majus fpinofum. H. L.
7. Cleome ( Spinofa ) floribus hexandris, foliis quinatis
ternatifque, caule fpinofo. Cleome with flowers having
fix ftamina, leaves compofed of five and three lobes, and
a prickly ftalk. Sinapiftrum Indicum fpinofum, flore
carneo, folio trifido vel quinquefido. Houft. MSS.
8. Cleome ( Monophylla ) floribus hexandris, foliis fim-
plicibus, petiolatis ovato-lanceolatis. Flor. Zeyl. 243.
CleGme with fix ftamina to the flowers , and fix leaves ,
which are ovally fpear-Jhaped. Sinapiftrum Zeylanicum
vifcofum, folio folitario, flore flavo, filiqua tenub
Burrn. Thef. 217.
The firft fort grows naturally in Afla, Africa, and
America ; I have received the feeds of it from Aleppo,
and the coaft of Guinea, and in the earth, which came
from the Weft-Indies with other plants •, this hath
come up as a weed. It rifes with an herbaceous ftalk
about a foot high, garniftied with fmooth leaves,
compofed of five fmall leaves or lobes, joining at
their bafe to one center, and fpread out like the fin-
gers of a hand. The leaves on the lower part of the
ftalk ftand upon long foot-ftalks, which are gradu*-
ally fliortened to the top of the ftalk, where they al-
moft join it : the flowers are produced in loofe fpikes
at the end of the ftalks and branches 4 thefe have four
petals of a fiefii colour, which ftand eredt, fpreading
from each other ; and below thefe are placed the
ftamina and ftyle, which coalefce at the bottom, and
are ftretched out beyond the petals, where they fpread
open ; after the flower is paid, the germen which fits
upon the ftyle, becomes a taper pod, about two
inches long, filled with round feeds. This is an an-
nual plant, which dies foon after the feeds are ripe.
The fecond fort grows naturally in the Levant, from
whence Dr. Tournefortfent the feeds to the royal gar-
den at Paris, and from thence moft of the botanic
gardens in Europe have been furnifhed with it : this
rifes
d L E
riles with an upright ftalk about the fame height as j
the firft, garnilhed with leaves compofed of three
fpear-fhaped lobes, Handing upon fnort foot-ftalks *
the flowers come out fingly from the fide of tire
ftalks, and have four red petals, which Hand in the
fame form as thofe of the former fort : theft' are fee-
ceeded by [lender pods two inches long, which fwell
In every divifion, where each feed is lodged, lb As to
appear like joints, as thofe do of the Bird’s-foot Tre-
foil j when the feeds are ripe, the whole plant decays.
If the feeds of this are fown in autumn the plants
will flower in June, and their feeds will ripen in Au-
guft, but thofe which are fown in the fpring do not
flower till July •, fo that unlefs the feafon proves fa- -
vourable, the feeds will not ripen : if the feeds of
this fort are permitted to fcatter, the plants will tome
up without care, and require only to be thinned and
kept clean from weeds, for they will not bear tranf-
planting.
The third fort grows naturally in Portugal and Spain,
from whence I have received the feeds. This rifts with
an herbaceousftalk about a foot and half high, fending
out a few fhort fide brandies, which are garnilhed
with leaves compofed of three narrow lobes, Handing
upon Ihort foot-ftalks. The flowers come out fingly
from the fide of the ftalks, are of a deep red colour,
and are fucceeded by thick taper pods, filled with
found feeds. This is an annual plant, which will
thrive in the open air, and requires the fame treat-
ment as the former.
The fourth fort grows naturally in the ifland of Cey-
lon, from whence the feeds were brought to Holland,
where they fucceeded, and the feeds were fent me by
the late Dr. Boerhaave * this rifes near two feet high,
fending out . feveral fide branches, garnilhed with
leaves, fome of which have five, and others three
roundifh lobes Handing upon Ihort hairy foot-ftalks.
The flowers come out fingly at the foot-ftalks of the
leaves, they are of a pale yellow, and are fucceeded
by taper pods between two and three inches long,
ending in a point, which are full of round feeds. The
whole plant fweats out a vifeous clammy juice. This
is alfo an annual plant.
The fifth fort was lent me from Jamaica by the late
Dr. Houftoun, in the year 1730. This is an annual
plant which rifes two feet high, fending out many
fide branches, garnilhed with leaves, with one large
fpear-fhaped lobe in the middle, and two very fmall
ones on the fide thefe fit clofe to the branches. The
flowers come out fingly from the fide of the branches,
upon long foot-ftalks : thefe have four large fielh-
coloured petals, and fix long ftamina, which Hand
out beyond the petals ; when the flowers fade, the
germen which fits upon the ftyle becomes a taper pod
four inches long, filled with round feeds.
The fixth fort was fent me from Jamaica by the
late Dr. Houftoun, who found it growing naturally
there in great plenty. It alfo grows naturally in
Egypt. This rifes with a ftrong thick herbaceous
ftalk two feet and a half high, dividing into many
branches, which are garnilhed with leaves compofed
of feven long fpear-fhaped lobes, joining in a center
at their bafe, where they fit upon a long (lender foot-
ftalk : juft below the foot-fcalk comes out one or
two Ihort, thick, yellow fpines, which are very fharp.
The flowers come out fingly from the fide of the
branches, forming a long loofe fpike at their extre-
mities this fpike hath fingle broad leaves, which
half furround the ftalks at their bafe, from the bofom
of which, come out the foot-ftalks of the flowers,
which are two inches long, each fuftaining a large
flelh-coloured flower, whofe ftyle and ftamina are
extended two inches beyond the petals. After the
flower is paft, the germen, which fits upon the ftyle,
becomes a thick taper pod five inches long, which
hangs downward, and is filled with round feeds. This
is alfo an annual plant, which perilhes foon after the
feeds are ripe.
The feventh fort was fent me from the Havannah in
the year 1731, by the late Dr. Houftoun, This is
alfo an annual plant, which rifes near t\\o fret high*
branching out on every fide: the lower leaves* are
composed of five oblong lobes Handing upon Ion?
foot-ftalks, but thofe on the ftalks and branches havd
but three lobes, and have Ihort foot-ftalks: the
main ftalk and alfo the branches, are terminated bv
lOofe fpikes of purple flowers, each fitting upon a
(lender foot-ftalk, at the baft of which is placed a
fingle oval leaf. The ftalks are armed with (lender
ftiff fpines, .which are fituated juft under the foot-
ftalks of the leaves •, when the flowers fade, the germen
becomes a taper pod, two inches long, filled with
round feeds.
The eighth fort grows naturally in Ceylon ■ this is
an annual plant, which riles with an herbaceous ftalk
a foot and half high, garnilhed with long, narrow,
fingle leaves, (landing alternately on the ftalks * from
the wings of the leaves come out the foot-ftalks of
the flower, each fuftaining a fingle yellow flower,
which is fucceeded by a very flender taper pod;
Ail thefe plants except the fecond and third forts, are
natives of very warm countries* fo will not thrive in
England without artificial heat * therefore their feeds
muft be fown upon a good hot-bed in the fpring,
and when the plants are fit to remove, they fliould be
planted in feparate fmall pots, filled with frefh light
earth, and plunged into a frefh hot-bed, obferviW
to feade them until they have taken frefh root ; after
which they fhould have air admitted to them every
day in proportion to the warmth of the feafon, and
their waterings fhould be frequently repeated, but
not given in too great plenty ; when the plants have
filled thefe fmall pots with their roots, they fhould
be put into larger, and plunged again into a hot-bed
to bring them forward ; and in July, when they are too
tall to remain longer in the hot-bed, they fhould be re-
moved into an airy glafs cafe, where they may be
fereened from cold and wet, but in warm weather
may enjoy the free air. With this management the
plants will flower foon after, and perfeft their feeds
in autumn. The fecond and third forts may be fown
in the open borders of the garden, where they are
defigned to remain, for they do not require any ar-
tificial warmth.
CLEONIA, Portugal Self-heal,
The Characters are.
It hath a hilabiated empalement of one leaf which is tii-
bulous and angular ; the upper lip is broad , plain, and
indented in three parts \ the under is port and divided into
two. The flower is of the grinning kind , with one petal
the upper lip is ere hi and divided into two parts , the lower
is trifid , the middle fegment having two lobes , the two
lateral fpread afunder it hath four ftamina , the two
lower being the longefl , whofe outer top of their fummits
form a crofs. It hath four germen , fupporting a firnder
ftyle with four ftigma , having four equal hr files ; the ger-
men afterward become four feeds, inclo fed in the hairy em-
palement.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft feftion of
Linn^us’s fourteenth clafs, intitled Didynamia Gym-
nofpermia, the flower having two long and two fhort
ftamina, and are fucceeded by naked feeds fillino- in
the empalement.
This plant grows naturally in Spain and Portugal * it
is annual, perifhing foon after it has ripened its feeds.
It was formerly ranged under the genus of Bugula,
Tournefort afterward titled it Clinopodium, and
father Barrelier placed it with the Prunella, to which
genus it is nearly related.
It is propagated by feeds, which, when fown in the
autumn the plants will come up the following fpring;
but the feeds which are fown in the fpring, fre-
quently lie in the ground till the following autumn,
and fometimes till the next fpring before they ve-
getate. When the plants come up and are fit to
tranfplant, a few of them may be planted into a border
where they may remain to produce their flowers and
feeds, as they require but little culture ; fo a few
plants may be allowed to have place in fmall gardens,
where they will not take much room.
CLETHRA.
C L I
t LET HR A. Gron. FI. Virg. 43. Lin. den. Plant.
489.
The Characters are,
The flower hath a permanent empalement of one leaf \ which
is cut into five parts ; it hath five oblong petals , which
are longer than the empalement ; it hath ten Jl amma woich
are as long as the petals , and are terminated by oblong
■ere ft fummits ; in the center is fitnated a roundijh germen
fupporting a permanent ereft ftyle , crowned by a trifid
fiigma. The germen afterward becomes a roundifh cap fide
inclofed by the empalement , having three cells, which are
full of angular feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fecftion of
Linnaeus’s tenth clafs, intitled Decandria Monogynia,
the flowers having ten ftamina, and one ftyle.
We know but one Species of this genus at pre-
fent, viz.
Clethra ( Alnifolia ) Gron. Virg. 47. There is no Englifh
title to this plant , it is the Alnifolia Americana fer-
rata, floribus pentapetalis albis in fpicam difpofitis.
Pluk. Aim. 18. American Shrub with an Alder flawed
leaf . , and white five-leaved flowers , difpofed in afpike.
This ftirub is a native of Virginia and Carolina, where
it grows in moift places, and near the fldes of rivu-
lets, rifling to the height of eight or ten feet, but in
this country it rarely rifes to half that height : the
leaves are in fhape like thofe of the Alder-tree, but
are longer; thefe are placed alternately upon the
branches the flowers are produced at the extremity
of the branches, in clofe fpikes : they are compofed
of rive leaves, are white, and have ten ftamina in
each, which are nearly of the fame length with the
petals, this plant flowers in July, and when the au-
tumn proves favourable, there are often fome fpikes
of flowers again in Oftober.
This is hardy enough to bear the open air in Eng-
land, and is one of the moft beautiful fhrubs at the
feafon of its flowering ; which is very little later than
in its native country, being commonly in flower here
by the beginning of July ; and if the feafon is not
very hot, there will be part of the fpikes in beauty
till the beginning of Auguft ; and as moft of the
branches are terminated with thefe fpikes of flowers,
fo when the fhrubs are ftrong, they make a fine ap-
pearance at that feafon.
This will thrive much better in moift land than in
dry ground,' and requires a fheltered fituation, where
it may be defended from ftrong winds, which fre-
quently break off the branches, where they are too
much expofed to its violence. It is propagated by
layers, but they are generally two years before they
get root, fo that at prefent it is rare in England.
The fineft fhrubs of this kind, which I have yet feen,
are in the curious garden of his grace the late duke
of Argyle, at Whitton near Hounftow, where they
thrive as well as in their native country. They may
alfo be propagated by fuckers, which are fent out
from their roots ; if thefe are carefully taken off with
fibres in the autumn, and planted into a nurfery-bed,
they will be ftrong enough in two years to tranfplant
where they are to remain.
It may alfo be propagated by feeds, which muft be
procured from the countries where it grows naturally,
for the feeds are not perfected in England. But as
thefe feldom arrive here till fpring, fo when they are
flown at that feafon, the plants will not come up till
the following fpring. Therefore the feeds flhould be
flown in pots, and placed in a fhady fituation till au-
tumn, then placed under a frame in winter-, the plants
Will come up the next fpring, and in autumn may be
tranfplanted into a nurfery-bed, to get ftrength before
they are placed to remain for good.
CLIFFORTIA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 1004.
The name was given to this genus of plants by Dr.
Linnseu^, in honour of Mr. George Clifford of Am-
fterdam ; a great colleftor of plants, and a patron
of.botanifts, who has printed a folio book of the
plants in his garden, with feveral copper-plates, ex-
hibiting the figures of many of the moft curious plants.
We have no Englifh name for it.
The Char acters are, .
It hath male and female flowers in different plants : tht
male flowers have a fpreading empalement , compofed of
three fmall, oval , concave leaves. It hath no petals , but
a great number of hairy upright ftamina , which are the ,
length of the empalement , terminated by eompr'ejfed , oblongs
twin fummits. The female flowers have a permanent em-
palement, compofed of three leaves which are equal , fitting
upon the germen ; thefe have no petals , but the oblong
germen which is fituated below the empalement , fupport 's
two long , fiender , feathered ftyles , 'terminated by a Jingle
fiigma ; the germen afterward becomes an oblong taper
capfule , with two cells crowned by the empalement , in-
eluding one narrow taper feed.
This genus of plants is ranged in the tenth feeftion of
Linnsus’s twenty-fecond clafs, intitled Dicecia Po~
lyandria ; the plants of this fedion and clafs have
male and female flowers on different plants, and the
male flowers have a great number of ftamina.
The Species are,
1. Cliffortia (. llicifolio ) foliis fubcordatis, dentatis.
Lin. Sp. Plant. 1308. Cliffortia with heart-fhaped in-
dented leaves. Arbufcula Afr. folio acuto ilicis cau-
lem amplexo rigido. Boerh. Ind. alt. 2.
2. Cliffortia ( Trifoliata ) foliis ternatis, intermedia
tridentato. Prod: Leyd. 253. Three-leaved Cliffortia ,
whofe middle leaf is cut in three parts. _ Myrica foliis
ternatis, intermediis cuneiformibus tridentatis. Hort.
Cliff. 456.
3. Cliffortia ( Rufcifolia ) foliis lanceolatis, integerri-
mis. Hort. Cliff. 463. Cliffortia with fpear-Jhaped leaves
which are entire. Frutex flEthiopicus conifer, frudu
parvo, fparfim intra folia rufei, feminibus cylin-
draceis.
The firft fort grows naturally at the Cape of Good
Hope, but hath been long cultivated in many of the
Engliih gardens ; however it was not reduced to any
genus, till Dr. Linnaeus eftablilhed this, and gave
it the title. By fome former writers it was called
Camphorata, to which genus it had no relation.
It rifes with a weak Ihrubby ftalk four or five feet
high, fending out many diffufed branches, which
fpread out on every fide, requiring fome fupport :
thefe are garnilhed with leaves, which are heart-
Ihaped at their bafe, but broad at their ends; where
they are lharply indented. They are very ftiff, of
a grayifh colour, and clofely embrace the ftalks with
their bafe, and are placed alternate on the branches ;
from the bofom of thefe arife a fingle flower, fitting
clofe to the branch, having no foot-ftalk. Before
the empalement is fpread open, it forms, a bud, in
lhape and fize of thofe of the Caper this empale-
ment is compofed of three green leaves, which af-
terwards fpread open, and then the numerous fta-
mina appear Handing ere& thefe, as- alfo the inner
furface of the empalement, are of a yellowifh green
colour. The flowers appear in June, July, and Au-
guft, but the leaves continue in verdure through the
year.
All the plants which I have feen of this fort, either
in the Englifh or Dutch gardens, were male, nor
have I heard of any female plants being in any of the
European gardens.
This plant is eafily propagated by cuttings, which
may be planted in any of the fummer months; if thefe
are planted in fmall pots filled with light earth, and
plunged into a very moderate hot-bed they will foon
take root, provided they are fereened from the fun
and duly watered ; when they have taken root, they
muft be gradually inured to bear the. open air, to
which they fhould be expofed, to prevent their drawing
up weak : therefore they fhould be placed abroad till
they have obtained fome ftrength, then they may be
each tranfplanted into a feparate fmall pot, and placed
in the fhade until they have taken frefh root ; after
which they may be placed with other of the hardy
kinds of exotic plants in a fheltered fituation till Oc-
tober, when they fhould be removed into the green-
houfe, or placed under a common hot-bed frame,
where they may be fereened from the hard froft, but
X x x enjoy
145
/tejoy' the free air at all times wlieft the weather is
mild.
When the plants advance in height, their hems and
branches muft be fupported, otherwife they will trail
upon the ground. In fummer they muft be placed
in the open air, with Myrtles and other hardy green-
houie plants •, and in winter the plants may be treated
in the lame manner as thofe, but muft have little water
in winter. _ This plant has endured the cold of our or-
dinary winters, when planted near a fouth-weft wall
without covering, but in fevere winters they are always
deftroyed.
The fecond fort is a native of the fame country as
the firft •, this hath very flender ligneous ftalks, which
muft be fupported, otherwife they will fail to the
ground. , Thefe fend out flender branches on every
fide, which are clofely garniftied with trifoliate leaves
ftanding clofe to the branches ; the middle lobes of
thefe are much larger than the two fide, and are in-
dented in three parts. The flowers of this come out
from, the bofoin of the leaves, having very fhort
foot-ftalks, and are fhaped like thole of the firft, but
are i mailer * thefe appear in July and Auguft. Of
this fort we have only male plants in the Englifh
1 gardens, which can only be propagated by layers •,
and as thefe are two years before they take root, the
plants are at prefent very rare in England. This fort
requires the fame management as the firft, and is
equally hardy, but muft not be over watered in winter.
The leaves of this fort continue green all the year,
and being Angularly fhaped, they make a variety in
the green-houfe during the winter feafon.
The third fort riles with a weak fhrubby ftalk about
four feet high, fending out lateral branches, which
are covered with a whitifti bark, and are garnifhed
with leaves, placed in clufters without order ; thefe
are ftiff, of the confiftence and colour of the Butchers
Broom, but are narrower, and run out to a longer
point. Between thefe clufters of leaves the flowers
come out in loofe bunches, thefe have a great number
of yellowifh ftamina, included in a three-leaved em-
palement. We have only the male plant of this fort,
which is very difficult to propagate, fo is very rare
in Europe at prefent.
This plant is tenderer than either of the former forts,
fo ftiould be placed in a warm green-houfe in
winter, and during that feafon, they muft have but
little water. In the fummer they may be expofed to
the open air in a fheltered fituation, but they ffiould
not remain abroad too late in the autumn ; for if there
fhould be much rain at that feafon, it would endanger
thefe plants if they are expofed to it.
CLIMATE [of K \(pat, Gr. an inclination,] is a
part of the furface of the earth bounded by two circles
parallel to the equator •, fo that the longeft day in
that parallel, neareft to' the pole, exceeds the longeft
day in that parallel neareft to the equator by fome
certain fpace of time, viz. half an hour, till you come
to places fttuate nearly under the ardic circle ; and
a whole hour, or even feveral days when you go be-
yond it.
The ancient Greek geographers reckoned only feven
climates from the equator towards the north pole, and
denominated them from fome noted place, through
which the middle parallel of the climate palled ; but
the moderns reckon up twenty-four.
The beginning of the climate is the parallel circle,
wherein the day is the Ihorteft.
The end of the climate is that wherein the day is the
longeft.
The climates therefore are reckoned from the equa-
tor to the pole ; and are fo many bands or zones,
terminated by lines parallel to the equator ; though
in ftridnefs there are feveral climates in the breadth
of one zone.
Each climate only differs from its contiguous ones, in
that the longeft day in fummer is longer or fhorter by
half an hour in one place than the other.
As the climates commence from' the equator, the
firft climate at its beginning has its longeft day pre-
tifely twelve hours long •, at its end twelve hmr$
and a half : the fecond, which begins where the firft
ends* viz. at twelve hours and a half, ends at
thirteen hours : and fo of the. reft, as far as the polar
circles.
Here what geographers call hour-climates terminate,
and month-climates commence.
As an hour-climate is a fpace comprifed between two
parallels of the equator, in the firft of which the
longeft day exceeds that in the latter by half an hour;
fo the month-climate is a fpace between two circles
parallel to the polar circles, whofe longeft day is
longer or fhorter than that of its contiguous one by a
month, or thirty days.
The antients, who confined the climates to what they
imagined the habitable part of the earth, only allowed
, of feven, as had been faid : the firft they made to
pafs through Meroe, the fecond through Sienna, the
third through Alexandria, the fourth through Rhodes,
the fifth through Rome, the ftxth through Pontus,
and the feventh through the mouth of the Boryfi-
henes.
The moderns, who have failed farther towards the
poles, make thirty climates on each fide •, and becaufe
the obliquity of the fphere makes a little difference
in the length of the longeft day, fome of them make
the difference of the climate but a quarter of an hour
inftead of half an hour.
The term climate is vulgarly beftowed on any coun-
try or region differing from another, either in refpeft
of the feafons, the quality of the foil, or even the
manners of the inhabitants* without any regard to the
length of the longeft day.
CLINOPODIUM. Lin. Gen. Plant. 644. Tourm
Inft. R. H. 194. tab. 92.. Field Bafil.
The Characters are,
It hath an involucrum cut into many parts, is the lemth
of the empalement , upon which the whorls fit. ‘The em-
palement is of one leaf with a cylindrical tube , which is
divided into two lips ; the upper lip is broad , trifid, acute ,
and reflexed ; the under lip is cut into two narrow feg-
ments, which turn inward. The flower is of the lip kind »
with a fhort tube enlarging to the mouth ; the upper lip is
erebl, concave, and indented at the top , which is obtufe ;
the under lip is trifid and obtufe, the middle fegment heinr
broad and indented. It hath four ftamina under the upper
lip, two of which are fhorter than the other , terminated
by roundifh fummits in the center is fituated the qua- '
dripartite gerrnen , fupporting a flender ftyle the length of
the ftamina, crowned by a fingle comprejfed ftigma. The
germen afterward become four oval feeds Jhut up in the
empalement .
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fedion of
JLinnreus’s fourteenth clafs, intitled Didynamia Gym-
nofpermia. The flowers of this clafs and fedion,
have two long, and two fhort ftamina, which are fuc-
ceeded by four naked feeds.
The Species are,
1. Clinopodium ( Vulgare ) capitulis fubrotundis 1 , hif-
pidis, btadeis fetaceis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 587. Field
Bafil with roundiflo prickly heads, and briftly bratdea. Cli-
nopodium Origano fimile* elatius, majore fiore. C.
B. P. 225. Common Englifh Field Bafil.
2. Clinopodium ( Incanum ) foliis fubtus tomentofis,
verticillis explanatis, bradeis lanceolatis. Lin. Sp.
Plant. 588. Field Bafil with leaves which are woolly on
the under fide , broad plain whorls , and fpear-floaped
bradlea. Clinopodium menthas folio incanum, &
odoratum. Hort. Elth. 87.
3. Clinopodium ( Rugofitm ) foliis rugofis, capitulis ax-
illaribus, pedunculatis, explanatis, radiatis. Lin. Sp.
Plant. 588. Field Bafil with rough leaves, plain heads
growing on the fldes of the ftalks, which have foot-ftcdks y
and are radiated. Clinopodium rugofum, capitulis
fcabiofe. Hort. Elth. 88. .
4. Clinopodium ( Humile ) humile ramofum, foliis ru-
gofioribus, capitulis explanatis. Low branching Field
Bafil with rougher leaves , and plain heads. Clinopodium
Amerieanum humile, foliis rugofioribus. Dale.
5. Cli-
c L i
f Clinopodium ( Carolinianum ) caule eredio, noil ramofo,
foliis fubtus villofis, verticillis paucioribus, bradteis
calyce longioribus. : Field Bafil with an upright nn-
hfanching ftalk , leaves hairy on their under ftde , fewer
whorls , and brtt&ea longer than the empalement . Cli-
nopodium Americanum, eredtum, non ramofum fo-
liis longioribus, internodiis longiffimis. Dale.
6 . Clinopodium ( Mgyptiacum ) foliis ovatis rugofis,
verticillis omnibus diftantibus, i. e. Field , Bafil with
Wal rough leaves , and the whorls of flowers ftanding at
■a great diftance. Clinopodium dEgyptiacum, vulgari
fimile. Dill. ^Egyptian Field Bafil like the common.
The firft fort grows naturally by the fide of hedges
and in thickets, in many parts of England •, this hath
a perennial fibrous root, which fends up feveral ftiff
fquare ftalks afoot and a half high, from which come out
a few lateral branches toward the top, garnifhed with
oval hairy leaves, placed oppofite ; at the top of the
ftalks the flowers come out in round whorls, or heads ;
one of thefe terminate the ftalk, and there is generally
another which furrounds the ftalk at the joint im-
mediately below it. The flowers are fometimes purple,
at others white, for they vary from one colour to the
other, when they are propagated by feeds, fo that
both colours are found naturally in the fields. The
whorls (or heads) grow very clofe, and each foot-
ftalk fuftains feveral flowers ; each flower hath a tu-
bular empalement, ending in five fharp points, which
ftand eredt ; at the bafe of the empalement Hand two
briftly fpines, which Linnaeus terms the bradtea •,
thefe fland almoft: horizontal under the empalement.
The flower is of the labiated, or lip kind, according
to Tournefort, Ray, &c. which is now ftyled ringent,
or grinning, from the appearance which the upper
part has to the mouth, or chaps of animals. The
upper lip is broad and trifid, but the under is cut
into two narrow fegments ; each flower is fucceeded
by four naked feeds, fitting at the bottom of the em-
palement. This flowers in June.
The fecond fort grows naturally in Penfylvania and
Carolina, from both of thefe countries I have fre-
quently received the feeds •, this hath a perennial root,
which lends up many fquare ftalks about two feet
high, which put out a few fhort fide branches toward
the upper part, garnifhed with oblong oval leaves,
about the fize of thofe of Water Mint, ftanding op-
pofite, clofe to the ftalk ; they are hoary, and foft to
the touch, and have a ftrong odour, between that of
Marjoram and Bafil. The upper furface of the leaves
is of a pale green, but their under fide is hoary and
woolly, they are (lightly indented on their edges.
The flowers grow in flat finooth whorls round the
ftalks, each ftalk hath generally three of thefe whorls,
the upper which terminates the ftalk being ftnaller,
the other two increafing, fo that the lower is the
greateft. The flowers are of a pale purple colour,
and fhaped like thofe of the firft fort, but the (lamina
of this ftands out beyond the petal, and the bradlea
at the bafe of the empalement are large, fpear-fhaped,
and indented on their fides. This plant is called
Snake-weed in fome parts of America, fuppofing it
a remedy for the bite of rattle fhakes. This flowers
in July in England.
The third fort grows naturally in Carolina, from
whence the feeds were fent me by the late Dr. Dale :
this hath a perennial root, which fends up feveral
fquare ftalks, which are clofely covered with browniflh
hairs ; thefe rife between two and three feet high,
garnifhed with leaves which are very unequal in their
fize, thofe at the bottom, and alfo toward the top,
being above three inches long, and one inch and a
quarter broad, whereas thole in other parts of the
ftalk are not half fo large ; they are rough on their
Upper fide, hairy below, and fawed on their edges,
ftanding oppofite : all the lower part of the ftalk, but
immediately below the foot-ftalks of the flower-heads,
there are three large leaves ftanding round .the ftalks ;
between thefe arife two (lender hairy foot-ftalks,
about three inches long, one on each fide the ftalk ;
thefe fuftain Email heads of flowers, fhaped like thofe
of the fcabious j they are white, fhaped like tiiofe
of the other, but (mailer ; the brSdtea immediately'
under the empalement, fpread out like rays. This
plant flowers in September in this country, but never
ripens its feeds here.
The feeds of the fourth fort were fent me from Ca-
rolina, by the late Dr. Dale ; this hath fome appear-
ance of our common fort, but the ftalks do not grow
more than half fo high, and divide into many' long;
fide branches ; the leaves are fmaller and rougher, ana
the whorls of flowers are produced half the length of
the branches, whereas the common fort hath rarely
more than two ; the bradlea at the bafe of the em-
palement is alfo much longer. This flowers in June
and July, and hath a perennial root.
The fifth fort was fent me by the late Dr. Dale, from
Carolina ; this hath a perennial root, which lends up
ftrait hairy ftalks, almoft round ; the joints of thefe
are four or five inches afunder, at each of thefe come
out two oblong leaves, hairy on their under fide,
ftanding upon fhort foot-ftalks - at the bottom of
thefe come out on each fide a (lender branch, half
an inch long, having two or four f'mall leaves, fhaped
like the other. The flowers are produced in fmall
whorls, ftanding thinly thefe are white, and the
bradlea are longer than the empalement. This flowers
in Auguft.
The fixth fort is a native of Egypt, from Whence the
feeds were fent to Europe, and the plants have for
fome years paft grown in many curious gardens. It
hath a perennial root ; the ftalks rife a foot and an
half high, garnifhed with oval leaves, having many
tranfverfe deep furrows, of a dark green "colour,
placed oppofite, at about five or fix inches afunder.
There are commonly two or four fide branches from
the main ftem, produced toward the bottom ; and
the whorls of flowers are produced at every joint to-
ward the upper part of the ftalks : thefe are pretty-
large and hairy. The flowers are fomewhat larger
than thofe of the common Field Bafil, and are of a
deeper colour, ftretching a little more out of the em-
palement. The leaves of this have at firft fight much
the fame appearance ; but when they are obferved
with attention, the difference is foon obferved be-
tween the tv/o forts : but the greateft difference is
in the leaves and whorls of flowers Being placed at a
greater diftance, and the ftalks growing fparfedly in
this fpecies ; nor do the plants continue fo long as
thofe of the common fort.
This fort flowers in June, commonly a fortnight or
three weeks before the common Field Bafil, and the
feeds ripen in September; which, if permitted to
flatter, the plants will come up in autumn ; and if
the winter proves favourable, they will live in the
open air, provided they grow on a dry foil ; but in
moift ground they are frequently deftroyed, efpecially
when the plants are young.
This plant approaches near to the Clinopodium Qri-
entale Origani folio, flore minimo. Tour. Coroh 12.
But by comparing this with a fpecimen of that fort
from the Paris garden, I find the leaves of that are
fmoother, and placed much nearer together on the
ftalks than thofe of this fort ; the flowers are fmaller,
fo that it may be deemed a diftincl fpecies, as thefe
differences are permanent, and do not alter in any of
the plants which arife from the feeds.
Thefe plants may be propagated by feeds, and alfo
by parting their roots ; the latter is generally prac-
tifed in England, becaufe few of the forts perfedt
their feeds here. The beft time to tranfplant and
part their roots is in autumn, that they may take
root before winter. If thefe are planted in a dry foil,
they are all, except the third fort, hardy enough
to thrive in the open air in England, and require no
other care but to keep them clean from weeds, and
every other year they may be tranfplanted and parted;
The third fort muft be planted in pots, and in win-
ter fheltered under a frame, where the plants may
enjoy the free air in mild weather, but flreened
from froft, otherwife they will not live in this country,
CL1TO-RIA.
CLlTORIA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 796. Terhatfea.
Tourn. Ad. Reg. 1706. Clitorius. Dill. Hort. Elth.
76. We have no Englifh tide for this plant.
The Characters are,
The flower hath u permanent jmpalement of one leaft
which is tubular, ere hi, and indented in five parts at the
top. The flower is of the butterfly kino l, having a large
fpreading ftandard , which is ere ft, and indented at the
top ; the two wings are oblong , obtuj e, and floorter than
the ftandard , which is clofled. The keel is fhorter than
the wings ; it is roundifh and hooked ; it hath ten ftamina ,
nine of which are joined , and one ft ands feparate f which
are terminated by Jingle ftummits. In the center is fituated
an oblong germen, flupporting a riflng ftyle , crowned by an
obtufe Jligma. The germen afterward becomes a long , nar-
row , comprejfledpod , with one cell , opening with two valves ,
inclofing fever al kidney-Jhaped feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the third fedion of
Linnaeus’s leventeenth clafs, intitled Diadelphia De-
candria •, the flowers of this fedion have ten ftamina,
which compofe two bodies.
The Species are,
1. Clitoria {Ternatea) foliis pinnatis. Hort. Cliff. 360.
Clitorea with winged leaves. Ternatea fiore fimplici cas-
ruleo. Tourn. Acad. Reg. Sc. 1706.
2. Clitorea ( Brafliana ) foliis ternatis, calycibus cam-
panulatis folitariis. Hort. Upfal. 215. Clitoria with
trifoliate leaves , and a fingle flower with a bell-jhaped
empalement. Planta leguminofa Brafiliana, Phafe-
oli fiore, flore purpureo maximo. Breyn. Cent. 78.
tab. 32.
3. Clitoria ( Virginiana ) foliis ternatis, calycibus cam-
panulatis fubgeminis. Flor. Virg. 83. Three-leaved
Clitoria with two fl.owers joined, whofle empalements are
bell-jhaped. Clitorius trifolius fiore minore casruleo.
Hort. Elth. 90. Tab. 76.
4. Clitoria {Mariana) foliis ternatis, calycibus cylin-
dricis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 753. Clitoria with trifoliate
leaves, and cylindrical empalements to the flowers. Clito-
rius Marianus trifolius fubtus glaucis. Pet. Hort.
Sicc. 243.
The firft fort grows naturally in India; the feeds of
this were firft brought to Europe from Ternate, one
of the Molucca Iflands, and this induced Dr. Tour-
nefort to give the title of Ternatea to this genus.
There is a variety of this with white flowers, and ano-
ther with large blue flowers, which make a fine ap-
pearance. The feeds which I received of the latter,
produced all the plants with very double flowers,
without the leaft variation ; but in cold feafons the
plants do not produce any pods here.
This rifes with a twining herbaceous ftalk to the
height of four or five feet, in the fame manner as the
Kidney-bean, and requires the like fupport ; for in
the places where it grows naturally, it twifts itfelf
about the neighbouring plants ; the ftalks are gar-
nffhed with winged leaves, compofed of two or three
pair of lobes, terminated by an odd one ; thefe are
of a beautiful green, and are placed alternate on the
ftalks ; from the appendages of the leaves, come out
the foot-ftalks of the flower ; each of thefe is encom-
paffed by two very fine leaves about the middle,
where they are bent, fuftaining a very large, gaping,
beautiful flower, whole bottom part feems as if grow-
ing to the top.
The flowers have a green membranaceous empale-
ment, which is cut into five parts. T'he ftandard of
the flowers is large, and is fpread open very wide ;
and the flowers are of fo deep a blue colour, as to
Itain paper, after having been many years dried, al-
moft as blue as indigo ; thefe flowers are fucceeded
by long flender pods, containing feveral kidney- fhaped
feeds.
The fecond fort grows naturally in the Braflls, from
whence thefe feeds were brought to Europe. This
hath a twining ftalk like the former, which rifes five
or fix feet high, garniftied at each joint with one tri-
foliate leaf, ftanding upon a long foot-ftalk. The
flowers come out fingly from the foot-ftalk of the
leaves, ftanding upon pretty long foot-ftalks, which
are encompaffed about the middle with two Mali
oval leaves ; the flowers are very large, the ftandard
being much broader than that , of the firft fort, and
the two wings are larger •, the flowers are of a fine
blue colour, lb make a fine appearance. The flow-
ers appear in July, and in warm feafons the feeds
will ripen in autumn, foon after which the plants
decay.
There is one with a double flower of this fort, which
I raffed in the Chelfea garden feme years paft, from
feeds fent me from India ; but the plants did not pro-
duce feeds here, and being annual, the fort was loft.
The flowers of this were very beautiful.
Hie feeds of the third fort were fent me from the
Bahama Iflands ; this fends out from the root two of
three flender twining ftalks, which rife to the height
of fix or feven feet, garniftied at each joint with one
trifoliate leaf, whofe lobes are oblong and pointed.
At the oppofite fide of the ftalk, the foot-ftalk of the
flower arifes, which is little more than an inch long,
naked, and fuftains a fingle flower, which is of 3
purple colour within, but of a greenifh white on the
outfide, not half fo large as either of the former :
thefe flowers are each Succeeded by long, flender,
compreffed pods, ending in a point, which contain
one row of roundifh kidney-fhaped feeds. This fort
flowers in July and Auguft, and the feeds ripen in
autumn.
The feeds of the fourth fort were fent me from Ca-
rolina, where the plants grow naturally. This rifes
with a twining weak ftalk about five feet high, gar-
nifhed with trifoliate leaves like the former, whofe
lobes are narrower, and of a grayifh colour on their
under fide •, the flowers come out by pairs on the
foot-ftalks ; their empalements are cylindrical. The
flowers are fmall, and of a pale blue colour within,
but of a dirty white on the outfide. This flowers in
Auguft, but rarely ripens any feeds in England.
All thefe forts are annual with us in England, fo that
unlefs theffeeds ripen, the fpecies are loft ; and as the
two forts with double flowers have not formed any
pods in this country, fo far as I have been able to
learn, therefore the feeds of thefe muft be procured
from the countries where they naturally grow. In-
deed thefe are fuppofed to be only varieties, which
accidentally arife from the fingle. If this be true, I
cannot account for the fuccefs of thofe plants which
grew at Chelfea, for they were all of the fame double
kind, without the leaft variation *, and this was not
from a fingle experiment, but in three different years
when I received the feeds, the plants did all of them
produce double flowers. .
The feeds of thefe plants muft be fown upon a good
hot-bed early in the fpring; and when the plants are
two inches high, they fhould be carefully taken up,
and each planted in a fmall pot filled with light frefh
earth, and plunged into a hot-bed of tanners bark,
obferving to fhade them till they have taken frefh
root, and refrefh them with water as they may re-
quire it. After they are well rooted in the pots, they
muft have air every day in proportion to the warmth
of the feafon, to prevent their drawing up weak ;
their waterings fhould be repeated two or three
times a week, but they fhould not have too much a £
each time. As thefe plants have climbing ftalks,
they will foon grow too tall to remain under com-
mon frames, therefore they muft then be removed
into the ftove, and plunged into the bark-bed ; but
if their roots have filled the pots, they fhould be re-
moved into larger, and afterward they muft be treat-
ed in the fame manner as other plants from the fame
countries.
CLUSIA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 577. Plum. Nov. Gen,
20. tab. 20. The Balfam-tree.
The Characters are.
It hath an imbricated empalement, compofed of roundifh
concave leaves which fpread open ; it hath five or fix large ,
roundifh, concave , flpreading petals. In the bottom, is
fituated a globular neclarium, including the germen, which
is pervious at the top , from which place the Jligma arifes .
C L U
It hath a great number of Jlamina , which arefhorter
than the petals , terminated by Jingle fummits. The ob-
long oval germen is terminated by a plain Jlar-like jligma ,
with fix obtufe indentures. The germen afterward be-
comes an oval capfule , with fix furrows , and fix cells ,
opening with fix valves , which fpread in form of a far ,
including many angular feeds fixed to a column , furrounded
with pulp.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft feftion of
Linnaeus’s twenty-third clafs, intitled Polygamia Mo-
ncecia, having male, female, and hermaphrodite
flowers on the fame plant.
The Species are,
1. Clusia ( Flava ) foliis aveniis corollis tetrapetalis.
Jacq. Amer. 34. Clujia whofe leaves have no veins ,
and the flower has four petals. Terebinthus folio fln-
gulari, non alato, rotundo, fucculento flore pallide
luteo. Sloan. Hift. Jam. 2. p. 97. Commonly called
Balfam-tree in America.
2. Clusia ( Venofa ) foliis venofis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 510.
Clujia with veined leaves. Clufla flore rofeo minor,
fru£fcu flavefcente. Plum. Nov. Gen. 2.
There are three varieties of the firftfort, which differ
in the flze and colour of their flowers and fruit ; one
hath a white flower and fcarlet fruit, another hath a
Rofe flower and a greenifli fruit, and a third hath a
yellow fruit : but thefe are fuppofed to be only fe-
minai variations, though Plunder has enumerated
them as diftinct fpecies •, but as the plants have not
flowered in England, I can give no particular account
of their difference : the Angular beauty of the leaves
of this plant, renders it worthy of a place in every
colledtion of rare plants.
The firft fort is pretty common in the Britifh Iflands
of America, where the trees grow to the height of
twenty feet, and fhoot out many branches on every
fide, garmfhed with thick, round, fucculent leaves,
placed oppofite. The flowers are produced at the
ends of the branches, each having a thick fucculent
cover: thefe are of different colours in different
plants, fome being red, others yellow, fome white,
and fome green. After the flowers are paft, they are
fucceeded by oval fruit, which are alio of different
colours in different plants : from every part of thefe
trees there exfudes a fort of turpentine, which is
called in the Weft Indies Hog-gum ; becaufe they
lay, that, when any of the wild hogs are wounded
they repair to thefe trees, and rub their wounded
parts againft the ftems of them, till they have anoint-
ed themfelves with this turpentine, which heals their
wounds. The turpentine of thefe trees is alfo greatly
recommended for the cure of fciaticas, by fpreading
it on a cloth, and applying it as a plafter to the part
affefted.
The plants are at prefent very rare in Europe : there
were fome years ago fome fine plants in the garden of
Mr. Parker, near Croyden in Surry ; thefe were
brought over, growing in tubs of earth from Barba-
does, which is the belt method of procuring them ;
for the feeds feldom fucceed, and the young plants
grow fo flowly, as not to make any figure in fome
years ; but in the bringing over the plants, great
care fhould be had, that they do not receive much
wet ; for as thefe plants have very fucculent ftems,
moifture will caufe them to rot.
The plants are tender, fo they muff be conftantly
kept in the ftove, otherwife they v/ill not live through
the winter in England ; they muft alfo be watered
very fparingly, eipecially in winter, for they natu-
rally grow in thofe parts of the iflands, where it
feldom rains, therefore they cannot bear much
moifture.
They may be propagated by cuttings, which muft be
laid to dry when they are cut off from the plants for
a fortnight or three weeks, that the wounded part
may be healed over, otherwife they will rot. When
the cuttings are planted, the pots fhould be plunged
into a hot-bed of tanners bark, and now and then
gently refrefhed with w r ater : the beft time for plant-
ing thefe cuttings is in June or July, that they may
C L U
be well rooted before the cold weather comes oh hi
autumn. In winter thefe plants may be placed upon
ftands in the dry ftove ; but if in fummer they are
plunged into the tan-bed, they will make great pro-
grefs, and their leaves will be large, in which confifts
the great beauty of thefe plants.
The fecond fort was difcovered by the late Dr. Houf-
toun, growing naturally at Campeachy, from whence
he fent me fome dried famples and feeds : this hath
very large oval fpear-fhaped leaves, ending in points,
which are placed alternate on the branches, and have
feveral ribs, which go off from the midrib alternate,
rifing upward to the fide of the leaves ; and alfo a
great number of fmall veins, running horizontally be-
tween thefe ribs. The borders of the leaves are flaw-
ed, and their under Aides are of a fhining brown co-
lour. The branches are covered with a woolly down,
and the flowers are produced in loofe fpikes at the
end of the fhoots ; thefe are final ler than thofe
of the former fort, and are of a Rofe colour. This
tree riles to the height of twenty feet ; it is propa-
gated by feeds, which muft be obtained from the
countries where the trees naturally grow, for there
can be little hopes of obtaining any of the feeds in Eu-
rope. The plants are tender, fo muft be placed in
the tan-bed of the bark-ftove, otherwife they will not
thrive in this country and they muft be treated in
the fame manner as is directed for other tender plants
from the fame countries.
C L U T I A. This genus of plants was conftituted by
the learned Dr. Boerhaave, profeffbr of botany in the
univerflty of Leyden, in honour of Augerius Clute,
a curious botanift.
The Characters are, ,
It is male and female in different plants. The male flow-
ers have a large fpreading empalement , compofed of five
oval concave leaves •, they have five heart-jhaped petals ,
which arc floor ter than the empalement, and fpread open.
They have five exterior ne Bariums , which are Jituated in
a circle at the bottom of the petals ; and five interior ,
which are Jituated within the other , having fmall apices
with a mcllous liquor , and five Jlamina Jituated in the
middle of the ftyle , which fpread horizontally, terminated
by roundijh fummits : thefe have no germen , but a long
truncated ftyle in the middle of the Jlamina. The female
flowers have permanent empalement s, and petals like thofe
of the male ; thefe have five double exterior ne Bariums ,
but no interior \ they have a roundijh germen, fupporting
three bifid reflexed fiyles the length of the petals , crowned
by obtufe Jligma: the germen afterward becomes a globular
capfule, with fix furrows , and three cells, each containing
a Jingle feed.
This genus of plants is ranged in the thirteenth flec-
tion of Linnaeus’s twenty-fecond clafs, intitled Dice-
cia Gynandria. This feftion and clafs include thofe
plants which have the different fexes on feparate plants,
and the male flowers have their ftamina adhering to
the ftyle.
The Species are,
1. Clutia ( Alaternoides ) foliis feflilibus lineari-lanceo-
latis floribus folitariis erectis. Hort. Cliff. 500. Clu-
tia with linear fpear-fhaped leaves fitting clofe to the
Jlalks, and folitary erect flowers. Alaternoides Afri-
cana telephii legitimi imperati foliis. Hort. Amft. 2.
2. Clutia ( Pulchella ) foliis ovatis integerrimis, floribus
lateralibus. Lin. Sp. Plant. 1042. Clutia with oval en-
tire leaves, and flowers grozving from the fides of the
branches. Frutex /Ethiopicus, portulace folio, flore
ex albo virefeente. Hort. Amft. 1. p. 177.
3. Clutia { Eleutheria ) foliis cordato lanceolatis. Flor.
Zeyl. Clutia with heart fpear-fhaped leaves. Ricinus
dulcis arborefeens Americanus, populnea fronde
argentea. Pluk. Aim. 321.
The two firft forts are natives of Africa, from
whence they were brought to fome curious gardens
in Holland, and have fince been communicated to
moft of the botanic gardens in Europe. The firft
fort with male flowers has been long an inhabitant of
fome curious gardens in England ; the other with
female flowers has been lately introduced,
Y y y The
C L U
The fecond fort has alfo been fome years in the Eng-
iifh gardens, where we had not that fort with male
flowers till lately, when I was favoured with one
by my learned friend Dr. job Bafter, of Zirkzee in
■Holland.
The- firft fort rifes with a fhrubby ftalk to the height
of fix or eight feet, putting out many fide branches
which grow ereft •, thefe are garnilhed with fmall,
linear,' fpear-fhaped leaves, placed alternate, fitting
clofe to the branches : they are of a grayifn colour
and entire. The flowers come out from the joints,
at the fetting on of the leaves : toward the upper
part of the branches thefe are fmall and of a greenilh
white j they appear in June, July, and Auguft, but
being fmall make no great appearance.
The fecond fort riles about the fame height with the
firft, but hath a ftronger ftem ; the branches are gar-
nilhed with oval leaves, which are much larger than
thofe of the firft fort, Handing upon foot-ftalks which
are an inch long •, they are of a fea green, and entire •,
the flowers are like thofe of the firft fort in fliape and
colour, but thofe on the male plants are fmaller, and
grow clofer together than thofe of the female, but both
are fuftained 'upon fliort foot-ftalks. Thefe flowers
appear at the fame time as thofe of the firft fort, and
the feeds ripen in autumn. I have raifed feveral of
thefe plants from feeds, which have all proved fe-
male, the fame as the parent plant.
Thefe plants are eafily propagated by cuttings during
any of the fummer months : if the cuttings are plant-
ed in fmall pots, and plunged into a very moderate
hot-bed, and fhaded from the heat of the fun in the
middle .of the day, they will foon take root, and
fhould then be inured to the open air, otherwife they
will draw up very weak : afterward thefe plants may
be each put into a feparate fmall pot, and placed in
a fheltered fituation, where they may remain until the
middle of Odtober, or later, if the weather continues
mild, when they fhould be removed into the green-
houfe, and placed where they may have the free air
in mild weather, for they only require to be protected
from froft, therefore require no warmth in winter ;
but if the green-houfe is fhut up too clofe, or the
plants are much fhaded by others, the tender fhoots
are fubjedt to grow mouldy, which deftroys more of
thefe plants than the cold. In fummer 'they muft be
placed abroad in a fheltered fituation, with other
hardy exotic plants.
As thefe plants are always green, they look well in
the green-houfe during the v/inter feafon ; and in fum-
mer, when they are placed in the open air with other
exotic plants, they make a pretty variety.
The third fort grows naturally in India, from whence
the feeds were brought. This rifes with an upright
fhrubby ftalk, not more than three or four feet high
in England ; but in the places where it grows natu-
rally, it rifes upward of twenty feet high, and fends
out many branches at the top, fo as to form a large
fpreading head : the branches are garnifhed with
leaves, fhaped like thofe of the black Poplar, which
are of a lucid green, and are placed alternate Handing
upon flender foot-ftalks. As thefe plants have not
yet flowered in England, I can give no account of
them, but the feed-veflels are very like thofe of tire
fecond fort.
This plant will live through the winter in m airy
glafs-cafe, without artificial heat ; but in that fitua-
tion they fhould have very little water, for the plants
abound with a milky juice like the Euphorbia, fo
muft at no feafon of the year have too much wet.
If thefe plants, when young, are placed in a very
moderate warmth in winter, it will greatly forward
their growth, but they muft not have too much heat,
for that will force them too much ; and when the
plants have obtained ftrength, they may be treated
more hardily. This fort may be propagated by cut-
tings during the fummer feafon ^ but the cuttings
fhould be laid in a dry place for a few days, when
they are taken from the old plants, that their wounded
parts may dry and be healed over before they are
C L Y
planted. Thefe muft be planted in fmall pots filled
with light fanciy earth, and plunged into a moderate
hot-bed of tanners bark ; and if the feafon is very
warm, the glaftes fhould be fhaded in the heat of the
day, and raifed up to admit frelh air to the cuttings
every day •, thefe muft be fparingly watered. When
they have taken root, and begin to fhoot, they muft
have a greater fhare of air, and by degrees be inured
to the open air •, and when their roots have filled the
pots, they fhould be carefully parted, and each
planted in a feparate pot of the fame light fandy
earth •, then they Ihould be placed on the back part
of the ftove, behind the other plants, where they
may be fcreened from the fun till they have taken
frefli root, after which they may be brought forward,
and expofed gradually to the open air. In the fum-
mer they Ihould have free air conftantly in warm
weather, but they muft be fcreened from heavy rain ;
and in winter placed in an airy glafs-cafe, where they
may enjoy the fun, and during that feafon have very
little wet.
CLYPEOLA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 72 3. Jonthlafpi.'
Tourn. Inft. R. H. tab. 99. Treacle Milliard.
The Characters are,
The flower hath a ■permanent empalement , compofed of
four oblong oval leaves. It hath four oblong entire pe-
tals, placed in form of a crofs, and fix ftamina which are
Jhorter than the petals , two of which fianding oppofite
are floor ter than the other , terminated by fingle fummits.
In the center is ftuated a roundijh comprejfed germen, flap-
porting a fingle ftyle, crowned by an obtufe fiigma . The
germen afterward becomes an orbicular pod , which is
comprejfed, eredt , and indented at the top , with a longi-
tudinal fijfure, opening in two cells , containing round com-
prejfed feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fe&ion of
Linnaeus’s fifteenth clafs, intitled Tetradynamia fili-
culofa, the flower having four long and two fhorter
ftamina, and the feeds growing in Ihortpods.
The Species are,
1. Clypeola ( Jonthlafpi ) flliculis unilocularibus mo-
nofpermis. Hort. Cliff. 329. Clypeola with pods, hav-
ing but one cell and a fingle feed. Jonthlafpi minimum
lpicatum lunatum. Col. Ecp. 1. Leaf Buckler Muf-
tard with fpiked flowers.
2. Clypeola (. Maritima ) flliculis bilocularibus ovatis
difpermis. Sauv. Monfp. 71. Clypeola with oval pods
having two cells and two feeds. Thlalpi Alyffon dic-
tum maritimum. C. B. P. 107.
This genus of plants was named Jonthlafpi by Ea-
bius Columna, and the fame title was continued by
Dr. Tournefort, and other late writers on botany be-
fore Dr. Linnaeus, who has altered the name to this
of Clypeola.
The firft fort is a low annual plant, which feldom
rifes more than four inches high ; the flender branches
commonly lie proftrate on the ground ; thefe are gar-
nifhed with fmall leaves, narrow at their bafe, but
are broader at their ends, where they are obtufe.
The flowers are produced in fhort clofe fpikes at the
extremity of the branches, which are fmall, yellow,
and compofed of four petals, placed in form of a
crofs ; thefe are fucceeded by orbicular comprefled
feed-veffels, each having one cell, containing a fingle
feed. It flowers in June and July, and the feeds
ripen in autumn.
The fecond fort is perennial. This fends out
from the root feveral flender branches, which di-
vide again into many fmaller, that lie proftrate,
garnifhed with very narrow hoary leaves, fitting clofe
to the branches. The flowers are produced in fpikes
at the end of the branches ; thefe are fmall, yellow,
and fhaped like thofe of the other fort, but the fpikes
terminate in a roundifn bunch. It flowers in June,
and the feeds ripen in autumn.
Thefe two forts are low plants, which grow naturally
in the fouth of France, Spain, and Italy, and are
preferved in botanic gardens for the fake of variety,
but 3 iave little beauty ; their leaves and italics are
of a hoary white, which is much lighter in the warm
countries
C N E
countries than in England •, thefe are propagated by
feeds, which fhould be fown upon a border of light
earth where they are to remain, and will require no
other culture, but to thin them if they come up too
clofe, and keep them clean from weeds. The feeds
may be fown cither in the fpring or autumn ; thofe
which are fown in autumn will grow much larger,
and flower earlier than thofe which are fown in the
fpring, and from them there will be a greater cer-
tainty of having ripe feeds. If the feeds fcatter, the
plants will come up, and, if kept clean from weeds,
they will thrive without farther care.
The fecond fort is a perennial plant, lo fhould be
fown upon a warm border and on a dry foil. This
grows naturally on the borders of the fea, in the fouth
of France and Italy ; but when it is cultivated in a
garden, if the foil is rich and moift, the plants gene-
rally grow luxuriant in fummer, and are thereby too
replete with moifture, fo that they are frequently
killed by the froft in winter ; but when they grow on
a poor, dry, gravelly foil, their ftalks will be fhort,
ligneous, and tough, fo will endure the cold of this
climate, and continue feveral years. This is propa-
gated by feeds, which fhould be fown where the
plants are defigned to remain ; or if any of them are
removed, it fhould be done when the plants are
young, for they do not bear tranfplanting well, when
they are grown pretty large.
CNEORUM. Lin. Gen. Plant. 47. Chamelsea.
Tourn. Inft. R. H. 6.51. tab. 421. Widow-wail.
The Characters are,
The flower hath a flmall permanent empalement , indented
in three parts. It hath three narrow oblong petals ,
which are eredt , and three flamina which are jhorter
than the petals , terminated by flmall flummts. In the
center is fituated an obtufle three-cornered germen , flupport-
ing a firm erect fltyle , crowned by a trifid flpreading ftigma.
’The germen afterward becomes a globular dry berry, with
three lobes , having three cells , each containing one round
feed.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firfb fecftion
of Linnaeus’s third clafs, intitled Triandria Mono-
gynia, the flower having three flamina and one
ftyle.
We have but one Species of this genus, viz.
Cneorum ( Tricoccum ). Hort. Cliff. 18. Widow-wail.
Chamelaea Tricocccs of Dodonasus and Cafpar
Bauhin.
This is an humble flirub, which feldom rifes more
than two feet and a half high in this country, but
fpreads out on every fide with many lateral branches,
fo as to form a thick bufh. The Items are ligneous,
and almoft as hard as thofe of the Box-tree, and the
wood is of a pale yellow colour under the bark : the
branches are garnifhed with thick fliff leaves, of an
oblong oval fhape, about an inch and a half long,
and a quarter of an inch broad, of a dark green co-
lour, having a flrong vein or rib through the middle.
The flowers are produced fingle from the wings of
the leaves, toward the extremity of the branches,
which are of a pale yellow colour, compofed of three
petals, which fpread open, and a round germen at
the bottom, having a fingle ftyle, which doth not
rife above half the length of the flamina, which are
three in number. Handing ere6l, and are fituated be-
tween the petals. After the flowers are fallen, the
germen becomes a fruit, compofed of three feeds
joined together after the fame manner as thofe of Ti-
thymalus or Spurge ; thefe are firft green, afterwards
turn of a brown colour, and when ripe are black.
The flowers begin to appear in May, and are fuc-
ceeded by others during the fummer months ; and,
when the autumn proves favourable, thefe fhrubs
will continue in flower till the end of Qftober.
As this is a low evergreen flirub, it may be very or-
namental, if placed in the front of plantations of
evergreen trees and fhrubs ; for as the branches grow
pretty compact, and are well garnifhed with leaves,
it will hide the ground between the taller fhrubs bet-
ter than moft other plants •, and, being a durable
1
C N I
ffrub, will not want to be removed : it rifes better
from Scattered feeds, than if fown with care.
This was formerly preferved in green -houfes, and
thought too tender to live in the open air in England ;
but of late years people have planted it in the full
ground, where it refills the cold of our ordinary win-
ters very well, and is feldom injured but by extreme
hard frofts nor do thefe kill the plants which grow
upon dry, rocky, or rubbifhing foils, where their
ftioots are generally fhort and firm ; but in moift rich
ground, where the ftioots are more luxuriant, they
are fometimes injured.
It is propagated by feeds, which fhould be fown in
autumn foon after they are ripe, and then the plants
will come up the following fpring ; whereas thofe
which are not fown till the fpring, v/ill remain a year
in the ground, and often mifearry : thefe feeds may
be fown in a bed of common earth, covering them
half an inch deep, and will require no other care but
to keep the plants clear from weeds the following
fummer; and in the autumn following, the plants
may be transplanted where they are to remain.
C N I C U S. Lin. Gen. Plant. 833. Tourn. Inft. R. H*
450. tab. 257. Bleffed Thiftle.
The Characters are.
The empalement of the flower is compofed of many oval
feales , placed over each other ; thofe toward the top are
terminated by branching fpines. The flower is compofed of
feveral hermaphrodite florets , which are uniform •, thefe
are funncl-fhaped , and cut at the top into five equal feg-
ments , ftanding eredl , each having five floort hairy flamina.
terminated by cylindrical funmits. In the center is fituated
a floort germen , crowned with down , fupporting a /lender
ftyle , terminated by an oblong ftigma. The germen after-
ward becomes a fingle feed , crowned with down , and flout
up in the empalement.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft feflion of
Linnaeus’s nineteenth clafs, intitled Syngenefia Poly-
gamia fEqualis. The plants of this feftion have only
hermaphrodite flowers, which are -fruitful*
The Species are,
1. Cnicus (fiEr ifith ales) caule ereflo, foliis inferioribus
laciniatis, fuperioribus integris concavis. Hort. Cliff*
394. Cnicus with an upright flalk , whofe lower leaves
are laciniated , the upper entire and concave. Cnicus
pratenfis. Acanthi folio, fiore fiavefeente. Tourn.
Inft. 450.
2. Cnicus ( Spinofiflimus ) foliis amplexicaulibus, finuato-
pinnatis, fpinofis, caule fimplici, fioribus feflllibus.
Lin. Sp. Plant. 826. Cnicus with winged , fiinuated ,
prickly leaves embracing the flalk , and flowers fitting
clofe on the top. Cirftum Alpinum fpinoftftimum, fio-
ribus ochro-leucis inter flavefcentia folia congeftis.
Haller, tab. 20.
3. Cnicus ( Cernuus ) foliis cordatis, petiolis crifpis fpi-
nofis amplexicaulibus, fioribus cernuis. Hort. Upfah
251. Cnicus with heart-Jhaped leaves , having curled
prickly foot-ftalks which embrace the ftalks , and a nod-
ding flower. Carduus foliis ex cordato-lanceolatis,
margine ferratis & fpinofis, fquamis caiycum membra-
naceis, laceris fpinofis, capitulis nutantibus. Flor.
Sib. 2. p. 47.
The firft fort grows naturally in the northern parts of
Europe. Mr. Ray found it growing on the Rhine
near Bafil. This hath a perennial root, which fends
out many long jagged leaves, fpreading on every
fide near the ground, fo as to form a thick tuft;
thefe are jagged almoft to the midrib, in form of a
winged leaf. The ftalks are ftriated, fmooth, and
rife above four feet high, dividing at the top into
fmaller branches : the leaves which grow upon the
ftalks are entire, heart-fhaped, concave, and erm
brace the ftalks, and are fawed on their edges, each
indenture ending in a weak fpine : the ftalks are ter-
minated by large heads of flowers, growing in drif-
ters ; they are of a whitifh yellow colour, and inclofed
in a fcaly empalement, and are fucceeded by Email
oblong feeds, crowned with a briftly down. It flow-
ers in June, and the feeds ripen in autumn.
This
1 AS
/
C O L
This fort may be propagated by feeds, or parting the
roots i the latter is commonly pradifed where there
are any of the plants, but the feeds are more eafily
conveyed to a dillant place. The belt time to part
the roots is in autumn ; it delights in (hade, and
requires no farther care but to keep it clean from
weeds.
The fecond fort grows naturally on the Alps, and
on the mountains of Auftria. This rifes with an
upright fingle ftalk near four feet high, garnilhed
with finuated leaves, which are very prickly, and
embrace the ftalks with their bafe. The flowers
are produced at the top of the ftalk, furrounded
by a duller of broad prickly leaves, fitting dole
to the ftalk •, they are of a whitifh yellow, and ap-
pear at the fame time with the former fort. It is a
perennial plant, which may be propagated in the fame
manner as the former, and requires a moift foil and a
ftiady fttuation.
The third fort grows naturally in Siberia, from
whence the feeds were fent to the imperial garden at
Peterfburgh, where they fucceeded, and produced
feeds, part of which were fent me by the profelfor of
botany; this hath a perennial root, compofed of
thick flefhy fibres. The leaves which rife immedi-
ately from the root are near a foot long, and near fix
inches broad in the middle, diminifhing toward each
end, and at a little diftance from the bafe are much
contracted, but are wider at the end ; thefe have
fearce any foot-ftalks ; they are of a deep green on
their upper fide, but white on their under, and lharply
fa wed on their edges. The ftalks rife more than fix
feet high, fending out on each fide fmall branches
above a foot long •, the ftalks are ftriated, and of a
reddilh colour ; they are garniflied with heart-fhaped
leaves, which almoft embrace the ftalks with their
bafe, and are of the fame colour with thofe below ;
each branch is terminated by one large globular head
of yellowifh flowers, included in a fcaly empalement,
each feale ending with a fharp fpine. This flowers
in June, and the feeds ripen in autumn. It may be
propagated in the fame manner as the two former
forts, but requires a moift foil and fliady fttuation ;
and if the weeds are kept down, there will be no far-
ther care required. The inhabitants of Siberia eat
the tender ftalks of this plant, when boiled, inftead of
other vegetables.
This is a perennial plant, which may be propagated
by parting the roots : the belt time for doing of this
is in autumn, that the plants may get good root in
winter ; for thofe which are tranfpknted in the fpring,
do not flower well the firft year, unlels they are
planted in sl moift foil. As thefe plants grow very
large, they are not proper furniture for fmall gardens,
where they will take up too much room •, for they
fhould not be planted nearer than four feet from each
other, for if they are too near any other plants, they
will rob them of their nourilhment •, for the roots of
thefe extend to a great diftance, fo that two or three
of thefe plants, for variety, are fufficient for any gar-
'den, which may be planted at a diftance from choicer
plants.
It is alfo propagated by feeds, which may be fown in
the fpring on a bed of common ground, in the fame
manner as the other forts ; and will only require to be
thinned, and kept clean from weeds till autumn, when
they may be tranfplanted where they are defigned to
remain.
C O A. See Hippocratea.
C O A S T-M A RY. See Tanacetum.
COCCIGRIA. See Rhus.
COCHLEARIA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 720. Tourn.
In, ft. R. H. 215. tab. 101, [fo called of Cochleare,
Lai. a fpoon, becauie the leaves of this plant are hol-
lowed like a fpoon.] Spoonwort, or Scurvy Grafs.
The Characters are.
The empalement of the flower is • compofed of four oval
concave leaves. ‘The flower hath four petals , placed in
form of a crofs , which Jpread open , and are twice as large
as the leaves of the empalement \ it hath fix famines ,
C O L
four of which are longer than the other two \ thefi are
terminated by obtufe compreffed fummits. The germen is
heart-fhaped , fupporting a floor t fingle jlyle , crowned by an
obtufe ftigma : this afterward becomes a gibbous , heart-
fhaped , compreffed pod , fafiened to the Jlyle , having
two cells , in each of which are lodged four roundifh
feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft [fedion of
Linnteus’s fifteenth clafs, intitled Tetradynamia Sili-
culofa. The flowers of this clafs have four long and
two ihort ftamina, and thofe of this fedion have very
fhort pods.
The Species are,
1. Cochle aria ( Officinalis ) foliis radicalibus fubrotun-
dis, caulinis oblongis fubfinuatis. Flor. Lapp. 256.
Scurvy Grafs whofe lower leaves are roundifh , and thofe
on the folks oblong and finuated. Cochlearia folio fub-
rotundo. C. B. P. no. Round-leaved Scurvy Grafs.
2 . Cochlearia {Anglica) foliis ovato-lanceolatis, finua-
tis. F lor. Ang. 248. Scurvy Grafs with oval fpear-
fhaped leaves , which are finuated. Cochlearia folio fl-
nuato. C. B. P. no. Sea Scurvy Grafs.
3. Cochlearia ( Granlandica ) foliis reniformibus, car-
nofis integerrimis. Hort. Cliff. 498. Scurvy Grafs with
kidney-ffaped leaves , which are flefhy and entire . Coch-
learia minima ex montibus Wallite. Sher. Boerh. Ind.
alt. 2 . p. 10.
4. Cochlearia ( Danica ) foliis haftatis, angulatis. Flor.
Suec. 196. Scurvy Grafs with angular fpear-Jhaped
leaves. Cochlearia Armorica. H. R. Par. Danifh , or
Ivy-leaved Scurvy Grafs.
5. Cochleria ( Armoracia ) foliis radicalibus lanceolatis,
crenatis, caulinis incifis. Hort. Cliff. 332. Scurvy
Grafs whofe lower leaves are fpear-Jhaped and crenated ,
and thofe on the folks jagged. Raphanus Rufticanus.
C. B. P. 96. Horfe Radifh.
6 . Cochlearia ( Glaflifolia ) foliis caulinis cordato-fagit-
tatis, amplexicaulibus. Hort. Cliff. 332. Scurvy Grafs
whofe upper leaves are arrow-pointed , heart-fhaped , and
embrace the folks. Cochlearia altiflima glafti folio.
Inft. R. H. 21 6 .
The firft fort grows naturally on the fea-fhore in the
north of England, and in Holland, but is cultivated
for ufe in the gardens near London. This is an an-
nual plant, for the feeds are fown, and the plants de-
cay within the compafs of one year, but the feeds
fhould be fown early in autumn ; this hath a fibrous
root, from which arife many round fucculent leaves,
which are hollowed like a lpoon ; the ftalks rife from
fix inches to a foot high ; thefe are brittle, and gar-
nifhed with leaves, which are oblong and finuated.
The flowers are produced in clufters at the end of
the branches, confifting of four fmall white petals,
which are placed in form of a crofs, and are fuc-
ceeded by Ihort, roundifh, fwelling feed-veffels, hav-
ing two cells, divided by a thinjpartition ; in each of
thefe is lodged four or five roundifh feeds. It flowers
in April, and the feeds ripen in June, foon after
which it decays.
This fort is propagated in gardens for medicinal ufes,
which is done by lowing the feeds in July, foon after
they are ripe, in a moift fhady fpot of ground •, and
when the plants are come up, they fhould be thinned,
fo as to be left at about four inches diftance each
way. The plants that are taken out may be tranf-
planted into other fliady borders, if there is occa-
sion for them, otherwife they may be hoed out (as is
pradiled for Onions, Carrots, &c.) and at the fame
time all the weeds may be hoed down, fo as to clear
the plants entirely from them, that they may have
room to grow ftrong. In the fpring thefe plants will
be fit for ufe •, and thofe that are buffered to remain
will run up to feed in May, and perfed their feeds in
June. If this plant is fown in the fpring, the feeds
feldom grow well, therefore the bell time is foon after
they are ripe. The plants rarely live after producing
feeds, fo that it fhould be fown every year, to have it
for ufe.
The Sea Scurvy Grafs is alfo ufed in medicine ; but
this grows in the fait marlhes in Kent and Effex,
where
c o c
where the fait water overflows it almoft evety tide,
and can rarely be made to grow in a garden, or at
leaft to laft longer there than one year ; but it being
eaflly gathered in the places before-mentioned, the
markets are fupplied from thence by the herb-women,
who make it their bufinefs to gather herbs.
This fort differs from the firft in the fhape of its
leaves, thefe being longer, and finuated on their edges.
It flowers a little later in the feafon *, both thefe forts
are ul'ed in medicine.
The little Welch Scurvy Grafs is a biennial plant,
and may be preferved in a garden, if planted in a
ftrong foil and a fhady fituation. This is preferved
in curious gardens of plants, but' is not of any ufe in
medicine, though it is by far the warmeft and moft
pungent of all the forts. This grows plentifully in
Mulcovy, as alfo in Davis’s Streights.
The fourth fort is a low trailing plant, whofe ftalks
grow fix inches long, and lie proftrate on the ground
the leaves are angular, and in fhape like thofe of Ivy.
This is found growing naturally in fome parts of Eng-
land, and is annual. It flowers and feeds about the
fame time as the firfl fort.
The fixth fort is a biennial plant, which, ufually
grows about a foot and a half high, with upright
ftalks, garnifhed with angular heart-fhaped leaves,
embracing the ftalks with their bafe •, the flowers are
produced in loofe fpikes at the end of the branches ;
they are very fmall, white, and are fucceeded by fhort
fwelling pods filled with round feeds. It flowers in
May, and the feeds ripen in July and Auguft. This
may be propagated by feeds as the common fort ;
and if fown in autumn, will more certainly fucceed
than in the fpring.
The Horfe Radifh is propagated by cuttings or buds
from the fides of the old roots. The beft feafon for
this work is in Oflober or February *, the former for
dry lands, the latter for moift j the ground fhould be
trenched at leaft two fpits deep, or more if it will al-
low of it. The manner of planting it is as follows :
provide yourfelf with a good quantity of offsets,
which fhould have a bud upon their crowns, but it
matters not how fhort they are ; therefore the upper
part of the roots which are taken up for ufe, may be
cut off about two inches long with the bud to it, which
is efteemed the beft for planting. Then make a
trench ten inches deep, in which you fhould place
the offsets at about four or five inches diftance each
way, with the bud upward, covering them up with
the mould that was taken out of the trench : then
proceed to a fecond trench in like manner, and con-
tinue the fame till the whole fpot of ground is planted.
After this, level the furface of the ground even, ob-
ferving to keep it clear from weeds, until the plants
are fo far advanced, as to be ftrong enough to over-
bear and keep them down. With this management
the roots of the Horfe Radifh will be long and ftrait,
and free from fmall lateral roots, and the fecond year
after planting will be fit for ufe. ’Tis true, they
may be taken up the firft year, but then the roots
will be but flender ; therefore it is the better way to
let them remain until the fecond year. The ground
in which this is planted ought to be very rich, other-
’vyife the roots will make but a fmall progrefs.
COCOS. Lin. Gen. Plant. 1223. The Cocoa Nut.
The Characters are,
’There are male and female flowers on the fame tree. The
univerfal fpatha has one valve. The empalement conjifls
of three fmall-coloured concave leaves the flower has
three oval fpreading petals , and fix ftamina the length of
the corolla , terminated by triangular fummits. The ger-
men is fcarce difcernible , fupporting three fhort ftyles ,
crowned by obfolete ftigma thefe are barren. Thp female
flowers are included in the like fpatha. The empalement
is three-leaved, which is coloured and permanent-, they
have three petals to the flowers, which are larger flkan
the empalement , and an oval germen without a ftyle, with
a three-lobed ftigma. The nut is large, triangidar, and
is perforated fly three holes at the end.
This genus is placed by Linnaeus in his appendix un-
c o c
der the title of Monoica Hexandria, the fame plants
having hermaphrodite and female flowers, the her-
maphrodite having fix ftamina.
We know but one Species of this genus, vkn
Cocos ( Nucifera ) frondibus pinnatis, foliolis enfiformi-
bus replicatis. Jacq. Hift. 168. Cocoa Nut with
winged branches , whofe fmall leaves are fword-Jhaped and
folded. Palma Indica coccifera angulofa. C. B. P. 502.
This tree is cultivated in both Indies, but is gene-
rally fuppofed to grow naturally in the Maldives, and
other defart Hands of the Eaft-Indies. The trees
grow to a great height in their native places, but their ,
Items are compofed of ftrong fibres like net-work,
which lie in feveral lamina over each other, out of
t 1
which come the branches (or rather leaves,) which
grow twelve or fourteen feet long. The midrib is
garnifhed with fword-fhaped fmall leaves, whofe bor-
ders fold backward : the firft leaves which pulh out
from the nut when planted, are very different from
thofe which are afterward produced , for they are
very broad, and have many folds in each : whereas,
the after leaves have a ftrong midrib, of great
length, on which the fmaller lobes are placed alter-
nately ; thefe lobes are from fix to eight or nine
inches long, and are almoft triangular, having very
fharp points, and are very ftiff. The flowers come
out round the top of the trunk of the tree in large
clufters •, they are inclofed in a large fpatha or fheath,
and the nuts afterward are formed in large clufters j
thefe are included in large net-work covers, which
adhere clofely about them ; the nut has a hard fhell,
with three holes at the upper end. The kernel is
large, fweet, and the lower part of the fhell, when
firft taken from the tree, is filled with a pale liquor,
which the inhabitants of the countries where the trees
grow, call milk, and they are very fond of it. From this
milk I have been informed by perfons of credit, there
has been exceeding good arrack diftilled in Jamaica.
The plants are propagated by planting the nuts in
fuch places where they are defigned to remain ; for
the plants will not bear tranfplanting, unlefs it is per-
formed while they are very young, for their roots
fhoot deep and wide ; fo that if thefe are cut or
broken, the plants feldom furvive it, which is gene-
rally the cafe with moft of the kind of Palms.
Where any perfons are defirous of having a plant or
two of this fort, they fhould procure fome frefti nuts
from the neareft place of their growth, which, on
their arrival in England, ffiould be buried in a warm
bed of tanners bark, laying them on one fide, that
the young fhoot which comes out from one of the three
holes may not be injured by wet, covering them about
fix inches deep with the tan. In this fituation, if the
nuts are good, they will put out fhoots in fix weeks or
two months, fo fhould be then carefully taken up, and
each planted in a feparate pot filled with kitchen-gar-
den earth, and plunged into the tan-bed in the ftove,
where the plants fhould always remain, for they are
too tender to thrive in any other fituation ; but as the
plants advance in their growth, they fhould be fhifted
into larger pots or tubs, being careful not to cut or
tear their roots in the operation.
This is one of the moft ufeful trees to the inhabitants
of America, who make many neceffary utenfils from
the feveral parts of it. The outer cover of the nuts
is made into cordage ; the fhells are converted into
drinking bowls ; the kernel of the nuts affords them
a wholefome food, and the milk a cooling liquor.
The leaves of the tree are ufed for thatching of their
houfes, and are alfo wrought into bafkets, and many
other things which are made of Ofiers in Europe.
COCCOLOBA, Sea-ftde Grape. 4
The Characters are,
The empalement is of one leaf, cut into five parts ,
which fpread open and are permanent. The flower has
no corolla , but hath eight awl-floaped fpreading ftamina ,
terminated by roundifh twin fummits. It has an oval
three-cornered germen , fupporting three fhort fpread-
ing ftyles, crowned by fimple ftigmas. The empalement
afterward becomes a thick berry , inclo fmg an oval-
'L z z pointed
coc
pointed Wt r with one cell, having a jingle feed of the
fame form.
This genus of plants is ranged in the third feftion of
Linnsus’s eighth genera, intided Oftandria T rigynia,
the flowers having eight ftamina and three ftyles.
The Species are,
s. Coccoloba ( Uvifera ) foliis eordato-fubrotundis niti-
dis, Lin. Sp. 523. Sea-fide Grape with neat , roundifh,
heart-Jhaped leaves. Guajabara racemofa, foliis coria-
ceis fubrotundis. Plum. Nov. Gen.
2. Coccoloba ( Rubefcens ) foliis orbiculatis pubefcen-
tibus. Lin. Sp. 523. Sea-fide Grape with orbicular
hairy leaves. Scortea arbor Americana, ampliflimis
foliis averfa parte nervis extantibus. Pluk. Phyt. 222.
f. 8.
3. Coccoloba (JPunffata ) foliis lanceolato-ovatis. Lin.
Sp. 523. Sea-fide Grape with oval fpear-fhaped leaves.
Uvifera arbor Americana, fruftu aromatico punftato.
Pluk. Aim. 394.
4. Coccoloba ( Excoriato ) foliis ovatis, ramis quafi ex-
corticatis. Lin. Sp. 524. Sea-fide Grape with oval
leaves , and the branches cafiing their bark. Guajabara
alia racemofa, foliis oblongis. Plum. Icon. 146. f. 1.
Called Mountain Grape.
.5. Coccoloba ifTenui folia) foliis ovatis membranaceis.
Amcen. Acad. 5. p. 397. Sea-fide Grape with oval mem-
branaceous leaves.
The firft fort rifes with many ligneous Items to the
height of ten or twelve feet, having feveral knots or
joints, covered with a gray bark : at each joint is fet on
one large, roundifh, frnooth leaf, a little indented at
the top. The flowers come out from the foot-ftalks
of the leaves, in long bunches like thofe of Currants ;
they have no petals, but the empalement is cut into
five fegments, including eight awl-fhaped ftamina,
terminated by twin fummits. T he germen afterward
becomes a fucculent berry, including an oval-pointed
nut, having one feed of the fame form.
The fecond fort feldom rifes fo high as the firft, but
divides into feveral lateral branches, garnifhed with
large roundilh leaves, havingTfeveral deep veins the
flowers and fruit come out from the fide of the
branches in like manner as thofe of the firft, but are
larger.
The third fort is a lower fhrub than either of the for-
mer ; the leaves are oval and fpear-fhaped ■, the fruit
is ffnaller, fomewhat aromatic, and fpotted ; thefe
proceed from the fide of the branches in like manner
as the former forts.
The fourth fort grows to a much larger fize than any
of the other the leaves of this are much larger, of
an oblong oval form, very frnooth, and of a lucid
green : from the wings of the leaves, the flowers and
fruit are produced, which are in form like thofe of
the other forts, but are larger.
The fifth fort is of humbler growth than either of the
fcrmer •, the leaves are membranaceous, of an oval
form the flowers and fruit are fmaller than thofe of
the other forts. Thefe plants all grow naturally in
the warm Aland's of America ; fome of them on the
lea-fhores, where they form very clofe, almoft impe-
netrable thickets •, the fruit of the firft fort are fre-
quently eaten by the inhabitants of the iflands, but
efpecially by the negroes. Thofe of the other forts
are food for birds.
The plants of all the forts are eafily propagated by
feeds, when they can be obtained frefh from the places
of their natural growth (for none of the forts have as
yet produced either fruit or flowers in England.)
The feeds fhould be fown in fmall pots filled with
earth from the kitchen-garden, and plunged into a
hot-bed. If the feeds are good, and the bed of a pro-
per temperature of warmth, the plants will appear in
five or fix weeks after, which will be fit to tranfplant
in about a month after •, when they fhould be fhaken
out of the pots, feparating their roots carefully, and
each planted in a feparate fmall pot filled with the
like earth, plunging them into a hot-bed of tanners
bark, being careful to fhade them in the day-time,
until they have taken new root ; after which they
COF
fhould be treated in the fame way as other tender
exotic plants, which require to be kept conftantly in
the bark-ftove.
C O D L I N-T REE. See Malus.
COFFEA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 209. Juff. Aft. Reg.
Scien. 1713. Jafminum. Com. Cat. The Coffee-tree.
The Characters are.
The flower hath a fmall empalement divided into four
parts , flitting upon the germen. It hath one petal
which is funnel-fhaped , having a narrow cylindrical
tube , which is much longer than the empalement , but is
plain at the top , where it is indented in five parts. It
hath five ftamina which are f aft ened to the tube, and are
terminated by long J, lender fummits. The roundifh germen
fupports a Jingle ftyle , crowned by two thick reflexed Jlig -
mas. The germen afterward becomes an oval berry, con-
taining two hemifpherical feeds , plain on one fide , and con-
vex on the other.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft feftion of
Linnaeus’s fifth clafs, intitled Pentandria Monogy-
nia, the flower having five ftamina and one ftyle ; it
hath been generally included in the genus of Jaf?
mines ; but as the flowers of Jafmine have but two
ftamina, fo by Linnaeus’s fyftem, this is feparated
and ranged in another clafs.
We have but one Species of this genus, viz.
Coffea ( Arabica .) Hort. Cliff. 59. The Coffee-tree.
Jafminum Arabicum Caftanese folio, flore albo odo-
ratiflimo, cujus fruftus Coffea in officinis dicuntur no-
bis. Juff. Aft. Par. 1713.
This tree is fuppofed to be a native of Arabia Felix,
where it was firft cultivated for ufe, and to this day,
is|the country from whence the beft Coffee is brought
to Europe, though the plant is now propagated in
many parts of India and America j but the produce
of thole countries being greatly inferior to that of A-
rabia, hath occafioned its prefent difrepute in Eng-
land, fo that it is fcarce worth importing j but this
might be remedied, if the Coffee planters in the Weft
Indies could be prevailed on to try a few experiments,
which I fhall hereafter propofe, being founded on
thofe which have been made in England, upon the
berries produced here. But I fhall firft treat of the
plant, with its culture in England.
This is a low tree in the native country of its growth,
where it feldom rifes more than fixteen or eighteen
feet high, but in England I have not feen any above
ten or twelve. The main Item grows upright, and
is covered with a light brown bark ; the branches are
produced horizontally and oppofite, which crofs each
other at every joint, fo that every fide of the tree is
fully garnifhed with them : the lower branches being
the longeft, the others gradually decreafing to the
top, form a fort of pyramid •, the leaves are alfo pro-
duced oppofite ; thefe when fully grown, are about
four or five inches long, and one inch and a half
broad in the middle, decreafing toward each end ;
the borders are waved, and the furface is of a lucid
green. The flowers are produced in clufters at the
bafe of the leaves, fitting clofe to the branches ; thefe
are tubulous, fpread open at the top, where they are
divided into five parts, and are of a pure white, with
a very grateful odour, but of fhort duration : they
are fucceeded by oval berries, which are firft green,
when fully grown, they turn red, and afterward
change to black when fully ripe ; thefe have a thin
pulpy fkin, under which are two feeds joined, which
are fiat on thej joined fides, with a longitudinal fur-
row, and convex on their outer fide.
As the Coffee-tree is an Evergreen, it makes a beau-
tiful appearance at every feafon in the ftove, but par-
ticularly when it is in flower ; and alfo when the ber-
ries are red, which is generally in the winter ; fo that
they continue a long timy in that ftate, therefore there
is fcarce any plant that more deferves a place in the.
ftove than this.
It is propagated by the berries, which muft be fown
foon after they are gathered from the trees, for if
they are kept out of the ground a fhort time they will
not grow. I have frequently fent the berries abroad
by
C O F
by the poft, but when they have been a fortnight in
their journey they have all failed ; and this has con-
ftantly happened every where, for the berries which
were lent from Holland to Paris did not grow, nor
did thofe which were fent from Paris to England
grow; fo that wherever thefe trees are defired, the
young plants muft be fent, if it be at any diftance
from the place where they grow.
The berries lhould be planted in fmall pots, filled
with light kitchen-garden earth, and plunged into a
hot-bed of tanners-bark ; the pots muft be watered
gently once or twice a week, but the earth muft not
be too moift, left it rot the berries. If the bed be
of a proper temperature of warmth, the plants will
appear in a month or live weeks time, and in about
two months more will be fit to tranfplant. For as
many of the berries will produce two plants, fo the
fooner they are parted, the better their roots will be
formed ; for when they grow double till they have
made large roots, they will be fo intermixed and en-
tangled, as to render it difficult to feparate them
without tearing off their fibres, which will greatly
prejudice the plants. When thefe are tranfplanted,
they muft be each put into a feparate fmall pot, filled
with the fame earth as before, and plunged into the
tan-bed again ; which fhould be ltirred up to the
bottom, and if required, fome new tan fhould be
mixed with it, to renew the heat. Then the plants
fhould be gently watered, and the glaffes of the hot-
bed muft be fhaded every day till they have taken new
root; after which the plants fhould have free air
admitted to them every day, ip proportion to the
warmth of the feafon : during the fummer they will
require frequently to be refrefhed with water, but
they muft not have it in too great plenty : for if their
roots are kept too moift, they are very lubjecft to rot,
then the leaves will foon decay and drop off, and
the plants become naked ; when this happens, they
are feldom recovered again. The firft fign of thefe
plants being difordered, is, their leaves fweating out
a clammy juice, which attrafts the fmall infedts, that
too frequently infeft the plants in ftbves ; when they
are not in health, thefe infects cannot be deftroyed,
till the plants are recovered to vigour : for although
the plants are ever fo carefully wafhed and cleaned
from them, yet they will be foop attacked by them
again, if they are not recovered to health, for thefe
infects are never feen upon any of the plants while
they are in perfect vigour ; but when they are dif-
ordered, they foon fpread over all the leaves and
tender parts of the plants, and multiply exceedingly;
fo that upon the firft attack, the plants fhould be
fhifted into frefii earth, and all poffible care taken to
recover them, without which all the waffiing and
cleaning of the plants will be to little purpofe. The
diforders attending the Coffee-trees, generally proceed
from either being put into pots too large for them,
nothing being of worfe confequence than over potting
them ; or from the earth being too ftiff, or over-
hung by other plants, or being over watered. If thefe
are properly taken care of, and the ftove kept always
in a proper temperature of heat, the plants will thrive,
and produce plenty of fruit.
I have made trial of feveral compofitions of earth
for thefe plants, but have found none of them equal
to that of a kitchen-garden, where the foil is na-
turally loole, and not fubjeft to bind ; and if it has
conftantly been well wrought and properly dunged,
this without any mixture is preferable to any other.
The plants fiiouid not be too ofteh tranfplanted, for
that will greatly retard their growth. If they are new
potted twice a year at moll, it will be fufficient ;
though unlefs the plants make great progrefs, they
will not require to be removed oftener than once in a
year, which fhould be in fummer, that they may have
time to get good roots again before winter. During
the Warm weather in fummer, thefe plants fhould
have a large fhare of air, but they muft not be wholly
expofed abroad at any feafon : for although they may
have the appearance of thriving in the open air
i
C O F
during the heat of fummer, yet when they are re-
moved into the ftove again, their leaves will fall offj
and the plants will make but an indifferent appearance
the following winter, if they fhould furvive it : there-
fore it is the better method to keep them conftantly
in the ftove, and admit a proportionable fhare of air
to them every day, according to the heat of the
feafon; they will require water two or three times a
week in warm -weather, but in the winter they muft
have it more fparingly ; and the ftove in which they
are placed, fhould be kept to the heat affigned for
the Ananas upon the botanical thermometors.
There has been fome of thefe plants propagated by
cuttings, and alio from layers ; but thefe are long
before they make roots, and the plants fo raifed, are
never fo ftrong and thriving as thofe which arife
front berries ; therefore where the berries can be pro-
cured, it is much the belt method to propagate the
plants by feeds.
When the plants are tranfplanted, their roots fhould
not be too much cut or trimmed ; the decayed or
rotten fibres fhould be pruned off, and thofe which,
are clofely matted to the fide of the pots fhould be
trimmed, but not cut too near to the ftem ; for the
old fibres do not put out new roots very kindly, ef~
pecially thofe which are become tough, fo that there
fhould always be a fufficient number of young
fibres left to fupport the plants, till new ones are
produced.
The Coffee plants were firft carried from Arabia to
Batavia by the Dutch, and from thence they were
afterward brought to Holland, where great numbers
of the plants were raifed from the berries which thofe
plants produced, and from thefe mail of the gardens
in Europe have been furnifhed. A great number of
thefe young plants, which were raifed at Amfterdam,
were fent to Surinam by the proprietors of that ifland,
where the trees were foon propagated in great plenty,
and from thence the plants have been difperfed to
rrioft of the iflands in the Weft Indies : for as the
plants raifed from the berries, produce fruit in two
years from planting, and in the warm countries
fooner, fo plantations of thefe trees may be foon made
in any of thofe countries, where the temperature of
the air is proper for their production, but the trees
will not grow in the open air any where if there is a
winter : lo that in all countries without the tropics,
they cannot be expedted to grow abroad.
The French have made great plantations of thefe
trees in their fettlements in the Weft Indies, and alfo
in the ifle of Bourbon, from whence they import great
quantities of Coffee annually to France ; which al-
though greatly inferior in quality to the Arabian, yet
it is confumed, otherwife they would not continue
that branch of commerce. In the Britifh colonies of
America, there have been fome large plantations
made of Coffee- trees : and it was propofed to the
parliament, fome years paft, to give a proper en-
couragement for cultivating this commodity in Ame-
rica, fo as to enable the planters to underfell the im-
porters of Coffee from Arabia. Accordingly there
was an abatement of the duty payable on all the Coffee
which fhould be of the growth of our colonies in
America, which at that time was fuppofed would be
a fufficient encouragement for the planters to improve
this branch of commerce: but the productions of
thofe countries, being greatly inferior in quality to
that of Arabia, hath almoft ruined the projedt ; and
unlefs the planters can be prevailed on to try fome
experiments to improve its quality, there can be
little hope of its becoming a valuable branch of trade;
therefore I fhall beg leave to offer my fentiments on.
this article, and fincerely wifh what I have to pro-
pofe may be found ufeful for the inftrudtion of the
Coffee planters ; for as my opinion is founded upon
experiments, fo it is not mere theory or fup-
pofition.
The great fault of the Coffee which grows in Ame-
rica, and alfb in the ifle of Bourbon, is the want of
flavour, or having a difagreeabie one. The berries
a-re
»
c d i?
'ire much large? than thofe which are Imported from
Arabia, and confequently have not fo much fpirit or
flavour. This may be owing to feveral caufes, the
fir ft is that of its growing in a foil too moift ; which
is always known to increafe the fize of fruit and ve-
getables, but their quality is greatly diminiftied
thereby. The fe'corid is from the gathering of the
berries too foon \ for I have been credibly informed,
that it is the conftant practice of the planters, to
gather the fruit when it is red : at which time the
berries are much larger, and of greater weight, than
thofe which are permitted to ripen perfectly on the
trees, which is not till they are turned black, and
their outer pulp becomes dry, and the {kins Ihrink :
then the berries are much fmaller than before, and
the outer cover will eafily feparate from the berry ;
Vhich ! have always been informed, has been the
complaint of the planters, that this was with great
difficulty and trouble effected. A third caufe I im-
gine may be in the drying of the berries when
gathered ; which muft be conftantly attended to, for
they cannot be too much expofed to the fun and air
in the day time, but they muft be every evening re-
moved under cover* and carefully fcreened from
dews and rain •, nor fliould they be placed near any
fort of liquid or moifture, for thefe berries are very
fhbjedb to imbibe moifture, and thereby acquire the
flavour of the liquid •, or if it be pure water, the
berries will be enlarged, and the flavour diminilhed
by it, as from many experiments I can affirm : for a
bottle of rum being placed in a clofet, in which a
canifter of Coffee berries clofely flopped, was Handing
on a fhelf at a Confiderable diftance, in a few days
had fo impregnated the berries, as to render them
very difagreeable •, the fame alfo has happened by a
bottle of fpirits of wine Handing in the fame clofet
with Coffee and Tea, both which were in a few days
fpoiled by it. Therefore from many experiments of
this nature, which I have made with Coffee, it ap-
pears to me that it fliould never be brought over in
Ihips freighted with rum, nor fliould the berries be
laid to dry in the houfes where the fugars are boiled,
or the rum diftilled. I have alfo been informed by
a gentleman who has a very good eftate in Jamaica,
and who has lived many years in that ifland, that the
planters frequently boil the Coffee berries before they
are dried. As this information comes from a gen-
tleman of great ikill and veracity, fo I cannot doubt
of the fadt ; and if fo, this alone is fufficient to fpoil
the beft Coffee in the world * fo that I am at a lofs to
guels the reafon for this practice, which, as it ap-
pears to me, -can only be intended to increafe the
weight, therefore muft be imputed to avarice, the
bane of every public good.
'There was fome time paft an imperfect account
printed in the papers, of the caufe why the American
Coffee was not fo good as that which comes from
Arabia in which it is fuppofed, that the goodnefs of
the latter proceeded from the length of time which
the berries had been kept : therefore the author pro-
pofes that the American Coffee berries lhould be
many years kept, which he fays will render them
equally good. This is contrary to all the experience
I have had, or can learn, from thofe who have feen
the whole progrefs of Coffee in Arabia, with their
manner of drying and packing it to fend abroad ; for
two gentlemen who had lived there fome years af-
fured me, that the berries, when firft gathered, were
much better than thofe which are kept any time.
And a curious gentleman who refided in Barbadoes
two years, alfo told me, that he never drank better
Coffee in any part of the world, than what he made
from the frefti berries which he gathered himfelf,
and roafted as he had occafion for them ; which is
alfo confirmed by the trials which have been made
with the berries which grow in the ftoves in England,
which make a better flavoured liquor, than the beft
Arabian Coffee berries which can be procured in
England ; therefore I wifh thofe who are inclinable
to cultivate . thefe trees in America, would make
\
C 0 i
choice of a foil rather dry than moift, m which the
trees will not make fo great progrefs as thole which
grow in a wet foil, nor will the produce be fo great ;
but as the quality of the produce will be fo much
improved, it will certainly be of greater advantage
to them. & '
The next thing is, to permit the berries to remain
fo long upon the trees, till their {kins are ffirivelled
and turned very black; which it is true will greatly
diminiffi their weight, but then the commodity will
be more than double the value of that which is
gathered fooner.
When the berries are fully ripe, they fhould be ga-
thered, or rather ffiaken from the trees, when they are
perfectly dry, and fpread abroad upon cloths in the
fun to dry, carrying them every evening under co-
ver, to prevent the dews from falling on them, or
the rain if any lhould happen : and when they are
perfectly dry, they ffiould be carefully packed up in
cloths or bags, three or four times double, and confe-
quently kept in a dry fituation : and when they are
fhipped for England, it lhould be on board thofe vef-
fels which have no rum, left the Coffee fliould imbibe
the flavour, which cannot be prevented when flowed
in the fame place. For fome years paft, a Coffee
Ihip from India had a few bags of pepper put on
board, the flavour of which was imbibed by the Cof-
fee, and the whole cargo fpoiled thereby.
As the quantity of Coffee now confumed in Britain
is Very much increafed of late years, fo it will cer-
tainly be worthy of public confideration, how far it
may be neceffaty to encourage the growth of it in
the Britilh colonies : and certainly it deferves the at-
tention of the inhabitants of thofe colonies, to im-
prove this commodity to the utmoft of their power ;
and not to have fo much regard to the quantity, as
to the quality of it ; for although the former may
appear to have the advantage of the latter in point of
profit, yet the goodnefs of every commodity muft
always claim the preference, and thereby will be
found of more lafting advantage to the cultivator.
C O I X. Lin. Gen. Plant. 92 7. Lachryma Jobi. Tourm
Inft. R. H. 531. tab. 306. Job’s Tears.
The Characters are.
It hath male and female flowers on the fame plant y the
male flowers are difpofed in a loofe fpike y the chaff of
thefe have two valves , inclofing two flowers , the valves
are oblong and bearded y the petal has two oval valves ,
the length of the chaffs with narrow beards : thefe have
each three hairy ftamina , terminated by oblong four-cor-
nered fummits. There are a few female flowers fltuated
at the bafe of the male fpike in the fame plant, thefe have
bivalvular chaffy the valves are roundijh , thick , and
fmooth y the petal hath two oval valves , the outer being
larger and bearded at both ends. They have a fmall oval
germen , fupporting a fhort ftyle divided into two parts ,
crowned by two homed ftigmas which are longer than the
flower , arid covered with fine hairs y the germen afterward
becomes a hard , roundijh , fmooth feed .
This genus of plants is ranged in the third fedtion
of Linnaeus’s twenty-firft clafs, intitled Moncecia
Triandria. The plants of this clafs have male and
female flowers on the fame plant, and the flowers of
this fedlion have three ftamina.
The Species are,
1. Coix ( Lachryma Jobi ) feminibus ovatis. Hort. Cliff.
434. Coix with oval feeds. Lachryma Jobi. Cluf. Hift.
p. 2. Job's Tears.
2. Coix ( Angnlatis ) feminibus angulatis. Hort. Cliff.
438. Coix with angular feeds. Lachryma Jobi Ameri-
cana altiffima, Arundinis folio & facie. Plum. Cat.
The firft: fort grows naturally in the iflands of the
Archipelago, and is frequently cultivated in Spain
and Portugal, where the poor inhabitants grind the
grain to flour in a fcarcity of corn, and make a coarfe
fort of bread of it.
This is an annual plant, which feldom ripen its feeds
in England, unlefs the feafon proves very warm ;
from a thick fibrous root is fent out two or three
jointed ftalks, which rife near three feet high, gar-
nifhed
*• COL
hiihed with {ingle, long, narrow leaves at efoh joint,
refembling thofe of the Reed; at the bale of the leaves
come out the fpikes of flowers, Handing on fhort
foot-ftalks •, thefe fpikes are compofed of male flow-
ers only, and below them is fituated one or two fe-
male flowers ; the male flowers decay foon after they
have Hied their farina ; but the germen of the female
flowers fweli to a large oval feed, which is hard,
fmooth, and of a gray colour, greatly refembling the
feeds of Gromwel, from whence this plant has been
by fevera! writers titled Lithofpermum.
Thofe who are defirous to cultivate this plant in
England, may procure the feeds from Portugal, thefe
fhould be fown on a moderate hot-bed in the fpring,
■ to bring the plants forward, and afterward tranfplant
'them on a warm border, allowing each two feet room
at leaft, and when the plants have taken root, they
will require no farther care, but to keep them clean
from weeds. Thefe will flower about Midfummer,
and in warm feafons, the feeds will ripen at Mi-
chaelmas. There is a variety of this with much
broader leaves, which I received from Smyrna fome
years pail, which did not perfect feeds here, fo I
cannot fay whether it is only a variety, or a different
fort from this.
The fecond fort will grow to the height of feven or
eight feet, and the Hems become hard, like the Reed,
or Indian Corn : thefe branch out, and produce fe-
veral fpikes of flowers ; but this fort will not live in
the open air in England, therefore fhould be plunged
into the bark-flove, where it will live through the
winter, and produce ripe feeds the fecond year ; and
may be continued longer, if defired.
C O L C H I C U M. Lin. Gen. Plant. 415. Tourn.
Inft. R. H. 348. tab. 181, 182. [So called from Col-
chos, a province of the Levant (now called Mingre-
]ia, becaufe this plant was formerly very common in
that place.] Meadow Saffron.
The Characters are,
{the flower hath neither empalement or flpatha ; it hath
one fetal, rifling with an angular tube flrom the root ,
which is divided at the top into fix oval, concave , ere hi
ferments it hath fix Jlamina which are f sorter than the
fetal, terminated by oblong fummits having flour valves.
5 " he germen is fituated in the root , fupporting three fender
ftyles the length of the flamina , crowned by reflexed chan-
nelled fiigmas \ the germen afterward becomes a capfule
with three lobes , having a fleam on the infide, dividing
it into three cells , which contain fleveral roundijh rough
feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the third feCtion
of Linnaeus’s fixth clafs, intitled Hexandria Trigynia,
the flower having fix flamina and three ftyles.
The Species are,
1. Colchicum ( Autumnale ) foliis planis lanceolatis,
crectis. Hort. Cliff. 140. Colchicum with plain , erehl,
fpear-fhaped leaves. Colchicum commune. C. B. P.
67. Common Meadow Saffron.
2. Colchicum ( Montanum ) foliis linearibus, patentifli-
mis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 342. Meadow Saffron with very
narrow fpreading leaves. Colchicum Montanum an-
guftifolium. C. B. P. 68. Narrow-leaved Mountain
Meadow Saffron.
3. Colchicum (Variegatum) foliis undulatis patentibus.
Hort. Cliff. 1 40. Meadow Saffron with waved fpreading
leaves. Colchicum Chionenfe, floribus fritillarise
inftar teffulatis, foliis undulatis. Mor. Hift. 2. p. 341.
Meadow Saffron of Chios, with chequered flowers like
Fritillary, and waved leaves.
4. Colchicum ( Feffulatum ) foliis planis patentibus. Col-
chicum with plain fpreading leaves. Colchicum floribus
fritillariae inftar teffulatis, foliis planis. Mor. Hift. 2 .
p. 341. Meadow Saffron, with chequered flowers like
Fritillary , and plain leaves.
There is a greater variety of thefe flowers than any
here enumerated, which differ in the colour of their
flowers, and other little accidents, which are not
lafting, fo muft not be ranged as diftinCt fpecies.
But as many of them are cultivated in flower-gardens,
I fhall beg leave to mention thofe varieties, which
are frequently propagated by fiorifts. Thefe are
rnoft of them feminal variations from the firft fort.
The moft common Meadow Saffron hath a purpMi
flower.
The Meadow Saffron with white flowers;
Meadow Saffron with flriped flowers.
Broad-leaved Meadow Saffron.
Striped-leaved Meadow Saffron.
Many flowered Meadow Saffron.
Meadow Saffron with double purplifh flowers;
Meadow Saffron with double white flowers.
Meadow Saffron with many white flowers.
The firft fort grows naturally both in the weft and
north of England. I have obferved it in great plenty
in the meadows near Caftle Bromwich, in W arwick-
fhire, in the beginning of September. The country
people call the flowers Naked Ladies, becaufe they
come up naked, without any leaves or cover. This
hath a bulbous root, about the fize and fhape of
thofe of the Tulip, but not fo fharp-pointed at the
top, the fkins or cover is alfo of a darker colour,
Thefe bulbs are renewed every year, for thofe which
produce the flowers decay, and new roots are formed
above. The flowers come out ip autumn ; thefe
arife with long flender tubes from the root, about
four inches high, fhaped like thofe of the Saffron,
but larger they are of a pale purple colour, and
divided into fix parts at the top, which Hand ere6t ;
the number of flowers is generally in proportion to
the fize of the roots, from two to feven or eight : in
March the green leaves appear, thefe are commonly
four to a full grown root ; they are folded over each
other below, but fpread open above ground, Handing
crofs-ways : they are of a deep green, and when
fully grown, are five or fix inches long, and one and
a half broad. The feed-veftel comes out from be-
tween the leaves in April, and the feeds ripen in May,
foon after which the lea.ves decay.
The other varieties of this, are fuppofed to have ac-
cidentally rifen from the feeds of this fo that thofe
who are defirous to obtain a variety of thefe flowers.
* *
mould propagate them from feeds, by which method
there may be a greater variety railed.
The fecond fort grows naturally on the mountains in
Spain and Portugal. This hath a fmaller root than
the firft, and a darker coat ; the flowers appear in
Auguft or September ; thefe are cut into fix long
narrow fegments, of a reddifli purple colour, having
fix yellow flamina. The leaves of this fort come up
foon after the flowers decay, and continue green all
the winter, like the Saffron •, thefe are long, narrow,
and fpread on the ground ; in June thefe decay like
the firft fort. '
The third and fourth forts grow naturally in the Le-
vant, but are commonly cultivated in the EnglifTh
gardens. Thefe flower at the fame time as the firft
fort, and the green leaves come up in the fpring. The
root of one of thefe fpecies, is fuppofed to be the Her-
modaftyl of the fhops.
Thefe are all very pretty varieties for a flower-garden,
producing their flowers in autumn, when few other
plants are in beauty; and are therefore, by fome,
called Naked Ladies. The green leaves come up
in the fpring, which are extended to a great length
in May, then the green leaves begin to decay ; foon
after which time, is the proper feafon to tranfplant
their roots ; for if they are fuffered to remain in the
ground till Auguft, they will fend forth frefh fibres ,
after which time it will be too late to remove them.
The roots may be kept above ground until the be-
ginning of Auguft ; at which time, if they are not
planted, they will produce their flowers as they lie
out of the ground, but this will greatly weaken
their roots. The manner of planting their roots being
the fame as Tulips, &c. I fhall forbear mentioning
it here, referring the reader to that article : and alfo
for fowing the feeds* by which means new varieties
may be obtained, I fhall refer to the article Xi-
phion ; where will be proper directions for this
work,
4 A COLD
G O L
C OLD figniftes fome thing devoid of heat, or which
does not contain in it any particles of fire ; according
to which definition, cold is a mere negative term.
And this is agreeable to the fentiments of moft of
our modern philofophers, who fuppofe cold to confift
in a mere privation or diminution of heat.
Others much on the fame principle, define cold, to
be that ftate of the minute parts of a body, wherein
they are agitated more fiowly and faintly than thofe
of the organs of feeling. And in this fenfe, cold is
a mete term of relation : and hence the fame body
becomes liable to be perceived hot or cold, as the
particles of it are in greater or lefler degree of motion
than thofe of the fenfible organ.
Heat is fuppofed to confift in a particular motion of
the parts of the body ; and hence the nature of cold,
which is its oppofite, is eafily deducible ; for we find
that cold extinguifhes, or rather abates heat. Whence
it feems to follow, that thofe bodies are cold, which
check and reftrain the motion of the particles, wherein
heat con lifts .
There are three kinds of bodies that can do this ;
viz. either thofe whofe particles are perfedly at reft •,
or thofe whofe particles are indeed agitated, but with
lefs violence than thofe of the hot body to which
they are applied •, or, laftly, fuch whofe particles
have a motion proper for exciting the fenfation of
heat, but move with a different determination, fo as
to retard and change the motion of the particles of
the organ.
Hence three different kinds of cold, or cold bodies,
do proceed.
The :ft, That cold is common to all hard bodies-,
which confifts in the reft of their parts.
The 2d is, That which rifes from plunging any part
of the body in water ; which confifts in this, that the
parts of our pratcordia, being more brifkly agitated
than thofe of the fluid, communicate part of their
motion to it.
The yd, The cold felt on the colledion of warm air
with a pan, or in blowing hot breath out of our mouth
with the lips clofe fhut ; which confifts in this, that
, the dired motion of the particles of air does, in fome
meafure, change and rebate the motion and determi-
nation of the parts of the body : and hence it is,
that a cold body cannot cool another without heating
itfelf.
Hence alfo it proceeds, that the more the parts of a
frigid body are at reft, the more the particles of a
warm body that is applied to heat them, muff: lofe of
their motion, and confequently of their heat.
Thus, there being more quiefcent parts in marble
than in wood, which is full of pores and interfaces,
the marble is felt colder than the wood : and hence
alfo we may underftand why air near marble, and
other denfe bodies, feels fomewhat colder than in
other places.
On this principle the two latter kinds of cold appear
fomewhat more than privations : the particles in-
ducing the cold may be efteemed real frigorific cor-
pufcles ; and coldnefs may be deemed a real quality,
as well as hotnefs. Thefe particles do not only check
the agitation of thofe continually diffufed from the
inner parts of an animal to the outer ; but having an
elaftic power, they bend, and hang about the fila-
ments of the body, pinch and fqueeze them ; and
hence is that acute pungent fenfation called cold.
That cold is more than a mere relation or comparifon,
is evident from its having real and pofitive effeds ;
fuch as freezing, congelation, condenfation, rarefac-
tion, burfting, &c.
Dr. Clarke takes cold to be owing to certain nitrous
and other faline particles, endued with particular fi-
gures proper to produce fuch effects. Hence fal-ar-
moniac, fait petre, fait of urine, and many other
volatile and alkalizate falts, mixed with water, in-
creafe its degree" of cold very fenfibly.
’ Hence alfo comes that popular obfervation, that cold
prevents corruption y which, however, muft not be
admitted without an exception ; fince if an hard pb-
i
COL
rous body have its interfaces filled with water, and
this be too much dilated by freezing, the including
body will be burft. And thus it is that cold proves
tie fti u ctive to the parts of fome plants : as it happened
m the winters, anno 1728, and 1739-40, in feveral
trees, whofe trunks were much expofed to the fouth-
weft, the lap being thereby rarefied by the warmth
of the fun, which, for feveral days, at the beginning
of the fevere froft, fhone with an uncommon heat,
and the nights coming on to extreme cold, whereby
the rarefied fap was fo fuddenly condenfed, that the
fap-veflels could not contain it, and thereby burft off*
the bark of many trees almoft from top to bottom ;
and this chiefly on the fouth-weft fide of the trees 5
as it did of feveral large trees in the phylic-garden
at Chelfea; and feveral Pear, and other fruit-trees,
in the nurferies of Mr. Francis Hunt at Putney, &c.
And thus it is that great quantities of trees are ren-
dered fhaken, and the timber, when cut, of little
value ; which is generally the cafe in very fevere
winters. In the hard froft of the year 1739-40, there
was great damage done to the Oak-timber in moft
parts of England, by the froft penetrating to the fap-
veflels of the trees ; and by freezing the fap, the
veflels could not contain it, but burft with great
noife ; fo that the woods refounded with a noife fome-
what like the breaking down of the branches of trees,
when they are lopping.
Dr. Boerhaave fays, That there is no fuch thing in
all nature as abfolute cold ; that the moft fevere he
had ever known, was in the year 1728, that then the
water would freeze while it ran down his hand ; and
yet even then the cold was not fo complete, but that
he could make an artificial cold greater by twelve
degrees.
Though much might be faid as to the effeds of cold
on plants, I fhall only conclude with an obfervation
of the Reverend Dr. Hales, who, in the conclufion
of his excellent treatife of Vegetable Statics, fays ;
The confiderable quantity of moifture, which is per-
fpired from the branches of trees during the cold
winter feafon, plainly fhews the reafon why, in a long
feafon of cold north-eafterly winds, the blofibms, and
tender young-fet fruit and leaves, are, in the early
fpring, fo frequently blafted, viz. by having the
moifture exhaled fafter than can be fupplied from
the trees ; for, doubtlefs, moifture rifes flower from
the root, the colder the feafon is, though it rifes, in
fome degree, all the winter ; as is evident, as he fays,
from his fixteenth experiment in the faid book.
And from the fame caufe it is, that the leafy fpires
of Corn are by thefe cold drying winds often faded,
and turned yellow ; which makes the hufbandman,
on thefe occafions, wifh for fnow : which, though it
be very cold, yet it not only defends the root from
being frozen, but alfo fcreens the Com from thefe
drying winds, and keeps it in a moift, florid, fupple
ftate.
It feems therefore to be a reafonable diredion, which
fome authors, who write on agriculture and gardening
give, viz. During thefe cold drying winds, when
little dew falls, to water the trees in dry foils, in the
bloffoming feafon, and while the young-fet fruit is
tender ; and provided there is no immediate danger
of a froft, or in cafe of continued froft, to take care
to cover the trees well, and at the fame time to
fprinkle them with water; which is imitating na-
ture’s method of watering every part.
As to Hoping fhelters over wall- trees he fays ; I have
often found, that when they are fo broad, as to pre-
vent any rain or dew coming at the trees, they do
more harm than good in thefe long eafterly drying
winds, becaufe they prevent the rain and dews falling
on them ; which would not only refrefh and fupple
them, but alfo nourifh them : but in cafe of fharp
froft after a fhower of rain, thefe fhelters and other
fences muft needs be of excellent ufe to prevent the
almoft total deftrudion occafloned by the freezing of
the tender parts of vegetables, when they are fa-
turated with moifture.
COLDENIA.
COL
COLDENIA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 159. This plant
" was fo titled by Dr. Linnaeus, in honour of Dr. Col-
den, of North America, who is a very curious bo-
tan ift, and has difcovered feveral new plants which
were not known before.
The Characters are,
The empalement of the flower is compofted of flour erebi
leaves, which are as long as the petal. It hath a ftunnel-
-flhaped flower of one petal , fpreading at the top , and ob-
tufle •, it hath four ftamina , which are infer ted in the tube
of the petal, terminated by roundijh fummits. In the cen-
ter is fituated four oval germen , each Jupporting a hairy
ftyle the length of the ftamina , crowned by permanent ftig-
mas. The germen afterward become an oval, compreffed,
rough fruit, with four cells, terminated by four beaks ,
inclofed by the empalement, each of the cells containing a
fingle feed, convex on one fide, and angular on the other.
This genus of plants is ranged in the third fe&ion
of Linnaeus’s fourth clafs, intitled Tetrandria Te-
tragynia, the flower having four ftamina and four
ftyles.
There is but one Species of this genus, viz.
Coldenia ( Procumbens ). Flor. Zeyl. 79. This is by
Dr. Pluknet titled, Teucrii facie bifnagarica tetra-
coccos roftrata. Aim. 363.
This is a nadve of India, from whence the feeds
have been brought to fome of the curious botanic
gardens. It was fent me by Dr. Linnaeus, profeflor
of botany at Upfal in Sweden. It is an annual plant,
whofe branches trail on the ground •, they extend near
a foot from the root, and divide into many fmaller
branches, garniftied with Ihort leaves, fitting clofe
to them •, thefe are deeply crenated on their edges,
and have feveral longitudinal ve : ns ; they are of a
glaucous colour, and come out without order. The
flowers are produced at the wings of the leaves,
growing in fmall clutters ; thefe have one funnel-
fhaped petal cut into four fegments at the top ; they
are of a pale blue colour, and Very fmall ; they have
four ftamina and four ftyles, having hairy ftigmas.
When the flower decays, the germen becomes a fruit,
compoled of four cells, wrapped up in the empale-
ment, each containing a fingle feed.
This plant is propagated by feeds, which muft be
fown upon a hot-bed in the fpring •, and when the
plants are fit to remove, they fhould be each put into
a feparate fmall pot, plunged into a hot-bed of tan-
ners bark, obferving to fhade them till they have
taken frefh root after which they fhould have air
admitted to them every day in proportion to the
warmth of the feafon, and gently watered two or three
times a week in warm weather, but they muft not
have too much moifture. Thefe plants muft remain
in the hot-bed, where they will flower in June, and
the feeds will ripen in September.
COLE WO RTS. See Brassica.
COLLINSONIA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 38. The title
of this plant was given to it by Dr. Linnaeus, in ho-
nour of Mr. Peter Collinfon, F. R. S. a moft diftin-
guifhed promoter of botanical ftudies, and the firft
who introduced this plant, among many others, to
the Englifh gardens.
The Characters are.
The flower hath a permanent empalement of one leaf,
rut into five equal fegments at the top , the three upper
being reflected, and the two under erebi. The flower is
funnel Jh aped, of one petal which is unequal, and much
longer than the empalement, cut into five parts at the
top, the upper being Jhort and obtufte, two of them being
reflexed ■, the lower lip or beard is longer, ending in many
points. It hath two long briftly ftamina which are erell,
terminated by incumbent fummits. It hath a quadrifid ob-
tufe germen, with a large gland , fupporting a briftly ftyle
the length of the ftamina , crowned by a pointed bifid ftig-
ma. The germen afterward becomes a Jingle roundijh feed,
fituated in the bottom of the empalement.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fec-
tion of Linnaeus’s fecond clafs, intitled Diandria
Monogynia, the flower having two ftamina and one
ftyle.
COL
We have but one Species of this plant, viz.
Collinsonia ( Canadenfis ) foliis cordans oppofitis. CoU
linfonia with heart-fhaped leaves growing oppofiie.
This plant was brought from Maryland, where it
grows wild, as it alfo does in many other parts of
North America, by the Tides of ditches, and in low
moift ground, where it ufually rifes to the height of
four or five feet •, but in England it feldom grows
above three feet high, and unlefs it be planted In a
moift warm fituation, or in dry weather is duly wa-
tered, it rarely flowers well j therefore many people
keep the plants in large pots, for the more convenient
watering them, but thefe plants feldom produce
good feeds whereas thofe which are planted in the
full ground, and are conftantly watered, will ripen
feeds very well in good feafons.
This hath a perennial root. The ftalks decay in the
autumn, and frefii fhoots ' come out in the fpring.
The ftalks are fquare, garnifhed with heart- fliaped
leaves, placed oppofite, which are fawed on their
edges. The flowers are produced at the extremity of
the ftalks in loofe fpikes ; thefe have long tubes, and
are divided into five parts at the top •, they are of a
urplifh yellow, and the lower fegment is terminated
y long hairs. The flowers appear in July, and the
feeds ripen in autumn.
This plant may be eafiiy propagated by parting the
roots in Gdtober. Thefe roots fhould be planted at
three feet diftance, for they require much nourifh-
ment, otherwife they will not thrive. This plant
will live in the open ground, if it is planted in a ftiel-
tered fituation.
C O L O C A S I A. See Arum.
C O L O C Y N T H I S. See Cucurbita.
COLUMBINE. See Aquilegia.
COLUMNEA. Plum. Nov. Gen. 28. tab. 33.
Lin. Gen. Plant. 710. The title of this genus was
given to it by Plumier, in honour of Fabius Columna,
a nobleman of Rome, who has publifhed two curious
. books of botany.
The Characters are,
The flower hath a permanent empalement of one leaf, cut
into five parts at the top •, it hath one petal, oft the ( rin -
gent) or griming kind, having a long flwelling tube, di-
vided above into two lips, the upper being erebi, concave ,
and entire •, the lower is divided into three parts which
flpread open : it hath four ftamina, two being longer than
the other •, thefe are inclofed in the upper lip, and are ter-
minated by fingle fummits. In the center is fituated the.
roundijh germen, fupporting a fender ftyle, crowned by a
bifid aiute ftigma. The germen afterward becomes a
globular berry with two cells, fitting on the empale-
ment, and is oft the flame magnitude , containing feveral ob-
long feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fedtion
of Linnaeus’s fourteenth clafs, intitldd Didynamia
Angiofpermia. The flowers of this clafs have two
long and two fhort ftamina, and thofe of this fedtion
have their feeds inclofed in a capfule.
We have but one Species of this plant in the Eng-
lifh gardens, viz.
Columnea ( Scandens ). Lin. Sp. Plant. 638. Columnea
fcandens, Phoeniceo flore, fructu albo. Plum. Nov.
Gen. 28. Climbing Columnea with a fcarlet flower and a
white fruit. Plumier mentions a variety of this, with
a yellowifti flower and a white fruit. But this is only
a feminal variation fuppofed to have accidentally rifen
from the feeds of the firft. » y
I received feeds of the fcarlet fort from Carthagena in
New Spain, where the plants grew naturally. This
hath a climbing ftalk, which fattens itfelf to the neigh-
bouring plants, whereby it is fupported. The leaves
are oval, fawed on their edges, and ftancl upon fhort
foot-ftalks ; thefe, and alfo the ftalks, are very hairy j
but the plants decayed the following year, before they
produced any flowers, fo that I can give no defcrip-
tion of them.
Thefe plants are natives of the warmeft parts of A-
merica, fo are too tender to live in England, unlefs
they are preferved in the ftovej they are. propagated
by
V
G O L ■
by feeds, which muff be fown in a good hot-bed ; '
and when the plants come up, they, muft be treated
in the fame way as other tender exotic plants which
are kept in the bark-ftove.
CGJLJJTEA. Toxirn. Inft, R. H. 649, tab. 417.
Lin. Gen. Plant. 776. ' Bladder Sena.
• The Characters are,
It hath a bell-Jhaped permanent empalemep of one leaf
indented/ in five parts. The flower is of the butterfly
• kind. The ftandard , wings , and keel vary in their fi-
gure in different, fpecies. It hath ten ftdmnd , nine of
which are joined , the ' other flands feparate , which are
terminated by Jingle fummits. In the center is fituated an
oblong germen , which is comprejjed , fupporting a ri/ing
ftyle, crowned by a bearded line , extended from the mid-
dle of the upper part of the ftyle. The germen afterward
becomes a broad fwollen pod with one cell, including fteve-
ral kidney-fhaped feeds.
l his , genus of plants is ranged in Linnaeus’s third
fedtion of his leventeenth clafs, infilled Diadelphia
Decanciria. The flowers of this clafs have ten (la-
mina, nine of which are joined, and the tenth Hands
feparate. *
The Species are,
1. Colutea ( Arborefcens ) arborea, foliolis obcordatis.
Hort. Cliff. 365. Tree Bladder Sena with heart-fhaped
lobes. Colutea veficaria. C. B. P. 396. Common Blad-
der Sena.
1. Colutea ( Ijlria ) foliolis ovatis, integerrimis, caule
fruticofo. Shrubby Bladder Sena with oval leaves which
are entire.
3. Colutea ( Orient alis ) foliolis cordatis minoribus,
caule fruticofo. Bladder Sena with fmaller heart-fhaped
leaves , and a Jhrubby. ftalk. Colutea Orientalis flore
fanguinea coloris, lutea macula notato. Tourn. Cor.
44 -
4. Colutea ( Frutefcens ) fruticofa foliolis ovato-oblon-
gis. Hort. Cliff. 366. Shrubby Bladder Sena with oblong
oval leaves. Colutea iEthiopica flore Phceniceo, folio
Barbs Jovis. Breyn. Cent. 1. 73. Ethiopian Bladder
Sena with a fcarlet flower.
5. Colutea (. Americana ) foliolis ovatis, emarginatis,
leguminibus oblongis comprelfis acuminatis, caule
arboreo. Bladder Sena 'with oval leaves indented at
the top , oblong , comprejjed, pointed pods , and a tree-
like /talk. Colutea Americana, veficulis oblongis
compreffis. Houft. MSS. American Bladder Sena
with oblong comprejjed pods. Dr. Pluknet titles it Co-
lutea Verm Crucis veficaria. Aim. m.pl. 1 -65. f. 3.
Bladder Sena of Vera Cruz.
6 . Colutea ( Herbacea ) herbacea foliolis linearibus.
Hort. Upfal. 2 66 . Herbaceous Bladder Sena with narrow
leaves. Colutea Africana annua, foliolis parvis, mu-
cronatis, veficulis compreffis. Hort. Ami 2. p. 87.
tab. 44.
7. Colutea ( Brocumbens *) caulibus procumbentibus, fo-
liolis ovato-linearibus, tomentofis, floribus alaribus
pedunculis longiffimis. Bladder Sena with trailing
ftalks, oval narrow leaves which are woolly , and flowers
growing from the fides of the ftalks, with very long foot-
Jlalks.
The firft fort is commonly cultivated in the nurfery-
gafdens, as a flowering flirub, to adorn plantations.
This grows naturally in Auftria, in the fbuth of
France and Italy, from whence the feeds were origi-
nally brought to England ; this hath feveral woody
Items, which grow to the height of twelve or fourteen
feet, fending out many woody branches, gamifhed
with winged leaves, compofed of four or five pair
of oval lobes, placed oppofite, terminated by an odd
one - 5 thefe are indented at the top in form of a heart,
and are of . a grayifh colour. The flowers come out
from the wings of the leaves upon (lender foot-ftalks,
about two inches long, each fuftaining two or three
flowers of the butterfly kind, whofe ftandard is re-
flexed and large. The flowers are yellow, with a
dark-coloured mark on the petal ; thefe are fucceed-
ed by inflated pods an inch and a half long, having
a fearn on the upper fide, containing a Angle row of
kidney-lliaped feeds, fattened to a placenta. This
COL
floweis in June. and July, and the feeds ripen in aif
tumn. . There is a variety of this with reddifh pods,
which is equally common in the gardens, and i-s flip-
pofed to.be only an accidental variety, for thepiarrts
do not differ in any other part.
I he feeds of the fccond fort were brought from the
Levant by the Reverend Dr. Pocock, which fucceed-
edin the garden at Chelfea; and fince Dr. Ruffe!,
who Eefided many years at Aleppo, brotjg'ht over
dried iamples of this fort, which he affures me grow
common near that city. This fort feidom grows
more than fix or feven feet high ^ the branches are
very (lender, and fpread out on every fide, gamifhed
with winged leaves, compofed of nine pair of Email,
oval, entire lobes, terminated by an odd one 5 the
flowers (land upon (lender foot-ftalks, about the fame
length of the former. The flowers are alfo like
thole, but are of a brighter yellow. This fort begins
to fiov/er early in May, and continues flowering till
the middle of October.
-The third fort was difeovered by Dr. Tournefort in
the Levant, from whence he fent the feeds to the
royal garden at Paris, where they fucceeded, and
fince have been communicated to mod of the curious
gardens in Europe. This hath a woody (lem, which,
lends out many branches on every fide/ which do not
rife above feven or eight feet high ; thefe are not fo
ftrong as thofe of the firft fort, and are gamifhed
with winged leaves, compofed of five or fix pair of
final! heart-fhaped lobes, terminated by an odd one.
The flowers proceed from the fide of the branches,
(landing upon foot-ftalks, each fuftaining two or
three flowers, fhaped like thofe of the firft fort, but
fmaller ; they are of a dark red colour, marked with
yellow: thefe appear in June, and the feeds ripen
in autumn.
The fourth fort grows naturally in .Ethiopia, from
whence the feeds were brought to Europe. This
hath a weak (hrubby ftalk, which fends out fide
branches, growing ere£t, gamifhed with equal winged
leaves, compofed of ten or twelve pair of final!, oval,
oblong, hoary lobes. The flowers are produced at
the upper part of the branches from the wings of the
leaves, each foot-ftalk fuftaining three or four fcarlet
flowers, which are longer than thole of the other
forts, and are not reflexed ; thefe are fucceeded by
inflated pods, containing one row of kidney-fhaped
feeds. The ufual time of this plant producing its
flowers is in June ; but when the feeds are fown early
in the fpring, the plants frequently flower the follow-
ing autumn.
The fifth fort was fent me from La Vera Cruz, in
New Spain, in the year 1730, by the late Dr. Houf-
toun. This hath a (hrubby ftalk, which riles to the
height of twelve or fourteen feet, fending out many
branches, gamifhed with winged leaves, compofed of
three pair of oval lobes, terminated by an odd one j
thefe are indented at the top, and are of a light green.
The flowers are of a bright yellow, and (land two or
three upon each foot-ftalk, and are fucceeded by
compreffed winged pods near four inches long, which
end in long points.
The fixth fort grows naturally at the Cape of Good
Elope. This is an annual plant of little beauty, fo
is rarely cultivated but in botanic gardens for the
fake of variety. It rifes with a (lender herbaceous
ftalk about a foot and a half high, dividing upward
into three or four branches, garniffied with winged
leaves, compofed of five or fix pair of very narrow-
lobes an inch long, which are a little hoary. The
flowers are fmall, of a purplifh colour, (landing
three together on (lender foot-ftalks, which are fuc-
ceeded by flat oval pods, each containing two or
three kidney-fhaped feeds. It flowers in July, and
the feeds ripen in autumn, and the plant decays foon
after.
The feeds of the feventh fort were fent me from the
Cape of Good Hope, in 1753, which have fucceeded
in the garden at Chelfea. This plant hath many Gen-
der ligneous (talks, which trail on the ground, and
6 . are
/
COL
are divided into many fmaller branches, garniftied
with winged leaves, compofed of twelve or fourteen
pair of fmall, narrow, oval lobes, terminated by an
odd one ; thefe, and alfo the Italics, are covered with
a whitifh down. The flowers are very fmall, of a
purple colour, and ftand upon very long flender foot-
ftalks, each fuftaining three or four flowers ; thefe
are fucceeded by comprefled pods little more than
half an inch long, which are a little bent like a fickle,
each containing a Angle row of fmall kidney-fhaped
feeds. It flowers in June and July, and the feeds
ripen in autumn. This is a perennial plant, which,
if flickered in the winter, will continue feveral years ;
but the branches do not extend more than a root in
length, and unlefs they are fupported, always trail
upon the ground.
The three firft mentioned forts are very hardy fhrubs,
which thrive in the open air extremely well, fo are
generally propagated for fale in the nurfery-gardens ;
but the firft fort hath been longer in England, fo
is more generally known and propagated than either
of the other, which have been but few years in the
Englifh gardens, nor has the third fort been long
known in this country. This is not mentioned in any
of the botanic books ; but as the feeds ripen here
very well, in a few years it may be in as great plenty
as the firft fort.
The three firft forts arepropagatedbyfowingtheirfeeds
any time in the fpring, in a bed of common earth ; and
when the plants are come up, they muft be kept
clear from weeds ; and the Michaelmas following
they fhould be tranlplanted either into nurfery rows,
or in the places where they are defigned to remain ;
for if they are let grow in the feed-bed too long,
they are very fubjed to have downright tap-roots,
which renders them unfit for tranlplantation ; nor
fhould thefe trees be fuffered to remain too long in
the nurfery before they are tranlplanted, where theyare
to remain for the fame reafon.
The firft fort will grow to the height of twelve or
fifteen feet, fo is very proper to intermix with trees
of a middling growth in wildernefs quarters ; or in
clumps of flowering trees, where the oddnefs of their
flowers and pods will make a pretty variety, efpe-
cially as thefe trees continue a long time in flower ;
for they ufually begin flowering by the end of May,
and from that time to September they are feldom
deftitute of flowers, but efpecially the fecond fort.
Thefe fhrubs make great fhoots annually, which are
frequently broken down by ftrong winds in the fum-
mer ; fo that if they are not flickered by other trees,
their branches fhould be fupported, otherwife they
will be broken and fplit off, whereby the trees will
be rendered unfightly.
The third fort does not grow fo tall as the common,
but makes a more regular Ihrub and is lefs liable to
fplit. The flowers of this fort are of a dufky red colour,
ipotted with yellow, fo it makes a very pretty variety,
and is as hardy as the common fort, therefore may
be propagated by feeds in the fame manner.
The fourth fort is tender, fo will not live through
the winters (when they are fevere) in the open air in
England •, but in mild winters, if they are planted in
a dry foil and a warm fituation, they will thrive very
well ; and thofe plants which live abroad will flower
much ftronger, and make a finer appearance, than
thofe 'which are preferved in the green-houfe ; for
thefe plants require a large fliare of air, otherwife they
are apt to draw up weak, fo feldom produce their
flowers in plenty ; therefore when any of the plants
are fhekered in winter, they muft be placed as near
the window as poffible, that they may have all the
advantages of air 5 and in the fpring they muft be
hardened, to bear the open air as foon as poffible.
This fort is propagated by feeds as the former. If
the feeds are fown early in the fpring upon a warm
border of light earth, tire plants will flower in Au-
guft ; and, if the autumn proves favourable, they
. will fometimes ripen their feeds very well ; but there
are fame perfons who fow the feeds upon a moderate
Com
Hot-bed in the fpring, whereby they bring their plants
fo forward as to flower in July, whereby the feeds are
generally perfected from thefe plants. When the
plants are tranlplanted, it fhould always be done
while they are young, for they do not bear removing
when they are large. This fort will fometimes live
in the open air for three or four years, when they
ftand m a well flickered fituation ; and thefe will grow
to have large heads, and make a very fine appearance
when they are in flower ; they will alfo continue much
longer in beauty than thofe plants which are treated
more tenderly.
The fifth fort grows naturally in warm countries, fo
is too tender 'to thrive in the open air in England,
It is propagated by feeds, which muft be fown on a
hot-bed in the fpring ; and when the plants are two
inches high, they fhould be each tranfplanted into a
feparate fmall pot filled with light earth, and plunged
into a hot-bed of tanners bark, obferving to ftiade
them till they have taken frefli root; after which
they muft be treated in the fame way as other plants
from the fame climate, always keeping them in a
ftove, which fhould be of a moderate temperature
of heat.
The flxth fort is a low annual plant, which feldom
grows more than a foot and a half in height; the
flowers being fmall, and haying little beauty, it is
feldom preferved but in botanic gardens. The feeds
of this fort muft be fown upon a moderate hot-bed in
the fpring, and the plants muft be planted into fmall
pots, and brought forward in another hot-bed. In
July they will flower, when they may be expofed in
the open air, in a warm fituation, where the feeds
will ripen in September, and the plants will foon af-
ter decay.
The feventh fort may be raifed on a rnoderate hot-
bed in the fpring, and afterward expofed to the open
air in fummer ; but in winter they muft be fhekered
under a frame, otherwife the froft willdeftroy them.
COLLIFLOWER. See Brassica.
COLUTE A SCORE IOIDES. See Emerus,
OMA AUREA. See Chrysocoma.
OMARIJM. Lin. Gen. Plant. 563. Pentaphylloi-
des. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 298. Marfh Cinquefoil.
The Characters are,
The flower hath a large fpreading empalement of one leaf, \
divided into ten parts at the top , which is coloured. It
hath five oblong petals, which are inferted in the empale-
tnent , but are much fmaller. It hath twenty or mare per-
manent ftamina , which are inferted into the empalement ,
terminated by moon-fhaped fummits. It hath a great
number of fmall roundifh germen collelied into a head , hav -
ing fhort flngle fiyles arifing from their fldes , which are
crowned by Jingle ftigmas. The common receptacle after-
ward becomes a large flefhy fruit , having many pointed
feeds adhering to it.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fifth fedion of
Linnaeus’s twelfth clafs, indtled Icofandria’Polygy-
nia, the flower having many ftamina and a great num-
ber of ftyles.
We know but one Species of this genus, viz.
Comarum ( Paluflre ). FI. Lapp. 214. Pentaphylloides
paluftre rubrum. Inft. R. H. 298. Red Marfh Baftard
Cinquefoil ; and the Quinquefolium paluftre rubrum.
C. B. P. 326. Red Mar flo Cinquefoil.
There is another variety of this, which grows plen-
tifully in Ireland, and alio in feveral places in the
north of England, from whence I have procured
many of the plants, which after one year’s growth in
the garden, have been fo like the common fort, as
not to be diftinguilhed from it ; fo that the different
appearance which it has in the places where it grows;:
not ur ally,- may be fuppofed to arife from the foil and
fituation. This is by Dr. Plukenet titled Pentapbyl-
lum paluftre rubrum, craffis & villous foliis Suec-i-
cum & fiibernicum. Aim. 284. Red Marfh Cinquefoil
of Sweden and Ireland, with thick and hairy leaves.
This plant hath creeping woody roots, which fend
out many black fibres, penetrating deep into the
ground, from which arife many herbaceous italics' about
4 B tw©
two feet high, which generally incline to the ground ;
thefe are garnifned at each joint with one winged leaf,
compofed of five, fix, or feven lobes, which rife
above each other, the middle being the largefc ; the
lower dirninifhing, and with their bafe embrace the
ftalks ; thefe are deeply fawed on their edges, fmooth
above, of a light green, and hoary on their under
fide. The flowers are produced at the top of the
ftalks, three or four together on fhort foot-ftalks ;
thefe have a large fpreading empalement, which is
red on the upper fide, and divided at the top into
ten parts •, in the center fits the five petals, which are
red, and not more than a third part the fize of the
empalement ; within thefe are fituated many germen,
attended by twenty or more ftamina, terminated by
dark fummits. After the flower is paft, the recep-
tacle which fits in the bottom of the empalement,
becomes a fieiliy fruit, fomewhat like a Strawberry,
but flatter, including a great number of pointed
feeds. It flowers in July, and the feeds ripen in
autumn.
As thefe plants are natives of bogs, they are with
difficulty preferved in gardens, for they muft be
planted in a foil as near to that of their natural growth
as poffible ; they are very apt to fpread much at the
root, when in a proper flotation : fo whoever is in-
clinable to preferve thefe plants, may remove them
from the places of their growth in Odtober ; and if
they are planted on a bog, there will be no danger
of the plants fucceeding. There are a few of thefe
plants now growing upon a bog at Hampftead, which
were planted there fome years ago; but the neareft
place to London, where they grow wild in plenty, is
in the meadows near Guilford in Surry.
COM MELINA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 58. Plum. Nov.
Gen. 48. tab. 38. Zanonia. Plum. Nov. Gen. 38. tab.
38. This plant was fo called by father Plunder, from
Dr. Commeline, a famous profeffor of botany at Am-
fterdam.
The Characters are,
It hath a permanent fpatha , which is large , heart-Jhaped ,
comprefl'ed, and fhut together. The flower hath fix con-
cave petals , three or four of which are fmall and oval ,
{thefe are frequently taken for the empalement) the other
are large , roundijh , and coloured. It hath three nedia-
riums , ( which have been fnppofed to be ftamina ;) thefe
have proper ftamina , which Jit horizontal and are Jhaped
like a crofts. ‘There are three awl-Jhaped ftamina , which
recline , and fit about thofe of the nedlarium , which are
terminated by oval fummits. In 'the center is fituated a
roundifih germen , fiupporting a twining ftyle , crozvned by
a fimgle ftigma. The germen afterward becomes a naked
globular capfule , with three furrows , having three cells ,
each- containing two angular feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fection of
Linnaeus’s third clafs, intitled Triandria Monogynia,
the flower having three ftamina and one ftyle; to
this genus he has joined the Zanonia of Plunder,
which was feparated by that author from Commelina,
becaufe the flower has three petals, and his Commelina
but two ; whereas the feveral fpecies of this genus
moft of them differ in the number of their petals,
fome having two green, and four coloured petals,
others are equal, and fome have four green, and but
two coloured petals.
The Species are,
2. Commelina ( Communis ) corollis inasqnalibus, folds
ovato-lanceolatis, acutis, caule procumbente, glabro.
Hart. IJpfal. 18. Commelina with unequal petals, oval . ,
fpear -jhaped, pointed leaves , and a fmooth trailing ft alk.
Commelina procumbens annua, faponariae folio. Hort.
Ekh. 93. tab. 78.
2. Commelina .( Eredla ) corollis inasquaiibus, folds
ovato-lanceolatis, caule erefto, fcabro, fimpliciffxmo.
Hort. Upfal. 18. Commelina with unequal petals, oval
fpear fo aped leaves , and a Jingle , upright , rough ft alk.
Commelina erecta, ampliore fubcaeruleo flore. Hort.
Elth. 94. tab. 78.
3. Commelina ( Africana ) corollis inasqualibus, folds
lanceolatis, glabris, obtufis, caule repente. Lin. Sp,
Plant. 41. Commelina with unequal petals, fmooth, fpear*
Jhaped, obtufe leaves , and a creeping ftalk. Commelina
procumbens, flore luteo. Prod. Ley d. 538.
4. Commelina ( Tuberofa ) corollis gequalibus folds ovato-
lanceolatis, fubcilliatis. Hort. Upfal. 18. Commelina
with equal petals , and oval fpear -Jhaped leaves, which are
hairy on their under fide. Commelina radice anacamp-
ferotidis. Hort. Elth. 94. tab. 79.
5. Commelina ( Zanonia ) corollis aequalibus, pedun-
culis incrafiatis, foliis lanceolatis, vaginis laxis mar-*
gine hirfutis brafteis geminis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 61.
Commelina with equal petals, thick foot-ftalks to the
flower, fpear-floaped leaves , a loofle hood, and- double
bradlea. Zanonia graminea perfoliata. Plum. Nov.
Gen. 38.
There are fome other fpecies of this genus, but thofe
which are here enumerated, are all that I have feen
growing in the Englifh gardens.
Tlie firft fort grows naturally in the iflands in the
Weft-Indies, and alfo in Africa ; this is an annual
plant, which hath feveral trailing ftalks, that put
out roots at the joints, which ftrike into the ground;
at each joint is placed one oval fpear-lhaped leaf,
ending in a point, embracing the ftalk with its bafe,
and hath feveral longitudinal veins: they are of a deep
green, and fmooth. The flowers come out from the
bofom of the leaves, included in a fpatha, which is
compreffed and Ihut up, each having two or three
flowers, Handing upon fhort foot-ftalks, compofed of
two large blue petals, and four fmall green ones,
which have generally been termed the empalement
of the flower ; within thefe are fituated three nefta-
riums, each having a flender ftamina fixed on the
fide; thefe furround the germen, which afterward be*
comes a roundifh capfule having three cells, in each
of thefe is lodged two angular feeds. It flowers in
June and July, and the feeds ripen in autumn. This
plant was titled Ephemeron flore dipetalo, by fome
of the older writers on botany.
The fecond fort grows naturally in Penfylvania, from
whence I received the feed ; this hath a perennial
root, compofed of many white fibres; the ftalks rife a
foot and a half high, are upright, rough, herbaceous,
and about the fize of quills ; thefe have a Angle leaf
at each joint, fhaped like thofe of the firft fort, and
embrace the ftalks with their bafe ; the flowers come
out from the bofom of the leaves at the upper part
of the ftalk, fitting upon fhort foot-ftalks ; they are
of a pale bluifh colour, and are fucceeded by feeds
as the firft fort. This flowers about the fame time
with the firft, but the feeds do not often ripen in
England.
The third fort grows naturally in Africa ; this hath
a fibrous root, which fends out many trailing ftalks
three feet long, which fend out roots at every joint,
and from them many more fhoots are produced ; fo
that where the plants are in a proper degree of warmth,
and have room to fpread, they will cover a large fur-
face of ground. The leaves of this fort are very
like thofe of the firft, but the flowers are larger and
of a deep yellow colour ; the petals of this are heart-
fhaped, and the feed-veffels are larger. This flowers in
July, and the feeds ripen in autumn.
The fourth fort grows naturally near Old Vera Cruz
in New Spain, from whence the feeds were fent me
by the late Dr. Houftoun. This hath a thick flefliy
root compofed of feveral tubers, fomewhat like thofe
of Ranunculus, feveral joining together at the top,
where they form a head, and diminifh gradually
downward ; from this arife one or two inclining ftalks,
which fend out fide branches from their lower parts ;
thefe are garniftied with oval fpear-fhaped leaves, part
of which have long foot-ftalks, the others embrace
the ftalks with their bafe ; they have iliort hairs on
their under fide, and toward the ftalk, but are fmooth
above, of a deep green colour, and clofe every
evening, or in cold^weath-er. The flowers are pro-
duced toward the upper part of the ftalks, from the
bofom of the leaves, ftanding upon flender foot-ftalks ;
thefe are compofed of three blue petals which are
pretty
COM
pretty large and roundifh, and three fmaller which
are green ; the feeds are like thofe of the other forts.
It flowers in June, July, and Auguft, and the feeds
ripen in autumn, loon after which the ftalks decay,
but the roots may be preferved two or three years, if
they are planted in a ftove in winter.
The fifth fort grows naturally in the Weft-Indies j the
feeds of this were fent me from the iftand of Barbuda.
This hath trailing ftalks like the firft, which are gar-
nifhed with narrow graflfy leaves, embracing the
ftalks with their bafe •, the flowers are produced at the
end of the ftalks, upon thick foot-ftalks, three flow-
ers generally fitting on each. The flowers have three
equal large petals of a Iky blue, and three fmaller
which are green. Thefe flower in July and Auguft,
but have not perfected feeds in England.
All the forts are propagated by feeds ; the firft will
grow if fown in the full ground ; but if the feeds are
flown upon a warm border of light earth in autumn,
the plants will rife early in the fpring ; fo from thefe
goods feeds may be expedted, if the feafon proves
favourable; whereas thofe which are fown in the fpring,
. often lie long in the ground, fo rarely ripen their
feed. Thefe plants have but little beauty, io that
two or three of each fort, is as many as molt people
choofe to have ; therefore if the feeds are fown in
autumn where the plants are defigned to remain, or
the feeds permitted to fcatter, the plants will require
no farther care, but to keep them clear from weeds.
The fecond fort hath a perennial root ; this feldom
ripens feeds in England, but the roots fend out off-
fets, by which the plant is eafily propagated. But it
Is too tender to live in the full ground in winter, un-
lefs it has a warm ftieltered fituation ; therefore
fhould be planted in pots, and ftieltered under a
common frame in winter, and expofed abroad in lum-
mer -, the beft time to tranfplant and part thefe roots
is about the end of March.
The other forts are tender, fo their feeds muft be
fown on a moderate hot-bed in the fpring, and when
the plants are two inches high, they fhould be tranf-
planted to a frefh hot-bed to bring the plants forward;
when they have taken freflh root, they fhould have
a large fliare of frefh air admitted to them every day
in warm weather, to prevent their growing weak; and
In June thefe may be carefully taken up, and tranf-
planted on a warm border of light earth, oblerving
to fhade them till they have taken frefh root ; after
which they will require no other care, but to keep
them clean from w r eeds. With this management the
plants will flower and produce good feeds.
The third and fourth forts may be continued, if they
are planted in pots, and in autumn placed in the
bark-ftove ; or if the roots of the fourth fort are taken
out of the ground in autumn, and kept in a warm
place in winter, they may be planted again in the
fpring, placing them on a hot-bed to forward their
fhooting, and thefe will produce ftronger plants than
thofe which rife from feeds.
COMMONS and COMMON-FIELDS. See
Land.
COMPARTMENTS are beds, plats, borders,
and walks, laid out according to the form of the
ground, and ingenuity of the artift, and depend more
on a good fancy than any rules. Thefe are diverfified
in knots, flower-gardens, or parterres, of which there
are great variety, and may be diverfified infinitely,
according to the fancy of the defigners.
Plain compartments are pieces of ground divided into
equal fquares and flower-beds, marked out by the
line, of equal length and breadth.
Some perfons allow to thefe fquares, borders of two
feet in breadth, and not more, if the plat of ground
be fmall ; but if they be reafonably large, three feet;
and they edge the borders with Box, or upright hardy
Thyme, or flome other aromatic herbs or flowers, for
the fake of the greater neatnefs.
And in order to prelerve the paths and alleys of com-
. partments firm, even, and durable, they lay them
with a coat of fand or gravel, two or three inches
3 '
thick, keeping them hoed and weeded as often as
there fnould be occafion.
Thefe compartments were much efteemed by the
French, whofe gardens were all laid out into feveral
compartments, falons, bofquets, &c. after the manner
of architects in buildings ; but thefe ftiff, unnatural
gardens are now juftly exploded, and a much better
tafte has of late prevailed in the Enghfn gardens.
COMPOSTS are lb called of compofta, or com-
pofita, 'Lot. compounds, or componere, Lat. to com-
pound or mix : and in hufbandry and gardening they
fignify feveral forts of foils or ^earthy matter mixed
together, in order to make a manure for aflifting the
natural earth in the work of vegetation* by way of
amendment or improvement.
Compofts are various, and ought to be different, ac-
cording to the different nature or quality of the loils
which they are defigned to meliorate : and according
as the land is either light, fandy, loofe, heavy, clayey,
or cloddy. A light loofe land requires a compoft of
a heavy nature, as the fcouring of deep ditches,
ponds, &c.
So on the other hand, a land that is heavy, clayey*
or cloddy, requires a compoft of a more iprightly and
fiery nature, that will infinuate itfelf into the lumpiftl
clods ; which if they were not thus managed, would
very much obftruft the work of vegetation.
The great ufe of compofts is for Inch plants as are
preferved in pots or tubs ; or in fmall beds or borders
of flower-gardens ; which is what I ihall here men-
tion, and ftiall treat of thofe compofts or drefiings,
which are ufed in gardens and fields, under the ar-
ticles of Dung and Manure.
As fome plants delight in a rich light foil, others in
a poor fandy foil, and fome in a loamy foil ; fo there
fhould be different compofts prepared, in all thofe
gardens, where a great variety of plants are culti-
vated : and this is much more neceffary in countries
at a great diftance from London, than in the neigh-
bourhood of it, becaufe there is fo great variety of
lands, within ten miles round London, which have
been fo long drefied and cultivated, that a fupply of
earth fit for all forts of plants, may be eafily pro-*
cured ; but in fome places which are at a diftance
from large towns, it is very difficult to procure a
quantity of earth proper for the choicer forts of flow-
ers and plants ; therefore the compofts will require
more care, and fhould be mixed a confiderable time
longer before they are ufed ; that they may have the
advantage of heat and cold, to meliorate and improve
them ; and fhould be frequently turned over, that
the parts may be well mixed and incorporated, and
the clods well broken and divided.
Almoft every one who hath written on this fubjefl,
hath directed the procuring of the upper furface of
earth from a pafture ground, as one of the princi-
pal ingredients, in moft compofts for plants, which
is certainly a very good one, provided it has time to
meliorate before it is ufed ; for if this is mixed up
haftily, and put into pots or tubs, before it has had
a winter’s froft, and fummer’s heat, to loofen the
parts effe&ually ; it will unite and cake together, fo
hard, as to ftarve the plants that are put into it. For
all earth when put into pots or tubs, is much more
apt to bind, than when it is in beds ; therefore fhould
be in proportion made loofer, according to the nature
of the plants for which it is defigned, than when it is
intended for beds or borders. So that if this earth
from a pafture, cannot be prepared and mixed at leaft
one year before it is ufed, it will be much better to
take the earth of a kitchen-garden which has been
well wrought and dunged ; but this fhould be clear
from all roots of trees and bad weeds. If this earth
is well mixed with the other compofts fix months, and
often turned over, it will be fitter for pots and tubs,
than the other will in twice that time, as I have fre-
quently experienced, fo can write from knowledge,
not from theory. This earth being the principal in-
gredient in thofe compofts defigned for fuch plants as
require a rich foil ; the n ext is to have, a qu antity of very
rotter.
\
fotttn dii-hg, Rom old hot-beds • or for thofe plants
Which delight in a cool foil, a quantity of rotten
neats dung is preferable* The proportion of this
muft be according to the quality of the earth ; for if
that is poor, there Ihould be one third part of dung,
but if it be rich* a fourth part orlefs will be fufficient.
Thefe, when well incorporated and the parts divided,
will require no other mixture, unlefs the earth is in-
clinable to bind, in which cafe it will be proper to
add fome fand dr fea-coal allies to it ; if fea-fand can
be eafdy procured, that is the beft, the next to that
is drift-land; but that from pits is by no means proper.
The proportion of this muft be according to the na-
ture of the earth, for if that is ftiff, there muft be a
greater proportion ufed, but this Ihould not exceed a
fifth part, unlefs it is very ftrong, in which cafe it
will require more, and a longer time to lie, and muft
be often turned over before it is ufed.
The next compoft, which is defigned for plants
which do not require fo good earth, and naturally
grow on loofe foils, Ihould be half of the before-men-
tioned earth from a pafture, or that from a kitchen-
garden ; and if thefe are inclinable to bind, there
Ihould be a third part fand, and the other part rotten
tan* which will be of great life to keep the parts di-
vided, and let the moifture pais off.
The compofition for moft of the fucculent plants, is
prepared with the following materials ; the earth from
a common, where it is light, taken on the furface,
one half, the other half Tea or drift-fand, and old
lime-rubbilh fcreened of equal parts •, thefe, well
mixed and often turned over, I have found to anfwer
better than any other compoft, for moft of the very
fucculent plants.
The other fort of compoft, which is defigned for
plants that delight in a very loofe, light, rich earth ;
Ihould be made of light earth taken from a kitchen-
garden, which has been well dunged, and thoroughly
wrought, like thofe near London, one half ; of rotten
tanners bark one third, and the other part mud from
the fcouring of ditches, or from the bottoms of
ponds, where the foil is fat : but this mud Ihould lie
expofed in fmall heaps a whole year, and often turned
over before it is mixed with the other, and afterward
frequently turned and mixed, for eight months or
a year before it is ufed.
In all mixtures, where rotten wood may be required,
if the rotten tanners bark, which is taken from old
hot-beds is ufed, that will anfwer every purpofe of
the other ; and wherever fand is neceffary in any
compoft, - the feaTand ihould always be preferred to
all other, as it abounds with more falts ; but this
ihould not be ufed freih, becaufe the falts ihould be
expofed to the air, which will loofen the particles, and
thereby render them better adapted for the nutriment
of vegetables.
There are fome who have diredted the ufc of rotten
leaves of vegetables, as an excellent ingredient in
moft compofts ; but from many years experience, I
can affirm, they are of little life, and contain the leaft
quantity of vegetable pafture, of any drefling which
is ufed. Others, who never have had any experience
in the culture of plants, have direfted different com-
pofts for almoft every plant ; and thefe compofts con-
flit of fuch a variety of ingredients, as greatly to re-
ferable the preferiptions of a quack doctor ; for no
perfon who has been converfant in the bufinefs of
gardening, could be guilty of fuch grofs abfurdities :
for it is well known, that a few different compofts
will be fufficient for all the known plants in the
world. But thofe who pretend to give direction for
the culture of plants from theory only, begin at the
wrong end, for the true knowledge of gardening or
agriculture, muft be from experience, and is not to
be obtained in a garret.
The feveral forts of dreffing for land, will be par-
ticularly treated under their refpedtive titles, and in
general they will be mentioned under the article of
Dung and Manure.
In making of any compoft, great care ihould be had,
that the feveral parts are properly mixed together,
and not to have too much of any one fort thrown
together ; therefore, when three or four feveral forts
are to be mixed together, ' there ihould be a man or
two placed to each fort, in proportion to the quantity
of each ; for if two parts of any one fort are requiiite
to be added, there ihould be two men put to that,
and but one to each of the other : and thefe men
muft be careful to fpread each fort in fuch a manner
over each other, as that they may be exactly mixed
together. Another thing which ihould be obferved
is, never to lay thefe compofts in too large heaps,
but rather continue them in length, laying them up
in a ridge* fo that the fun and air may more eafily
penetrate through it : and, as thefe compofts ihould
(if poifible) be made a year before they are ufed,
that they may enjoy a fummer’s fun, and winter’s
froft, they ihould be frequently turned over, which
will prevent the growth of weeds, and expofe every
part of the heaps equally to the fun and air, which is
of great advantage to all forts of compofts ; for the
more they are expofed to the influences of thefe,
the better will the earth be prepared for vegetation,
which is evinced by the fallowing of land^ which*
when rightly managed, is equivalent to a dreffing.
COMPOUND FLOWERS are fuch as confiit
of many florets, or femiflorets, or both together,
which are included in one common empalement, fo
make up what is commonly called one whole flower.
CONE. A cone is a hard, dry, feed-veffel of a co-
nical figure, confifting of feveral woody parts ; and
is, for the moft part fcaly, adhering clofely together,
and feparating when ripe.
CONIFER OU S-T REES are fuch as bear cones;
as, the Cedar of Lebanon, Fir, Pine, &c.
CONIUM. Lin. Gen. Plant. 299. Cicuta. Toura.
Inft. R, H. 306^ tab. 160. Hemlock.
The Characters are.
It is an umbelliferous plant ; the general umbel is com -
pofed of feveral fmall ones termed rays , which fpread open ,
the rays or fmall umbels are alfo fpread in the like manner.
Both thefe have involucrums , compofed of many fort leaves.
Bhe petals of the greater umbel are uniform ; each flower
is compofed of five unequal heart-jhaped petals , which turn
inward ; they have five Jlamina , which are terminated by
roundijh fummits. Ihe germen , which is Jituated under
the flower , fupports two reflexed jlyles , crowned by obtufe
fligmas. fhe germen afterward becomes a roundfb chan-
nelled fruity divided into two parts , containing two feeds,
which are convex and furrowed on one fide , and, plain on
the other.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fedtion
of LinnEeus’s fifth clafs, intitled Pentandria Digynia #
the flowers having five ftamina and two ftyles.
The Species are,
1 . Conium ( Maculatum ) feminibus ftriatis. Hort. Cliff.
92. Conium with Jlriated feeds. Cicuta major. C. B. P.
160. Greater Hemlock.
2. Conium (JJ'enmfoluim) feminibus ftriatis, foliolis te-
nuioribus. Conium with Jlriated feeds and narrower leaves.
Cicuta major, foliis tenuioribus. C. B. P. 160. Greater
Hemlock with narrower leaves.
3. Conium ( Africanum ) feminibus aculeatis. Hort. Cliff!
92. Hemlock with prickly feeds. Caucalis Africans,
folio minore, Rutas. Boerh. Ind. alt. Sp. 63.
The firft fort grows naturally on the fide of banks
and roads in many parts of England ; this is a bien-
nial plant, which perifhes after it hath ripened feeds.
It hath a long taper root like a Parfnep, but much
fmaller. The ftalk is fmooth, fpotted with purple,
and ri fes from four, to upwards of fix feet high,
branching out toward the top into feveral fmaller
ftalks, garniihed with decompounded leaves, whole
lobes are cut at the top into three parts ; thefe are of
a lucid green, and have a difagreeable lmell. The
ftalks are terminated by umbels of white flowers,
each being compofed of about ten rays (or fmall
umbels) and have a great number of flowers, which
fpread open, each fitting upon a diftifidf foot-ftalk ;
the feeds are fmall and channelled, and like thofe of
_ Anifeed.
CON
Anifeed. It flowers in June, and the feeds ripen in
autumn.
The fecond fort differs from the firft, in having taller
4 lalks, which are not fo much fpotted. The leaves
are much narrower, and of a paler green ; and this
difference is conftant, for I have cultivated it near
twenty years in the Chelfea garden, where it has not
varied. The feeds were fent me from Germany,
where it grows naturally. This is biennial as the
former.
The third fort grows naturally near the Gape of Good
Hope, in Africa, from whence the feeds were brought
to Holland, where the plants have been preferved in
fome of their curious gardens of plants. The feeds
of this plant were fent me by the late Dr. Boerhaave,
profeffor of Botany at Leyden. This plant rarely
grows more than nine inches high ; the lower leaves
are divided fomewhat like thofe of the fmall wild Rue,
and are of a grayifh colour ; thofe upon the ftalk are
much narrower, but of the fame colour •, thefe are
terminated by umbels of white flowers, each of the
larger umbels being compofed of three fmall ones ;
the involucrum hath three narrow leaves, fituated
under the umbel. This flowers in July, and ripens
feed in autumn, foon after which the plants decay.
The firft fort grows wild in moft parts of England,
fo is feldom allowed room in gardens, becaufe it is
fuppofed to have a poifonous quality •, fome phyficians
have affirmed that it is fo to all animals, while others
have affured us, that it is eaten by the inhabitants of
fome parts of Italy when it is young, and is by them
efteemed a great dainty. Mr. Ray mentions that he
has found the gizzard of a thruffi, full of Hemlock
feeds, with four or five grains of Corn, intermixed
with it, which, in the time of harveft, that bird had
neglefted for Hemlock, fo very fond was it of that
feed which we reckon pernicious. However, it is very
certain, that fcarce any animal will eat the green herb;
for it is very common to fee the grafs, and moft other
weeds eat clofe where cattle are allowed to feed, and
all the plants of Hemlock, which were growing left
untouched.
This plant is efteemed by many phyficians, as an ex-
cellent remedy to diflolve fchirrous tumors ; and
fome have greatly recommended it for cancers, and
moft of them agree, that it may be prefcribed as a
good narcotic.
The fecond fort is preferved in fome botanic gardens
for the fake of variety. If the feeds of this are per-
mitted to fcatter, the plants will come up in plenty,
fo if they are not rooted out, will become as trouble-
fome weeds as the firft fort.
The third fort is an humble plant, and being tender,
will never become troublefome ; for unlefs the winters
are very favourable, this plant will not live in the
open air in England. The feeds of this fort ffiould
be fo- wn in pots in autumn foon after they are ripe,
and placed under a common frame in winter, where
they may be expofed to the open air at all times when
the weather is mild, and only covered in bad weather.
The plants will come up very early in the fpring, and
muft then be expofed to the open air conftantly when
the weather will permit, otherwife they will draw up
very weak. As thefe plants do not bear tranlplant-
ing well, they fhould be thinned, and not more than
four or five left in each pot ;. and as the plants have
no great beauty, a few of them will be lufficient to
continue the fort, where a variety of plants are pre-
ferved. The other culture is only to keep them clean
from weeds, and in very dry weather to water them.
There is another fpecies of this genus according to
moft of the botanifts, which is now feparated from it,
and placed fingiy, under the title of iEthufa. This
was titled, Cicuta minor petrofelino fimilis, by Caf-
par Bauhin, i. e. Smaller Hemlock with the appearance
of Parfley. This is a weed which frequently is found
in gardens, efpecially in rich ground, and is gene-
rally fuppofed to be very poifonous : fome perfons
who have ignorantly gathered this herb, and ufed it
for Parfiey, having been poifoned by it. Therefore
CON
it was formerly called Fools Parfley. This may be
diftinguiftied from Parfley, by the narrownefs of the
fmall leaves, which are alfo more pointed, .and of a
darker green. But thofe who are afraid of being de-
ceived in this, fhould always ufe the curled Parfley,
which is fo different from this, that it cannot be
miftaken for it.
CGNNARUS. Zeylon Sumach.
The Characters are,
It hath a woolly ere hi empalement of one leaf, cut into five
fegments , which is permanent , and five fpear-fioaped erect
petals which are equal ; it has ten awl-fhaped ftamina ,
which are joined at their bafc , and are alternately long
and fhort , terminated by roimdifio fummits , and a round
germen fupporting a cylindrical ftyle , crowned by an ob~
tufe fiigma ; the empalement afterward becomes an obloiqg
gibbous capfule opening with two valves , having one cell ,
inclofing one large oval feed.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond order of
Linnsus’s fifteenth clafs, intitled Monodelphia De~
candria, the flower having ten ftamina, which are
joined in one houfe.
We know but one Species of this genus, viz. ,
Connarus ( Monocarpos ). Flor. Zeyl. 248. One feeded
Connarus. Rhus Zeylanicus trifoliatus, phafeoli facie,
floribus copiofis fpicatrs. Burn. Zeyl. 199. tab. 89.
This plant grows naturally in India; it rifes with a
ligneous ftalk eight or ten feet high, which is hard,
rigid, and covered with a black bark, and diyides
upward into two or three branches, garnifhed with
trifoliate leaves, having long foot-ftalks placed al-
ternate ; the lobes are oval, fmooth, and entire, each
having a fhort petiolus fattened to the foot-ftalk ;
thefe remain green the whole year : the flowers are
produced in large panicles at the extremity of the
branches, they are fmall, hairy, and of a greenifh
yellow colour, but are rarely fucceeded by feeds in
Europe.
This plant is ufually propagated in the gardens by-
laying down the young branches* which, if tongued,
(in the manner pradtifed for Carnations) and duly
watered, will put out roots in twelve months, when
they may be cut off from the old plants, and each
planted in a feparate fmall pot, filled with frefti light
earth, plunging them into a moderate hot-bed, to
forward their taking new root, obferving to fhade
them from the fun every day, and to water them as
they may require it : after this the plants fhould be
treated in the fame way as other exotic plants which
are not too tender, placing them in a dry ftove in
winter, and for about three months in the fummer
they may be removed into the open air* in a warm
flickered fituation.
The cuttings of this plant will fometimes take root,
if they are planted in pots, plunged into a moderate
hot-bed of tanners bark, and clofely covered with
hand-glaffes, or fmall bell-glaffes; but unlefs they are
carefully managed they feldom fucceed.
If frefti feeds can be procured from abroad, they
fhould be fown in fmall pots, plunged into a mo-
derate hot-bed, and when the plants are fit to remove
they fhould be feparated, planting each into a feparate
pot, and plunged into a moderate hot- bed, treating
them in the manner as the layers.
CONOCARPODENDRON. See Protea.
CONOCARPUS. Lin. Gen. Plant. 236. Rudbeckia.
Houft. Nov. Gen. 21. Button-tree, vulgb.
The Characters are,
The flowers are collebied in a globular head , each ftanding
in a fcaly empalement. At the bottom is fituated a large
compreff'ed germen , crowned by the empalement of the
flower , which is fmall , fharp-pcinted , and divided into
five parts at the top. The flower hath five petals ; it
hath five , or fometimes ten flender ftamina , which extend
beyond the petals,- terminated by globular fummits . The
germen is large , comprejjed, and oh tufe, fupporting a Jingle
ftyle which is longer than the ftamina, and is crowned by
an obtufe fiigma. 'The germen afterward becomes a Jingle
feed , inciofed in the fcde of the fruit , 'which is fhaped like
the cone of Alder,
4 C This
I5S
/
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fe'dtion of
Linnaeus’s fifth clafs, intitled Pentandria Monogy-
nia, from the flower having five ftamina and one
ftyle.
The Species are*
1. Conocarpus {Eretia) foliis lanceolatis eredta. Lin. Sp.
250. Upright Conocarpus with fpear-fhaped leaves. Rud-
beckia ere&a longifolia. Houft. MSS. Commonly called
Button-tree in the Weft -Indies.
2. Conqcarpus ( Procumbens ) frutefeens, procumbens,
foliis ovatis, craflis, floribus alaribus & terminalibus.
Shrubby trailing Conocarpus with oval thick leaves , and
flowers' growing on the flides , at the ends of the branches.
Rudbeckia maritima procumbens rotundifolia. Houft.
MSS, Maritime trailing Rudbeckia , with a round
leaf.
The firft fort grows plentifully in molt of the fandy
bays, in all the iflands of the Weft-Indies. It rifes
with a woody upright item about fixteen feet high,
fending out many fide branches, which alio grow
credit ; thefe are garnifned with fpear-fhaped leaves,
having broad ihort foot-ftalks, and are placed al-
ternate on every fide the branches. The flowers grow
upon fhort branches, which arife from the wings of
the leaves ; thefe have' three or four fmall leaves On
their lower part, under the flowers ; each of thefe
branches are terminated by fix or eight conical heads
of flowers, which have fome refemblance to thofe of
Acacia, but each of thefe come out of a fcaly coverihsj
the flowers are fmall, of a reddifh colour, having five
fender ftamina, and one ftyle,^ which ftand out far-
ther than the petal. The flowers are fucceeded by
Angle feeds, which are included in the feales of the
conical fruit.
The fecond fort hath fhort crooked branches, which
divide and fpread out on every fide upon the ground ;
thefe are covered with a grayilh bark, and their upper
parts are garniihed with oval thick leaves, a little
larger than thofe of the Dwarf Box •, they have very
fhort foot-ftalks, and are placed on every fide the
branches without order. The flowers are collected in
fmall round heads, which come out Angle from the
fide of the branches, and in loofe fpikes at the end ;
thefe are fmall, and of an herbaceous colour ; the
feales are rough, and the cones are of a loofer texture
than thofe of the former fort.
This was difeovered by the late Dr. William Houf-
toun, growing plentifully in the marfhy grounds near
the fea, at the Havannah, from whence he fent the
feeds to England, in 1730.
Both thefe forts are preferved in fome curious gardens
for the fake of variety, but they are plants of no
great bekuty : they are propagated from feeds, which
muft be obtained from the places of their natural
growth, for they never produce any good feeds in
Europe : thefe feeds, if they are frefh, will come up
very loon, if they are fown upon a good hot-bed ;
and if the plants are potted, and preferved in the
bark-ftove, they will make great progrefs •, but they
are too tender to live in this country, unlefs they are
conftantly kept in the ftove, and treated in the fame
manner with other exotic plants ; obferving, as they
are natives of fwamps, to fupply them often with
water •, but in winter they muft have it very fparingly.
The plants are Evergreen, calling off their old leaves
when the new come out.
CON SOL ID A MAJOR. See Symphytum.
CONSOLIDA MEDIA. See Bugula.
CONSOL IDA MINIMA. See Bellis.
CONSOLIDA REGALIS. See Delphinium.
CON V ALLARIA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 383. Lilium
Convallium. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 77. tab. 14. Lily of
the valley. To this genus Dr. Linnaeus has joined the
Polygonatum of Tournefort, or Solomon’s Seal.
The Characters are,
The flower hath one petal , which is bell-Jhaped , and di-
vided at the brim into fix obtufle fegments which fpread open
and are reflexed. It hath no empalement. It hath fix
ftamina , which are inflerted into the petal , but are Jhorter ,
terminated by oblong Summits, which are ere Pi. In the
center is fituated a globular ger men, fupporting a fender
flyle, which is longer than the ftamina , crowned by a three
cornered obtufle ftigma. The germen afterward, becomes a
globular berry , with three cells, containin'? one rounzMo
feed. ° " ft
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft flection of
Linnaeus’s fixth clafs, intitled Hexandria Monogynia,
the flower having fix ftamina and one ftyle.
The Species are,
1. Con vall aria ( Majalis ) fcapo nudo. Flor. Lapp.
1 1 3. Convdlaria with a naked ftalk. Lilium conval-
lium album. C. B. P. 304. White Lily of the Valley.
There is a variety of this with reddilh flowers, which
is preferved in gardens, tided by Cafpar Bauhin Li-
lium Convallium flore rubente. Pin. 304.
2. Convallaria ( Latifloha ) fcapo nuclo, foliis latio-n-
bus. Convallaria with a naked ftalk and broader leaves.
Lilium Convallium Iatifolium. C. B. P. 136. Broad-
leaved Lily of the Valley. There is alfo a variety of
this with double variegated flowers which is preferred
in gardens. This Tournefort tides Lilium" Conval-
lium Iatifolium, flore pleno variegato. Inft. R. H. yy.
Broad-leaved Lily of the Valley, with a lar v varle?ated
flower.
3. Convallaria ( Multiflora ) foliis alternis, amplexi-
caulibus caule tereti axillaribus pedunculis multifloris.
Convallaria with leaves placed alternate , embracing the
taper ftalk, whofe foot-ftalks have many flowers. Poly-
gonatum Iatifolium vulgare. C. B. P. 305. Common
broad-leaved Solomon’s Seal.
4. Convallaria ( Odorato ) foliis alternis, femiamplexi-
caulibus, floribus majoribus axillaribus .Convallaria
with alternate leaves which half embrace the ftalks , and
larger fweet-feented flowers. Polygonatum Iatifolium,
flore majore odoro. C. B. P. 303.
5. Convallaria ( Polygonatum ) foliis alternis amplexi-
caulibus, caule ancipti, pedunculis axillaribus fubuni-
floris. Lin, Mat. Med. 168. Convallaria with alternate
leaves embracing the ftalks , and foot-ftalks hawing one
flower. Polygonatum floribus ex flngula tribus pe-
dunculis. C. B. 3. p. 530. Common Solomon’s Seal.
6 . Convallaria ( Stellata ) foliis amplexicaulibus plu-
rimis. Lin. Sp. 452. Convallaria with many leaves em-
bracing the ftalks. Polygonatum Canadenfe fpicatum
fertile. Cornut. Canad. 33.
y. Convallaria {V erticillata) foliis verticillatis. Flor.
Lapp. 1 14. Convallaria with leaves growing in whorls.
Polygonatum anguftifolium, non ramofum. C. B. P,
3 ° 3 -
8. Convallaria ( Racemofa .) foliis fefillibus, raceme
terminali compoflto. Lin. Sp. Plant. 452. Convallaria
with leaves fitting clofe to the ftalks, which are terminated
by compound fpikes of flowers. Polygonatum Virginia-
num eredlum, fpicatum, flore ftellato fteriii. Mor,
Hift. 3- 537-
9. Convallaria ( Bifolia ) foliis cordatis. Flor. Lapp.
1 13. Convallaria with heart-ftoaped leaves. This is the
Smilax unifolio humillima. Tourn. Inft. App. 56 4.
Loweft Smilax with a fingle leaf-, and the Lilium Con-
vailium minus. C. B. P. 304. The leaft Lily of the
Valley.
The firft fort grows naturally in great plenty in the
woods near Woburn, in Bedfordfhire, from whence
the markets in London are generally fupplied with
the flowers. It is alfo cultivated in gardens for the
fweetnefs of the flowers, and formerly it grew in great
plenty on Hampftead-heath, but of late years it has
been feldom found there •, for fince ail the trees have
been deftroyed, the plants have not flowered there as
formerly, nor have the roots increafed.
This hath a fiender fibrous root, which creeps under
the furface of the ground, and thereby propagates
. in great plenty. The leaves come up by pairs, their
foot-ftalks, which are about three inches long, are
wrapped together in one cover, and at the top divide
into two parts, each fuftaining a fingle leaf, one of
which rifes a little above the other ; thefe leaves are
from four to five inches long, and near an inch and
a half broad in the middle, leftening gradually to
both ends; they have many longitudinal veins, running
parallel
CON
parallel to the midrib, which is not fituated exadly
in the middle, but diverges to one fide ; the foot-
ftalks of the flowers arife immediately from the root,
on one fide the leaves ; thefe are naked, about five
inches long, adorned toward their upper parts with
pendulous white flowers, ranged on one fide the ftalk,
which decline to one fide ; each flower Hands upon a
ftiort feparate foot-ftalk, which are bending and
crooked. The flowers are of the fhort bell-fhaped
kind, their brims being reflexed, which are flightly
cut into fix parts 5 they have fix ftamina, which are
inferted in the petal of the flower, and are fhorter
than the tube, and a Angle ftyle arifing from the
germen, which is triangular, crowned by a three-
cornered ftigma; the germen afterward becomes a
globular berry, of a red colour when ripe, inclofing
three roundifh feeds. It flowers in May, from whence
it has been titled May Lily. The feeds ripen in au-
tumn. The flowers of this fort are ufed in medicine;
they are efteemed cephalic and cordial, fo are re-
commended for palfies, epilepfies, and fpafms ; there
is prepared a conferve, and a compound diftilled
water of the flowers. This compound water is by
the Germans titled aqua aurea, or golden water, be-
caufe of its excellent virtues.
There is another variety of this mentioned with nar-
row leaves, which I fuppofe.may arife from the foil,
or fituation, for the roots which I have taken up in
places where they have naturally narrow leaves, when
planted in the garden, have produced leaves as broad
as the common fort ; but the fort with red flowers
has conftantly continued the fame above forty years,
without any variation. The flowers of this are fmaller,
the Italics are redder, and the leaves of a darker green
than thofe of the common fort ; but as I have not
propagated this fort by feeds, I cannot be fure if it is
a diftinct fpecies, or only a feminal variety.
The fecond fort I received from the Alps, where it
naturally grows-, this has retained its difference in the
garden, where it grew in the fame foil and fituation
with the common fort, fo I make no doubt of its
being a diftinft fpecies. The other with a double va-
riegated flower is fuppofed to be only a variety of
this, therefore I have not enumerated it as a different
fort, but the flowers are much larger, and beautifully
variegated with purple and white. I received a plant
of this fort from the royal garden at Paris, which has
flowered leveral years in the Chelfea garden, but the
roots do not increafe fo much as the common fort.
Thefe plants require a loofe landy foil, and a flhady
fituation they are propagated by parting of their
roots, which multiply in great plenty. The belt time
to tranfplant and part the roots, is in autumn. They
fhould be planted near a foot afunder, that their roots
may have room to fpread, for if they agree with the
foil and fituation, they will meet and fill the ground
in one year. If thefe roots are planted in a rich foil,
they will fpread and multiply greatly, but will not
be fo productive of flowers.
The only culture which thefe plants require, is to
keep them clean from weeds, and to tranfplant and
feparate the roots every third or fourth year, other-
wife they will be fo greatly matted together, as not
to have proper nourifhment, fo the flowers will be
fmall, and few in number.
The third fort is a native of the Alps and Appennines;
the ftalks of this (when growing in good ground)
generally rife three feet high they are taper, and
garnifhed with oblong oval leaves placed alternate,
embracing the ftalks with their bafe ; they have fe-
veral longitudinal veins, refembling the leaves of
white Hellebore : the foot-ftalks of the flowers are
produced from the wings of the leaves, which f .pport
four or five flowers on each ; thefe flowers arc larger
than thofe of the common fort, but their tubes are
more contracted, and are fucceeded by pretty large
berries, which when ripe turn of a bluifh colour ; it
flowers in May and June, and the feeds ripen in au-
tumn.
The fourth fort is the broad-leaved Solomon’s Seal,
which is faidl to grow naturally in England, but
I doubt ours is different from that mentioned by Gaft
par Bauhin under that title ; for in two places where
I have found it growing, the - ftalks were much
fhorter, the leaves were broader, and their borders
turned inward, and this difference continues in the
garden where it grqws in the fame foil and fituation
with the common fort;
The fifth fort is the common Solomon’s Seal this
hath a flefhy white root, as large as a man’s finger,
which multiplies in the' ground, and is full of knots,
from whence it had the name of Polygonatum, or
many knees. In the fpring arife feveral taper ftalks,
which grow near two feet high, adorned with oblong
oval leaves, placed alternate, having many longitu-
dinal veins running parallel to the middle, and em-
brace the ftalk with their bafe ; thefe are ranged on
one fide of the ftalk, and on the opposite fide come
out the foot-ftalks of the flowers, which are about
an inch long, dividing at the top into three or four
fmaller, each fuftaining a Angle tubulous flower, cut
into fix parts at the brim, where it is. green, the lower
part of the tube being white ; they have each fix
flender ftamina, furrounding a Angle ftyle, which
arifes from the germen, and is crowned by a blunt
ftigma ; the germen afterward becomes a round berry,
about the fize of Ivy berries, each inclofing three
feeds. This flowers in May, and the feeds ripen in
autumn, and then the ftalks decay.
The fixth fort rifes with an upright ftalk about two
feet high, garnifhed with long narrow leaves, which
ftand in whorls round the ftalk; there are generally
five of thefe placed at each joint, which are four
inches long, and half an inch broad, fmooth, and of
a light green. The flowers come out from the fame
joints, ftanding upon fhort foot-ftalks, each fupport-
ing five or fix flowers, which are fmaller, and have
much fhorter tubes than either of the former forts ;
they are of a dirty white, tipped with green, and
flightly cut into fix parts at the top. It grows na-
turally in the northern parts of Europe.
The leventh fort grows naturally in moft parts of
North America ; I have received plants of this from
New England, Philadelphia, and feveral other places.
This rifes with an upright ftalk near two feet high,
garnifhed with oblong leaves, ending infharp points;
they are near five inches long, and two and a half
broad, having three large longitudinal veins, with
feveral fmaller between, which join at both ends.
The leaves are alternate, ftanding clofe to the ftalks,
and are of a light green on their upper fide, but are
paler on their under. The flowers are produced in
branching fpikes at the extremity of the ftalks, each
being compofed of feveral fmall loofe fpikes of ftar-
like flowers, of a pale yellow, which fall away
without: producing any feed. This flowers the latter
end of May, or the beginning of June, and the ftalks
decay in autumn ; but the root is perennial, and pro-
pagates by offsets.
The eighth fort is a native of the fame countries as
the laft mentioned ; this fends up ftalks two feet high,
garnifhed with many oblong leaves embracing the
ftalks with their bafe. The flowers are produced in
Angle fpikes at the top of the ftalks, which are in
fhape and colour like thofe of the feventh ; but thefe
are fucceeded by fmall red berries, about the fize of
thofe of the Lily of the Valley. This fort flowers
the beginning of June, and the berries ripen in au-
tumn.
All the forts of Solomon’s Seal are very hardy plants;
they delight in a light foil and a fliady fituation, fo
are very proper to plant in wildernefs quarters under
tall trees, where if they are not crowded by lower
fhrubs, they will thrive and multiply exceedingly, and
during the furnmer feafon will make an agreeable va-
riety, the whole appearance of the plants being very
Angular.
They all multiply very faft by theft creeping roots,
eipecially-when they are planted in a proper foil and
fituation. The beft time to tranfplant and part the
roots
154 -
CON
roots is in autumn, foon after their (talks decay j thofe
which are removed at that feafon, will grow much
(Longer than thofe which are planted in the fpring,
which is the reafon of my preferring that feafon ; but
they may be fafely transplanted any time after the
(talks decay, till the roots begin to (hoot in the
fpring. As thefe roots greatly increafe, they fliould
be planted at a wide diftance from each other, that
they may have room to lpread ; for they fhould not
be removed oftener than every third or fourth year,
where they are expeded to grow ftrong, and produce
a good number of (talks, in which their beauty con-
fifts. The only culture thefe plants require, is to dig
the ground between them every fpring, and keep
them clean from weeds.
The roots of the fifth fort are ufed in medicine, and
are greatly recommended for their efficacy in all man-
ner of contulions. The diftilled water of the plant
clears the face and beautifies the complexion : a de-
coftion of it cures the itch, and fuch like cutaneous
diftempers.
C O N V O L V U LU S. Lin. Gen. Plant. 198. Tourn.
Inft. R. H. 82. tab. 77. Bindweed. It is fo titled
from convolvendo, Lat. rolling round, or twining
about.
The Characters are.
It hath a ■permanent empalement of one leaf which is di-
vided into five parts at the top •, the flower hath one
large bell-Jhaped petal, which fpreads open. It hath five
jhortftamina , terminated by ovale ompreffed fummits, and
a roundijh germen > flupporting a fender ftyle , crozvned by
two broad oblong, ftigmas. The empalement afterward
becomes a roundijh capfule , with one , two , or three
valves , containing feveral feeds which are convex on their
outfide , but on the infide angular.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fedion of
Linnteus’s fifth clafs, intitled Pentandria Monogynia,
the flower having five (lamina and one ftyle.
The Species are,
1. Convolvulus ( Arvenfis ) foliis fagittatis utrinque acu-
tis, pedunculis unifloris. Flor. Suec. 173. Bindweed
with arrow-Jhaped leaves pointed on both fides , and a
fingle flower on each foot-ftalk. Convolvulus minor ar-
venfis. C. B. P.294. Smaller Field Bindweed, commonly
called Gravel Bindweed.
2. Convolvulus ( Sepium ) foliis fagittatis poftice trun-
catis, pedunculis tetragonis unifloris. Prod. Leyd.
427. Bindweed with arrow-Jhaped leaves , which are torn
behind , and a fingle flower on each foot-ftalk. Convol-
vulus major albus. C. B. P. Larger white Bindweed ,
called Bearbind.
3. Convolvulus ( Scammonia ) foliis fagittatis poftice
truncatis, pedunculis teretibus fubtrifloris. Prod. Leyd.
427. Bindweed with arrow-ftoaped leaves torn behind ,
and two flowers on each foot-ftalk. Convolvulus Syria-
cus & Scammonia Syriaca. Mor. Hid. 2. p. 12. Syrian
Bindweed and Syrian Scammony.
4. Convolvulus (Purpureus) foliis cordatis indivifis
frudibus cernuis pedicellis incraflatis. Lin. Sp. 219.
Bindweed with heart-jhaped undivided leaves , nodding
fruit , and fwelling foot-ftalks. Convolvulus purpureus,
folio fubrotundo. C. B. P. 295. Purple Bindweed with
a roundijh leaf commonly called Convolvulus major, or
Greater Bindweed.
5. Convolvulus ( lndicus ) foliis cordatis, acuminatis,
pedunculis trifloris. Bindweed with heart-jhaped pointed
leaves , and three flowers on each foot-ftalk. Convolvu-
lus major, folio fubrotundo, flore amplo purpureo.
Sloan. Cat. Jam. 55. Greater Bindweed with a roundifto
leaf) and a large purple flower.
6 . Convolvulus (Nil) foliis cordatis trilobis villofis,
calycibus laevibus, capfulis hirfutis, pedunculis bi-
floris. Bindweed with heart-jhaped leaves , having three
lobes , which are hairy , flnooth flower-cups , hairy feed-
vejfels , and two flowers on each foot-ftalk. Convolvulus
cteruleus hederaceo angulofo folio. C. B. P. 295.
Blue Bindweed with an angular Ivy leaf.
7. Convolvulus ( Batatas ) foliis cordatis haftatis quin-
quenerviis, caule repente hifpido tubifero. Lin. Sp.
Plant. 1 54. Bindweed with fpear heart-jhaped leaves ,
CON
five nerves , and a creeping flinging ftalk bearing tubers.
Convolvulus radice tuberofa efculensa minore purpu-
rea. Sloan. Cat. Jam. 54. Bindweed with a fmall, pur-
ple, tuberous , efculent root , commonly called Spanifh
Potatoes. J ~
8. Convolvulus (. Palmatis ) foliis palmatis, lobis fep-
tem-finuatis acutis, pedunculis unifloris, calycibus
maximis patentibus. Bindweed with palmated leaves,
with f even finuated pointed lobes , a fingle flower on each
foot-ftalk , and a large fpreading empalement. Convol-
vulus pentaphyllos, folio glabro dentato, viticulis hir-
futis. Plum. Cat.
9. Convolvulus (. Ariftolochiofolius ) folio haftato lanceo-
tis, auriculis rotundatis, pedunculis multifloris. Bind-
weed with ftp ear -pointed leaves , having rounded ears , and
many flowers on each foot-ftalk. Convolvulus Ameri-
canus, Ariftolochke folio longiore, floribus plurimis
ex uno pediculo infidentibus, Houft. MSS.
10. Convolvulus ( Hirtus ) foliis cordatis fubhaftatifque
villofis, caule petioliique pilofis, pedunculis multi-
floris. Lin. Sp. Plant. 159. Bindweed with heart-jhaped
leaves , fomewhat fpear-pointed and downy , with hairy
Jialks and foot-ftalks , having many flowers. Convolvu-
lus Americanus Polyanthos, Althteae folio villofo
Houft. MSS.
11. Convolvulus (Glabrus) foliis ovato oblongis, gla-
bris pedunculis unifloris, calycibus decempartltis.
Bindweed with oval , oblong , flnooth leaves , and foot -
Jialks having a Jingle flower, whofe empalement is cut into
ten parts. Convolvulus foliis oblongis, glabris flori-
bus amplis purpureis. Houft. MSS.
12. Convolvulus ( Pentaphyllos ) hirfutiffimus, foliis
quinquelobatis, pedunculis longifllmis bifioris. Very
hairy Bindweed , with leaves having five lobes , and very
long foot-ftalks, with two flowers. Convolvulus penta-
phyllos hirfutis. Plum. Cat.
13. Convolvulus ( Frutefcens ) caule fruticofo, glabro,
foliis quinque lobis, pedunculis geniculatis unifloris,
capfulis maximis. Bindweed with a Jhrubby flnooth ftalk,
leaves having five lobes, many jointed foot-ftalks with one
flower, and very large feed-vejfels. Convolvulus pen-
taphyllos, flore & frudu purpureis maximis. Plum.
Cat.
14. Convolvulus (Brajilienjis) foliis emarginatis, baft
biglandulofis, pedunculis trifloris. Tin. Sp. Plant.
159. Bindweed with indented leaves, having two glands
and foot-ftalks, with three flowers. Convolvulus ma-
rinus Catharticus, folio rotundo, (lore purpureo.
Plum. PI. Amer. 89. tab. 104.
1 5. Convolvulus ( Multifiorus ) foliis cordatis, glabris,
pedunculis multifloris, femine villofo ferrugineo.
Bindweed with fmooth heart-ftoaped leaves, foot-ftalks
having many flowers, and feeds covered with an iron-co-
loured down. Convolvulus Americanus vulgaris folio,
capfulis triquetris numerofis, ex uno pundo, longis
petiolis propendentibus, femine lanugine ferruginea
villofa. Pluk. Phyt. tab. 167.fi r -
16. Convolvulus ( Canarienfls ) foliis cordatis pubef-
centibus, caule perenni, villofo, pedunculis multi-
floris. Lin. Sp. Plant. 155. Bindweed with foft, woolly ,
heart-jhaped leaves, a hairy perennial ftalk, and foot-
ftalks having many flowers. Convolvulus Canarienfls
fempervirens, foliis mollibus & incanis. Hort. Amft.
2. p. 101.
17. Convolvulus ( Hederaceus ) foliis triangularibus acu-
tis, floribus plurimis feffilibus patulis, calycibus acu-
tis multifidis. Bindweed with Jharp-pointed triangular
leaves, many fpreading flowers fet clofe to the ftalk, and
acute empalement s ending in many points. Convolvulus
folio hederaceo, angulofo, lanuginofo, flore magno,
cteruleo, patulo. Sloan. Cat. Jam. 56.
18. Convolvulus ( Rofeus ) folii? cordatis, acuminatis
pedunculis bifloris. Bindweed with heart-jhaped pointed
leaves, and foot-ftalks having two flowers. Convolvu-
lus Americanus hirfutus, folio acuminato, (lore am-,
plo rofeo. Houft. MSS.
19. Convolvulus ( Repens ) foliis fagittatis poftice obtu-
fis, caule repente, pedunculis unifloris. Lin. Sp.
Plant. 158. Bindweed with narrow-pointed leaves, which
are obtufe at the foot-ftalk , a creeping ftalk , and one
3 flower
C O N
flower on each foot-fkalk. Convolvulus mafinus cathar-
ticus, foliis Acetofe, {lore niveo. Plum. PI. Am. 89.
tab. 105.
20. Convolvulus ( Betonicifolins ) foliis cordato fagitatis,
pedunculis unifloris. Bindweed with heart-Jhaped ar-
row-pointed leaves, and foot-ftalks having a Jingle flower .
Convolvulus exoticus, Betonicte folio, flore magno
albo fundo purpureo. Cat. Hort. R. Par,
21. Convolvulus ( Siculus ) foliis cordato ovatis, pedun-
culis unifloris, bra&eis lanceolatis, flore fefliie. Hort.
Cliff. 68. Bindweed with oval heart-Jhaped leaves , foot-
jlalks having one flower , flpear-Jhaped bradlea, and the
power fitting clofle to the ftalk. Convolvulus iiculus
minor, flore parvo auriculato. Bocc. PI. Sic. 89.
22. Convolvulus ( [Elegantiflimus ) foliis palmatis feri-
ceis, pedunculis bifloris, calycibus acutis. Bindweed
with filky palmated leaves , foot-ftalks having two flow-
ers , and Jharp-pointed empalements . Convolvulus ar-
gentibus, elegantiflimus, foliis tenuiter incifis. Tourn.
Inft. R. H. 85.
23. Convolvulus ( Altheoides ) foliis cordatis incilis &
incanis, pedunculis bifloris, calycibus obtufis. Bind-
weed with hoary heart-Jhaped leaves , which are jagged ,
foot-ftalks having two flowers , and obtufle empalements.
Convolvulus argenteus folio althaeae. C. B. P. 295.
24. Convolvulus ( Tricolor ) foliis lanceolato-ovatis gla-
btis, caule declinato, floribus folitariis. Vir. Cliff. 68.
Bindweed with oval flpear-Jhaped leaves , a declining ftalk ,
with one flower on each foot-ftalk. Convolvulus Lufi-
tanicus flore Cyaneo B'rofs ; commonly called Convolvulus
minor.
25. Convolvulus ( Cantabrica ) foliis linearibus acutis
caule ramofo fubdichotomo, calycibus pilofls. Lin.
Sp. 225. Bindweed with narrow flpear-Jhaped leaves , a
branching ftalk , and hairy empalements. Convolvulus
linaris folio aflfurgens. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 83.
26. Convolvulus ( Lineatus ) foliis lanceolatis, fericeis,
lineatis petiolatis pedunculis bifloris, calycibus fere-
ceis fubfoliaceis. Lin. Sp. 224. Bindweed with Jilky
flpear-Jhaped leaves , having foot-ftalks , with two flowers
on each foot-ftalk , having Jilky empalements. Convolvulus
minor, argenteus, repens, acaulis ferme. H. R. Par.
27. Convolvulus ( Cneorum ) foliis lanceolatis tomento-
fis, floribus capitatis, calycibus hirfutis caule erebti-
ufculo. Lin. Sp. 224, Bindweed with flpear-Jhaped
woolly leaves , foot-ftalks and flowers growing in heads ,
terminating the Jlalks , which are eredi. Convolvu-
lus argenteus umbellatus, erebtis. Tourn. Inft. R.
H. 84.
28. Convolvulus {Linarifolius) foliis lineari lanceolatis,
acutis caule ramofo, redo, pedunculis unifloris. Hort.
Cliff 68. Bindweed with narrow flpear-Jhaped leaves ,
which are pointed , upright branching Jlalks , and foot-
ftalks with one flower. Convolvulus ramofus incanus,
foliis pilofelke. C. B. P. 295.
29. Convolvulus ( Soldanella ) foliis reniformibus, pe-
dunculis unifloris. Hort. Cliff 67. Bindweed with kid-
ney-Jhaped leaves , and one flower on each foot-ftalk. Sol-
danella maritima minor. C. B. P. 295. Lejfler Sea
Bindweed.
30. Convolvulus (jTurpethum) foliis cordatis, angula-
tis, caule membranaceo, quadrangular!, pedunculis
multifloris. Flor. Zeyl. 72. Bindweed with angular
heart-Jhaped leaves , a quadrangular membranaceous ftalk,
and foot-ftalks having many flowers. Convolvulus Zey-
lanicus, alatus, maximis, foliis Ibifci nonnihil fimili-
bus angulofis. Herm. Lud. 177. tab. 178. Turbith of
_ the ftjops.
31. Convolvulus {Jalap a) foliis variis, pedunculis
unifloris, radice tuberofa. Bindweed with variable
leaves , foot-ftalks with Jingle flowers , and a tuberous root.
Convolvulus radice tuberofa Cathartica. Houft. MSS.
The true Jalap.
The firft fort is very common upon dry banks, and
in gravelly grounds, in moft parts of England, and
is generally a flgn of gravel lying under the fur-
face. The roots of this fhoot very deep into the
ground, from whence fome country people call it
Devils Guts.
From the root arifes many weak ftalks, which trail
CON
on the ground, and faften themfelves about the neigh-
bouring plants 5 tfiefe are garnifhed with triangular
arrow-pointed leaves. The flowers are produced
from the fide of the branches, having long foot-
ftalks, each fuftaining a Angle flower, which is fame-
times white, at other times red, and frequently is va-
riegated. This is atroublefome weed in gardens* fo
fhould be conftantly -rooted out.
The fecond fort is alfo a troublefome weed in gar-
dens, when the roots are intermixed with thofe of
trees and fhrubs, or under hedges, where the plants
cannot be t eafily deftroyed ; but in an open dear fpot
of ground, where the plants are carefully hoed down
for three or four months, they may be effectually de-
ftroyed •, for when the ftalks are broken or cut, a
milky juice flows out, and thereby the roots are foon
exhaufted and decay. The roots of this fort are pretty
thick, extend far on every fide, and are white. The
ftalks rife ten or twelve feet high, twining themfelves
about trees or hedges, and are garnifhed with large
arrow-pointed leaves, which are torn at their bale.
The flowers come out from the fide of the branches
upon long foot-ftalks, each fuftaining one large white
flower, which are fucceeded by roundifh leed-veflels,
Laving three cells filled with feeds, which are convex
on one fide and plain on the other. It flowers in
June, and the feeds ripen in autumn, loon after
which the ftalks decay to the root •, but as every fmall
piece of the root will grow, it renders this a trouble-
fome weed to deftroy.
The third fort grows naturally in Syria, where the
roots of the plants are wounded, and fhells placed
under the wounds to receive the milky juice which
flows out, which is infpiffated, and afterward put up
and exported : this is what is called Scammony in the
fhops j it is a very hardy plant, and will thrive very
well in the open air in England, provided it is on a
dry foil. The roots of this are thick, run deep into
the ground, and are covered with a dark bark. The
branches extend themfelves on every fide to the dif-
tance of four or five feet ; thefe are {lender, and trail
on the ground, if they are not fupported, and are
garnifhed with narrow arrow-pointed leaves. The
flowers are of a pale yellow, and come out from the
fide of the branches, two fitting upon each long foot-
ftalk ; thefe are fucceeded by roundifh feed-veffels,
having three cells, filled with feeds fhaped like thofe
of the former fort, but fmaller. It flowers in June
and July, and the feeds ripen in autumn. If the
feeds of this fort are fown in the fpring, on a border
of light earth, the plants will come up, and require
no other culture but to keep them clean from weeds,
and thin the plants where they grow too clofe; for
as the branches extend pretty far, the plants fhould
not be nearer than three feet afunder. The ftalks
decay in autumn, but the roots will abide many
years.
The fourth fort is an annual plant, which grows
naturally in Afia and America, but has been long
cultivated for ornament in the Englifh gardens, and
is generally known by the title of Convolvulus major.
Of this there are three or four lafting varieties the
moft common hath a purple flower • but there is one
with a white, another with a red, and one with a
whitifh blue flower, which hath white feeds. All
thefe varieties I have cultivated many years, without
oblerving either of them change. If the feeds of
thefe forts are fown in the fpring, upon a warm bor-
der where the plants are defigned to remain, they will
require no other culture but to keep them clean from
weeds ; and place fome tall ftakes down by them, for
their ftalks to twine about, otherwife they will ip re ad
on the ground, and make a bad appearance. Thefe
plants, if they are properly fupported, will rife ten
or twelve feet high-, they flower in June, July, and
Auguft, and will continue till the froft kills them.
Their feeds ripen in autumn.
The fifth fort grows naturally in Jamaica, from
whence the late Dr. Houftoun fent me the feeds 5
this fends out long branches, which twift about the
4 D trees,
Pf
trees, and rife to a great height ; the leaves are fmooth,
heart-fhaped, ending in long points, and the ears at
the bafe are large and rounded, Handing upon
long ilender foot-ftalks. The flowers come out on
the oppofite fide of the ftalks, upon long foot-ftalks,
each fuftaining three flowers, with longer tubes' than
thofe of the former, and are of a deeper purple co-
lour ; this flowers from the latter end cf June till
the froft deftroys it. As this is not fo hardy as the
former, the feeds fhould be fown upon a hot-bed in the
fpring, to bring the plants forward ; and toward the end
of May, they fhould be planted out in warm borders,
and treated in the fame manner as the former fort.
The fixth fort grows naturally in Africa and America •,
this is. an annual plant, which rifes with a twining
ftalk eight or ten feet high, garnifhed with heart-
fhaped leaves, divided into three lobes, which end
in ftiarp points ; thefe are woolly, and ftand upon
long foot-ftalks ; the flowers come out on long foot-
ftalks, each fuftaining two flowers of a very deep
blue colour, from whence it has been titled Anil or
Indigo. This is one of the molt beautiful flowers of
this genus, and is undoubtedly a diftinft fpecies •,
though fome have fuppofed it to be only a variety of
the fourth fort, for I have cultivated it many years,
and have never found it alter •, the leaves of this hav-
ing three deeply divided lobes, and thofe of the fourth
fort being entire, is fufficient to determine the ipeci-
fic difference ; this fort is annual, and muft be pro-
pagated. in the fame manner as the fifth. It flowers
all the latter part of fummer, and, in good feafons,
the feeds ripen well in the open air.
The feventh fort is that whofe roots are eaten, and
is generally titled Spanifli Potatoe ; thefe roots are an-
nually imported from Spain and Portugal, where
they are greatly cultivated for the table, but they
are too tender to thrive well in the open air in Eng-
land ; they are cultivated by the roots in the fame
way as the common Potatoe, but require much more
room; for thefe fend out many trailing ftalks, which
extend four or five feet every way, and at their joints
fend out roots, which, in warm countries, grow to
be large tubers, fo that from a ftngle root planted,
forty or fifty large roots are produced. This plant
is fometimes propagated by way of curiofity in Eng-
land, but the roots fhould be planted on a hot-bed
in the fpring ; and if the plants are kept covered in
bad weather with glaffes, they will produce flowers,
and many fmall roots will be produced from the
joints ; but if they are expofed to the open air, they
leldom make much progrefs.
The eighth fort grows naturally at La Vera Cruz in
New Spain, from whence the feeds were lent me by
the late Dr. Houftoun. This rifes withaftrong wind-
ing ftalk to the height of tv/enty feet, dividing into
feveral fmaller, which fallen themlelves about any of
the neighbouring trees and fhrubs ; thefe are gar-
nifhed with leaves in fhape of a hand, having feven
lobes, which are fpear-fhaped, and deeply cut on
their borders, ending in fharp points. The flowers
are Angle on each foot-ftalk, which are very long.
The empalement of the flower is large, fpreading
open, and is divided deeply into five parts. The
flowers are large, of a purple colour, and are Suc-
ceeded by large roundifh feed-vefiels, having three
cells; in each of thefe is lodged a Angle feed.
This plant ic tender, fo the feeds fhould be fown on
a hot-bed in the Spring ; and when the plants are fit
to remove, they mull be tranfplanted each into a le-
parate pot filled with light earth, and plunged into a
moderate hot-bed, obferving to fikade them from the
fun till they have taken new root ; then they fhould
have a large Ihare of air admitted to them everyday,
to prevent their drawing weak, and alxb fhould have
moderate waterings three or four times a week.
"When the plants are grown too tall to remain in the
hot-bed, they muft be Shifted into larger pots, and
placed in the bark-ftove, where, if they are allowed
room, they will rife to a great height, and produce
flowers, but it rarely produces feeds in England.
The ninth fort is an annual plant. The feeds of this
were fent me from Carthagena in New Spain, where
the plant grows naturally. This rifes v/itli a twining
ilender ftalk ten feet high, which is garnifhed- with
arrow-pointed leaves, whofe ears at The bale are
rounded. The flowers are produced in fmall duffers#
Handing on long foot-ftalks ; thefe are yellow, and
are Succeeded by three-cornered feed-veffels, having
three cells, in each of thefe are lodged two feeds.
This plant is annual, and too tender to thrive in the
open air in England ; fo the feeds fhould be fown on
a hot-bed in the fpring, and the plants may be after-
ward treated in the fame way as the eighth fort, with
which management they will flower and produce ripe
feeds. 4
The feeds of the tenth fort were fent me from Ja-
maica by the late Dr. Houftoun, who found the plants
growing naturally there in great plenty. This is an
annual plant, rifing with Ilender, ftiff, twining ftalks,
eight or nine feet high, garnifhed with heartfthaped
leaves, which are downy. The flowers ftand many
together at the end of ftrong foot-ftalks ; thefe are
. purple, and are fucceeded by roundifh feed-veffels,
with three cells, containing feveral fmall feeds.
This fort requires the fame treatment as the eighth,
being too tender to thrive' in this country in the "open
air.
The eleventh fort was fent me from the ifland of
Barbuda. This is an annual plant, which riles with
twining ftalks feven or eight feet high, garnifhed
with oblong, oval, fmooth leaves. The flowers
come out at every joint on Ilender long foot-ftalks,
each fupporting a large purple flower, whofe empale-
ment is cut alrnoft to the bottom, in ten parts. "The
feeds and capfuie are like thofe of the other fpecies.
This is a tender plant, fo muft be treated in the fame
manner as the eighth fort.
The twelfth fort grows naturally at Carthagena in
New Spain, from whence I received the feeds. This
is a perennial plant, which rifes with ftrong winding
ftalks to the height of twelve or fourteen feet, and
are garnifhed with leaves, divided into five lobes.
Handing upon fhort foot-ftalks ; the flowers ftand
upon long foct-ftaiks, each fuftaining two purple
flowers. The ftalks, leaves, and every part of the
plant, is clofely covered with pungent fringing hairs,
of a light brown colour. This fort is tender, fo muft
be treated in the fame way as the eighth.
The thirteenth fort grows naturally about Tolu in
New Spain, from whence the feeds were fent me by
the late Mr. Robert Millar. This hath a ligneous
ftalk covered with a purple bark, which twines" about
the trees, and rifes to the height of thirty feet or
more, and is garnifhed with leaves, which are deeply
divided into five fnarp-pointed lobes. The flowers
ftand upon long thick foot-ftalks, which have a knee
in the middle ; they are very large, and of a purple
colour ; thefe are fucceeded by round feed-veffels, as
large as a middling Apple, divided into three cells,
each containing two very large fmooth feeds.
This plant is too tender to thrive in the open air in
England, fo muft be treated in the fame manner as
the eighth fort, but it grows too tall for the ftoves
here. I have had thefe plants upward of twenty feet
high, which have fent out many fide branches, ex-
tending fo wide on every fide, as to cover moft of
the neighbouring plants, fo that I was obliged to re-
move them into a cooler fituation, where they would
not thrive.
The fourteenth fort grows naturally on the fea fhdres
in moft of the iflands in the Weft-Indies, where the
ftalks trail on the ground, which are garnifhed with
oval leaves, indented at the top. The flowers are
large, of a purple colour, and are produced by threes,
on very long foot-ftalks ; thefe are fucceeded by large
oval feed-veffels, with three cells, each containing a
Angle feed. This hath a perennial ftalk, which trails
on the ground, and fpreads to a great diftance, but
is too tender to thrive in the open air in England, fo
muft be treated in the fame manner as the eighth fort,
and
%
and may be' continued two or three years in a warm j
ftove ; but it is apt to fp read too far fora fmall ftove,
fo that where there is not great room, it is not worthy
of culture.
The fifteenth fort grows naturally in Jamaica ; this
rifes with {lender twining {bilks eight, or ten feet high ;
the leaves of thefe are ftiaped a little like thofe of the
common great white Convolvulus-, but the foot-ftalks,
•which are pretty long, do each fuftain many purple
fiowers, growing in bunches. The feed-vdtels of
this fort are three-cornered, and have three cells, each
containing a fingle feed. This is an annual plant,
which requires a hot-bed to raife it, and muff be kept
in a glafs-cafe or a ftove, otherwife the feeds will not
ripen here.
The fixteenth fort has been long preferved in feveral
curious gardens in England. It grows naturally in
the Canary I Hands ; this hath a ftrong fibrous root,
from which arife feveral twining woody ftalks, divid-
ing into many {mailer ; thefe, where they have fup-
port, will grow more than twenty feet high, and are
garniftied with oblong heart-fhaped leaves, which are
foft and hairy. The flowers are produced from- the
wings of the leaves, feveral Handing upon one foot-
ftalk •, thefe are for the moft part of a pale blue, but
there is a variety of it with white flowers. This plant
flowers in June, July, and Auguft, and fometimes
ripens feeds here ; but as the plants are eafily propa-
gated by layers, and alfo from cuttings, the feeds are
not fo much regarded j nor indeed will thofe plants
which are raifed by layers or cuttings produce feeds,
though thofe which come from feeds leldom fail. As
the leaves of this plant continue green all the year,
the plants make a pretty variety in winter in the
green-houfe ; for it will not live abroad in winter in
this country, though it only requires the fame pro-
teftion as- Myrtles, and other hardy green-houfe
plants. It may be propagated by laying down the
young {hoots in the fpring, which generally put out
roots in three or four months •, then they may be
taken from the old plants, and each planted in a fe-
parate pot filled with light earth, and placed in the
{hade till they have taken new root -, after which
they may be placed with other hardy green-houfe
plants till autumn, when they {hould be removed into
the green-houfe, and afterward treated in the fame
way as Myrtles, and other green-houfe plants. If
the tender cuttings of this are planted during any of
the fummer months, in pots filled with light earth,
and plunged into a moderate hot-bed, {hading them
from the fun, they will take root, and afterward
.fhould be treated as the layers.
The feventeenth fort is an annual plant the feeds of
it were fent me from Jamaica, where it grows natu-
rally. This rifes with a very {lender twining ftalk
four or five feet high, garniftied with triangular leaves,
which are pointed. The flowers grow in clufters, fit-
ting clofe to the ftalks, which are blue, and are fuc-
ceeded by feeds like thofe of the fourth fort. This
fort will not ripen feeds in England, unlefs the plants
are brought forward on a hot-bed in the fpring, and
afterward placed in a glafs-cafe, where they may be
defended from cold.
The eighteenth fort grows naturally in Jamaica, from
whence the feeds were fent me by the late Dr. Houf-
toun. This is one of the moft beautiful kinds, the
flowers being very large, and of a fine Rofe colour.
It rifes with a winding ftalk feven or eight feet high,
which is garniftied with heart-fhaped leaves, ending
in long fharp points, fitting upon very long foot-
ftalks. The flowers alfo have long foot-ftalks, each
fupporting two flowers, whofe empalement is divided
deeply into five parts ; the feeds of this are large, and
covered with a fine down. This is an annual plant,
which is too tender to thrive in the open air in this
country, fo the feeds fhould be fov/n on a hot-bed in
the fpring, and the plants afterward treated in the
fame manner as is directed for the eighth fort.
The nineteenth fort grows naturally near the fea at
Campeachy, from whence I received the feeds. This
hath ftrong, fmooth, winding .{talks, which, ienfodfif
roots at their joints, and are garniftied with arrow* -
pointed leaves, whofe ears or lobes are obtufe ; the
flowers are large, of a fulphur colour, and fit upon
very long foot-ftalks, which proceed from the fide of
the ftalks, each fupporting one flower, with a large
fwelling empalement , thefe are fucceeded by large,
fmooth, oval capfules, having three cells, each in-
cluding one large fmooth feed. This is a perennial
plant, whole ftalks- extend to a great diftance, and
put out roots at the joints, whereby It propagates
in. plenty ; but it is too tender to thrive in England,
unlefs it Is preferved in a warm ftove, where it requires
more room than can v/ell be allowed to one plant. It
mttft be treated in the fame manner as tftff eighth fort.
The twentieth fort grows naturally in Africa, from
whence the feeds were fent to the royal garden at Pa-
ris, and from thence I received it in 1730. This rifes
with a {lender winding ftalk five or fix feet high, gar-
niftied with heart-fhaped arrow-pointed leaves ■, the
flowers ftand on long {lender foot-ftalks thefe are
white, with purple bottoms. This fort may be treat-
ed in the fame manner as the common great Convol-
vulus.
The twenty-firft fort grows naturally In Spain and
Italy. This is an annual plant, which rifes about two
feet high, with {lender twining ftalks, garniftied with
oval leaves. The flowers are fmall, arid of a btaifh.
colour, each foot-ftalk fupporting one flower of little
beauty, fo is not often cultivated in gardens-. If the
feeds of this fort are permitted to fcatter, the plants
will rife in the lpring, and require no other culture
but to keep them clean from weeds ; or if the feeds
are fown in the fpring, where the plants are to re-
main, they will {tower in June, and the feeds will
ripen in Auguft.
The twenty-fecond fort grows naturally in Sicily, and
alfo in the iflands of the Archipelago. This hath a
perennial root, which fends out many {lender ftift
ftalks, twilling themfelves round the neighbouring
plants, and rile five or fix feet high ; thefe are gar-
niftied with leaves, which are divided into five or
feven narrow lobes, and are of a foft texture, like
fattin, Handing on fhort foot-ftalks. The flowers are
produced from the fide of the ftalks upon long foot-
ftalks, which fuftain two flowers of a- pale Rofe co-
lour, with five ftripes of a deeper red. This fort
creeps at the root, fb feldom produces feeds in Eng-
land, but is propagated by fhoots taken from the old
plants. The beft time for parting and tranfplanting
thefe plants, is about the beginning of Mayy when
they may be taken out of the green-houfe, add ex-
pofed in the open air but the young plants which
are feparated from the old ones, fhould be placed un-
der a frame, and {haded from the fun till they have
taken new root •, after which they mull be gradually
hardened to bear the open air, to which they muft
be expofed all the fummer ; but in autumn they muft
be placed in the green-houfe, and may be treated in
the fame way as the Canary Convolvulus before-
mentioned.
The twenty-third fort hath fame appearance of the
twenty-fecond, and hath been fuppofed to be the fame
fpecies by feme writers •, but I have cultivated both
many years, and never have found either of them al-
ter, fo that I make no doubt of their being diftinft
plants. This fort hath a perennial root like the for-
mer, which fends out many weak twining ftalks, rifl-
ing about three feet high, twilling about the plants
which ftand near it, or about each other, and if they
have no other fupport, fall to the ground j thefe are
garnifhed with leaves of different forms, feme are
Ihaped almoft like thofe of Betony, being {lightly cut;
on their edges, others are almoft heart-fhaped, and
are deeply cut on the fides, and fome are cut to the
midrib * they have a fhining appearance like fattin,
and are foft to the touch, {landing on fhort foot-ftalks.
The flowers are produced on the oppofite fide from
the leaves, having very long foot-ftalks, each fuftain-
ing two flowers of a pale Rofe colour, very like thofe
. of
of the former fpedes. It flowers in June, July, and
Auguft, but rarely ripens feeds in England. It hath
a perennial root, which fends out offsets, by which
it is propagated in England, in the fame manner as
the laft mentioned, and the plants mult be treated in
the fame way.
The twenty-fourth fort grows naturally in Portugal,
but hath been long cultivated in the flower-gardens
in England for ornament ; this is ufually titled Con-
volvulus Minor, by the feedfmen and gardeners. It
is an annual plant, which hath feveral thick herbace-
ous -{talks, growing about two feet long, which do
not twine like the other forts, but decline toward the
ground, upon which many of the lower branches lie
proftrate; thefe are garnifhed with fpear-fhaped leaves,
which fit dole to the branches ; the foot-ftalks of the
flowers come out juft above the leaves at the fame
joint, and on the fame fide of the ftalks ; thefe are
about two inches long, each fuftaining one large open
bell-fhaped flower, which in fome is of a fine blue
colour, with a white bottom ; in others they are pure
white, and fome are beautifully variegated with both
colours. The white flowers are fucceeded by white
feeds, and the blue by dark-coloured feeds, and this
difference is pretty conftant in both ; but thofe plants
with variegated flowers, have frequently plain flowers
of both colours intermixed with the ftriped ; there-
fore the only method to continue the variegated fort,
is to pull off all the plain flowers when they appear,
never fuffering any of them to remain for feed.
This fort is propagated by feeds, which fhould be
fown ori the borders of the flower-garden where they
are defigned to remain. The ufual method is to put
two or three feeds in each place where they are in-
tended to flower, covering them half an inch with
earth 5 and when the plants come up, if the feeds all
grove, there fhould be but two left in each place,
which will be fufficient ; the others fhould be drawn
out carefully, fo as not to difturb the roots of thofe
which are left; after which they will require no
other culture but to keep them clean from weeds. If
the feeds are fown in autumn, the plants will flower
in May ; but thofe which are fown in the fpring, will
not flower till about the middle of June, and will
continue flowering till the froft ftops them. The
feeds ripen in Auguft and September.
The twenty-fifth fort grows naturally in Italy and
Sicily. This hath a perennial root, which runs deep
in the ground, from which arife two or three upright
branching ftalks near two or three feet high, garnifh-
ed with narrow leaves about two inches long, which
fit clofe to the ftalks ; the foot-ftalks of the flower
proceed from the fame place ; thefe are four or five
inches long, each fuftaining four or five flowers, of a
pale Rofe colour, which fpread open almoft flat. This
flowers in June and July, but feldom produces good
feeds in England. It is propagated by feeds, which
muft be obtained from the countries where it natu-
rally grows ; thefe fhould be fown upon a warm dry
border, where they are defigned to remain ; for as
the plants run down with long tap-roots, they will
not bear tranfplanting, for I have often made trial of
this without any fuccefs. When the plants come up,
they fhould be thinned where they grow too clofe, and
afterward conftantly kept clean from weeds, which is
all the culture it will require. It flowers in July and
Auguft, and the ftalks decay in autumn ; but the
roots will laft feveral years, and if they are in a dry
foil and warm fituation, will abide through the win-
ters very well without covering. I have received a
variety of this from Nice, where it grows naturally,
with broader leaves, which are hairy. The flowers
are placed all toward the top of the ftalk upon long
foot-ftalks, growing many together very clofely join-
ed : but I cannot be fure if it is not a feminal varia-
tion, for it was lent me by the fame title.
The twenty-fixth fort grows naturally in France ;
this hath a perennial creeping root, from which arife
feveral fhort branching ftalks about four inches high,
garnifhed with fp'ear-ihaped fllky leaves ; the flowers
are produced on the, fide, and at the top of the ftalks,
in imall clufters, fitting clofe together; thele are
much fm aller than thofe of the former fort, but' are
of a deeper Rofe colour : this feldom produces feeds
in England, but the roots propagate ' in plenty. It
delights in a light dry foil, and requires no other care
but to keep the plants clean from weeds ; it may be
tranfplanted either in the fpring or autumn. This is
by fome iuppofed to be the fame as the laft mentioned
fort, but whoever has, cultivated them, can have no
doubt of their being different fpedes.
The twenty-feventh fort grows, naturally in Italy,, Si-
cily, and the iftands in the Archipelago. It riles with
upright fhrubby ftalks about three feet high. ; clofely
garnifhed with blunt, fpear-fnaped, filky leaves, which
are placed on every fide the ftalks ; they are near two •
inches long, and a quarter broad, rounding at their
ends. The flowers are produced in clufters at the
top of the ftalks, fitting very clofe ; they are of a
pale Rofe colour, and come out in June and July, but
do not perfebt feeds in England. This plant. will live
in the open air in mild winters, if it is planted in a
light foil and a warm fituation, but in hard winters it is
deftroyed ; therefore fome of the plants fhould be kept
in pots,- and fheltered under a common frame in win-
ter, where it may enjoy the free air in mild weather, and
be protected from the froft, and in fummer placed
abroad with other hardy exotic plants, where its fine
filky leaves will make a pretty appearance. It may
be propagated by laying down the branches, and alfo
by cuttings, but both very feldom put out roots the
fame year, and many of them wall fail ; fo that the
beft way is to procure the feeds from Italy, for thofe
plants which come from feeds, grow much larger than
thofe which are propagated the other way.
The twenty-eighth fort grows naturally in Candia,
and feveral of the iflands in the Archipelago. This
hath a perennial root, which fends up feveral erebt
branching ftalks about two feet high, which are gar-
nifhed with very narrow-pointed leaves, fitting clofe
to the ftalks, which are hoary. The flowers come
out fingly on the fide of the ftalks, fitting very clofe
to them, having fcarce any foot-ftalks ; thefe are of a
very pale bluifh colour, and fpread open almoft to
the bottom. It flowers in June and July, but rarely
produces any feeds in England.
This fort is propagated in the fame manner as the
twenty-fifth, and the plants require the fame treat-
ment. This plant muft have a dry foil and a warm
fituation, otherwife it will not live through the win-
ter in the open air in England. As the ftalks of
this fort decay in autumn, fo if the furface of the
ground about their roots is covered with fome old
tanners bark, it will preferve them in the hardeft
frofts.
The twenty-ninth fort is ufed in medicine. This is
ftiled Soldanella, and Braffica marina ; it grows na-
turally on the fea beaches in many parts of England,
but cannot be long preferved in a garden. This hath
many fmall, white, ftringy roots, which fpread wide,
and fend out feveral weak trailing branches, which
twine about the neighbouring plants like the com-
mon Bindweed, and are garnifhed with kidney -fh aped
leaves about the iize of thofe of the leffer Celandine,
ftanding upon long foot-ftalks, and are placed alter-
nate. The flowers are produced on the fide of the
branches at each joint. Thefe are fhaped like thofe
of the firft fort, and are of a reddifh purple colour ;
they appear in July, and are fucceeded by round cap-
fules, having three cells, each containing one black
feed ; every part of the plant abounds with a milky
juice. This is efteemed a good medicine to purge off
watery humours, and is preferibed in dropfies.
The thirtieth fort grows naturally in the ifland of
Ceylon. This is a perennial plant, having thick fiefhy
roots, which fpread far in the ground, and abound
with a milky juice, which flows out when the roots
are broken or wounded, and foon hardens into a refi-
nous fubftance, when expofed to the fun and air.
From the root fhoots forth many twining branches,
6 which
COM
which twift about each other, or the neighbouring
plants, like the common Bindweed. Thefe are gar-
nifhed with heart-fhaped leaves, which are foft to the
touch, like thofe of the Marfh Mallow. The flow-
ers are produced at the joints on the fide or the italics,
feveral handing together on the fame foot-ftahc j they
are white, and fhaped like thofe of the common great
Bindweed. Thefe are fucceeded by round capiules,
having three cells, which contain two feeds in each.
The roots of this plant, which is the only part ufed
in medicine, are brought to us from India, it is titled
Turpethum, or Turbith in the fhops.
This plant is tender, fo will not live in the open air
in England ; it is propagated by feeds, which muft
be fown on a hot-bed ; and when the plants are fit to
remove, they fliould be each planted in a fsparate pot,
and plunged into a hot-bed of tanners bark, and
fcreened from the fun till they have taken frefh root,
and afterward mull be treated in the fame manner as
hath been direded for the eighth fort.
The thirty-firft fort is the Jalap which is ufed in me-
dicine. This grows naturally at Haleppo, in^the
Spanifh Weft-Indies, fituated between La Vera Cruz
and Mexico. The root of this plant hath been long
ufed in medicine, but it was not certainly known,
what plant it was produced from'. The old title
of this was Mechoacana nigra, but father Plunder
afferted that it was the root of one fpecies.of Marvel
of Peru •, from whence Tournefort was induced to
conftitute a genus from that plant, under the title of
Jalapa. But Mr. Ray, from better information, put
it among the Convolvuli, and titled it Convolvulus
Americanus, Jalapium didus. This was by the late
Dr. Houftoun certainly afcertained, who brought
fome of the roots of this plant from the Spanifh
Weft-Indies to Jamaica, where he planted them,
with a defign of cultivating the plants in that ifland,
where he obferved them to thrive, during his abode
there : but foon after he left the country, the perfon
to whofe care he committed them, was fo carelefs as
to fuffer hogs to root them out of the ground, and
deftroy them ; fo that there was no remains of them
left, when he returned there ; nor have I heard of this
plant being introduced into any of the Britifh iflands
fince.
A few years paft I received a few of the feeds of this
plant, which fucceeded in the Chelfea garden, where
the plants throve very well, but did not produce any
flowers. This hath a large root of an oval form,
which is full of a milky juice ; from which come out
many herbaceous triangular twining ftalks, rifling
eight or ten feet, garnifhed with variable leaves, fome
of them being heart-fhaped, others angular, and fome
oblong and pointed. They are fmooth, and ftand
upon long foot-ftalks ; and from a drawing of the
plant, made by a Spaniard in the country, where it
grows naturally, who gave it to Dr. Houfton, and is
now in my pofieffion, the flowers are fhaped like
thofe of the common Great Bindweed, each foot-ftalk
fupporting one flower. But as it is only a pencil
drawing, fo the colour is not expreffed, therefore I
can give no farther account of it. The feeds of this
are covered with very white down like cotton.
As this plant is a native of a warm country, fo it will
not thrive in England, unlefs it is preferved in a
warm ftove •, therefore the feeds muft be fown on a
hot-bed, and the plants put into pots, and plunged
into a hot-bed of tanners bark, and treated in the
fame manner as the eighth fort •, with this difference
only, that as this hath large, fiefhy, fucculent roots,
fo they fliould have but little water given them, ef-
pecially in winter, left it caufe them to rot. They
fliould be planted in light fandy earth not too rich,
for the fame reafon, and the plants fhould always re-
main in the bark-ftove.
The root of Jalap is efteemed an excellent cathartic
medicine, purging ferous watery humours efpecially,
and is of Angular fervice in dropfies, and for rheu-
matic diforders. But the quantity of the root which
is ufed in medicine, is not fufficient to render the in-
j, i
trodudion of this plant into the BritfPn colonies, &
matter of great concern. But fince the diftiilers and
brewers haye found out its ufe for exciting a fermen-
tation, the confumption of it is now fo great, as that
it would become a national benefit, if it were pro-
duced in the Britifh iflands •, which might be focfn ef-
feded, were the inhabitants of thofe iflands a little
more attentive to their own, and the public benefit,
CONYZA. Lin. Gen. Phlnt. 854. Tourn Inft. R.
IT. 454. tab. 259. [of KmWJ, 'Or- becaufe the leaves,
being hung up, drive away gnats and fleas, as Diof-
co rides fays :] Flea-bane.
The Characters are.
It hath a compound flower , made Up of many hermaphrodite
florets , which compofe the diflk and female half floret c ,
which are ranged round the border , and form the rays i
the hermaphrodite florets are funnel floaped , and cut into
five parts at the brim., which fpread open •, thefe have each
five J'hcrt hairy ftamina , terminated by cylindrical fum-
mits 5 iti the bottom of each floret is fituated a gennen
fupporting a fender flyle , crowned by a bifid ftigma. 'The
female half florets or rays , are funnel-Jhaped , and cut into
three parts at the top •, thefe have a germen , with a
fender flyle , terminated by two fender ftigmas , but have
no ftamina . All thefe are included in a common fcaly em-
palement , ivhich is oblong and flquare ; the fcales are
pointed , and the outer ones fpread 1 open. The hermaphro-
dite and female florets , are each fucceeded by one oblong
feed , crowned with down , fitting upon a plain receptacle ,
and are included in the empalement.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fedion
of Linnaeus’s nineteenth clafs, inritled Syngenefla
Polygamia fuperflua. The plants of this fedion have
hermaphrodite and female florets, which are both
fruitful.
The Species are,
1. Conyza ( Sqy.arrofa ) foliis lanceolatis acutis, caule
annuo corymbofo. Hort. Cliff. 405. Flea-bane with
pointed fpear-floaped leaves , an annual ftalk, and flowers
growing in roundijh bunches. Conyza major vulgaris.
C. B. P. 265. Common greater Flea-bane.
2. Conyza ( Bifrons ) foliis ovato oblongis, amplexicau-
libus. Hort. Cliff. 405. Flea-bane with oblong oval leaves
embracing the ftalks. Eupatoria Conyzoides maxima
Canadenfis, foliis caulem ampiexantibus. Pluk. Aim.
3. Conyza ( Candidas ) foliis ovatis tomentofri, flonbus
confertis, pedunculis lateralibus terminalibufque,
Hort. Cliff. 405. Flea-bane with oval woolly leaves ,
flowers growing in clufters , and foot-ftalhs proceeding from
the fides and terminating the ftalks. Conyza Cretica
fruticofa, folio molli candidiffimo& tomentofo. Tourn.
Cor - 33 -
4. Conyza [Fobata) folds inferioribus trifidis, fuperiori-
bus ovato lanceolatis obfolete ferratis floribus corym-
bofis. Hort. Cliff. 405. Flea bane whofe under leaves
are trifid , thofe above oval and fpear-floaped , and flowers
growing in round bunches. Conyza arborefeens lutea,
folio trifido. Plum. Cat. 9. 4
5. Conyza (T omentofis ) arborefeens, foliis oblongo ova-
tis, tomentofls, fubtus cinereis, floribus terminalibus
pedunculis racemofis. Tree Flea-bane with oblong zvoolly
leaves , of an AJh colour on their under fide , and flowers
terminating the branches , funding upon branching foot-
ftalks. Conyza arborefeens, tomentofa, foliis oblon-
gis, floribus in fummitatibus racemorum, ramofls
fparfis albicantibus. Houft. MSS.
6 . Conyza ( Salicifolius ) foliis linearibus decurrentibns
ferratis, floribus corymbofis terminalibus. Flea-bane
with narrow running leaves , and flowers in round bunches
terminating the ftalks. Conyza herbacea, caule alato,
Salicis folio, floribus umbellatis purpureis minoribUs.
Houft. MSS.
7. Conyza ( Ccrymbofa ) arborefeens, foliis lanceolatis,
floribus Corymbofis, terminalibus pedunculis race-
mofis. Tree Flea-bane with fpear-floaped leaves , and
flowers growing in round bunches at the end of the /hoots ,
having branching foot ftalks. Conyza arborefeens, fo-
liis oblongis floribus flngulis tribus flofculis conftan-
tibus. Houft. MSS.
4 E 8, Conyza
\
I
I S3
8. Conyza ( Fifcofa ) caule herbaceo, foliis ovatis fer-
ratis, villofis, floribus alaribus & terminalibus. Flea-
bane with an herbaceous /talk, oval , [awed , hairy leaves ,
and flowers proceeding from the fides , and at the ends of
the branches. Conyza odorata, Bellidis folio villofa
& vifcofa, Houft. MSS.
9. Conyza ( Arborefcens ) foliis ovatis integerrimis acutis
fubtus tomentofis, fpicis recurvatis fecundis, brafteis
reflexis. Lin. Sp. 1209. Flea-bane with entire oval-
pointed leaves, woolly on their under fide, recurved abound-
ing fpikis of flowers , and reflexed brablea. Conyza fru-
ticofa, flore pallide purpurea, capitulis & lateribus
ramulorum fpicatum exeuntibus. Sloan. Cat. Tam.
124.
10. Conyza {Symphyti folia) foliis oblongo ovatis fcabris,
floribus racemofis terminalibus, caule herbaceo. Flea-
bane with oblong, oval , rough leaves, flowers growing in
bunches at the ends of the branches, and an herbaceous
ftalk. Conyza Symphyti facie, flore luteo. Houft.
MSS.
11. Conyza ( Scandens ) foliis lanceolatis fcabris, nervofis
feflilibus, racemis recurvatis, floribus adfcendentibus,
pedunculis lateralibus caule fruticofo fcandente. Flea-
bane with rough , nervous , fpear-Jhaped leaves fitting
clofe to the branches, recurved fpikes, with flowers Jiand-
ing upward, foot-Jlalks proceeding from the fide of the
branches, and climbing fhrubby ftalks. Conyza Ameri-
cana fcandens, Lauri folio afpero, floribus fpicatis
albis. Houft. MSS.
12. Conyza {Trinerviis ) foliis ovatis glabris, trinerviis
integerrimis, floribus fpicatis terminalibus, caule fru-
ticofo. Flea-bane with oval fmooth leaves, which have
three veins and are entire , flowers growing in fpikes at
the ends of the branches , and a fhrubby ftalk. Conyza
Americana frutefcens, foliis ovatis trinerviis & inte-
gris, floribus fpicatis albis. Houft. MSS.
13. Conyza ( Uniflora ) foliis lanceolatis acutis feflilibus,
floribus flngulis lateralibus, calycibus coloratis, caule
fruti cofo ramofo. Flea-bane with pointed fpear-flcaped leaves
fitting clofe to the branches. Jingle flowers on the fide of the
branches, which have coloured empalements, and a fhrubby
branching ftalk. Conyza Americana frutefcens foliis
oblongis acutis, capitulis & ramulorum exeuntibus,
calycibus purpurafcentibus. Houft. MSS.
14. Conyza ( Spicata ) fruticofa foliis ovatis trinerviis,
floribus fpicatis alaribus. Shrubby Flea-bane with oval
leaves having three nerves, and flowers growing in fpikes
from the fide of the branches.
1 5. Conyza ( [Pedunculata ) foliis ovato lanceolatis tri-
nerviis, pedunculis longiflimis terminalibus floribus
corymbofts. Flea-bane with oval fpear-Jhaped leaves
Shaving three veins , foot-Jlalks which are very long ter-
minating the branches, and flowers growing in round
bunches.
1 6. Conyza ( Baccharis ) foliis ovato oblongis, obtufis
ferratis, femiamplexicaulibus, floribus corymbofis ttr-
minalibus. Flea-bane with oblong oval leaves which are
obtufe and flawed, half embracing the ftalks with their
baft, and flowers in round bunches terminating the ftalks.
Eupatorium Conyzoides Sinica Baccharidis folio rarius
crenato, fummo caule ramofo, floribus parvis coro-
nato. Pluk. Amath. 80.
1 7. Conyza {Odor a to) foliis lanceolatis ferratis, petio-
latis, caule fruticofo ramofo, floribus corymbofis ter-
minalibus. Flea-bane with fpear-Jhaped Jawed leaves
having foot-Jlalks, and flowers growing in round bunches
at the end of the branches. Conyza major odorato five
Baccharis floribus purpureis nudis. Sloan. Cat. Jam.
12 1.
18. Conyza {Hirfutad) foliis ovalibus integerrimis fca-
bris fubtus hirlutis. Lin. Sp. 1209. Flea-bane with
oval, entire , rough leaves, hairy on their under fide.
The firft fort grows naturally upon dry places in fe-
veral parts of England, fo is feldom allowed a p’ >
in gardens, This is a biennial plant, which decays
foon after the feeds are ripe ; it hath feveral large, ob-
long, pointed leaves, growing near the ground, 'which
are hairy ; between thefe the ftalks come out, which
rife two feet and a half high, dividing upward into
feveral branches, garniflied with fmailer oblong leaves,
3
ftanding alternate ; at the ends of the ftalks the flow-
ers are produced in round bunches, which are of a
dirty yellow colour •, thefe are fucceeded by oblong
feeds, crowned with down. It flowers in July, and
the feeds ripen in autumn. If the feeds are per-
mitted to fcatter, the plants will come up the following
fpring, and require no other care but to keep them
clean from weeds.
The fecond fort grows naturally on the mountains in
Italy, and is preferved in botanic gardens for the fake
of variety. This hath a biennial root but an annual
ftalk. From a thick fibrous root arife many upright
ftalks, garniflied with oblong oval leayes, which are
rough, and embrace the ftalks with their bafe • thefe
have appendages running along the ftalk, from one
to the other, whereby the ftalk is winged. The
upper part of the ftalks divide into many fmailer
branches, garnifhed with leaves of the fame form as
the other, but fmailer, ftanding alternate ; the
branches and main ftalks, are terminated by yellow
flowers growing in round bunches -, thefe are fuc-
ceeded by oblong feeds, crowned with down. It flow-
ers in July, and the feeds ripen in autumn. This is
propagated by feeds, which may be fown on a bed of
light earth in the fpring, and when the plants come
up, they fhould be thinned where they are too near,
and kept clean from weeds ; the following autumn
they may be tranfplanted where they are defigned to
remain, and require no other care but to keep them
clean from weeds. The fecond year they will flower
and produce ripe feeds, and will continue two years if
the foil is not too good, for thefe plants often rot,
when they are planted in a rich foil.
The third fort grows naturally in Crete. This hath a
fhort fhrubby ftalk, which in this country feldom rifes
more than fix inches high, dividing into feveral fhort
branches, which are clofely garniflied with oval,
woolly, very white leaves from thefe branches arife
the flower-ftalks, which are woolly, about nine inches
high, garniflied with fmall, oval, white leaves, placed
alternate. The flowers are produced at the fides,
and end of the ftalk,' fometimes but one, at other
times two, and fometimes three flowers Handing on
the fame foot-ftalk. They are of a dirty yellow co-
lour, and appear in July, but rarely are fucceeded
by feeds in this country ; fo the plant is propagated
here by flips, which, if taken from the old plants in
June, and planted on an eaft-afpe£ted border, and
covered with hand-glafles, will take root in fix or
eight weeks. But thefe flips mull be frequently, but
gently refreflied with water, and the glades fhould
be fliaded in hot weather ; and after they have been
planted a fortnight, the glafles fhould be raifed on
one fide to admit air to the cuttings ; and when they
have taken root, they fhould be gradually expofed to
the open air. In autumn thefe fhould be carefully
taken up, preferving the earth to their roots ; fome
of them may be planted in pots, that they may be
fheltered under a frame in the winter and the others
fhould be planted in a warm border of dry poor earth,
where they will endure the cold of our ordinary
winters very well, and continue many years. This
is preferved in gardens, more for the beauty of its
fllvery leaves than its flowers, which have not much
to recomfnend them.
The fourth fort grows naturally in Jamaica, from
whence it was fent me by the late Dr. Houftoun.
This is titled by Sir Hans Sloane Virga aurea major,
fc. Herba Doria folio flnuato hirfuto. Cat. Jam. 125.
It rifes with a fhrubby ftalk leven or eight feet high,
dividing into feveral branches, garnifhed with rough
leaves four inches long, fhaped like the point of a
halbert. The flowers are produced in roundifh
bunches, at the extremity of the branches ; they are
yellow, and ftand clofe together. Thefe are fucceeded
by oblong feedsr crowned with down.
This plant is too tender to thrive in the open air in
this country, therefore the feeds muft be fown upon
a hot-bed ; and when the pknts are fit to remove,
they muft be each tranfplanted into a feparate fmall
pot
CON
pot filled with light fandy earth, and plunged into a
hot-bed, obferving to fcreen them from the lun till
they have taken new root ; then they muft have free
air admitted to them every day, in proportion to the
warmth of the feafon ; they muft alfo be frequently
watered in warm weather, but they ihould not have
it in too great plenty. As the plants advance in
ftrength, fo they muft have a greater ftiare of air ;
and if the feafon is warm, they may be expofed to
the open air for a few weeks in the heat of fummer,
provided they are placed in a warm fituation ; but if
the nights prove cold, or much wet Ihould fall, they
muft be removed into fhelter: if thefe plants are
placed in a moderate ftove in winter, they will thrive
better than in greater heat, and in fummer they ihould
have a large Chare of air. With this management I
have had the plants flower well in July, though they
have not perfeded feeds here.
The fifth fort rifes with a tfoody ftalk ten or tv/elve
feet high, dividing into many branches, whole bark
is covered with a brown down •, thefe are garnifhed
with oblong oval leaves, which are green on their
upper fide, butof anAfli colouron their under, placed
alternate, on fhort foot-ftalks. The flowers are pro-
duced at the end of the branches, upon long branching
foot-ftalks, in loofe fpikes ranged on one fide -, they
are white, and are fucceeded by long flat feeds
crowned with down. This plant grows naturally at
La Vera Cruz in New Spain, from whence DrHouf-
toun Cent me the feeds. It is a tender plant, fo muft
be treated in the fame manner as hath been direded
for the former fort.
The fixth fort grows naturally at La Vera
Cruz in New Spain. This hath a perennial root,
from which arife feveral upright ftalks three feet
high, garnifhed with long narrow leaves, fawed on
their edges, placed alternate, and have appendages
which run along the ftalk from one to the other,
forming a border or wing to the ftalks. The flowers
are produced at the end of the ftalks in round
bunches, they are fmali, and of a purple colour, and
are fucceeded by oblong flat feeds, crowned with
down. This is propagated by feeds, which muft be
fown upon a hot-bed in the fpring, and the plants
muft afterward be tranfplanted into pots, and plunged
into a freih hot- bed, obferving to fcreen them from
the fun till they have taken freih root ; after which
they muft have a large ihare of air, and about Mid-
fummer they may be placed in the open air in a
iheltered fituation, where they may remain till the
end of September, when they ihould be removed into
the ftove, and during the winter kept in a temperate
degree of warmth. The fecond year thefe plants
will flower, but they do not perfect feeds in England.
The feventh fort was fent me from La Vera Cruz by
the late Dr. Houftoun, who found it growing there
naturally. This hath a ftrong woody item, which
rifes to the height of fourteen or fixteen feet, covered
with an Aih-coloured bark, and is divided upward
into many ligneous branches, garniihed with fpear-
ihaped leaves Handing alternate, on fhort foot-ftalks.
Thefe branches are terminated by roundifh bunches
of white flowers, fitting upon long foot-ftalks, feve-
ral of them being joined on the fame foot-ftalk.
Thefe are not fucceeded by feeds in England, fo
that the feeds muft be procured from abroad, and
thefe muft be fown on a hot-bed, and the plants af-
terward treated in the fame manner as the fourth
fort.
The eighth fort grows naturally at La V era Cruz,
from whence it was fent me by the late Dr. Houf-
toun ; this is an annual plant, which grows in low
moift places, where the water Hands in winter •, it hath
an herbaceous branching ftalk, which rifes about one
foot high, garnifhed at each joint with one oval leaf,
fitting clofe to the branches ; thefe are fawed on their
edges, and covered with a white hairy down. The
flowers are produced from the fide of the branches
on (lender foot-ftalks, each for the moft part fuftain-
in a- three flowers, which are white, and are fucceeded I
SO ' 1
by chaffy feeds, crowned with down ; the whole plant
is vifcous, and will (tick to the fingers of thofe who
handle it.
The feeds of this plant muft be fown on a hot-bed in
the fpring, and when the plants are fit to remove,
they Ihould be each tranfplanted into a feparate pot,
and plunged into a freih hot-bed, and treated in the
fame manner as the other tender forts, but muft have
a large (hare of air in warm weather, and frequently
refrefhed with water. In July thefe plants will flower,
and if the autumn proves favourable, they will ripen
their feeds ; a plant or two of this fort may be pre-
ferved for the fake of variety, but there is little beauty
in it.
The ninth fort grows naturally in Jamaica, from
whence the feeds were fent me by the late Dr. Houf-
toun ; this rifes with a fhrubby ftalk fix or feven feet
high, dividing into many ligneous branches, which
have a meally bark, and garniihed with fpear-fhaped
leaves, fitting clofe to the branches ^ they are hairy,
and of a filver colour on their under fide, and are
placed alternate. The flowers come out from the
fide of the branches, generally in loofe fpikes, which
grow horizontal, and ftand on the upper fide
ered; but fometimes they come out Angle, fitting
clofe between the leaf and branch-, thefe are of a
pale purple colour, and are fucceeded by chaffy feeds,
crowned with a down.
This fort is propagated by feeds, which muft be ob-
tained from the country where it grows naturally, for
it doth not produce feeds in England, though it has
flowered feveral years in the Chelfea garden ; the feeds
muft be fown, and the plants afterward treated in the
fame manner as hath been before direded for the
fourth fort.
The tenth fort grows naturally at La Vera CruZ, from
whence it was fent me by the late Dr. William Houf-
toun ; this hath a perennial root, and an annual ftalk.
It grows about three feet high ; the leaves are from
four to five inches long, and one and a half’ broad
in the middle, and are rough like thofe of Comfrey.
The ftalks are terminated by branching flower-ftalks,
each foot-ftalk fuftaining feveral yellow flowers, not
much unlike thofe of the common fort. This is pro-
pagated by feeds in the fame manner as the fixth fort,
and the plants muft be treated in the fame way. It
will flower the fecond year, but it doth not ripen feeds
in England.
O
The eleventh fort was fent me from La Vera Cruz
by the late Dr. Houftoun ; this hath a climbing
fhrubby ftalk, which rifes fourteen or fixteen feet
high, and divides into many branches, garnifhed with
leaves about the fize of thofe of the Bay-tree, and
full as thick in their texture, having many deep
tranfverfe nerves, running from the midrib to the
Tides ; they are of a pale green colour. The flowers
are produced in long fpikes, ranged on the upper
fide of the fpikc only, which come out from the hide
of the branches, pointed upward ; thefe are large and
white, and are fucceeded by fiat dark-coloured feeds,
crowned with down.
This plant makes a fine appearance in the ftove when
it flowers, and as it retains its leaves all the year, fo
in the winter feafon it affords an agreeable variety
among other tender plants. The culture of this plant
is the fame as hath been direded for the fourth fort,
fo need not be repeated.
The twelfth fort was fent me from Carthagena in
New Spain, where it grows naturally, by the late Mn
Robert Millar, furgeon this rifes with a fhrubby
ftalk fix or feven feet high, dividing into feveral
ligneous branches, garniihed with oval, fmooth, en-
tire leaves, having three longitudinal veins, placed
alternate, clofe to the branches. The flowers are
produced in fnort clofe fpikes at the end of the
branches thefe are white, and are fucceeded by ob-
long flat feeds, crowned with down • this fort is
tender, fo muft be treated in the fame manner as the
fourth, and will abide feveral years with this manage-
ment.
The ■
■■ ; ’■ > ' v ■ ' h i /
lUC
/
T he thirteenth fort grows naturally in the fame coun -
try as the laft mentioned, and was lent me by the
Tune gentleman ; this rifes with a Ihrubby ftalk eight
or ten feet high, dividing into many long {lender
branches, garnifhed with fpear-fhaped leaves, three
inches long, and three quarters of an inch broad in
the middle, ending in acute points; the fmaller
branches are fet with very narrow, oblong, pointed
leaves, which grow clofe to the {talks ; and at each
joint is produced one pretty large white flower,
with a purple empalement ; thefe flowers come out
the whole length of the fmall branches, fitting dole
to the bale of the leaves, fo that the plants make a
pretty appearance in flower. This may be propa-
gated in the fame way as the fourth, and with that
management it hath flowered very well, but it doth
not produce feeds in England.
The fourteenth fort was fent me from Carthagena by
the beiore-mentioned gentleman, who found it grow-
ing there in great plenty. This hath a ftrong woody
fern, rifing ten or twelve feet high, divided upward
into many fhort ligneous branches, whofe joints are
very clofe to each other. The leaves come out al-
ternate on every fide the branches, to which they fit
very clofe ; they are frnooth, one inch long, and half
an inch broad, ending in acute points, having three
longitudinal veins. The flowers are white, and pro-
duced in Ihort clofe fpikes, which come out from the
fide of the branches, and are fucceeded by oblong flat
feeds, crowned with down.
This is a tender plant, fo requires the fame treatment
as the fourth fort, with which it hath flowered very
well, but hath not produced feeds in England.
'The fifteenth fort rifes with a Ihrubby Idem to the
height of fix or feven feet, dividing into feveral
branches, which have a dark brown bark, and are
clofely garnilhed with oval, fpear-fhaped, frnooth
leaves, having three longitudinal veins, handing on
Ihort foot-ftalks, placed alternate on every fide the
branches. The flowers are produced on long naked
foot-ftalks, which extend five or fix inches beyond
the end of the branches ; thefe are purple, and form
a kind of round bunch : the empalement of the
flower is compofed of Ihort chaffy fcales.
This grows naturally at Campeachy, from whence the
feeds were fent me by Mr. Robert Millar. It is a ten-
der plant, fo muft be treated in the fame way as is di-
rected for the fourth fort, with which it hath flowered,
but hath not produced feeds in this country.
The fixteenth fort grows naturally at Campeachy,
from whence I received the feeds ; this rifes with a
Ihrubby ftalk to the height of ten or twelve feet,
fending out many ftrong ligneous branches, covered
with a dark-coloured bark, garnifhed with oblong,
oval, blunt leaves, fawed on their edges, and half
embrace the ftalks with their bafe : the flowers are
purple, grov/ing in round bunches at the end of the
branches, and are fucceeded by flat feeds, crowned
with down.
This is alfo a tender plant, and requires the fame
treatment as the fourth lbrt, with which it hath flow-
ered, but doth not produce feeds in England.
If the feeds of thefe plants are fown in autumn foon
after they are ripe, there is no danger of their mif-
carrying ; but as thefe are moft of them brought from
abroad, they do not arrive here in good time, fo the
plants rarely come up the firft year ; therefore the
feeds fhould be fown in pots, that they may be pre-
ferved through the winter, and the following fpring
the plants will come up.
The feventeenth fort grows naturally in Jamaica;
this rifes with a fhrubby branching ftalk about four
or five feet high. The lower branches and ftalk are
garnifhed with fpear-fhaped leaves about four inches
long, and one broad in the middle ; they are fawed
on their edges, and have Ihort foot-ftalks ; the leaves
on the upper branches are much narrower, and end
in acute points. The flowers are purple, and are
precluded in round bunches' at the end of the branches,
and are fucceeded by downy feeds like the other fpe-
COP
cies. T his is tender, and requires the fame culture
as the fourth fort.
The feventeenth fort grows naturally in China : this
is a biennial plant, which perilhes foon after the feeds
are ripe. The ftalks are hairy, rifing about two feet
high, garnifhed with oblong oval leaves, which are
entire, rough on their upper fide, but have many
ftrong pale hairs on their under, placed alternately
on the branches. The flowers are purple, confirm-
om from the fide of the branches in oblong fpikes. &
This fort is propagated by feeds, which fhould be
fown in pots in the autumn, if they can be procured
at that feafon ; but the pots ftiould be placed in a o-ar-
den-frame in winter, to prevent the feeds fuffering by
cold and wet. If the feeds are fown in the fpring,
the plants rarely come up the fame year, therefore
it will be proper to fcreen this in winter ; when this
is obferved, the plants will rife the following fpring.
When the plants are fit to remove, they fhould be
each planted in a feparate pot, and placed into a very
moderate hot-bed, where they muft be fcreened from
the fun until they have taken root ; after which they
fhould be gradually hardened to bear the open air,
into which they fhould be removed the beginnino- of
June, placing them in a ftieltered fttuation, , where
the fecond feafon they will flower, and if the hummer
is good, they will ripen their feeds.
C O N S E R VAT O RY. See Green-House.
CONVAL LITY. See Convallaria.
COPAIFERA, the balfam of Capevi.
The Characters are.
It hath no empalement ; the flower conflfts of five leaves ,
which expands in form of a Rofe ; it hath ten floor t fla-
vnina , crowned by long Jummits. ’The point al is fixed in
the center cfl the flower , which afterward becomes a pod %
in which are contained one or two feeds , which are fur-
rounded with a pulp of a yellow colour .
We know but one fort of this tree, which is,
Copaifera( Officinalis) foliis pinnatis. The balfam of Capevi,
This tree grows near a village called Ayapel, in the
province of Antiochi, in the Spanifh Weft-Indies ;
this is about ten days journey from Carthagena. There
are great numbers of thefe trees in the woods about
this village, which grow to the height of fifty or fixty
feet. Some of thefe trees do not yield any of the
balfam, thofe which do are diftinguifhed by a ridge
which runs along their trunks ; the trees are wounded
in their center, and they place calabafh {hells, or fome
other vefiels to the wounded part to receive the bal-
fam, which will all flow out in a fhort time. One of
thefe trees will yield five or fix gallons of the balfam ;
but though thefe trees will thrive well after being
tapped, yet they never afford any more balfam.
As this balfam is ufed in medicine, it deferves our
application to procure the trees, and cultivate them in
fome of the Englifli colonies of America ; for as the
Englifh are poffefled of lands in fo many different la-
titudes, they might cultivate moft kinds of trees and
plants from the different parts of the world, which
are ufeful in medicine, dyeing, or for any other purpofe
of life.
The feeds of this tree were brought from the coun-
try of their growth by Mr. Robert Millar, furgeon,
who fowed a part of them in Jamaica, which he in-
formed me had fucceeded very well ; fo that we may
hope to have thefe trees propagated in great plenty
in a few years, in fome of the Englifli colonies, if the
fiothfulnefs of the inhabitants doth not fuffer them to
perifh, as they have the Cinnamon-tree, and fome
other ufeful plants, which have been carried thither
by curious perfons.
There are not at prefent any of thefe trees in Eu-
rope, that I can learn ; for thofe feeds which Mr.
Millar fent over to England, were all deftroyed by
infefts in their paffage, fo that not one fucceeded in
the feveral places where they were fown ; but could
frefh feeds be procured, the plants might be raifed in
England, and preferved in the bark-ftoves very well ;
for the country of their growth is much more tempe-
rate than many others, from whence we have been
G O R
furniflied v/ith a great variety of plants, which fuc-
ceed very well in the ftoves, and fome of them arrive
to a great degree of perfeftion.
CORALLODENDRON. See Erythrina.
CORCHORUS. Lin. Gen. Plant. 675. Tourn. Inft.
259. tab. 135. Jews Mallow.
The Characters are,
The empalement of the flower is compofed of fins ’narrow
fpear-Jhaped leaves, which cits erelt. Tee fiowev hath
five oblong blunt petals, which are no longer than the ern-
palement. It hath many hairy ftamina , which are floor ter
than the petals , terminated by fmall fummits. In the
center is fiiiuated an oblong furrowed get men, fupporting a
fhort thick Jlyle , crowned by a bifid fiigma. The germen
afterward becomes a, cylindrical pod, having five cells,
which are filled with angular-pointed feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fetrion of
Linnaeus’s thirteenth clafs, intitled Polyandria Mo-
nogynia, the flowers Having many ftamina and but
one ftyle.
The Species are,
1. Corchorus ( Olitorius ) capfulis oblongis, ventricofis,
foliorum infimis ferraturis fetaceis. Lin. Flor. Zeyl.
21 3- Jews Mallow with oblong fwelling pods , and the
faws on the under fide of the leaves terminatingwith br files.
Corchorus five Melochia. J. B. 2. 982. Common Jews
Mallow.
2. Corchorus (Jifiuans) capfulis oblongis, fexfulcatis
fexcufpidatis, foliis cordatis infimis ferraturis fetaceis.
Lin. Sp. 746. Jews Mallow with oblong furrowed pods,
heart-floaped leaves, whofe faws terminate with briftles.
Corchorus Americana, carpini foliis, fextuplici cap-
fu-la pradonga. Pluk.
3. Corchorus (Capfularis) capfulis fubrotund is, depreffis,
ruo-ofis. Flor. Zeyl. 214. Jews Mallow with roundijh
deprejfed capfules which are rough. Corchorus Ameri-
cana, praelongis foliis, capfula ftriata iubrotunda brevi.
Pluk.
'4. Corchorus ( Tetragonis ) foliis ovato-cordatis crenatis,
capfulis tetragonis, apicibus reflexis. Jews Mallow
with oval heart-Jhaped leaves which are cremated, and
four-cornered capfules , whofe points are reflexed. Cor-
chorus flore fiavo, fruftu carophylloide. Pluk.
Corchorus {fiineanbus ) foliis lanceolatis, ferrato
dentatis, capfulis linearibus, compreffis, bivalvibus.
Jew Mallow with fpear-Jhaped leaves, which are in-
dented like the teeth of a faw, and narrow, comprejfied,
bivalvular pods.
6. Corchorus ( Bifurcatis ) foliis cordatis, ferratis, cap-
fulis linearibus, compreffis, apicibus bifurcatis. Jews
Mallow with heart-floaped fawed leaves, and narrow com-
prejfed pods , whofe points have two horns.
7. Corchorus ( Siliquofus ) capfulis linearibus compreffis,
foliis lanceolatis requaliter ferratis. Lin. Sp. 746-
Jews Mallow with comprejfed capfules, and fpear-Jhaped
leaves equally fawed on their edges. Corchorus Ameri-
cana, foliis & fruftu auguftioribus. Tourn. Inft. R.
H. 259.
8. Corchorus {Hirfuta) capfulis fubrotundis lanatis, fo-
liis ovatis obtufis tomentofis asqualiter ferratis. Lin.
Sp. 747. Jews Mallow with roundiflo downy pods , and
cbtufe, oval, woolly leaves, which are equally fawed on
their edges. Corchoro affimis Chamsedryos folio, _ flore
ftamineo, feminioribus atris quadrangulis duplici ferie
difpofitis. Sloan. Cat. 50.
The firft fpecies, Rauwolf fays, is fown in great plenty
about Aleppo, as a pot-herb, the Jews boiling the
leaves of this plant to eat with their meat ; this he
fuppofes to be the Olus Judaicum of Avicenna, and
the Corchorum of Pliny.
This plant grows in the Eaft and Weft-Indies, from
both which places I have feveral times received the
feeds. In the Eaft-Indies the herb is ufed in the fame
manner as in the Levant, as I have been informed
but I do not hear that it is ufed by the inhabitants of
America.
It is an annual plant, which rifes about two feet high,
dividing into feveral branches, garnifhed with leaves
of different fizes and forms •, fome are fpear-fhaped,
Others are oval, and fome almoft heart-fhaped ; they
G O R
are of a deep green, and flightly indented on their
edges, having near their bafe two briftly fegments, 1
which are reflexed. They have very long fiender
foot-ftalks, efpeciallv thofe which grow on the lower 1
part of the branches. The flowers fit dole on the
oppofite fide of the branches to the leaves, coming out
fingly ; they are compofed of five fmall yellow pe-
tals, and a great number of ftamina furrounding the
oblong germen, which is fituated in the center of the
flower, and afterward turns to a rough fwelling cap-
fule, two inches long, ending in a point, opening iri
four cells, which are filled with angular greeniih feeds;
This plant flowers in July and Auguft, and the feeds
ripen in autumn.
The fecond fort grows naturally in feveral iflands of
the Weft-Indies, from whence the feeds have beer!
fent me •, this is alfo an annual plant, which rifes with
a ftrbng herbaceous ftalk two feet High, divided
tlpward into two or three branches, garnifhed with
heart-ffiaped leaves, fawed on their edges, Handing
upon long foot-ftalks ; and between thefe are feveral:
fmaller leaves nearly of the fame form, fitting clofe to
the branches. The flowers come out fingly oh the fide
of the branches, as the other, which are fhaped like
them, and are fucceeded by longer fwelling pods,
which are rough, and have four longitudinal furrows j
thefe open into four parts at the top, and contain four
rows of angular feeds. It flowers and feeds at the
fame tinle with the former fort.
The third fort grows naturally in both Indies ; I have
received the feeds of this from feveral parts of India
and America ; this is alfo an annual plant, which rifes
with a (lender herbaceous ftalk about three feet
high, fending out feveral weak branches, which are
garnifhed at each joint by one leaf of an oblong heart-
Ihape, ending in a long acute point, and are fawed
on their edges, Handing upon Ihort foot-ftalks. The
flowers come out fingly on the fide of the branches,
to which they fit very clofe •, they are fmaller than
thofe of the former forts, and are fucceeded by fhort
roundiih feed-vefiels, which are rough, and flatted
at the top, having fix cells filled with fmall angular
feeds. This flowers and feeds at the fame time as the
former.
The fourth fort is alfo a native of both Indies, from
whence I have received the feeds ; this is an annual
plant, which rifes about two feet high, dividing into
fmall branches, garnifned with oval heart-fhaped
leaves, fawed on their edges. The flowers of this
are very fmall, of a pale yellow, and are fucceeded
by fwelling, rough, four-cornered feed-veflfels, about
an inch long, flatted at the top, where there are four
horns, which are reflexed, fo that thefe have fome
refemblance in fhape to the Clove. This flowers and
feeds about the fame time as the former fcirts.
The feeds of the fifth fort were fent me from Cartha-
gena in New Spain, where the plants grow natu-
rally j this is an annual plant, which rifes about three
feet high, fending out feveral weak fide branches,
garnifhed with leaves about three inches long, and
one broad in the middle, leffening gradually to both
ends, and are indented on the edges like the teeth of
a law, fitting clofe to the branches. The flowers
come out fingly, oppofite to the leaves ; tliey are very
fmall, of a pale yellow, and are fucceeded by feed-
vefiels near two inches long, which are flat, and have
two cells filled with fmall angular feeds. This flowers
and ripens its feeds about the fame time as the for-
mer.
The feeds of the fixth fort were fent me from Ja-
maica by the late Dr. Houftoun •, this is an annua!
plant, which rifes with a ftrong herbaceous ftalk be-
tween three and four feet high, fending out feveral
fide branches, which grow erect, garnifhed with
heart-fhaped leaves fawed on their edges. Handing
upon long (lender foot-ftalks 5 between thefe grow
many fmaller leaves nearly of the fame form, fitting
clofe to the branches. The flowers come out from
the fide of the branches, on fhort foot-ftalks ; they
are very fmall, of a pale yellow, and are fticceeded
4 F by
by fiat feed-V'eflels near three inches laihg, ending in
two horns •, thefe open in two cells, which are filled
with fin all angular feeds.
The feeds of the feventh fort were feat me from Bar-
badocs, where the plant grows naturally, for I have
alio had it rife in the earth which came over from
thence in tubs with growing plants : this rifes about
the fame height as the fixth, fending out feveral weak
fide branches, garniftied with long narrow leaves,
which are rough, and fawed on their edges, fitting
elofe to the branches ; between the larger leaves come
out feveral finall ones, which are placed irregularly
on the branches. The flowers are fmall, of°a pale
yellow, and come out on the fide of the branches
oppofite to the leaves ; thefe are fucceeded by very
narrow comprefled pods two inches long, open-
ing with two valves, and filled with fmall angular
feeds. It flowers and feeds at the fame time with the
former.
The eighth fort grows naturally in Jamaica ; this rifes
with a fhrubby ftalk four feet high, dividing into a
great number of fmall branches, which are clofely
garniftied with fmall, oval, fawed leaves, fitting elofe
to the branches ; between thefe are many very fmall
leaves, placed without order: the flowers are pro-
duced on the fide of the branches on very fhort foot-
ftalks ; thefe are fmall, and the petals loon fall off,
fo that it has been fuppofed to have no petals. The
flowers are fucceeded by comprefled feed-veflels three
inches long, which are rounded at their points, and
Open with two valves at the top, containing a great
number of fmall angular feeds. This plant hath a
perennial ftalk, fo may be preferved through the win-
ter in a moderate ftove, and the fecond year will
flower in June, and produce ripe feeds in autumn ;
but when the plants are brought forward fo as to
flower the firft year, they feldom perfedt their feeds,
and thefe plants cannot be fo well preferved as thofe
Which are treated hardily in the fummer.
All thefe forts are too tender to thrive in England in
the open air, therefore their feeds muft be fown on a
hot-bed in the fpring ; and when the plants are come
up fit to remove, they fhould be tranfplanted on a
frefn hot-bed to bring the plants forward, otherwife
they will not ripen feeds. After the plants are rooted
in the new hot-bed, they mull have free air admitted
to them every day, in proportion to the warmth of
the feafon, for they muft not be drawn up weak •,
when the plants have obtained ftrength, they fhould
be tranfplanted each into a feparate pot, and plunged
into a hot-bed, obferving to fhade them from the
fun till they have taken root ; then they muft have a
large fhareof air every day, and fhould be frequently
refrefhed with water ; and in June they fhould be
gradually inured to the open air, and part of them
may be fhaken out of the pots, and planted in a warm
border, where, if the feafon proves warm, they will
flower and per fed their feeds ; but as thefe will fome-
times fail, it will be proper to put one or two plants
of each fort into pots, which fhould be placed in a
glafs-cafe, where they may be fereened from bad
weather, and from thefe good feeds may always be
obtained. The laft fort may alfo be treated in the
fame manner during the fummer feafon, but in au-
tumn they muft be removed into the ftove, and plung-
ed into the bark-bed, and thefe will flower early the
fecond year, and ripen feeds.
CORD 1 A. Plum. Nov. Gen. 13. tab. 14. Sebeftena.
-Dillen, Hort. Elth. 225. Sebeften.
The Characters are,
'’The flower hath a permanent empalement of one leaf. \ in-
dented in three parts. It hath one flunnel-Jhaped petal ,
whofle tube is the length of the empalement , and the top is
divided into flour , five, or Jim parts, which are obtnfle and
erebt. It hath five awl-Jhaped ftdmina , terminated by
long flummits , and in the center a roundifh pointed germen ,
flupporting a bifid flyle , crowned by two obtufle jligmas.
The germen afterward becomes a dry berry , which is glo-
bular and pointed , fajiened to the empalement , and in-
' elofles a furrowed nut with flour cells .
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fedion of
Linnaeus’s fifth clafs, intitled Pentandria Moncgynkj
the flower having five ftamina and one ftyle.
The Species are,
1. Cordia ( Sebejtina ) foliis oblongo-ovatis, repan dis,
fcabris. Lin. Sp. Plant. 1 90. Cordia with oblong , oval,
rough leaves , turning backward. Caryophyllus fpurius
inodorus, folio fubrotundo, fcabro, flore racemofo,
hexapetaloide, coccineo. Sloan. Cat. 136. Commonly
called Lignum Aloes.
2. Cordia {Myna) foliis tomentofis, corymbis lateral!-
bus, calycibus decemftriatis. Lin. Sp. 273. Cordia
with oval woolly leaves , flowers growing in a corymbus
from the fide of the branches , and empalement s with ten
flripes. Sebeftina domeftica five Myxa. Com. Hort.
Amft. 1. 139. The cultivated Sebeften.
3. Cordia ( Macrophylla ) foliis ovatis, villofis fefquipe-
dalibus. Lin. Sp. Plant. 274. Cordia with oval woolly
leaves half a foot long. Prunus racemofa, foliis ob-
longis hirfutis maximis, fructu rubro. Sloan. Cat.
Jam. 184.
The firft fort grows naturally in feveral iflands in the
Weft-Indies : this rifes with feveral fhrubby ftalks
eight or nine feet high, which are garniftied toward
the top with oblong, oval, rough leaves, ftanding al-
ternate on fhort foot-ftalks ; they are of a deep green
on their upper fide. The flowers terminate the
branches, growing in large clufters upon branching
foot-ftalks, fome fuftaining one, others two, and
fome have three flowers, which are large, funnel-
fhaped, having long tubes, which fpread open at
the top, where it is divided into five obtufe fegments
they are of a beautiful fcarlet, fo make a fine ap-
pearance.
The fecond fort is by moft botanifts believed to be
the Myxa of Casfalpinus, which is the beft Sebeften
of the fhops i the fruit of which was formerly ufed in
medicine, but of late years has been feldom brought
to England, therefore is rarely ordered. This is called
Aflyrian Plum, from the country where it naturally
grows. It rifes to the height of our common Plum-
trees, but was very rare in this country till the
year 1762, when there was fome of the fruit fent
from Egypt, by thofe perfons who were fent to tra-
vel at the king of Denmark’s expence, from which
fruit fome plants have been raifed in the Chelfea
garden.
The third fort was difeovered by father Plumier, in
fome of the French iflands of America; and fince
was found in the bay of Campeachy, by Mr. Robert
Millar, who fent the feeds to England : this fort
grows to the height of eighteen or twenty feet in the
natural places where it is found wild ; it hath winged
leaves, which are large, entire, and fmooth ; but it
hath not as yet flowered in England, fo I can give no
farther account of it.
Thefe plants, being natives of warm countries, are
too tender to live through the winter in this country,
unlefs they are preferved in a ftove : they are all pro-
pagated by feeds, which muft be procured from the
countries of their natural growth ; thefe feeds muft be
fown in fmall pots, which muft be plunged into a
good hot-bed of tanners bark in the fpring ; and if
the feeds are frefh and good, the plants will begin to
appear in fix or eight weeks after. Thefe muft be
brought forward in the hot-bed, by being treated as
other teqder exotic plants, obferving frequently to
water them in fummer ; and in July, if the plants
have made much advance, they fhould be gradually
hardened, otherwife they will grow fo* weak as not to
be eafily preferved through the winter. As thefeplants
obtain ftrength, they will become more hardy ; but
during the two firft winters, it will be proper to plunge
them into the tan-bed in the ftove ; but when they
begin to have woody Items, they may be placed on
fhelves, in a dry ftove ; where, if they are kept in a
moderate degree of heat, they may be preferved Very
well (elpecially the firft fort) which is fomewhat har-
dier than the others. This may alfo be placed abroad
in a warm fituation, in the beginning of July, where
3 ' : the
C O R
COR
the plants may remain till the middle of September,
provided the feafon continues warm, otherwife they
muft be removed into the Stove fooner.
The firft: fort produces very fine flowers, of a fcarlet
colour, in large bunches, at the extremity of the
branches, after the fame manner as the Oleander or
Rofe-bay , but thefe flowers are much larger, and of
a much finer colour.
A fmall piece of the wood of this tree being put on
a pan of lighted coals, will fend forth a molt agreea-
ble odour, and will perfume a whole houfe.
COREOPSIS. Lin. Gen. PI. 879. Tickfeed.
The Characters are,
The common impalement of the flower is double , the outer
being compofed of eight leaves, placed circularly •, the inner
is in every part larger , membranaceous , and coloured.
The dijk of the flower is compofed of many hermaphrodite
florets , which are tubular , and divided into five parts at
the top thefe have each five hairy ftamina , terminated
by cylindrical fummits. In their center is fituated a com-
prejfed germen with two horns , fupporting a fender ftyle ,
crowned by an acute bifid fligma. The germen afterward
becomes a flngle orbicular feed , convex on one fide, and
hollow on the other, having a membranaceous border,
and two horns on the top. The border or rays of the
flower is compofed of eight female florets which are large,
and tongue-Jhapsd, indented in five parts ; thefe have no
flamina, but a germen like the other, without any ftyle or
fligma, and are abortive.
This genus of plants is ranged in the third fedtion of
Linnseus’s nineteenth clafs, intitled Syngenefia Poly-
samia Fruftranea •, the flowers of this clafs and fedtion
O . _
are compofed of hermaphrodite florets which are fruit-
ful, and female half florets which are barren.
The Species are,
[l. Coreopsis {Alt erni folia) foliis lanceolatis, ferratis,
alternis, petiolatis decurrentibus. Hort. Upfal. 270.
Tkkfeed with fpear-jhaped fawed leaves , placed alternate,
and winged foot-Jlalks. Chryfanthemum Virginianum,
caulealato, ramoflus, flore minore. Pluk. Aim. 100.
2. Coreopsis ( Lanceolata ) foliis lanceolatis, integerri-
mis ciliatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 1283. Tickfeed with fpear-
jhaped leaves which are entire. Bidens fuccifie folio,
radio amplo laciniato. Hort. Elth. 55.
3. Coreopsis ( Verticillata ) foliis decompofito pinnatis,
linearibus. Lin. Sp. Plant. 907. Tickfeed with decom-
pound, winged , narrow leaves. Ceratocephalus del-
phinii foliis. Vaill. Ad. 1720.
4/ Coreopsis ( Tripteris ) foliis fubternatis, integerrimis.
Hort. Upfal. 269. Tickfeed with leaves growing by
threes , which are entire. Chryfanthemum Virginia-
num, folio acutiore, lmvi, trifoliato, fc. anagyridis
folio. Mor. Hift. 3. p. 21.
g. Coreopsis ( Radiato ) foliis lineari-lanceolatis, acute
ferratis, oppofitis radio amplo integro. Tickfeed with
narrow fpear-jhaped leaves, which are oppoflte and Jharp-
ly fawed , and the rays of the flower large and entire.
The firft fort grows naturally in North America every
where. This hath a perennial root •, the ftalks decay
to the root every winter, which are ftrong, herbace-
ous, and rife to the height of eight or ten feet, gar-
niilied with fpear-fh aped leaves fawed on their edges,
from three to four inches long, and one broad in the
middle, placed alternate on every fide the ftalks,
having fhort foot-ftalks, with a border or wing run-
ning from one to the other, the whole length of the
ftalk, The flowers grow at the top of the ftalks,
forming a fort of corymbus, each foot-ftalk fuftain-
ing one, two, or three yellow flowers, fhaped like
Sun-flowers, but much fmaller. This flowers in
September and Qdober, but doth not produce feeds
in England. It is a very hardy plant, and may be
propagated in plenty by parting the roots. The beft
time for this is in autumn, when the ftalks begin
to decay. It will thrive in almoft every foil and
fjtuation.
The fecond fort is an annual plant. The feeds of this
were brought me from Carolina by Mr. Catefby, in
the year 1726. This hath an upright ftalk, garnifhed
with fmooth, narrow, fpear-fhaped leaves, placed
oppolite, which are entire ; from the wings of the
leaves come out the foot-ftalks of the flowers, by-
pairs oppoflte, and ftand eredt ; the lower part cf
thefe have one or two pair of very narrow leaves, but
the upper is naked, and terminated by one large yel-
low flower, whofe border or rays are deeply cut into
feverai fegments ; thefe are fucceeded by flat winged
feeds, which, when ripe, roll up ; the naked foot-
ftalks of thefe flowers are more than afoot Ions - . This
muft be fown upon a gentle hot-bed in the fpring,
and when the plants are fit to transplant, they Should
be each planted into a feparate fmall pot, and plung-
ed into a frefli hot-bed to bring them forward ; and
in June they. Should be inured by degrees to the open
air, and afterward feme of them may be Shaken out
of the pots, and planted in a warm border 5 where,
if the feafon is good, they will flower in the middle
of July, and ripen their Seeds the beginning of Sep-
tember.
The third fort hath a perennial root, fending up many
Stiff angular ftalks, which rife upward of three feet
high, garnished at each joint with decompound wing-
ed leaves, Standing oppoflte ; thefe are very narrow
and entire. The branches alfo come out by pairs
oppoflte, as do allb the foot-ftalks of the flowers ; •
thefe are long, Slender, and each terminated by a Sin-
gle flower, of a bright yellow colour, the rays or bor-
der being; oval and entire. The difk or middle is of
a dark purple colour. Thefe appear in July, and
continue till September, during which time they
make a fine appearance. This grows naturally in
Maryland and Philadelphia. It is propagated by
parting the roots, in the lame manner as the firft fort,
and delights in a light loamy earth, and funny ex-
pofure.
The fourth fort hath a perennial root. It grows na-
turally in many parts of North America, but has
been long cultivated in the Englifh gardens ; the
ftalks of this are ftrong, round, and fmooth, rifing
fix or Seven feet high, garnished at each joint with
fome trifoliate leaves, which ftand oppoflte. The
flowers are produced in bunches at the top of the
ftalks, Standing upon long foot-ftalks ; they are of a
pale yellow, with a dark purple diSk. It flowers in
July, but feldom produces good feeds in England.
This fort is propagated by parting the roots in the
fame manner as the firft, but requires a better foil and
pofition.
The fifth fort grows naturally in South Carolina,
from whence the feeds were fent me by the late Dr.
Dale. This is an annual plant, which rifes with upright
ftalks to the height of four feet, garnifhed with nar-
row fpear-ihaped leaves, ending in long points, and
are deeply fawed on their edges, {landing oppolite;
at each joint, upon Short foot-ftalks •, thefe leaves are
from three to four inches long, and three quarters of
an inch broad in the middle, of a deep green on their
upper fide, and pale on their under. At all the up-
per joints of the ftalks come out two long Slender
foot-ftalks, one on each fide, which are garnifhed
with two or three pair of fmall leaves, and terminated
by one flower, compofed of feven female half florets,
which compofe the ray ; thefe are oval and entire.
The difk is compofed of a great number of herma-
phrodite florets, which are of a dark colour, and the
fummits of the ftamina are of a bright yellow; thefe
hermaphrodite florets are each fucceeded by one flat
bordered feed, having two horns or teeth. This fort
flowers in Auguft, and if the autumn proves favour-
able, will ripen its feeds in October ; but in cold fea-
fons it will not perfect feeds in England.
This is propagated by feeds, which Should be fown on
a warm border in autumn, and the plants will come
up the following fpring *, for if the feeds are fown in ..
the fpring, the plants feldom rife till the year after.
When the plants are fit to remove, they Should be
carefully taken up, and either planted where they are
defigned to remain, or into a nurfery-bed, at four
inches distance, to get Strength, observing to Shade
than from the fun till they have taken frelh root' j.
after
After which, thofe which are planted out for good, will
•require no other treatment but to keep them clean
from weeds •„ and as they advance in height, they
fhould be fupported by kicks, otherwife the ftrong
winds in autumn often break them •, and thofe which
were placed in a nurfery-bed, when they have obtained
proper ftrength, fhould be taken up and tranlplanted
with balls of earth to their roots, where they are de-
figned to Hand for flowering.
As thefe plants continue to produce flowers till the
froft puts a flop to them, they merit a place in every
curious garden, efpecially thofe which do not ramble
and fpreadtoo much. The firft is the leak deferving
of either, fo is feldom preferved, but in botanic gar-
dens for the fake of variety.
CORIANDRUM. Lin. Gen. Plant. 318. Tourn.
Ink. R. H, 316. tab. 168. [of K opCdpov, of K ipu, Gr.
a tick ; fo called, either becaufe it has the fcent of this
infedt, or, as others fay, becaufe it drives away or
kills them; and Midp©-’, Gr. the ifle where it grew
plentifully.] Coriander.
* The Characters are,
It is a -plant with an umbellated flower ; the univerfal
umbel hath but flew rays , the partial umbels have
many. The firft hath no involucrum , but the latter hath
a three-leaved one ; the proper empalement is divided into
five parts ; the rays of' the principal umbel are difform.
The hermaphrodite flowers which form the di/k , have five
equal heart-foaped petals, which ar e inflexed , but thofe oft
the rays have five unequal petals of the fame form ; they
have each jive ftamina , terminated by roundtfh fummits.
The germen which is Jituated under the flower , flupports
two Jtyles , crowned by flmatt radiated ftigmas ; the germen
afterward becomes a fpherical fruit , divided into two
parts , each having a hemifpherical concave feed.
This genus of plants is ranged in the lecond fedtion
of Linnsus’s fifth clafs, intitled Pentandria Digynia,
the flower having five kamina and two kyles.
The Species are,
1. Coriandrum ( Sativum ) frudibus globofls. Hort.
Cliff. 100. Coriander with globular fruit. Coriandrum
majus. C. B. P. 158. Greater Coriander.
2 . Coriandrum (Tefticulatum) frudibus didymis. Hort.
Cliff. 100. Coriander with twin fruit. Coriandrum
minus tekiculatum. C. B. P. 158.
The firft of thefe fpecies is the mok common kind,
which is cultivated in the European gardens and fields
for the feeds, which are ufed in medicine. The fe-
cond fort is lefs common than the firk, and is feldom
found but in botanic gardens in thefe parts of Eu-
rope. Thefe plants grow naturally in the fouth of
France, Spain, and Italy ; but the firk fort has been
long cultivated in the gardens and fields, though at
prefent there is not near fo much of it fown in Eng-
land as was fome years pak.
Thefe plants are propagated by fowing their feeds
in the autumn, in an open lituation, on a bed of
good frefh earth ; and when the plants are come up,
they fhould be hoed out to about four inches dikance
every way, clearing them from weeds ; by which
management thefe plants will grow krong, and pro-
duce a greater quantity of good feeds. The firk fort
was formerly cultivated in the gardens as a fallad
herb, and in the Eak-Indies is Hill much cultivated ;
for the plant is of great ufe in mok of their compound
diilies, as a culinary herb, and the feeds are alfo much
ekeemed for the like purpofes ; but in Europe neither
of them are now much ufed.
The fecond fort will rife eafily from feeds, if they are
fown in the autumn ; but thofe which are fown in the
fpring rarely fucceed, or at leak do not come up till
the following fpring.
CORIARIA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 458. Niffol. Ad.
Reg. 1 71 1. Myrtle-leaved Sumach, vulgo.
The Characters are,
It is male and hermaphrodite in different plants ; the male
flowers have a five-leaved empalement ; the flower has
jive leaves , which are joined to the empalement ; thefe
have ten fender ftamina , term-mated by oblong fummits ;
the hermaphrodite flowers have the like empalement , and I
6
the flame number of petals , and in the center are placed
jive point als, which turn to a berry , inclofmg five kidney -
jhaped feeds.
This is ranged in the ninth fedion of Linnaeus’s
twenty-iecond clafs, intitled Dicecia Decandria, the
plants having male and hermaphrodite flowers on dif-
ferent roots.
The Species are,
1. Coriaria ( Myrtifolia ) foliis ovato oblongis. Hort.
Uplal. 299. . Myrtle-leaved Sumach , with oblong Oval
leaves. Coriaria vulgaris mas. Niffol. Ad. 1711.
2. Coriaria ( Fomina ) vulgaris foernina. Lin. Hort.
Cliff. Fe?nale Myrtle-leaved Sumach.
The forthwith male flowers has been the mok com-
mon in England, the other having been very rarely
raffed in our gardens : 'a few years pak, when fome
plants were raifed from feeds, which came from Italy,
in the Chelfea garden, where the plants fo raffed
have mok of them proved of the hermaphrodite fort,
and have produced great quantities of feeds, which
have grown, though there is not one plant of the
male fort at prefent in the garden ; the not finding
any plants in the Enghlff gardens, but thofe with
male flowers, occafioned my Writing abroad for the
feeds. . Thefe grow wild in great plenty about Mont-
pelier in France, where it is ufed for tanning of lea-
ther ; and, from this ufe, has been titled by the bota-
niks, Rhus coriariorum, i. e. Tanners Sumach.
Thefe fhrubs feldom grow more than three or four
feet high ; and as they creep at the root, they fend
forth many kerns, whereby they form a thicket, fo
may be planted to fill up vacancies in wildernels quar-
ters ; but they are improper for fmall gardens, where
they will take up too much room ; and as there is no
great beauty in the flowers, they are only admitted
for variety.
It is krange that Monfieur Niffol, who lived upon ’
the place where thefe grew in plenty, who conkituted
this genus, in the Memoirs of the Acadamy at Paris,
has taken no notice of their being male and herma-
phrodite in different plants.
It may be propagated plentifully from the fuckers,
which are produced from the creeping roots in great
abundance ; thefe fhould be taken off in March, and
planted into a nurfery to form good roots, where
they may continue one or two years, and then muk be
removed to the places where they are to remain.
This plant delights in a loamy foil which is not too
kiff, and fhould be placed where it may have flicker
from the north and eak winds ; where it will endure
the cold of our ordinary winters very well, and will
flower better than if it is preferved in pots and flicker-
ed in the winter, as hath been by fome pradtifed.
C O R I N D U M. See Cardiospermum.
COR. IS. Lin. Gen. Plant. 216. Tourn. Ink. 652.
tab. 423. We have no Englifh name for this plant.
The Characters are,
The empalement of the flower is of one leaf, with a
/welling belly f but clo fled at the top , where it is divided
into jive parts, which are crowned by jive flpines ; the
flower hath one irregular petal, whofle tube is the length
of the empalement, and flpread open at the top , where it is
divided into jive oblong figments, which are obtufle and
indented ; it hath five briftly ftamina , terminated by fingle
fummits. In the center is Jituated a round germen, /up-
per ting a fender declining fly le, crowned by a thick fltigma ;
the empalement afterward becomes a globular capflule , hav-
ing jive valves, inclofmg fever al fmall oval feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firk fedtion of
Linnaeus’s fifth clafs, intitled Pentandria Monogynia,
the flower having five ftamina and one ftyle.
We have but one Species of this plant, viz.
Coris ( Monfpelienfis ). Hort. Cliff. 68. Coris casrulea
maritima. C. B. P. 280. Blue maritime Coris.
There are two other varieties of this plant, one with a
red, and the other a white flower, but thefe are only-
accidental varieties arifins; from the fame feeds.
Thefe plants grow wild about Montpelier, and in
many other parts of the fouth of France, and alfo in
Italy ; they feldom grow above fix inches high, and
fpread
COR
fpread near the furface of the ground like heath ; and
in June, when they are full of flowers, they make a
very pretty appearance.
They may be propagated by fowing their feeds in the
fpring, on a bed of frelh earth ; and when the plants
are about an inch high, they fhould be tranfplanted,
fome of them into pots filled with frefh light earth,
that they may be flickered in winter ; and the others
into a warm border, where they will endure the cold
of our ordinary winters very well, but in fevere froft
they are generally deftroyed •, for which reafon, it will
be proper to have fome plants of each fort in pots,
which may be put under a common hot-bed frame in
winter, where they may be covered in frofty weather ;
but when it is mild, they fhould have a great fhare
of free air : thefe plants fometimes produce ripe feeds
in England ; but as they do not conftantly perfedt
their feeds, it will be proper to increafe them from
flips and cuttings, which will take root, if planted
about the end of Auguft on a very gentle Iiot-bed,
and iliaded from the fun and duly watered.
COR IS PER MUM. Lin. Gen. Plant. 12. Juffi
A£fr. R. S. 1712. Tickfeed.
The Characters are.
The flower hath no empalement , it hath two comprejfled
incurved petals, which ftand oppofite and are equal-, it
hath one , two, or three ftamina, which arc floor ter than
the petals, terminated byfingle fummits , with a comprejfled
pointed germen, fupporting two hairy jlyles, crowned by
acute ftigmas. The germen afterward becomes one oval
comprejfled fleed, with an acute border .
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fedlion
of Linnteus’s firft clafs, intitled Monandria Digynia,
the flower having one ftamina and two ftyles.
The Species are,
1, Corispermum ( Hyflopifloliim ) floribus lateralibusHort.
Upfal. 2. Tickfeed with flowers on the fide of the flalks.
Corifpermum Hyflopifolium. Jufti A£t. R. S. 1712.
Hyjflop-leaved Tickfeed.
2. Corispermum ( Squarroflum ) fpicis fquarrofls.' Hort.
Upfal. 3. Tickfeed with rough fpikes. Rhagroftis foliis
arundinaceis. Buxb. Cent. 3. p. 30. Rhagroflis with
Reed-like leaves.
Thefe plants are preferved in botanic gardens for the
fake of variety *, but as they have no beauty, are fel-
dom cultivated in other gardens.
The firft fort is an annual plant, which, if fuftered to
fcatter its feeds, the ground will be plentifully flocked
with the plants, which will require no other care but
to prevent the weeds from over-growing them.
The fecond will not grow but in marlhy places,
where there is Handing water j over the furface of
which this plant will foon extend, when once it is
eftablifhed.
As we had no Englifh name to this genus, I have
given it this of Tickfeed, which correfponds with the
Greek name.
CORK-TREE. See Quercus.
CORN-FLAG. See Gladiolus.
CORNICULATEPLANTS [Plante Corni-
culate,] are fuch, as after each flower, produce many
horned feed-pods, called Siliquae,
COR N-M ARIGOLD. See Chrysanthemum.
CORN-SAL LAD. See Valeriana.
CORNU S. Lin. Gen. Plant. 139. Tourn. Inft. 641.
tab. 410. [fo called, of Cornu, Lat. a horn •, becaufe
its wood, or the fhell of its fruit, is hard as a horn.]
The Cornelian Cherry.
The Characters are.
It hath many flowers included in one common four-leaved
involucrum, which is coloured. The flowers have each
a fmall empalement , fitting on the germen, which is in-
dented in four parts. They have four plain petals , which
are fmaller than the leaves of the involucrum , and four
ere T ftamina, which are longer than the petals, termi-
nated by roundifh fummits. The round germen fituated be-
low the empalement , fupports a fender flyle, crowned by
an obtufe ftigma. The germen afterward becomes an oval,
or roundbfh berry, inclofng a nut, with two cells , having
cm oblong kernel
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fedtioh of
Linnieus’s' fourth clafs, intitled Tetrandria Mono-
gynia, the flowers having four ftamina and but one
ftyle.
The Specirs are,
1. Cornus (ft anguine a) arborea, cymis nudis. It. Weft-
goth. Lin. Sp. Plant, 117. Dogwood-tree with naked
fljoots. Cornus feemina. C. B. P. 447. Female Dog-
wood, and the Virga Sanguinea. Matth.
2. Cornus {Mas) arborea, umbellis involucrum mquan-
tibus. Hort. Cliff. 38. Tree Dogwood with umbels equal
to the involucrum. Cornus hortenfis mas. C. B. P. 447=
Male Cornel, or Cornelian Cherry-tree .
3. Cornus {Florida) arborea, involucro maximo, folio-
lis obverse cordatis. Hort. Cliff. 38. Tree Dogwood
with a very large involucrum , and obverfe heart-Jhaped
leaves. Cornus mas, Virginiana, flofeulis in corymbo
digeftis, a perianthio tetrapetalo albo radiatini cindEs.
Pluk. Aim. 120.
4. Cornus ( Feemina ) arborea, foliis lanceolatis, acutis,
nervofis, floribus corymbofis terminalibus. Tree Dog-
wood with fpear-floaped acute leaves which are veined,
and flowers difpofed in a corymbus, terminating the
branches. Cornus foemina Virginiana anguftiore fo-
lio. Edit, prior. Female Virginia Dogwood with a nar-
rower leaf.
5. Cornus ( Amomum ) arborea foliis ovatis petiolatis,
floribus corymbofis terminalibus. Tree Dogwood with
oval leaves having foot-ftalks, and flowers collebled into a
corymbus at the end of the branches. Cornus Ameri-
cana fylveftris, domefticte fimilis, bacca caerulei colo-
ns elegantiffima, Amomum Novae Anglise quorun-
dam. Pluk. Phyt. tab. 169. f. 3. By fome fuppofed to
be the true Amomum of New England.
6 . Cornus {Candidijfima) arborea foliis lanceolatis, acu-
tis, glabris, umbellis involucro minoribus, baccis
ovatis. Tree Dogwood with flmooth, fpear-Jhaped, pointed,
leaves, umbels fmaller than the involucrum, and oval ber-
ries. Cornus feemina candidiflimis foliis Americana.
Pluk. Aim. 120.
7. Cornus (' Tartarica ) arborea foliis oblongo ovatis, ner-
vofis, inferne albis, floribus corymbofis terminalibus.
Tree Dogwood with oblong , oval, veined leaves, white on
their under fide , and flowers growing in a corymbus at the
end of the branches. Cornus fylveftris fructu albo.
Amman. Ruth. Wild Dogwood with a white fruit.
8. Cornus {Suecica) herbacea ramis binis. FI. Lapp. 55.
Herbaceous Dogwood with double branches. Cornus pu-
mila herbacea, chamaepericlymenum didta. Hort.
Elth. 108. Low herbaceous Dogwood, called Dwarf Ho-
neyfuckle.
The firft of thefe trees is very common in the hedges
in divers parts of England, and is feldom preferved
in gardens. The fruit of this plant is often brought
into the markets, and fold for Buckthorn berries,
from which it may be eaflly diftinguifhed, if the ber-
ries are opened to obferve how many ftones there are
in each ; which in this fruit is but one, but in the
Buckthorn four, and they may be eaflly diftinguifhed
by rubbing the juice of the berries on paper ; that of
the Buckthorn will ftain the paper green, whereas the
juice of this ftains it purple. This tree is called Virga
Sanguinea, from the young fhoots being of a fine red
colour. There is a variety of this tree with variegated
leaves, which is preferved in the nurferies, but is not
much efteemed.
The fecond fort is very common in the Englifh gar-
dens, where it was formerly propagated for its fruit,
which was by fome people preferved to make tarts. It
is alfo ufed in medicine as an aftringent and cooler :
there is alfo an officinal preparation of this fruit, call-
ed Rob de Cornis. Of this there are two or three,
varieties, which differ only in the colour of their
fruit, but that with the red fruit is the moft common
in England.
As the fruit of this tree is not atprefent much efteem-
ed, the nurfery-men about London propagate it as
one of the forts which is commonly fold as a flowering
lhr,ub, and is by fome people valued for coming fo
early to flower for if the feafon is mild, the
4 G flowers
G O ft
"COR
towers will appear by the beginning of February j
and though there is no great beauty in the flowers,
yet, as they are generally produced in plenty, at a
feafon when few other flowers appear upon trees, a
few plants of them may be admitted for variety.
The fruit of this tree is feldom ripe before Septem-
ber. The tree will grow eighteen or twenty feet
high, and make a large head.
The third fort is an American, from whence the feeds
have been brought to England : this is found in all
northern parts of America, as are alfo the fourth,
fifth, and fixth forts, being natives of the woods in
Virginia, New England, Maryland, and Carolina.
Thefe are all of them very hardy, and thrive well in
the open air in England, fo are cultivated by the nur-
fery-men near London, to add to the variety of their
hardy trees : thefe grow to the fame height with our
common female Dogberry, and make a much better
appearance. The fhoots of the fifth fort are of a beau-
tiful red colour in winter •, and in fummer the leaves
being large, of a whitifh colour on their under
fide, and the bunches of white flowers growing at the
extremity of every branch, renders this fhrub valua-
ble ; and in autumn, when the large bunches of blue
berries are ripe, they make a fine appearance.
The third fort is now very common in the nurferies,
where it is known by the name of Virginia Dogwood.
This fort is of much humbler growth than either of
the former, feldom rifing above feven or eight feet
high, but is generally well garnifhed with leaves,
which are larger than either of the other forts. This
does not flower fo plentifully as the other forts, nor
have I yet feen any of thefe fhrubs, which have pro-
duced berries in England, though they are as hardy
as the other.
There is a variety of this with a red involucrum or
cover to the flowers, which adds to the beauty of the
.plant j this was found wild in Virginia by Mr. Ba-
nifter, and afterward by Mr. Catefby. This and the
former fort are great ornaments to the woods in A-
merica, firft by their early flowering in the fpring be-
fore the green leaves appear •, and in the winter they
are alfo beautiful when the berries are ripe, which hang
upon the fhrubs till the fpring.
The eighth fort grows upon Cheviot-hills in Nor-
thumberland, and alfo upon the Alps, and other
mountainous places in the northern countries, but is
very difficult to preferve in gardens ; the only me-
thod is, to remove the plants from the places of their
natural growth, with good balls of earth to their
roots, and plant them in a moift fhady fituation,
where they are not annoyed by the roots of other
plants. In fuch a fituation they may be preferved
two or three years, but it rarely happens that they
will continue much longer. This is a low herbaceous
plant, whofe ftalks decay in the autumn.
All the forts of Dogwood may be propagated by their
feeds, which, if fown in autumn foon after they are
ripe, will moft of them come up the following fpring ;
but if the feeds are not fown in autumn, they will lie
a year in the ground before the plants will appear,
and when the year proves dry, they will lbmetimes
regain two years in the ground •, therefore the place
fhouid not be difturbed, where thefe feeds are fown,
under two years, if the plants fnould not come up
fooner. When the plants are come up, they fhouid
be duly watered in dry weather, and kept clean from
weeds ; and the autumn following they may be re-
moved, and planted in beds in the nurfery, where
they may remain two years, by which time they will
be fit to tranfplant where they are to remain for good.
They are alfo propagated by fuckers, and laying
down the branches. Moft of the forts produce plen-
ty of fuckers, efpecially when they are planted on a
moift light foil, which may be taken off from the old
plants in autumn, and planted into a nurfery for a
year or two, and then may be tranfplanted into the
places where they are to remain ; but thofe plants
which are propagated by fuckers, rarely have fo good
roots as thofe. which are propagated by layers, and
- being much more inclinable to {hoot otit Tuckers,
whereby they will fill, the ground round them with
their fpawn, they are not near fo valuable as thofe
plants which are railed from layers.
CORNUTIA. Plum, Nov. Gen. 17. Lin. Gen.
Plant. 684. Agnanthus. IVaill. A& R, 1722. We
have no Englifh name for this plant. It is fo called
from Cornutus, a phyftcian of Paris, who publifhed
a hiftory of Canada plants
The Characters are.
The flozver hath a j mall permanent empalemmt of one
leaf which is tubular , and indented in five parts at the
top. The flower is of one petal , having a cylindrical
tube , which is much longer than the empalement , and di-
vided into four parts at the top ; the upper fltgment is
round and eredt, the two fide ones fpread apart * and the
lower is round and entire. It hath four fiamina , two of
thefe are longer than the tube , the other are floor ter ; they
are terminated by inclining fummits. In the center is fitu-
ated the roundifh germen , fupporting a long ftyle , divided
into two parts , crowned by tzvo thick Jiigmas . The ger-
rtien afterward becomes a globular berry , fitting upon thi
empalemmt , inclofing fever al kidney-jhaped feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fedion
of Linnteus’s fourteenth clafs, intitled Didynamk
Angiofpermia, the flowers having two long and
two fhort ftamina, and the feeds are included in a
capfule.
There is but one Species of this genus, viz.
Cornutia [fPy rami data). Hort. Cliff. 319. Cornutia
flore pyramidato aeruleo, foliis iicanis. Nov. Gen.
32. Cornutia with a blue pyramidal flower and hoary
leaves.
This plant was firft difcovered by father Plunder in
America, who gave it the name. It is found in plen-
ty in feveral of the iflands in the Weft-Indies, as alfo
at Campeachy and La Vera Cruz, from both which
places I received the feeds, which were colleded by
my late ingenious friend Dr. William Houftoun, and
afterward by Mr. Robert Millar, from the fame coun-
try. It grows to the height of ten or twelve feet ;
the branches are four-cornered, grow ftraggling, and
the leaves are placed oppofite. The flowers are pro-
duced in fpikes at the end of the branches, which are
of a fine blue colour ; thefe ufually appear in autumn,
and lbmetimes will remain in beauty for two months
or more.
It is propagated by feeds, which fhouid be fown early
in the fpring on a hot-bed ; and when the plants are
come up, they fhouid be tranfplanted each into a fe-
parate halfpenny pot, filled with light frefh earth, and
plunged into' a hot-bed of tanners bark, ohferving to
ftiade them until they have taken root; after which
they fhouid have frefh air let into the bed, in propor-
tion to the warmth of the feafon, and fhouid be fre-
quently watered (for it naturally grows on fwarnpy
foils.) When the plants have filled thefe pots with
their roots, they fhouid be Ihifted into others of a
larger fize, and plunged into a hot-bed again, where
they fhouid be continued till Gftober, when they rnulfc
be removed into the bark-ftove, and plunged into the
tan, for otherwife it will be very difficult to preferve
them through the winter. The ftove in which thefe
plants are placed fhouid be kept to the temperate heat
marked on Mr. Fowler’s thermometers, which will
agree better with them than a hotter ftove. The third
year from feeds thefe plants will flower, when they
make a fine appearance in the ftove, but they neyer
perfedt their feeds in England.
They may alfo be propagated by cuttings, which, if
planted into pots filled with earth, and plunged into
a bark-bed, obferving to fhade and water them, will
take root, andmuft be afterwards treated as the feed-
ling plants. ' '
CORONA IMPERIAL IS. See Fritillarm.
CORONA SOLIS. See Helianthus.
CORONILL A, jointed-podded Colutea.
The Characters are,
The flower hath ■ a fhort permanent empalement of one
leaf which is compreffed , bifid , and efefit. li hath a
butterfly
COR
butterfly flower, whofle ftandard is heart-fhaped , and re-
flexed on each fide. The wings are oval , and join at the
top. The keel is fhorter than the wings , is pointed and
comprejfied. It hath nine ftamina which are united , and
one Jlanding Jingle , which are broad at the top , terminated
by fimall fiummits. In the center _ isfituated an oblong taper
germen, , fiupporiing a brijlly rifling ftyle , crowned by an
%btufie digma. The germen afterward becomes a taper
jointed pod,, inclojing oblong feeds. . _ . o .
This genus of plants is ranged in the lecond lection
of Linnaeus’s feventeenth clafs, intitied Diadelphia
Decandna, the flower having ten ftamina, nine of
which are united, and one ftands fingle. To this ge-
nus Dr. Linnaeus has joined the Emerus of Caefalpi-
nus, and the Securidaca of Tournefort, whereby he
multiplies the fpecies •, but as thefe differ effentially
in their, fructification, I fhall treat of them fe-
parately, following the example or all the former
botanifts.
The Species are* _ ...
1. Coronilla ( Glauca ) fruticofa, foliis fcptenis, ftipu-
lis lanceolatis. Lin. Sp. 1047. Shrubby Coronilla with
fieven pair of fimall leaves , and flpear-Jloapcd Jlipula. Co-
ronilla maritima glauco folio. Tourn. luff. 650.
2. Coronilla ( Argentea ) fruticofa foliolis undenis, ex-
tifno majore. Lin. Sp. Plant. 1049. Shrubby Cor 0-
nilla with eleven pair of fimall leaves , the cuter being the
largeft. Coronilla argentea Cretica. Tourn. Inft.
650.
3. Coronilla ( Valentina ) fruticofa foliis fubnovefiis fub-
orbiculatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 1047. Shrubby Coronilla
with nine lobes which are orbicular. Polygala Valen-
tina.
4. Coronilla ( Hifpanica ) fruticofa enneaphylla, foliolis
emarginatis, ftipulis majoribus fubrotundis. Shrubby
nine-leaved Coronilla , whofle fimall leaves are indented , and
larger roundifh Jlipula. Coronilla filiquis &.feminibus
craffioribus. Tourn. Inff. R. H. 650..
5. Coronilla ( Minima ) foliolis plurimis, ovatis, caule
fuffruticofo declinato, pedunculis longioribus. Coro-
nilla with many oval lobes , a declining ftalk fiomewhat
.fhrubby, and longer floot-ftalks to the flowers. Coro-
nilla minima. Tourn. Inff. R. H. 650. Smalleft Co-
- ronilla.
6 . Coronilla (Faria) herbacea, leguminibus erectis,
teretibus; torofis, numerofis, foliis glabris. Hort.
Cliff. 363. Herbaceous Coronilla with many taper ere hi
pods , and fimooth leaves. Coronilla herbacea flore vario.
Tourn. Inff. 650.
7. Coronilla ( Cretica ) herbacea, leguminibus quinis,
* erectis, teretibus, articulatis. Prod. Leyd. 387. Her-
baceous Coronilla with five taper , erett, jointed pods. Co-
ronilla Cretica herbacea, flore parvo purpurafeente.
Tourn. Cor. 44.
8. Coronilla ( Orientals ) herbacea leguminibus nu-
merofis, radiatis, craffioribus, articulatis, foliolis lub-
tus glaucis. Herbaceous Coronilla with many thick jointed
. pods difipofied like rays, and fimaller leaves of a flea-green
on, their under fide. Coronilla orientalis herbaceo, flore
magno luteo. Tourn. Cor. 44.
9. Coronilla (Juncea) fruticofa, foliis quinatis terna-
tifque lineari-lanceolatis fubcarnofis obtufis. Lin. Sp.
1047. Shrubby Coronilla with five and trefoil linear ,
fpear-Jhaped leaves , which are obtufie and fiefhy. Do-
ricum luteum Hifpanicum carnoflus. Barrel. Icon.
J 33-
jo. Coronilla ( Scandens ) caule hirfuto, volubili, fo-
liolis quinis ovatis, fioribus binis, ereclis, axillaribus,
leguminibus erectis, villofis. Coronilla with a twining
■ hairy ftalk , five oval leaves , two flowers growing ere'et
on the fides of the branches , and upright hairy pods. Co-
ronilla fcandens pentaphylla. Plum. Cat. 19. Climbing
five-leaved Coronilla.
The fir ft fort is an humble fhrub, which feldom rifes
more than two or three feet high, with a ligneous
branching ftalk, garnifned clofely with winged leaves,
each being generally compofed of five pair of fmall
leaves (or lobes) terminated by an odd one ; thefe
are narrow at their bafe, and broad at the top, where
they are roundifh and indented ; they are of a fea-
.COR
^reen colour; arid continue all the year. The flmvefi
are produced on flender foot-ftalks from the wings of
the leaves, on the upper part of the branches, feverai
{landing together in a roundifh bunch ; they are of
the butterfly, or Pea-bloom kind, and of a bright
yellow colour, having a very ftrong odour, which to
lbme perfons is agreeable, but to others the contrary.
This flowers in April and May; and the feeds ripen
in Auguft.
This plant is propagated by fowing the feeds in the
fpring, either upon a gentle hot-bed, or on a warm
border of light frefh earth •, and when the plants are
come up about two inches high, they fhould be trans-
planted either into pots, or a bed of good rich earth*
at about four or five inches diftance every way,
where they may remain until they have obtained,
ftrength enough to plant out for good ; which fhould
be either into pots filled with good frefh earth, or
a warm fituated border •, in which, if the winter is not
too fevere, they will abide very well, provided they
are in. a dry foil.
The fecond fort is a fhrub of the fame fize with the
firft, from which it differs in the number of final!
leaves (or lobes) on each midrib •, thefe having nine
or eleven, and are of a filver colour, but the
flowers and pods are the fame. It flowers at the
fame time, and requires the fame treatment as the
former.
The third fort is a fhrubby plant, rifing four or five
feet high ; the ftalks are fhrubby garniffed with
winged leaves, compofed of many fmall oval lobes
along the midrib by pairs, and ending in an odd one.
The flowers Hand upon long foot-ftalks, which arife
from the fide of the branches ; they are yellow, and
grow together in clofe bunches. This flowers in winter
and fpring, and the feeds are ripe in Auguft.
This is a perennial fhrubby plant, which is propagated
by feeds ; they may be l’own on a bed of light earth in
April, and when the plants are fit to transplant, fome
of them fhould be planted in a warm border, clofe to a
warm wall or pale, to which the branches fhould be
trained-, obferving to ffade them from the fun till they
have taken frefh root; and alfo to refrefh them with
water when they require it. After they are well rooted,
they will require no other culture but to keep them
clean from weeds, and fallen their brtnthes to the
wall the next year they will flower, and if they are
on a dry foil and in a warm fltuation, they will con-
tinue many years. Some of thefe plants fhould be
put into pots, that they may be removed into fhelter
in winter ; where, if they are not too tenderly treated,
they will flower great part of that feafon but thefe
will rarely produce feeds, whereas thofe in the full
ground generally do, provided they are covered with
mats in frofty weather.
The fourth fort is nearly like the firft, but hath fewer
pinnae on each midrib. The flowers are larger, and
have little feent. The pods and feeds are much
larger, and the plants are not quite fo hardy. This
flowers in May and June, but rarely perfects feeds ,
in England it requires the fame treatment as the firft,
but in winter the plants fhould be ffeltered, otherwife
hard frofts will deftroy them.
The fifth fort is a low trailing plant with fhrubby
ftalks, which fpread near the ground, garnifhed with
winged leaves, compofed of many pair of fmall lobes
placed along the midrib, terminated by an odd one ;
thefe are oval, and of a bright green ; the flowers
fland upon long foot-ftalks in clofe bunches, they
are yellow, and without fcen.t„‘ It flowers in May,
and the feeds ripen in autumn. This is propagated
by feeds in the fame manner as the third, and requires
the fame treatment.
The flxth fort dies down every winter, but rifes again
the fucceeding fpring ; the ftalks of this rife to the
height of five or fix feet, where they have fupport ;
otherwife they trail, on the ground, and are garnifhed -
with winged leaves, compofed of feverai oblong fmall
pinnae, which are fometimes placed by pairs, and at
other times are alternate, ending in a fingle one, they
are
Ire of a deep green. The flowers cOme out on long
foot-ftalks from the wings of the leaves, many
growing together in round bunches ; they are variable
from a deep to a light purple, mixed with white,
and are fucceeded by {lender pods from two to three
Inches long, {landing ered. This plant flowers in
June, July, and Auguft, and the feeds ripen in au-
tumn. The roots of this plant creep very far under
ground, by which the plant increafes greatly; which,
When permitted to remain unremoved for two or
three years, will fpread and overbear what plants grow
hear it-, for which reafon the roots fhould be confined,
and it fhould be planted at a diftance from any other
plants it will grow in almoft any foil and fituation,
but thrives bed in a warm funny expo fare, in which
the flowers will alfo be much fairer, and in meater
quantities. This plant was formerly cultivated to feed
cattle.
The feventh fort hath an herbaceous ftalk, which riles
two feet high, garnhhed with winged leaves, com-
pofed of fix pair of fmall leaves, placed along the
midrib, which is terminated by an odd one ; thefe
are larger than thofe of the flxth fort, and broader at
the top. The foot-ftalks of the flowers come out
from the fide of the {talks, but they are fhorter than
thofe of the fixth fort, and fuftain fmaller heads of
flowers, which are fucceeded by five taper jointed
pods, near two inches long.
This is an annual plant, which grows naturally in
the Archipelago, from whence Tournefort fent the
feeds to the royal garden at Paris. The feeds of this
fort fhould be fown on a bed of light earth in the
fpring, where the plants are defigned to remain, and
when the plants come up, they fliould be thinned
where they are too clofe, and afterward kept clean
from weeds, which is all the culture they will require.
In June they will flower, and the feeds ripen in au-
tumn.
The eighth fort was difcovered by Dr. Tournefort
in the Levant, from whence he fent the feeds to the
royal garden at Paris ; this hath a perennial root, and
an annual ftalk, which rifes upward of two feet high,
Handing ered. The leaves are compofed of five or
fix pair of fmall oblong leaves, ranged along the
midrib, which is terminated by an odd one. The
foot-ftalks of the flowers are ftrong, and upward of
fix inches in length, fupporting large bunches of
yellow flowers, which are fucceeded by fhort thick
pods about an inch long. This flowers in June and
July, and in warm feafons the feeds will ripen in
autumn : there is a variety of this with large white
flowers.
This fort is propagated by feeds, which {hould be
fown on a warm border of light earth in the fpring ;
and when the plants come up, they mult be carefully
cleaned from weeds ; when they are fit to remove,
they fhould be tranfpl anted into a warm border,
where they are to remain, {hading them from the fun
till they have taken frefh root, after which they will
require no farther care in fummer, but to keep them
clean from weeds ; and in autumn, when the (talks
are decayed, if the furface of the ground is covered
with fame old' tan to keep out the froft, it will be a
fecure method to prelerve the roots. The fecond
year the plants will flower, and, if the fame care is
taken in winter, the roots may be continued fome
years.
The ninth fort grows naturally in Spain; this rifes
from two to four feet high, having many llender lig-
neous branches, gamiflied with narrow fpear-fhaped
leaves, which are fometimes trifoliate, and at other
times have five lobes on each foot-ftalk ; the flowers
Hand upon pretty long foot-ftalks, which come out
from the wings of the ftalk, and are colle&ed in fmall
bunches ; they are of a bright yellow colour, and
appear for fix or feven months together,, but have
not been fucceeded by feeds here as yet.
This is propagated by feeds in the fame manner as
the ftrft fort, and fome of the plants fhould be planted
in pots that they may be fheltered under a common
frame in winter, becaufe in hard frofls the plants are
often deftroyed ; but in mild weather they fhould be
cxpofed to the air, otherwile they will draw up
weak.
The tenth fort was difcovered by father Plumier in
America. I received the feeds of this plant from
Carthagena, which were fent me by my late ingenious,
friend Dr. William Houftoun this hath a {lender,
hairy, twining ftalk, ot a brown colour, twilling round
any of the fhrubs which Hand near it, whereby it
rifes eight or ten feet high, and is garnifhed with
winged leaves, for the moft part compofed of five
oval lobes, one inch long, and half an Inch broad,
of a deep green. The flowers come out by pairs at
each joint, Handing on very fhort feparate foot-ftalks
creel ; they are large, and of a pale yellow ; thefe
are fucceeded by taper jointed pods, more than three
inches long, which are covered with fhort, foft, white,
nairy down, and Hand erect. This plant is propa-
gated by leeds, which fhould be fown early in the
fpring on a moderate hot-bed ; and when the plants
are come up, they fhould be each tranfplanted into
a halfpenny pot filled with frefh rich earth, and
plunged into a hot-bed of tanners bark, obferving to
{hade them until they have taken root ; after which
time they fhould have air and water in proportion to
the warmth of the feafon, and when they have filled
thefe pots with their roots, they fhould be {Lifted into
pots of a larger fize, and plunged into the hot-bed
again, where they muft remain until autumn, when
they fhould be removed into the Hove, and plunged
into the tan. Thefe plants muft be conftantly kept
in the bark-ftove, and placed among plants which
require a moderate heat ; where they will thrive and
flower, and fhould be fupported by tall flicks, round
which they will twine as Hops do ; for if they have
not this fupport, they will twill round other plants
and- fpoil them. Thefe are very proper plants to
place againft an efpalier on the back part of the Hove,
amongft other climbing plants, where they will make
an agreeable variety.
If the plants are carefully managed in the winter*
they may be preferved two or three years, and will
annually flower in July, and fometimes they will pro-
duce ripe feeds in England.
CORONOPUS. See Plantago.
C O R T U S A. Lin. Gen.’ Plant. 1 8 1. [This plant is
fo called from Cortufus, a famous botanift, who firft
brought it into ufe.] Bears-ear Sanicle.
The Characters are,
The flower hath a fmall , fpreading , permanent empale -
ment, which is indented at the brim in five parts *, this
hath one wheel-Jhaped petal , fpreading open to the bottom ,
and cut into five parts at the brim , having five prominent
tubercles at the bafe. It hath five fhort obtufe fiamina ,
which are terminated by oblong ere It fummits. In the
center is fituated am oval germen , fupporting a fender ftyle,
a owned by a fingle ftigma. The germen afterward becomes
an oval , oblong , pointed capfule , having two longitudinal
■furrows, and one cell, opening with two valves, filled
with fmall oblong feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft feflion of
Linnaeus’s fifth clafs, intitled Pentandria Monogynia,
the flower having five ftamina and one ftyle.
The Species are,
1. Cortusa ( Maithioli ) calycibus corolla brevioribus,
Lin. Sp. Plant. 144. Bears Ear Sanicle, with an cm-
palement fhorter than the petal. Cortufa Matthioli. Club
Hilt. 1. p. 307. Bears Ear Sanicle of Matthiolus.
2. Cortusa ( Gmelini ) calycibus corolkim excedentibus,
Amcen. Acad. 2. p. 340. Bears Ear Sanicle with an
empalement longer than the petal.
The firft fort grows naturally on the Alps, and alfo
on the mountains in Auftria, and in Siberia. This
plant fends out many oblong fmooth leaves, which
are a little indented on the edges, and form a fort of
head, like the Auricula. ' The foot-ftalks of the
flowers come out in the center of the leaves ; thefe
rife about four inches high, and fupport an umbel oft
flowers, each fitting on a {lender, feparate, fiiort foot-
ftalk 5
ftalk ; they are of a flefti colour, and fpread open
like thofe of the Auricula. It flowers in April, but doth'
not produce feeds in the gardens, for this plant is
with great difficulty kept in a garden. The only
method by which I could ever preferve it, has been
by planting the plants in pots, and placing them in
a fhady fituation, where they were duly watered in
dry weather ; in this place they conftantly remained
both fummer and winter, for the cold will not deftfoy
them •, the earth for this plant fhould be light, and
not too rich, for dung is very injurious, to it. As
this very rarely produces any feeds in England, the
only method to propagate it is, by parting the roots
in the fame manner as is practifed for Auriculas ; the
beft time for this is about Michaelmas, foon after
which the leaves decay.
The fecond fort is very like the firft, but the flowers
are much lefs, and their empalements are larger •, this
grows naturally in Siberia, but is with great difficulty
kept in a garden.
CORYLUS. Lin. Gen. Plant. 953. Tourn. Inft. R.
H. 581. [fo called from Gr. a Hazel, or
Filbert-tree. It is alfo called Avellana, from Avella,
a town in Campania, wffere it grew in great plenty.]
The Hazel, or Nut-tree.
The Characters are,
It hath male and female flowers growing at remote dif-
iances on the fame tree. The male flowers are produced
in long fcaly katkins , each fcale including a Jingle flower ,
having no petals , hut eight fhort ftamina faflened to the
fide of the fcale? and terminated by oblong erect fummits.
‘The female flowers are included in the future bud , fitting
clofe to the branches ; thefe have a thick two-leaved peri-
anthium , torn on the border , fitting under the flower
when it is fmall, but afterward is enlarged to the fize of
the fruit ; it hath no petal but a fmall round germen
occupies the center , fupporting two briftly coloured flyles,
which are longer than the empalements crowned by two
fingle ftigmas. The germen afterward becomes an oval
■nuts paved at the bafe , and comprejfed at the tops ending
in a point.
This genus of plants is ranged in the eighth febtion
of Linnaeus’s twenty-firft dais, intitled Monoecia Po-
lyandria, from there being male and female flowers
• on the fame plant, and the male flowers having many
ftamina.
The Species are,
1. Corylus ( Avellana ) ftipulis ovatis obtufis. Llort.
Cliff. 44.8. Hazel Nut with oval blunt ft ip nice. Cory-
lus Sylveftris. C. B. P. 418. Wild Hazel Nut.
2. Corylus ( Maxima ) flipulis oblongis, obtufis, ramis
erebrioribus. Hazel with oblong blunt ftipulte, and the
branches growing more erebl. Corylus fativa frubtu ob-
longo. C. B. P. 418. The Filbert.
j. Corylus ( Column ) flipulis linearibus acutis. Hort.
Cliff. 448. Hazel with narrow acute ftipula. Corylus
Bvzantina. H. L. 19 1. Byzantine Nut.
The firft of thefe trees is common in many woods in
England, from whence the, fruit is gathered in plenty,
and brought to the London, markets by the country
people. This tree is feldom planted in gardens (ex-
cept by perfons curious in collebtions of trees and
fhrubs -,) it delights to grow on a moift ftrong foil,
and may be plentifully increafed by fuckers from the
old plants, or by laying down their branches, which,
in one year’s time, will take fufficient root for tranf-
planting; and thefe will be much handfoiner and better
rooted plants than fuckers, and will greatly outgrow
them, efpeciaily while young.
There is a variety of this with fruit growing in great
clufters at the end of the branches, which is diftin-
guifhed by the title of Clufler Nut-, but as this is
iuppofed to be only a variety, which accidentally
came from the other, I have not diftinguifhed it ;
however, this may be continued by layers, fo the kind
may always be preferved.
The fecond fort is by many fuppofed to be only a fe-
minal variety from the firft, which hath been im-
proved by culture -, but this is very doubtful, for I
'Lave feveral times propagated both from the nuts,
but never have found them vary from cnb to tk§
other, though they have altered in the fize and co-
lour of their fruit, from the forts which were fowti %
but as the fhrubs of this grow more erebt than thofe
of the other, and the ftipulm are different in their
fliape, fo I have enumerated it as a diftinbt fort \ of
this tiiere are the red and white Filberts, both which,
are fo well known, as to need no defcription.
The third fort grows naturally near Conftantinopie *
the nuts of this are large; roundilli, and in fhape like
thofe of the common Hazel, but are more than twice
their fize. The cups in which the nuts grow are
very large, fo as almoft to cover the nut, and is deeply
cut at the brim. This fort is not common in England,
but I take thofe large nuts which are annually im-
ported from Barcelona in Spain, to be of the fame
kind, the nuts being fo alike, as not to be diftin-
guifhed when out of their cupT; and thofe of the
Spaniflh fort come over naked, fo I cannot with cer-
tainty fay how they eftentially differ.
All thefe forts may be propagated by fowing their
nuts in February; which, in order to preferve them
good, lhould be kept in land in a moift cellar, where
the vermin cannot come at them to cleftroy them
nor fhould the external air be excluded from them*
which would occafion their growing mouldy.
The manner of fowing the feeds being well kndwri
to every one, I need not here mention it, efpeciaily
fince it is not the fureft -way to obtain the forts de-
fired ; for they feldom prove fo good as the nuts
which were fown, or at leaft not one in four of them
will ; and the method of propagating them by layers
being not only the fureft, but alfo moft expeditious,
is what I would recommend to every one who
would cultivate thefe trees for the fake of their fruits.
CORYMBIFEROUS PLANTS are fuch as
have a compound difcous flower, but their feeds
have no down adhering to them. The name is taker!
from the manner of bearing its flowers in ciufters,
and fpreading round in the form of an umbrella, Of
this kind is the Corn Marigold, common Ox Eye,
the Daify, Camomile, Mugwort, Feverfew, &c.
Mr. Ray diftinguiflies them into fuch as have a ra-
diated flower, as the Sun Flower, Marigold, &c. and
fuch as have a naked flower, as the Lavender Cotton
and T anfey, and alfo thofe that are akin to them, as
Scabious, Teafel, Carduus, &c.
CORYMBIUM.
The Characters are,
It hath an empalement of two leaves, having fix angles §'
the fmall leaves are ere dl and clofe together their whole
length, and are triangidar on their outfides cut into three
fegments, and are permanent. The flower has one petal, \
which is equal, having a very port tubes cut into five
fegments at the brims which fpread open-, it hath five
creel ftamina fitting within the tube , crowned with oblong
creel fummits, porter than the petal, joining in a cylin-
der : the germen is fituated within the empalement , at
the bottom of the petal, fupporting a fingle erect ftyle the
length of the petal, terminated by a bifid oblong ftigma %
the germen afterward becomes an oblong feed , having a
fort of doivn adhering to it.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fixth febtion of
Linnaeus’s nineteenth clafs, intitled Syngenefia Mo-
nogamia, the flower having five ftamina which join
by their fummits, and is fucceeded by one feed.
We know but one Species of this genus, viz.
CoPvYmbium ( Africanum ), Hort. Cliff. 494. African Co -
rymbium. Bupleurifolia femine pappofo, valerianoides
umbellata, cauliculi fcabro. Pluk. Aim. 79.
This plant grows naturally at the Cape of Good
Hope ; it rifes with an erebt rough ftalk about a
foot high, with a fingle leaf at each joint, which half
embrace the ftalk with their bafe. The leaves ar®
long, narrow, and triangular, and have a downy fub-
ftance intermixed with them at their bafe ; the upper
part of the ftalk divides into feveral foot-ftalks,
which are terminated by purple flowers of one petal,
cut into five parts at the brim, each being fucceeded
by an oblong feed.
4 H %t
)
- 'It -is propagated by feeds, which fhould be Town in a
fmall pot filled with light earth as foon as it is re-
ceived from abroad ; the pots fhou Id be plunged into
a bed of tanners bark, where the heat is near fpent,
and covered witha- common frame in winter, to protedt
the feeds from frcft, fnow, and hard rains. In the
bpring, it the pots are removed into a moderate hot-
bed, the plants will foon appear: when they are
about an inch high, they fhould be each tranfplanted
into a feparate fmall pot, obferving to fhade them until
they have got new roots - foon after which they fhould
be gradually inured to the open air, and in June
they fhould be placed abroad in a flickered fituation ;
where they may remain till October, when they fhould
be placed in a common frame, where they may be
protedted from froft, being too tender to live abroad
in England.
COR i M BUS Gr.~\ fignifles among bo-
tan ifts, round clutters of berries, as thole of Ivy.
Jungius ufes it to fignify the extremity of a fcalk, fo
- fubdivided and laden with flowers, or fruits, as to
compofe a fphericai figure.
It is alfo by modern botanifls ufed to fignify a com-
pound diicous flower, which does not fly away in
down, as the Chryfanthemum, Daify, Chryfocome,
&c. For thefe kind of flowers, being fpread into
breadth, do, after a fort, referable an umbrella, or
bunch of Ivy-berries.
C O S T U S. Lin. Gen. Plant. 3.
The Characters are,
It hat h a fimple fpadix and fpathd, with a fmall em-
palement , divided into three parts, fitting on the germen.
Ttoe flower hath three concave petals , which are ereffi and
equal , with a large oblong nedlarium of one leaf, having
two lips, the lower being broad, and as long as the petal.
The upper is fhorter and fpear-fhaped, changing to a fia-
tnina ; this is faflened to the upper lip of the neblarimn,
to which adheres a bipartite fummit. The germen is fi-
tuated within the receptacle of the flower , which is
romdijh , fupporting a fender fiyle , crowned by a com-
preffed indented fiigma. The germen afterward becomes a
roundifh capfule with three cells , containing fever al trian-
. ' gular feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firfl: fedfion of
Linnaeus’s firfl clafs, intitled Monandria Monogynia,
the flower having but one ftamen and one ftyle.
V/e have but one Species of this plant, viz.
Costus (Arabians). Hort. Cliff. 2. Coitus Arabicus. C.
B. P. 36. Arabian Cofus.
This hath a flefhy jointed root like that of Ginger,
which propagates under the furface as that doth;
, from which arife many round, taper, herbaceous
ftalks, garniflied with oblong fmooth leaves, em-
bracing the ftalks like thofe of a Reed; thefe ftalks rife
near two feet high ; out of the center, the club, or
head of flowers is produced, which is near two inches
long, the thicknefs of a man’s finger, and blunt at
the top, compofed of feveral leafy feales, out of
. which the flowers come ; thefe have but one thin
white petal, which is of fhort duration, feldom con-
tinuing longer than one day before it fades, and is
never fucceeded by feeds in this country. The time
of its flowering is very uncertain, for fometirnes it
flowers late in the winter, and at other times it has
flowered in fummer, fo is not conftant to any feafon
in England. It grows naturally in moft parts of India.
This is propagated by parting of the roots ; the beft
time for doing this is in the fpring, before the roots
put out new ftalks. The roots rnuft not be divided
too fmall, becaufe that will prevent their flowering.
They fhould be planted in pots, filled with light
kitchen-garden earth, and plunged into the tan-bed
in the ftove, where they fhould conftantly remain,
and may be treated in the fame manner as the
. Ginger, which is fully treated of under the article
, Amomsjm.
The roots of this plant were formerly imported from
India, and were much ufed in medicine; but of late
years they have not been regarded, the roots of Ginger
being generally fubftituted for thefe.
COT 1 NUS. See Rhus.
COTONEA MALUS. See Cydonia.
COTONEASi ER. See Msspilus.
^ fd ei1, ^ ant * 868. Ananthccyclns.
’ axil. AT. Keg. Scien. 1 7x9. Mayweed.
The Characters are.
It patio <2 flower compofed of hermaphrodite florets in the
difk, and female half florets which form the rays ; thefe
are included in one common convex empalement , divided
into feveral oval parts. The hermaphrodite florets are
tubular , and cut into four unequal figments at the top ;
tr.'sfi have four fmall flamma, terminated by tubular -fum-
Mds, and have~ two obtufi fiigmas , having one fmall »
oval, angular feed to each. The female half florets have
an oval comprejfed germen , fupporting a fender fiyle ,
ct owned by two ftigmas, but have no flamina ; thefe are
fucceeded by fingle heart-fhaped feeds, plain on one fide , and
convex on the other, with an obtufi border.
I his genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fedfion
of Linnaeus’s nineteenth clafs, intitled. Syngenefia
Polygamia fuperflua ; the plants of this fedfion have
hermaphrodite and female flowers, which are fruit-
ful.
The Species are,
1. Cotula (. Anthemoides ) foliis pinnato-multifidis, co-
rollis radio deftitutis. Hort. Cliff. 417. Mayweed with
many pointed winged leaves, and no rays to the flower. 4
Chamaemelum luteum capite aphyllo. C. B, P. 135.
2. Cotula [Turbinata ) receptaculis fubtus inflatis, tur-
binatis. Hort. Cliff. 417. Mayweed whofi receptacles
arefwollen and turbinated beneath. Cotula Africana ca*-
lice eleganter caefio. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 495.
3. Cotula [Cororwpi folia') foliis lanceolato-linearibus,
amplexicaulibus pinnatifidis. Hort. Cliff. 417. May-
weed with narrow fpear-foaped leaves embracing the fa Ik.,
having many points. Chryfanthemum exoticum minus,
capite aphyllo, Chamaemeli nudi facie. Breyn. Cent.
156.
The firfl; fort grows naturally in Spain, Italy, and
the Archipelago ; this is an annual plant, which rifos
with a branching ftalk half a foot high, garniflied
with leaves which are finely divided like thofe of
Chamomile. The flowers are produced fingly at the
end of the branches, which are very like thofe of the
naked Chamomile, but the heads, rife higher in the
middle like a pyramid. This flowers in May and
June, and the feeds ripen in Auguft. If the feeds of
this fort are permitted to fcatter, the plants will come
up in the fpring, and require no other care but to
keep them clean from weeds, and thin the plants
where they are too clofe.
The fecond fort grows naturally at the Cape of Good
Hope, from whence I have received the feeds ; this
is an annual plant, fending out many branching ftalks
from the root, which fpread on the ground, and are
garniflied with very fine divided leaves, covered with,
a lanugo, or cotton. The flowers are produced
fingly upon long foot-ftalks, arifing from the fide of
the branches ; thefe have a narrow border of white
rays, with a pale yellow difk. It flowers in June and
July, and the feeds ripen in autumn. This fort mull
be raifed on a moderate hot-bed in the fpring, and
when the plants have obtained ftrength, they may be
tranfplanted into a warm border, where they will ripen
their feeds very well.
The third fort is an annual plant, which fends out
trailing ftalks about fix inches long, garniflied with
fuccuient leaves, in fliape like thofe of Buckfhorn
Plantain. The flowers grow from the divifions of
the ftalks upon fhort weak foot-ftalks, being deftitute
of rays ; they are of a fulphur colour, and appear
about the fame time with the former. If the feeds
or this fort are fown on a warm border where the
plants are to remain, they will require no other cul-
ture but to keep them clean from weeds. The
flowers of the two laft forts ftand eredf, when they firfl:
appear, but fo foon as the florets are impregnated,
and their colour changes, the foot-ftalks become very
flaccid toward the top, and the flowers hang downward ;
but when the feeds are ripe, the foot-ftalks become
* ftifij
COT
fdfr, and the heads fiand erect for the winds to dif-
perfe the feeds.
COTYLEDON. Lin. Gen. Plant. 512. Tourn.
Inft. R. H. 90, tab. 19. [KolvXrddu, Gr. of KcTjA'/i, Gr.
a cavity j becaufe the leaves of this are hollowed like
the navel, or becaufe it refembles a veffel wherewith
the ancients ufed to draw water,] Navelwort.
The Characters are,
The flower hath a ft hall empalement of one leaf divided
into five parts at the top. It hath one funnel-jhaped pe-
tal cut into five parts at the brim , which turn backward.
It hath five germina, which have each a fiiuamous concave
nectarium at their bafe , and each fuftains a ftyle, crowned
by a fingle fiigma j thefe are attended by ten erect ft ami-
na, which are terminated by eredi fummits , having four
furrows. The germen afterward become fo many oblong
fwetting c ap files i opening longitudinally , with one valve ,
filled with fmall feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fourth fection of
Linnaeus’s tenth clafs, intitled Decanaria Pentagyma,
the flower having ten ftamina and five ftyles.
The Species are,
1. Cotyledon (Umbilicus) foYns cuculato-peltatis, ferrato-
dentatis, alternis, caule ramofo, floribus ereftis. Lin.
Sp. Plant. 429. Navelwort with hooded leaves fie ar ply in-
dented , growing alternate , and a branching fitalk with
erebl flowers. Cotyledon major. Greater Navelwort.
Umbilicus Veneris. Cluf. H.
2. Cotyledon ( Spinofo ) foliis oblongis fpinofo-mucro-
natis, caule fpicato. Lin. Sp. Plant. 429. Navelvcort
with oblong pointed leaves , ending with a fpine , and a
fpiked ftalk.
3. Cotyledon (Serrata) foliis ovalibus, crenatis, caule
Ipicato. Lin. Sp. Plant. 429. Navelwort with oval cre-
nated leaves and a fpiked ftalk. Cotyledon Cretica, fo-
lio oblongo, fimbriato. Hort. Elth. it 3. tab. 95. Na-
velwort of Crete , with an oblong fringed leaf
4. Cotyledon ( Hemifpherica ) foliis femiglobofis. Hort.
Cliff. 176. Navelwort with femiglobular leaves. Coty-
ledon Capenfis, folio femiglobato. Hort. Elth. 112.
tab. 94.
5. Cotyledon ( Orbiculata ) foliis fubrotundis, planis in-
tegerrimis. Hort. Cliff. 276. Navelwort with roundiflo,
plain , entire leaves. Sedum Africanum frutefcens, in-
canum, orbiculatis foliis. H. L. 349.
6. Cotyledon ( Ramofifiimo ) caule ramofiflimo, foliis
rotundis, planis, marginibus purpureis. Navelwort
. with a very branching ftalk , and rounds plain , hairy
leaves , with purple edges.
7. Cotyledon {Arbor efcens~) caule ramofo, fucculento,
foliis obverse ovatis, emarginatis, marginibus purpu-
reis. Navelwort with a branching fucculent ftalk , and ob-
verfe oval leaves , which are indented at the top , and have
purple borders. Cotyledon major, arborefeens Afra,
foliis orbiculatis, glaucus, limbo purpureo, & ma-
culis viridibus ornatis. Boerh. Ind. alt. 1. p. 287.
8. Cotyledon ( Ovata ) caule ramofo, fucculento, fo-
liis ovatis, planis, acuminatis oppofitis femiamplexi-
caulibus. Navelwort with a fucculent branching ftalk ,
and ov al) plain, pointed leaves growing oppofite , which half
embrace the ftalk.
g. Cotyledon ( Spuria ) foliis alternis fpatulatis carnofis
integerrimis. Lin. Sp. 614. Navelwort with fpatule-
ftoaped leaves. Cotyledon Africana frutefcens, folio
longo & angufto, flore flavefeente. Com. Rar. Plant.
23. tab. 23.
10. Cotyledon ( Laciniata ) foliis laciniatis, floribus qua-
drifidis. Hort. Cliff. 175. Navelwort with cut leaves,
and four-pointed flowers. Cotyledon Afra, folio craffo
lato laciniato, flofculo aureo. Boerh. Ind. alt. 288.
The firft fort, which is that ufed in medicine, grows
upon old walls and buildings in divers parts of Eng-
land, particularly in Shropfhire and Somerfetfhire ; in
both which counties it greatly abounds upon old
buildings, and on rocky places, but is not often
found wild near London, nor often cultivated in gar-
dens. This hath many round fucculent leaves, whole
foot-ftalks are placed almoft in the center, fo as to
refemble a target. They are alternately fawed on
their edges, which frequently turn inward j the upper
COT
furfaceof the leaves are hollow in the middle, where
the foot-ftalks are joined on the lower fide, fo as to
refemble a navel, from whence the plant was titled
Navelwort. From between the leaves arife the foot-
ftalks of the flowers, which in fome places grow near
three feet high, and in others not more than fix inches,
their lower part being garniflied with leaves, and
their upper part with flowers, which ftand clofe to
the fide of the branches, and grow ere ft • they are
of a whitifh yellow colour, and appear in June. ; It
requires a dry rubbifhy foil, and to have a fhady po-
fition. . This is a biennial plant, fo that after it has
perfected feed, the plant decays ; but if the feeds
are fcattered on walls and old buildings as foon as
it is ripe, or if the feeds are permitted' to fall upon
fuch places, the plants will come up, and thrive much
better than when they are fown in the ground , and
when once the plants are eftablifhed upon an old wall
or building, they will fow their feeds, and maintain
their place better than when cultivated with more care.
The fecond fort grows naturally in Siberia, from
whence it was brought to the imperial garden at Pe-
terfburgh. This was lent me by Dr. Amman, the
late profefior of botany in that garden. It is a low
plant, in fliape like the Houlleek, but the leaves are
longer, and terminate in foft fpines. The fiower-
ftalks rife about four inches high, and fupport four
or five whitifh flowers, which are cut at the brim into
five parts. Thefe appear in April, and are fome-
times fucceeded by feeds in England. This fort re-
quires a very fhady fituation, for if it is expofed to
the fun in fummer, the plants will foon decay. It is
propagated by offsets like the Houfleek, and requires
a pretty ftrong foil.
The third fort grows naturally in the Levant. This
hath a fibrous root, From which is produced a fingle
upright fucculent ftalk, garnifhed with oblong, thick,
fucculent leaves, placed alternate, which are fawed on
their edges. The upper part of the ftalk is garnifh-
ed with purplifh flowers, growing in a loofe fpike,
two or three being joined on the fame foot-ftalk,
which is very fhort. The flowers appear in June,
and the feeds ripen in autumn. It is a biennial plant,
which decays foon after the feeds are ripe. If this
fort is lown upon a wall, it will thrive better than
in the ground, and be Ids liable to fuffer by froft ;
fo that where the feeds flatter themfelves in fuch
fttuations, the plants thrive better than when they
are cultivated.
The fourth fort grows naturally at the Cape of Good
Hope. This hath a thick fucculent ftalk, which
rarely rifes above a fpan high, dividing into many
branches, garniflied with fhort, thick, fucculent leaves,
which are very convex on their under fide, but plain
on their upper, not -more than half an inch long, and
a quarter broad, of a grayifn colour fpotted over with
fmall green fpots, and fit clofe to the branches : the
foot-ftalks of the flower rife from the top of the
branches, and are fix inches long, naked, and fupport
five or fix flowers, which come out alternate from
the fide, fitting very clofe to the ftalks ; they are tu-
bular, and cut into five parts at the top ; thefe are
greenifh, with purple tips. It flowers in June and
July, but never produces feeds in England.
The fifth fort grows naturally upon dry gravelly fpots
at the Cape of Good Elope. It hath a thick fucculent
ftalk, which by age becomes ligneous, and rifes three
or four feet high, fending out crooked branches, which
grow irregular, garnifhed with thick, flefhy, fucculent
leaves about two inches long, and near as vride toward
the top •, they are narrow at their bafe, and rounded
at the top, of a fla- green colour, with a purple edge,
which is frequently irregularly indented. The flow*
ers grow upon thick fucculent foot-ftalks, which
arife from the end of the branches, and are near a
foot long, naked, and fupporting eight or ten flowers,
growing in an irregular umbel at the top j thefe are
of a pale yellow colour, having long tubes, which
hang downward, cut into five parts at the brim, which
turn backward, the ftamina and ftyle being longer
than
ILL
COT
than the tube of the flower, hanging downward.
This fort flowers in July, Auguft, and September,
but doth not ripen feeds in England
The fixth fort is alfo a native of the Cape of Good
Hope* This hath a fhort;, thick, fucculent ftaik,
which rarely rifes more than a foot high, branching
out on every fide, fo as to fpread over the pots in
Which they are planted : they become woody by age,
and are clofely garnifhed with thick round leaves, of
a grayifh colour, with purple borders, plain on their
upper fide, but convex on their under, and very
flefhy, of ait herbaceous colour within, and full of
moifture* This fort hath not flowered in England,
fo far as I can learn, for I have kept plants of it which
were twenty years old, but never attempted to flower.
It is undoubtedly a different fort from the former,
although they have been fuppofed to be the fame by
fome writers.
The feventh fort is fomewhat like the fixth, but the
ftalks rife higher, the leaves are much larger, and
fhaped more like thofe of the fifth, but are fpotted
on their upper fide with great numbers of dark green
fpots ; they have a deep border of purple on their
edges, and fit clofe to the branches. This hath not
as yet flowered in England. This is alfo a native of
^Ethiopia.
The eighth fort hath been of late years introduced
into the gardens in Holland, from the Cape of Good
Elope, where it grows naturally, and was fent me by
Dr. Adrian Van Royen, late profeffor of botany at
Leyden. This rifes with a fucculent ftaik near three
feet high, which divides into many branches, grow-
ing ere£t, garnifhed with oval fucculent leaves, placed
oppofite ; they are of a lively green, and end in
points, and half embrace the ftalks with their bafe.
This fort hath not as yet produced any flowers in
England.
The ninth fort grows on rocky places at the Cape of
Good Hope, from whence it was firft brought to the
gardens in Holland, and hath fince been fpread into
moil parts of Europe, where there are curious per-
fons who preferve exotic plants in their gardens : this
hath a fhort, greenifh, fucculent ftaik, which feldom
rifes more than a fpan high, dividing into feveral ir-
regular branches, garnifhed with thick fucculent
leaves four inches long, and half an inch broad, and
as much in thicknefs, having a broad concave furrow
on their upper fide, running almoft their whole
length, and are convex on their under fide, of a
bright green, with a purple tip. The foot-ftalks of
the flowers are produced at the end of the branches,
and rife near a foot high, having here and there an
oblong pointed leaf, growing on their fide. The
flowers ftand upon fhort foot-ftalks, which branch
out from the principal ftem •, thefe are yellow, hav-
ing pretty long tubes, which are cut at the top into
five parts, and are reflexed backward. The flowers
of this fort hang downward, and the ftamina are
longer than the tube of the flower ; the reflexed parts
of the petal are tipped with purple. Dr. Linnseus
has fuppofed this to be the fame with the fifth fort,
but whoever has feen both plants, cannot doubt of j
their being diftinft fpecies.
The tenth fort grows naturally in the warm parts of j
Africa, fo is much more tender than either of the
other forts : this rifes with an upright ftem about a
foot high, which is jointed and fucculent, garnifhed
with broad leaves, which are deeply cut on their
edges ; they are of a grayifh colour, placed oppofite,
and almoft embrace the ftalks with their bafe. The
foot-ftalks of the flowers arife from the end of the
branches, which are about fix inches long, fuftaining
feven or eight fmall flowers of a deep yellow co-~
lour, which are divided into four parts almoft to the
bottom. The ftamina of thefe flowers are not longer
than the fhort tube. This flowers at different feafons
of the year, but never produces any feeds in England.
This fort requires a warm ftove to preferve it through
the winter in England, nor fhould it be expofed abroad
m bummer ; for if it receives much wet, the ftalks are
COT
vei y fubjeft to rot *, fo that it ftiould conftantjy reiiiairi
either in the ftoves, or in fummer fhould be placed in
an airy glafs-cafe with other tender fucculent plants,
where they may have free air in warm weather, and
be fcreened from cold and wet ; but in autumn they
muft be removed into the ftove, where they fhould
be kept in a moderate temperature of warmth :
this is propagated by puttings, which feould be
taken off in fummer, and planted into ihiail pots,
and plunged into a moderate hot-bed, and whendhey
have taken root, they fhould be removed into the
ftove. . This plant muft have but little water, efpe-
cially in winter.
The African kinds are all of them propagated by
planting cuttings in any of the fummer months, which
fhould be laid in a dry place for a fortnight or three
weeks after they are taken from the plant, before
they are planted ; for thefe abound with juice through
every part of the plant, which will certainly rot the
cuttings, if they are not buffered to lie out of the
ground, that the wounded part may heal over, and
the great redundancy of fap evaporate. The foil in
which thefe plants thrive beft, is one third frefti light
earth from a pafture, one third band, and the other
third part lime-rubbifh and rotten tan, in equal quan-
tities • thefe fhould be well mixed, and laid in a heap
fix or eight months before it is ufed, turning it over
five or fix times, that the parts may the better incor-
porate; and before it is ufed, it will be proper to pafs
ij through a fereen, to feparate the large (tones, clods,
&c. therefrom.
Having prepared the earth, and your cuttings being
in a fit order for planting, you muft fill as many half-
penny pots with earth as you have cuttings to plant ;
then put one cutting in the middle of each pot about
two or three inches deep or more, according to their
ftrength ; then give them a little water to fettle the
earth clofe about them, and fet the pots in a warm
fhady place for about a week, to prepare the cuttings
for putting forth roots •, after which they fhould be
plunged, into a moderate hot-bed' of tanners bark,
which will greatly facilitate their rooting ; but obferye
to give them air, by raifing the glaffes at all times
when the weather will permit, as alfo to (hade the
glaffes in the heat of the day.
In about fix weeks or two months time after plant-
ing, thefe cuttings will be rooted, when you muft
begin to expofe them to the open air by degrees, firft
drawing the pots out of the tan, and betting them on
the top, then raife the glaffes very high in the day-
time ; and in about a week after remove the pots
into a green-boufe, and there harden them for another
week ; after which they may be expofed to the open
air in a well defended place, obferving not to fet
them into a place too much expofed to the fun, until
they have been inured to the open air for fome time.
In this place the plants may remain until the begin-
ning of October, at which time you fhould remove
them into the confervatory, placing them as near the
windows as poflible at firft, letting them have as much
free open air as the feafon will permit, by keeping the
windows open whenever the weather is good ; and
now you muft begin to abate your waterings, giving
it to them fparingly ; but you fhould not buffer their
leaves to fhrink for want of moifture, which is ano-
ther extreme fome people run into for want of a lit-
tle obfervation ; for when they are buffered to fhrink
for want of fufficient moifture to keep their veffels
diftended, they are rendered incapable of difeharging
this moifture whenever they receive it again. The
tenth fort fhould be placed in a moderate ftove in
winter, nor muft it be fet abroad till Midfummer,
for it is much tenderer than any of the others.
The beft: method to treat moft of thefe plants is, to
place them in an open, airy, dry glafs-cafe, among
Ficoideffes and African Houfleeks, where they may
enjoy as much of the fun-fhine as'poftible, and have a
free, dry, open air; for if thefe are placed- in acorn-,
men green-houfe among fhrubby plants, which per-
fpire freely, it will fill the houfe with a damp air,
which
C R A
which thefe fucculent plants are apt to imbibe ; and
thereby becoming too replete with moifture, often
call their leaves, and many times their branches alfo
-decay, and the whole plant perifties.
COURBARIL. See Hymen^a.
COWSLIP. See Primula.
C R A B-T REE. See Malus.
CRAMBE. Lin. Gen. Plant. 739. Tourn. Inft. R.
H. 21 1. tab. 100. Gr.j Sea Cabbage.
The Characters are,
The empalement of the flower is compofed of four oval
concave leaves which fpread open. The flower hath four
petals , placed in form of a crofs , which are large , ob-
long , and fpread open •, it hath fix ftamina , two of which
are the length of the empalement, the other four are longer ,
and bifid at their points thefe are terminated by Jingle
fummits , which branch into threads on their outjide. The
petals have honey glands on their infide , which are longer
than the flamina. It hath an oblong germen , but no ftyle ,
crowned by a thick ftigma. The germen afterward becomes
a round dry cap fule , with one cell , inclofing one roundifh feed.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond leftion
of Linnaeus’s fifteenth clafs, intitled Tetradynamia
filiquofa, the flower having four long and two fhort
ftamina, and the feeds growing in pods.
The Species are,
1. Crambe ( Maritima ) foliis cauleque glabris. FI. Suec.
570. Sea Cabbage with fmooth ft alks and leaves. Crambe
maritima brafficas folio. Tourn. Inft. 21 1.
2. Crambe ( Suecica ) foliis profunde laciniatis, caule
eredto, ramofo. Sea Cabbage with leaves deeply cut , and
an upright branching ftalk.
3. Crambe [Orientalis) foliis fcabris, caule glabro. Lin.
Sp. Plant. 67 1. Sea Cabbage with rough leaves and a
fmooth ftalk. Crambe foliis & foliolis alternatim pin-
natifidis. Prod. Leyd. 330.
4. Crambe {Hifpanica ) foliis cauleque fcabris." Hort.
Upfal. 193. Sea Cabbage with rough ft alks and leaves.
Rapiftrum maximum rotundifolium monofpermum.
Corn. Canad. 147.
The firft fort fends out many broad fmooth leaves,
which are deeply jagged on their fides in obtufefeg-
ments, and are of a grayilh colour, fpreading near the
ground •, between thefe arife a thick fmooth foot-ftalk
about one foot high, which fpreads out into many
branches, which have at each joint one leaf of the
fame form as thofe below, but much lefs ; thefe foot-
ftalks fubdivide again into many fmaller, which are
garniflied with white flowers, growing in a loofe ob-
tufe fpike, compofed of four concave petals, placed
in form of a crofs ; thefe are fucceeded by round dry
feed-veffels about the fize of large Peafe, having a
Angle feed in each. It flowers in June, and the feeds
ripen in autumn. The roots of this fort creep under
ground, whereby it propagates very faft.
The feeds of the fecond fort were fent me from Pe-
terlburgh for the firft fort, from which it differs
greatly. This hath a perennial root, which fends
out feveral oblong, fmooth, pointed leaves, irregu-
larly cut on their fides into acute fegments almoft to
the midrib ; thefe are very fmooth, and of a fea-green
colour : between thefe arife the ftalk, which grows
three feet high, garnifhed below by oblong pointed
leaves, which are acutely indented on their edges.
The .ftalks branch out into many fmaller, and thefe
fubdivide again into lefs, which are garnifhed with
loofe fpikes of white flowers like thofe of the firft
fort, which are fucceeded by feeds of the fame form.
This differs greatly from the firft in the fhape of its
leaves, which are longer, ending in points, and the
fegments do the fame •, whereas thofe of the other are
blunt, and not half fo deeply cut. The ftalks rile
more than twice the height of the firft, branch out
more, and the branches grow more eredt ; and thefe
differences are conftant, where the plants of both forts
grow in the fame foil.
The third fort grows naturally in the Eaft. This
hath a biennial root, from which arife many leaves
in the fpring,_ that are alternately divided to the mid-
and theie divifions are again alternately cut on
C R A
their edges into many points, fo that they have the
appearance of winged leaves, and are of a grayilh
colour. The ftalks rife about two feet high, and di-
vide into many branches, which are terminated by
loofe panicles of fmall white flowers, placed in form
of a crofs, which are fucceeded by fmall round cap-
fules, each containing a Angle feed. This flowers in
June, and the feeds ripen in autumn, foon after which
the roots decay.
The fourth fort is an annual plant, which grows na-
turally in Spain and Italy. This rifes with a very
branching ftalk near thrpe feet high, garniflied with
roundifh heart-fhaped leaves, indented on their edges.
Handing upon long foot-ftalks ; the branches fubdi-
vide into many flender ones, which end in long
loofe fpikes of fmall white flowers, which are fuc-
ceeded by fmall, round, dry feed-veffels, which con-
tain a Angle feed. The leaves and ftalks of this fort
are rough. It flowers in June, and the feeds ripeia
in autumn.
The firft fpecies is found wild upon fea-ftiores in di-
vers parts of England, but particularly in Suffex and
Dorfetfhire in great plenty, where the inhabitants ga-
ther it in the fpring to eat, preferring it to any of the
Cabbage kind ; as it generally grows upon the gra-
velly fhore, where the tide overflows it," the inhabi-
tants obferve where the gravel is thruft up by the
Ihoots of this plant, and open the gravel, and cut the
flioots before they come out, and are expofed to the
open air, whereby the flioots appear as if they were
blanched •, and when they are cut fo young, they are
very tender and fweet ; but if they are buffered to
grow till they are green, they become tough and bitcer.
This plant may be propagated in a garden, by low-
ing the feed foon after it is ripe, in a fandy or gra-
velly foil, where it will thrive exceedingly, and in-
creafe greatly by its creeping roots, which will foon
overfpread a large fpot of ground, if encouraged j
but the heads will not be fit to cut until the plants
have had one year’s growth : and in order to have it
good, the bed in which the plants grow, lhould, at
Michaelmas, be covered over with band or gravel
about four or five inches thick, which will allow a
proper depth for the flioots to be cut before they ap-
pear above ground; and if this is repeated every
autumn, in the fame manner as is pradtifed in earth-
ing of Afparagus-beds, the plants will require no
other culture. This may be cut for ufe in April
and May, while it is young ; but if the flioots are
buffered to remain, they will produce fine regular
heads of white flowers, which appear very handfome,
and will perfedt their feeds, by which they may be pro-
pagated.
The other forts are only preferved in curious gardens
of plants for variety, but are not of any ufe or beau-
ty. The perennial forts may be propagated in the
fame manner as the firft.
C R A N E’s-B ILL. See Geranium.
CRANIOLARIA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 670. Mar-
tynia. Houft. Gen.
The Characters are,
The flower hath a permanent empalement , compofed of
four fhort narrow leaves which fpread open , with a large
fwollen head , which is cut longitudinally on the fide. The
flower hath one petal, which is unequal, having a very long
narrow tube, whofe brim is divided into two lips ; the up-
per being roundifh and entire, but the under is divided into
three parts , the middle fegment being the largeft. It hath
four ftamina , two of which are the length of the tube,
and two are Jhor ter ; thefe are terminated by Jingle fum~
mits \ at the bottom of the tube is Jitudted an oval germen,
fupporting a f ender ftyle, crowned by an obtufe thick flig-
ma. The germen afterward becomes an oval leathery
fruit, pointed at both ends, opening with two valves, in-
clofing a deprejfed woody nut, pointed at both ends, and
recurved, having two or three furrows , fo as to refemble a
Jkull, opening in two parts.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fec-
tionof Linnasus’s fourteenth clafs, intitled Didyna-
mia Angiofpermia, the flowers having two long and
4 r two
\
C R A
two fhort ftamina, and the feeds being included in a
capfule. - ^
The Species are,
i. Craniolaria {Annua) foliis cordatis, angulatis lo-
batis. -Lin. Sp. Plant. 862. Craniolaria with angular
heart-fhaped leaves. Martynia annua, villofa, & vif-
cofa, aceris folio, flore albo, tubo longiffimo. Houft.
MSS. 0
1 . Craniolaria ( Fruticofa ) foliis lanceolatis dentatis.
Lin. Sp. Plant. 618. Craniolaria with fpear-Jhaped. in-
dented leaves. Gefnera arborefcens amplo flore fimbri-
ato& maculofo. Plum. Nov. Gen. 27.
The firft fort was difcovered in the neighbourhood
of Carthagena in New Spain, by the late Dr. William
Houftoun, who fent the feeds to England. This is
an annual plant, which riles with a branching ftalk
about two feet high ; the branches come out oppofite,
which are hairy and vifcous ; the leaves alfo are placed
oppofite, upon very long foot-ftalks ; thefe are of dif-
ferent fli apes, fome of them are divided into five
lobes, others into three, and fome are almoft heart-
fhaped, ending in acute points ; they are hairy and
clammy. The flowers are produced from the fide,
and alfo at the end of the branches, Handing on fhort
foot-ftalks, having an inflated fheath or cover, out
of which the tube of the flower arifes, which is feven
or eight inches long, and very flender; but at the
top is divided into two lips., the under being large,
divided into three broad fegments, the middle being
larger than the other two ; the upper lip is roundifh
and entire : the flowers are fiacceeded by oblong fruit,
having a thick dry fkin, which opens lengthways, in-
cloflng a hard furrowed nut, with two recurved horns.
• This is an annual plant, whofe feeds muft be fown on
a hot-bed in the fpring ; and when the plants are fit to
remove, they fhould be each planted in a feparate fmall
' pot, filled with light frefli earth, and plunged into a
moderate hot-bed, carefully Ihading them from the
fun till they have' taken new root ; after which they
ihould have free air admitted to them in proportion
to the warmth of the feafon, to prevent their drawing
up weak, and afterwards treated in the fame manner as
other tender exotic plants, being too tender to thrive in
the open air in England •, fo that when they are grown
too large to remain under the frames, they fhould be
removed into the bark-ftove, and plunged into the
tan-bed, where they will flower in July, and with
good management, they often perfed their feeds in
autumn. But the feeds of this plant fhould remain
on till they drop, otherwife they will not grow, for
the outer covers of thefe feeds fplit open and drop
off like thofe of the Almond, before the feeds are
fully ripened.
The fecond fort grows naturally at the Havannah,
and in fome of the other iflands in America. This
rifes with a fhrubby ftalk to the height of ten or
twelve feet, dividing upward into a few branches,
which are garnifhed with fpear-fhaped leaves, cut on
their edges ; thefe are foft and hairy. The flowers
are produced from the fide of the branches, growing
feveral together on the fame foot-ftalk; they are
fhaped like thofe of the Foxglove, of a greenifh yel-
low colour, with brown fpots on the infide ; the
flowers have a fwelling tube, which is recurved, and
the brim is flightly divided into five unequal feg-
ments. Thefe appear in July, but are not fucceeded
by feeds in England.
This fort is propagated by feeds, which muft be pro-
cured from the countries where it grows naturally,
and fhould be fown on a hot-bed in the fpring ; when
the plants are fit to remove, they fhould be each
planted into a feparate fmall pot, filled with light
kitchen-garden earth, and plunged into a frefli hot-
bed, where they muft be fhaded from the fun till
they have taken frefh root ; then they muft have air
admitted to them, according to the warmth of the
feafon, and frequently watered during the heat of fum-
mer. In autumn they muft be removed into the bark-
ftove, and plunged into the tan-bed. During the
winter feafon, the plants fhould not have much wa-
C R A
tel, and may oe treated in the fame manner as other
tender plants from thofe countries. The plants
feldom flower in England till the third year ; and as
they do not produce feeds here, it is with difficulty
the fort is preserved in the European gardens, as
there is no other method of propagating the plants
but by feeds. °
CR AS SUL A. Dillen. Hort. Elth. 114. Lin. Gen.
Plant. 352. Leffer Orpine, or Live-ever. This
name was formerly applied to the Anacampferos, or
Orpine.
The Characters are,
The flown hath a jive-leaved empalement . The corolla
confifts ofl five narrow petals , which are joined at their
hafle , are reflexed, and flpread open at the brim. In
the bottom of the tube are jituated jive neftarii , and there
are jve ftamina fituated round thefe, which arife from the
bottom of the tube, and extend to the brim. At the bot-
tom of the tube are placed five oblong pointed germina ;
after the flower is pafi, thefe. become five cap files, opening
lengthways, and filled with fmall feeds.
i his genus of plants is by Dr. Linnaeus ranged in
his fifth clafs of plants, and in the fifth divifion, in-
titled Pentandria Pentagynia, which includes thofe
plants whofe flowers have five ftamina and five ftyles.
The Species are,
1. Crassula ( Coccinea ) foliis planis cartilagineo-ciliatis,
bafi connato vaginantibus. Vir. Cliff. 26. • Lefier Or-
pine with plain leaves, having ft iff edges jet with
ftlver hairs, and their bafe furrounding the Jlalk like ■
J heaths . Cotyledon Africana frutefcens, flore umbel-
late Coccineo. Com. Rar. 24.
2. Crassula ( Perfoliata ) foliis lanceo! ato-fubulatis fef-
fllibus connatis, canaliculatis, fubtus convexis. Hort.
Cliff. 1 1 6. Lefjer Orpine with fpear-fhaped awl-fafhion-
ed leaves, furrounding the /talks with their bafe, chan-
nelled on their upper fide, and convex on their under.
Crafliila altiffima perfoliata. Dill. Hort. Elth. 1 14.
3. Crassula ( Cultrata ) foliis oppofltis, obtuse ovatis,
integerrimis, hinc anguftioribus. Hort. Cliff. 496.
Lejfler Orpine with oval blunt leaves placed oppofite, which
are entire, and narrow at their bafe. Craffula Ana-
campferotis folio. Hort. Elth. 1 1 5. tab. 65.
4. Crassula ( Qiliata ) foliis oppofltis, ovalibus, plani-
ufculis, diftinitis, ciliatis, corymbis terminal! bus.
Hort. Cliff. 496. Lejfler Orpine with oblong plain leaves
placed oppofite, which are bordered with f liver hairs, and
ft alks terminated by a corymbus of flowers. Craffula cau-
lefcens, foliis fempervivi cruciatis. Plort. Elth. 1 16.
tab. 98.
5. Crassula ( Scabra ) foliis oppofltis, patentibus, con-
natis fcabris ciliatis, corymbis termiiialibus. Lin. Sp.
Plant. 283. Lejfler Orpine with rough flpr ending leaves
growing oppofite. Cotyledon Africana frutefcens, fo-
liis afperis, anguftis, acuminatis, flore virefcente.
Mart. Cent. 24.
6 . Crassula ( Nudicaulis ) foliis fubulatis, radicatis,
caule nudo. Hort. Cliff. 116. Lejfler Orpine with awi-
Jhaped leaves which put out roots, and a naked ftalk.
Craffula Csefpitofa longifolia. Hort. Elth. 1 16. tab. 98.
7. Crassula ( Punbiata ) caule fiaccido, foliis connatis,
cordatis, fucculentis, floribus confertis terminak-
bus. Lejfler Orpine with a weak ftalk growing through the.
leaves , which areheartkjhaped and flucculent , and flowers,
growing in clufcers at the end ofl the branches.
8. Crassula ( Fruticofa ) foliis longis, teretibus, alternis,.
caule fruticofo, ramofo. Lejfler Orpine with long taper
leaves placed alternate , and a branching ftorubby ftalk.
9. Crassula ( Sediodes ) caule fiaccido, prolifero, de-
terminate-foliofo, foliis patentiflimis, imbricatis.
Hort. Cliff. 496. Lejfler Orpine, with a proliferous weak
ftalk, which is leafy , ■ and leaves placed in the manner ofl
tiles, and flp reading open. Sedurrf Afrum, faxatile, fo-
liis fedi vulgaris, in rofam vere compo litis. Boerb.
Ind. alt. 1. 287.
10. Crassula {Pelucida) caule flaccid© repente, foliis
oppofltis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 283. Leffer Orpine with a
weak creeping ftalk, leaves placed oppofite, and. a fhrubby
feculent ftalk. Craffula .p&rtu-lacae facie repens. Hart.
Elth. 1 19.
11. Crassula
C R A
II. Grassul a ( P'ortulacaria ) foliis obovatis, oppofitis, I
caule arboreo. Lin. Sp. 406. Lejfer Orpine with ob-
verfe oval leaves placed oppofiie , and a tree-like ftalk.
Craffula portulacse facie arborefcens. Hort. Elth. 120.
tab. 90.
The firft fort hath a round reddifh ftalk, which is
jointed, riling about three feet high, which divides
upward into many irregular branches, garnifhed with
oblong plain leaves placed oppofite, having a griftly
border, fet with fmall filver hairs, and clofely em-
brace the ftalks with their bafe. The flowers are
produced at the end of the branches in clofe umbels,
fitting very clofe to the end of the branches j thefe
are funnel-fhaped, having pretty long tubes cut at
the top into five parts, which fpread open *, they are
of a fine fcarlet colour, and ftand ered ; the ufual
time of their flowering is July or Auguft. This is
propagated by cuttings during any of the fummer
months ; thefe fliould be cut off about a fortnight
before they are planted, and laid in a dry place that
the wounded part may heal over ; then they fliould
be each planted in a fmall pot filled with light fandy
earth, and plunged into a moderate hot-bed, giving
them but little water. In about fix weeks thefe will
have put out roots and begin to grow, when they
fliould have a large fliare of air admitted to them, and
muft be gradually inured to bear the open air, into
which they fliould be removed, placing them in a
flickered fituation, where they may remain till au-
tumn i when they mull be removed into a dry airy
glafs-cafe, where they may enjoy the fun as much as
poflible, and be fcreened from the wet and cold. In
warm dry weather, during the fummer months while
they are abroad, thefe plants fliould be gently watered
two or three times a week •, but in winter they fliould
have very little water, left it rot their ftems. Thefe
plants require no artificial heat in winter, but they
muft be fecured from froft and wet.
The fecond fort will rife with an upright ftalk ten or
twelve feet high, if it is not broken or injured, but it
requires fupport ; for the ftalks being flender, and the
leaves very weighty, they are very fubjeft to break,
efpecially if they are expofed to the wind. The leaves
of this plant are about three inches long ; they are
hollowed on the upper fide, and have a convex ridge
on their lower, and are placed oppofite, furrounding
the ftalks with their bafe ; thefe alternately crofs each
other ; they are very thick, fucculent, and of a pale
green colour, ending in acute points ; at the top of
the ftalk the flowers are produced in large clufters ;
they are of a whitifti herbaceous colour, having (hort
tubes, which are cut into five parts at the brim,
fpreading open. The ftalk which fuftains the flowers
is pretty thick and fucculent, generally turning firft
downward, and then upward again, almoft in' the
form of a fyphon. It flowers in July, but doth not
produce feeds here. This fort is propagated by cut-
tings in the fame manner as the firft, and the plants
require the fame treatment.
The third fort rifes with a weak fucculent ftalk
about two feet high, fending out many irregular
branches, garniflied with oblong, oval, thick leaves,
plain on their upper fide, but convex below, of a
deep green ; their borders are fet with a few fil very
hairs. The ftalk which fupports the flowers rifes
from the top of the branches, and is from four to
fix inches long, putting out feveral fide branches, which
grow eredt ; thefe are terminated by large clufters of
fmall greenifti flowers, which appear in June and July.
This is propagated by cuttings in the fame manner
as the two former, but being pretty hardy, fliould
not be fo tenderly treated •, for if the cuttings of
this are planted in a border of light earth, they will
put out roots, and may afterward be taken up and
potted, to be fheltered in winter.
The fifth fort hath a very weak fucculent ftalk, which
rifes about a foot and a half high, dividing upward
into fmall branches, garniflied with thin rough leaves
which are flat, near two inches long, and a quarter
broad at their bafe, gradually narrowing to a point j
C R A
thefe are rough, placed oppofite, and embrace’ the
ftalks with their bafe. The flowers come out in fmaft
clufters at the end of the branches ; they are filial!*
and of an herbaceous colour, fo make no figure j
they appear in June and July. This may be propa-
gated by cuttings, which may be treated in the fame
manner as the fourth fort.
The fixth fort never rifes with a ftalk, but the leaves
come out dole to the ground, forming a fort of head j.
they are taper, fucculent, ending in points, and fre-
quently put out roots ; out of the center of thefe
arife the flower-ftalk, which grow about fix inches
high, branching into two or three (hoots upward,
each being terminated by clufters of greenifti flowers,
which make no great appearance. It flowers in May,
and fometimes again in the latter part of fummer.
This is propagated by taking off the heads, or fide
offsets, which fhould be laid to dry three or four days
before they are planted ; then they may be treated
in the fame manner as the other hardier forts before- 5
mentioned.
The feventh fort hath been lately introduced to the
gardens in Holland, from the Cape of Good Hope j
it was fent me by Dr. Adrian Van Royen* late pro-
feflbr of botany at Leyden. This hath very flender
ftalks, which are full of joints, fo trail upon the
ground, unlefs they are fupported, clofely garniflied
with thick, fucculent, heart-fhaped leaves, placed
oppofite, which are clofely joined at their bafe, fo
that the ftalks run through them ; they are of a grayifh
colour •, the ftalks are divided, and grow about eight
or nine inches long, and are terminated by clufters of
fmall white flowers, fitting very clofe to the top of the
ftalks ; thefe appear in the fpring, and alfo again in
the latter part of fummer. It is propagated by cut-
tings in the fame manner as the other hardier forts,
and may be treated in the fame way.
The eighth fort was fent me from Leyden, by the
gentleman before-mentioned j this rifes with a flirubby
ftalk four or five feet high, dividing into many
branches, which at firft are taper and fucculent, but
by age becomes ligneous ; they are garniflied with
very flender, taper, fucculent leaves, which are near
three inches long, and are flaccid, generally turning
downward, efpecially in winter, when they are in the
houfe ; but as it hath not as yet flowered here, I can
give no further defcription of it. This is equally hardy
with the former forts, and takes eafily from cuttings,
fo may be treated in the fame way as the former.
The ninth fort is a low plant, with the appearance of
Houfleek, having open fpreading heads very like
thofe of feme forts of Houfleek, which grow on the
ends of very flender trailing ftalks, which are pro-
duced in plenty on every fide the parent plant, in like
manner as the childing Marigold. The flower-ftalks
arife from the center of thefe heads, which are naked,
about four inches long, and are terminated by clofe
clufters of herbaceous flowers, which appear in dif-
ferent feafons of the year. This plant propagates
very fail by the fide heads, which come out from the
parent plant, which frequently put put roots as they
trail on the ground, fo may be taken off and potted,
during any of the fummer months ^ this is equally
hardy with the former forts, fo the plants may be
treated in the fame way.
The tenth fort hath very flender, trailing, fucculent
ftalks, of a reddifh colour, which put out roots at the
joints as they lie' upon the ground. The ftalks and
leaves of this fort have the appearance of Purflane,
but trail upon the ground like Chickweed. The flow-
ers are produced in fmall clufters at the end of the
branches ^ thefe are white, with a blufti of purple at
their brim •, they appear in fummer at different times,
and are often fucceded by feeds, which grow eafily.
This fort is eafily propagated by its trailing branches,
and the plants require the fame treatment as the other
hardy forts, but unlefs they are often renewed will
decay.
The eleventh fort rifes with a very thick, ftrong, fuccu-
lent ftalk to the height of three or four feet, fending out
6 branches
4
>
14
C R A
branches on every fide, fo as to form a kind of pyra-
mid, the lower branches being extended to a great
length, and the other diminifhing gradually to the
top s thefe are of a red or a purplifh colour, and very
fucculent *, they are gam hired with roundifn fuccu-
lent leaves very like thofe of Purflane, from whence
the gardeners have titled it the Purflane-tree.
This fort hath not flowered in England, though it has
been many years in the gardens, fo that we are not
fure if it is properly ranged in this genus •, but from
the outward appearance it feems to be nearly allied to
fome of the other fpecies, on which account Dr, Dil-
lenius has placed it here.
It is propagated with great facility by cuttings, which
may be planted during any of the fummer months ;
but thefe fhould be laid to dry for fome days before
they are planted, that the wounded part may be heal-
ed over, otherwife they will rot. This fort is fome-
what tenderer than the four forts laft mentioned, fo
mull be placed in a warm glafs-cafe in winter, where
it may enjoy the full fun, and fhould have very little
water during that feafon. In fummer the plants
fhould be placed abroad in a fheltered fituation, and
in warm weather will require to be refrefhed with wa-
ter twice a week •, but as the ftalks are very fucculent,
too much wet at any feafon is very hurtful to thefe
plants. - ,
All the hardy forts of Craflfula may be treated in the
fame way as the Ficoides, and other hardier kinds of
fucculent plants, with this difference only, not to give
them fo much water ; but the firft, fecond, and ele-
venth forts require to be placed in a warm dry glafs-
cafe in winter, and mu ft not be fo long expofed abroad
in the fummer as the other fpecies, nor fhould have
much water, efpecially in the winter.
Thefe plants are prefer ved in moft curious gardens
for the fake of variety, which confifts rqore in the out-
ward appearance of their plants, than in the beauty
of their flowers, except the firft fort, whofe flowers
are of a beautiiiul fcarlet, and grow in clofe bunches at
the end of the branches ; fo that when feveral of the
branches are garnifhed with flowers at the fame time,
they make a fine appearance, and thefe flowers con-
tinue in beauty a long time but the flowers of the
other forts are fmall, and moft of them are of an her-
baceous colour, fo make no figure.
Dr. Dillenius, who firft eftablifhed this genus, and fe-
parated the fpecies from Cotyledon, to which many
of them had been joined by forqier botanifts, made
their difference to confift in the fhape of the flower ;
fo that all the forts with long tubulous flowers of one
leaf, he placed under the genus of Cotyledon, and
thofe whofe flowers have five petals, he placed under
this genus of Craffula : but Dr. Linnaeus makes their
difference to confift in the number of their ftamina,
fo that all thofe whofe flowers have but five ftamina,
he ranges under the title of Craffula, and thofe which
have ten ftamina, he puts under that of Cotyledon •,
fo that by his fyftem they are removed to a great dis-
tance from each other, s and the firft fort here mention-
ed is brought from Cotyledon, with whofe characters
in every other refpect it agrees, and is placed here.
CRATTGU S. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 633. Lin. Gen.
Plant. 547. The Wild Service.
The Characters are,
The flower hath a -permanent empalement of one leaf \
, cut into five concave figments , which fpread open. It hath
five roundijh concave petals , which are inferted into the
empalement , and many ftamina , terminated by roundijh
fummits , which are alfo inferted in the empalement. The
germen is fituated under the flow er , fuppor ting two fiender
ftyles , crowned with roundijh ftigmas. The germen after-
ward becomes an oval or roundijh umbilicated berry , in-
' clofing two oblong hard feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fection
of Linnaeus’s twelfth clafs, intitled Icofandria Digy-
nia, the flower having twenty or more ftamina, which
are inferted to the empalement, and two ftyles.
The Species are,
1. Crat^gus {Aria) foliis ovatis inasqualiter ferratis,
C R A
fiibtus tomentofis. Hort. Cliff. 187. Wild Service with
oval leaves unequally fawed , and Woolly on their under
fide. Crataegus folio fubrotundo, ferrato, fubtus m~
cano. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 633. Aria Theophrafti, and
in iome countries, The White Beam , or white Leaf-tree.
2. Crataegus ( Torminalis ) foliis cordatis feptangulis,
lobis infimis divaricatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 476. * Wild
Service with heart-Jhaped leaves , having fiven angles ,
whofe lower lobes fpread afunder . Crataegus folio laci-
niato. Toum. Inft. 633. Wild , or Maple-leaved Service.
3. Crat/egus ( Alpina ) foliis oblongo-ovatis ferratis,
utrinque virentibus. Wild Service with oblong , oval,
fawed leaves , which are green on both fides. Cratae-
gus folio oblongo, ferrato, utrinque virenti. Tourn.
Inft. 633.
4. Crataegus ( Coccinea ) foliis ovatis repando-angulatis
ferratis glabris. Hort. Cliff. 187. Crataegus with oval,'
fmooth. Jawed leaves , having angles. Mefpilus fpinofa, fc.
oxyacantha Virginiana maxima. Tourn. Inft. 633.
Commonly called Cockfpur Hawthorn.
5. Crataegus {Crus Galli) foliis lanceolato- ovatis ferra-
tis glabris, ramis fpinofis, Lin. Sp. 682. Crataegus
with oval , fpear-Jhaped, fawed leaves , and prickly branches ,
Mefpilus acufeata pyrifolia denticulato lplendens,
frudu infigni rutilo, Virginienfis.. Pluk. Aim. 249.
Commonly called Virginian L’Azarole.
6 . Crat^gus ( Lucida ) foliis lanceolatis ferratis luci-
dus, fpinis longiffimis, floribus corymbofis. Crataegus
with lucid , fpear-Jhaped , fawed leaves , very long fpines,
and flowers in a corymbus. Mefpilus prunifolius, fpi-
nis longiffimis fortibus, frudu rubro magno. Fior.
Virg. 55.
7. Crataegus {Azarchs) foliis obtufis fubtrifidis denta-
tis. Lin. Sp. 683. Crataegus with obtufi , trifid, indented
leaves. Mefpilus Apii folio laciniato. C. B. P. 453.
Commonly called Id Azarole.
8. Crataegus ( Oxyacantha ) foliis obtufis fubtrifidis fer-
ratis. Hort. Clift. 188. Crataegus with obtufi, trifid,
fawed leaves. Mefpilus Apii folio, fylveftris fpinofa, fc.
oxycantha. C. B. P. 454. The common White Thorn.
9. Crataegus ( Tomentofa ) foliis cuneiformi-ovatis ferra-
tis fubangulatis fubtus villofis ramis fpinofis. Lin. Sp.
682. Crataegus with oval, wedge- Jhaped, fawed, angu-
lar leaves, hoary on their under fide, and prickly branches .
Mefpilus Virginiana groffulariae foliis. Pluk. Phyt.
100. f. 1.
The firft fort grows naturally on the chalky hills in
Kent, Surry, and Suffex, and in fome other parts of
England, and rifes to the height of thirty or forty
feet, with a large trunk, dividing upward into many
branches ; the young Ihoots have a brown bark, co-
vered over with a meally down, garnifhed with oval
leaves between two and three inches long, and one
and a half broad in the middle, of a light green on
their upper fide, but very white on their under, hav-
ing many prominent tranfverfe veins, running from
the midrib to the border, where they are unequally
fawed, fome of the indentures being much deeper,
and the fegments broader than others. The flowers
are produced at the ends of the branches in bunches,
their foot-ftalks being meally, as are alfo the empale-
ments of the flowers, which are cut into five obtufe
fegments, and are reflexed. The flowers have five
lhort petals, which fpread open like thofe of the
Pear-tree, having a great number of ftamina of the
fame length with the petals, terminated by oval fum-
mits. The germen, which is fituated below the flow-
ers, afterwards becomes an oval fruit, crowned with
the empalement of the flower, having one cell, in
which is inclofed three or four feeds. It flowers in
May, and the fruit ripens in autumn.
This tree may be propagated by feeds, which fhould
be fown foon after they are ripe *, for if they are kept
out of the ground till fpring, they remain at leaft
one year in the ground before the plants appear ; fo
that the fruit fhould be buried in the ground, as is
pradlifed with the common Haws, Holly-berries, and
thofe other hard feeds which do not come up the fame
year •, and when the plants come up, they may be
treated in the fame manner as the Haws, but they
fhould,
C R A
fhould by no means be headed or cut down ; wheii
. thefe plants are upon a poor chalky foil, they make
great progrefs, and the wood is very white and hard,
fo has been often ufed for making cogs for mills,
and many other purpofes where hard tough timber is
wanted.
It may alfo be propagated by layers in the fame
manner as the Lime-tree and Elm, but thefe fhould
be laid in the young wood ; but they are two years
before they have Efficient roots to tranfplant. I have
alfo raifed a few plants from cuttings, which were
planted in autumn, in a ffiady border, but there was
not more than one eighth part of the cuttings which
fucceeded ; therefore I would recommend the raifing
them from feeds, for the trees fo raifed grow much
larger and ftraiter than thofe which are raifed either
from layers or cuttings.
The tree will take by grafting, or budding it upon
Pear- flocks very well, and Pears will take by grafting
upon thefe trees, fo that there is a nearer affinity be-
tween the Crataegus and Pear, than there is between
either of thefe and the Mefpilus •, for although both
thefe will fometimes take upon the Mefpilus, yet
neither of them thrive fo well, or laft fo long, when
grafted, or budded upon thofe flocks, as they do
upon each other; therefore Tournefort, who has
joined the Crataegus in his feflion, with the Pear and
Quince, has come nearer to the natural divifion of
their genera, than thofe who have joined the Crataegus
to the Mefpilus.
There is another fpecies of this tree which grows
naturally about Verona, from whence I have received
dried famples of it, but they were without flower and
fruit, and came over by the fame title as the former ;
for as there is no other growing in that neighbour-
hood, they have fuppoled it to be the common
fort ; but if that is the Ana of Theophraftus, thofe
trees which grow in England are not, for the leaves
of the fort from Verona are fpear-fhaped, and above
an inch long, and not fo broad by an inch as thofe
of the Englifh, and the nerves on the under fide of
the leaves are purplifh, the leaves terminating in
acute points, fo that I make no doubt of its being a
different fpecies ; but as I have not feen the growing
tree, I would not enumerate it till I had been
better informed.
The fecund fort grows naturally in many parts of
England, and is chiefly found upon ftrong foils ; it
formerly grew in great plenty in Cane- Wood, near
Hampftead ; and lately there was fome young trees
growing in Biffiop’s-Wood, near the fame place ; but
in many parts of Hertfordlbire there are large trees
now growing : this rifes to the height of forty or fifty
feet, with a large trunk, fpreading at the top into
many branches, fo as to form a large head. The
young branches are covered with a purplifh bark,
marked with white fpots, and are garniffied with
leaves placed alternately, Handing on pretty long
foot-ftalks ; thefe are cut into many acute angles, like
thofe of the Maple-tree ; they are near four inches
long, and three broad in the middle, having feveral
fmaller indentures toward the top, of a bright green
on their upper fide, but a little woolly on their un-
der. The flowers are produced in large bunches to-
ward the end of the branches, they are white, and
fliaped like thofe of the Pear-tree, but fmaller, and
Hand upon longer foot-ftalks •, thefe appear in May,
and are fucceeded by roundifh compreffed fruit, which
are fhaped like large Haws, and ripen late in au-
tumn, when they are brown •, and if kept till they are
loft, in the fame way as Medlars, they have an
agreeable acid flavour. The fruit of this tree is an-
nually fold in the London markets in autumn.
The wood of this tree is hard, and very white, and
is very ufeful for many purpofes ; but particularly
fo to the millwrights. It may be propagated in the
fame way as the former fort, but requires a ftrong
foil.
The third fort grows naturally upon mount Baldus,
from whence I received it, and on other mountainous
C R A
parts of Italy ; this riles with a woody trunk about
twenty feet high, dividing into many branches, which
are covered with a purplifh fpotted bark, and clofely
garniffied with oblong fawed leaves, ftandingalternaie,
on very ffiort foot-ftalks ; they are about three inches
long, and one and a half broad, in the broadeft part,
leffening toward both ends ; they are (lightly fawed
on their edges, and of a deep green on both' Tides.
The flowers are produced at the end of the branches
in fmall bunches, which have rarely more than four
or five flowers in each ; they are white, and much
fmaller than thofe of the former forts ; thefe are fuc-
ceeded by fruit about the fize of the common Haw,
which is of a dark brown colour when ripe. It flow-
ers in May, and the fruit ripens in autumn.
The fourth fort is a native of North America, but
has been many years cultivated in the Englifh gar-
dens, where it is known by the title of Cockfpur
Haw. Gf this there are two fpecies, one of which
has no fpikes on the branches ; but the other has
ftrong thorns which are curved downwards, greatly
refembling the fpur of a cock, from whence it had
this appellation : in other refpefls both forts agree in
the form of their leaves, their flowers and fruit.
However, Dr. Linnaeus has been ill informed of the
two forts by Kalm, who went to America, and is now
profeffor at Abo in Sweden for the doctor has added
the appellation of Cockfpur to the fifth fort here
mentioned, which has long been known in England
by the title of Virginia L’Azarole.
The fourth fort rifes to the height of hear twenty
feet in England, where the trunk becomes large, arid
divides into many ftrong branches, fo as to form a
large head ; the leaves are large, oval, and deeply
fawed on their edges, fo as almoft to divide them into
lobes, which are placed without order ; the flowers
come out from the fide of the branches in clufters ;
they are large, compofed for the mod part of five
petals, which fpread open, and are fucceeded by
pretty large Pear-ffiaped fruit of a fcarlet colour. It
flowers in May, and the fruit ripens in September*
The fifth fort is generally known by the title of Vir-
ginia L’Azarole ; this rifes with a ftrong ftem'to the
height of fifteen feet or more, fending out many ir-
regular branches covered with a light brown bark, and
have a few thorns on their fides ; the leaves have ffiort
foot-ftalks, they are narrow at them bafe, but widen
upward fo as to become almoft of an oval figure, of
a lucid green on their upper fide, and pretty deeply
fawed on their edges ; the flowers are white, pretty
large, and compofed of five petals which expand :
thefe are fucceeded by large fruit of a fcarlet colour ;
it flowers the end of May, and the fruit ripens in
September.
The fixth fort grows naturally in North America;
this rifes with a ftrong Item to the height of ten or
twelve feet, fending out many ftrong irregular
branches, which, while young, is covered with a
bright brown bark, but that on the older branches is
of a lighter colour ; the leaves are oval, fpear-fhaped,
(lightly fawed on their edges, of a bright green on
their upper fide, but paler on their under ; fometimes
they are placed by pairs, at others three or four come
out from the fame joint; the flowers are produced in
large clufters toward the end of the branches, forming
a fort of corymbus, and are fucceeded by roundifh
fruit of a middling fize, and a deep red colour. As
the branches of this fort ffioot very ftrong, and are
generally interwoven with each other, being armed
with very long ftrong thorns, it is very proper for
outward fences round gardens or fields.
The feventh fort grows naturally in Italy and the
Levant, where the fruit is ferved up to table with
their defert; this hath a ftrong ftem riling twenty
feet high, having many ftrong irregular branches,
covered with a light- colon red bark ; the leaves are in
ffiape fomewhat like thofe of the common Hawthorn,
but they are much larger, have broader lobes, and
are of a paler colour ; the flowers come out in fmall
clufters from the fide of the branches, which are in
4 K ffiape
z \ ,
?4 S
fhape like thofe of the common Hawthorn* but are
much larger ■, as is alfo the fruit, which when fully
ripe has an agreeable acid tafte, for which it is
efteemed by the inhabitants of the countries where it
grows naturally*
The eighth fort is the common Hawthorn, which is
generally planted lor fences in molt parts of England,
therefore being univerfally known to the inhabitants,
it requires no defcription : there are two or three va-
rieties of this fort, which differ in the fize of their
leaves and the ftrength of their fhoots ; however,
thofe with the fmalleft leaves are generally preferred
for hedges, as their branches always grow clofer to-
gether; the method of raifing the plants, and planting
them for hedges, being fully treated of under the
article of Hedges, I need not repeat here.
The ninth fort grows naturally in North America,
this has a {lender fhrubby ftalk, riling about fix or
feven feet high, fending out many irregular branches,
armed with long {lender thorns, and garniftied with
fhort, oval, wedge-fhaped leaves, which are fawed
on their edges, and are woolly on their under fide ;
the flowers are fmall, proceeding from the fide o i the
branches, Handing fometimes fingle, and at other
times two or three upon the fame foot-ftalk, having
large leafy empalements, and are fucceeded by fmall
roundifh fruit, with a large leafy umbilicus, which
was before the empalement of the flower : the flowers
appear the beginning of June, and the fruit ripens
very late in the autumn.
This fort may be propagated in the fame manner as
the firft, but requires a ftrong deep foil, otherwife it
will not thrive. It is very hardy in refpeflt to cold,
but atprelent is very rare in England.
All the forts of Haws may be propagated by feeds,
which fhould be fown in autumn, in the fame manner
as hath been directed for the firft fort ; but as thefe
feeds are frequently brought from America, and do
not arrive here till fpring, the fruit may be buried
in the ground till the autumn following, when they
may be taken up and fown in drills, being careful
to cover them fo as to prevent birds from deftroying
them. In the fpring following the plants will come
up, which fhould be moderately watered two or three
times a week, if the fpring fhould prove dry; during
the fummer, they muft be kept clean from weeds,
which if fuffered to grow, will foon overbear the
plants and deftroy them. The following fpring the
plants fhould be planted out before they begin to
fhoot, into a nurfery-bed, where they may grow two
years to get ftrength, w r hen they may be tranfplanted
where they are to remain. If thefe plants are planted
in a moift light foil, their roots wall extend to a con-
ftderable diftance, and put up many fhoots, which
may be taken off in the fpring, and thereby may be
increafed ; this will alfo take if grafted on the Pear,
and if the young branches are laid down, they will
take root, fo the plants may be propagated either
wav.
The other forts of Hawthorn are generally planted
among flowering flirubs of the fame growth, where
they add to the variety.
C RAT EVA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 528. Tapia. Plum.
Nov. Gen. 22. tab. 21. Garlic Pear.
The Characters are.
The empalement of the flower is of one leaf cut at the top
into four oval fegments , which Jpread open. 'The flower
hath four oval petals , which are narrow at their bafe ,
and broad at the top. It hath many briflly flamina, which
are longer than the petals , terminated by oblong erebi fum-
mits. It hath a long incurved ftyle , upon which fits the
oval germen , crowned by the fligma , fitting clofe on the
top. The germen afterward becomes a large flejhy globu-
lar fruit with one cell , including many kidney-floaped feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fedcion of
Linnaeus’s eleventh clafs, intitled Dodecandria Mono-
gynia, the plants of this clafs and fieftion have twelve
ftamina in their flowers, and one ftyle.
The Species are,
1.. Ce.ate.va {Tapia) inermis foliis integerrimis, foliolis
lateralibus bafiantica brevioribus. Lin. Sp. 673. Smooth
Crateva , or Garlic Tear. Tapia arborea triphylla;
Plum. Nov. Gen. 22.
2. Crateva ( Marmalos ) fpinofa foliis ferratis. Flor,
Zeyl. 212. Prickly Crateva. Cucurbitifera trifolia fpi-
nofa medica, fructU puipa Cydonii semula. Buk.
Aim. 125.
The firft fort grows naturally in both Indies, I
received the fruit of this from Jamaica, where It
grows in great plenty, which were lent me by Wil-
liam Williams, Efq; of St. Anne’s, in that ifiand,
who has been fo kind as to furnifh me with many
other curious feeds which have fucceeded in the Chel-
fea garden.
This tree hath a very large trunk, which rifes to the
height of thirty feet or upward, covered with a dark
green bark, fending out many branches, fo as to form
a large head. The branches are garnifhed with tri-
foliate leaves, Handing on pretty long foot-ftalfes;
the middle leaf, which is much larger than either of
the other, is oval, about five inches long, and two
and a half broad in the middle. The tw.o fide leaves
are oblique, thofe fides which join the middle leaf
being much narrower than the other, and turn at both
ends toward the middle, fo that their midrib Is not
parallel to the fides thefe two end in acute points.
The leaves are lmooth, of a light green on the upper
fide, but pale on their under •, their edges are entire.
The flowers are produced at the ends of the branches.
Handing upon long foot-ftalks •, thefe have empale-
ments of one leaf, which are cut into four fegments,
altnoft to the bottom. The flower hath four oblong
petals, which fpread open, and are refiexed, having
many long {lender ftamina, which are connected at
their bale, but fpread open above, and are terminated
by oblong purple fummits ; thefe furround a {lender
long ftyle, upon which* is fituated the oval germen,
which is crowned by an obtufe ftigma. The germen
afterward becomes a round fruit, about the fize of
an Orange, having a hard brown {hell, or cover, in-
clofing a meally pulp, filled with kidney-fhaped
feeds. This fruit hath a ftrong fmell of Garlic,
which is communicated to the animals that feed on it.
This is propagated by feeds, which muft be procured
from the countries where the trees grow naturally,
and muft be fown on a hot-bed in the fpring ; when
the plants come up, they muft be treated in due lame
manner as hath been directed for the Annona, to
which article the reader is deftred to turn for the
culture.
The l'econd fort grows naturally in India, where It
grows to a great height, with a large trunk, fending
out many long branches, garnifhed with trifoliate
leaves, which are oblong, entire, and end in acute
points ; between thefe the branches are armed with
long fharp thorns, which come out by pairs, and
fpread afunder. The flowers are produced in fmall
clufters from the fide of the branches, five or feven
{landing upon a common branching foot-ftalk ; thefe
have each five acute petals, which are refiexed, and
many ftamina which Hand round a fingle ftyle of the
fame length ; the petals are green on the outfide,
whitifh within, and have a grateful odour. After
the flower is paft, the germen fwells to a large fruit
the fize of an Orange, having a hard {hell, which
inclofes a flefhy vifeous pulp, of a yellowifh colour,
having many oblong plain feeds fituated within it;.,
the pulp of this fruit hath an agreeable flavour when
ripe, fo is frequently eaten in India, where they ferve
up the fruit, mixed with Sugar and Orange, in their
deierts, and is efteemed a great delicacy.
This fort is propagated by feeds, which muft be pro-
cured from the places where it grows naturally •, thefe-
muft be fown upon a good hot-bed in the fpring,
and when the plants are fit to remove, they fhould
be each tranfplanted into a fmall pot filled with light
kitchen-garden earth, and plunged into a hot-bed of
tanners bark, {hading them every day from the fun,
until they have taken frefh root, after which they
may be treated in the fame manner as the Annona 5
but
C R E
C R E
but fhoulct be fparingly watered in the winter
feafoh.
CREPIS. Lin. Gen. Plant. 819. Hieraicioides. Vaill.
Act. R. Sc, i72i.,Hieraicium. Tourn. Ballard Hawk-
weed.
The Characters are,
It hath a flower compofed ofl many hermaphrodite florets ,
which are included in a double empalement •, the outer is
fljort , flpreading , and flails off-, the inner one is perma-
nent , oval, and furrowed , having many narrow fcales ,
which a r re contracted together at the top. The herma-
phrodite florets are of one leaf •, they are uniform , tongue-
foaped , and are indented at the top in five parts •, thefle
"fpread over each other like the fcales of fijh ; they have
each five floor t hairy ftamina , terminated by cylindrical
fummits. The germen is fltuated in the center of the flo-
rets , fupporting a fender ftyle , crowned by two reflexed
jiigmas. T he germen afterward becomes an oblong feed,
crowned with a long feathery down , which fits upon little
footflalks.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft feilion of
Linnaeus’s nineteenth clafs, intitled Syngenefia Po-
lygamia AEqualis. The flowers of this feilion are
compofed of hermaphrodite florets, which are fruitful.
The Species are,
j. Crepis {Rubra) foliis amplexicaulibus, lyrato-runci-
natis. Vir. Cliff. 79. Crepis with lyre-fhaped leaves em-
bracing the ftalks. Hieracium dentis leonis folio, flore
fuave rubente. C. B. P. 127. Hawkweed with a Dan-
delion leaf.
2. Crepis (Barbata) foliis pinnatis angulatis, petiolatis,
dentatis. Prod. Leyd. 126. Crepis with angular, indent-
ed, winged leaves, having foot-ftalks. Hieracium fo-
liis Cichorei fylveftris villofis,, odore Caftorei. Bot.
Monfp.
3. Crepis ( Bcetica ) involdcris calyce longioribus incur-
vatis, foliis lanceolatis dentatis. Crepis with an in-
curved volucrum longer than the empalement, and flpear-
floaped indented leaves. Hieracium medio-nigrum, Bce-
ticum majus. Par. Bat. 185. Greater Spanifh Hawkweed
with flowers black in the middle.
4. Crepis {Alpina) foliis amplexicaulibus, oblongis, acu-
minatis inferioribus, fuperne, fummis inferne, den-
ticulatis. Hort. Upfal. 238. Crepis with oblong pointed
leaves embracing the ftalk, the lower being indented up-
ward ; and the upper downward. Hieracium Alpinum
Scorzonerse folio. Tourn. Inft. 472.
There are feveral other fpecies of this genus, fome
of which grow naturally in England, and others are
weeds in divers parts of Europe, fo are rarely ad-
mitted into gardens, therefore I fliall not enumerate
them here.
The firft fort grows naturally in Apulia, but is now
commonly cultivated in Englifh gardens for orna-
ment ; it is an annual plant, which perifhes after it
hath ripened feeds. This hath many fpear-fhaped
leaves which fpread on the ground, deeply jagged
on their fides ; between them arife the branching
ftalks, which grow a foot and a half high, dividing in-
to many flender branches, garnifhed with oblong leaves
deeply indented on their edges, embracing the ftalks
with their bafe j the ftalks are each terminated by one
large radiated flower, of a foft red colour, compofed
of many half florets, which are fucceeded by oblong
feeds crowned with a feathery down. It flowers in
June and July, and the feeds ripen in autumn. This
plant, when bruifed, emits an odour like bitter Al-
mdnds.
The feeds of this plant fhould be fown in the fpring,
on the borders of the flower-garden where they are
defigned to remain, fo that if fix or eight feeds are
fown in each patch, when the plants come up, they
may be reduced to three or four •, and if thefe are
kept clean from weeds, they will require no other
culture, excepting the putting fmall flicks down, to
fallen the ftalks, to prevent their being broken by
winds or rain. If the feeds are fown in autumn, or
permitted to flatter, the plants will come up and
live through the v/inter without flicker, and thefe will
flower early in the fpring.
The fecond fort grows naturally in. the louth of
France, and in Italy. This is a biennial plant, and
l'ometimes, when it is in poor ground, it will continue
longer ; it hath a thick tap-root, which ftrikes deep
into the ground, fending out many fmall fibres ; the
lower leaves are from four to five inches long, and
about a quarter of an inch broad, having feveral deep
jags on their edges, the fegments ending in acute
points ; from the fame root arifes four or five ftalks,
which grow about nine or ten inches high, the lower
part of thefe are garniflied with leaves of the fame
form with thofe near the root, but are fmaller, and
more jagged; the upper part of the ftalks are naked,
and branch out into two, and fometimes three
branches, each being terminated by one flower of a
gold colour, inclining to copper, compofed of many
florets which are included in a Angle empalement ;
the flowers are fucceeded by oblong narrow feeds,
crowned with a feathery down : the whole plant,
when bruifed, emits a ftrong odour of Caftor. It
flowers in June, and the feeds ripen in autumn. This
is frequently preferved in gardens for the fake of va-
riety.
It is propagated by feeds in the fame manner as the
firft fort, but as this continues longer, the feeds
need not be annually fown. The plants will require
no other culture but to keep them clean from weeds,
and if the feeds are permitted to flatter, the plants
will come up without any trouble, fo need only be
thinned where they are too clofe.
The third fort is an annual plant, which grows na-
turally in Spain, but is now frequently propagated
in the flower-gardens for ornament. This puts out
leaves near the root, which are nine inches long, and
almoft two broad in the middle, of a light green co-
lour, and a little jagged on their edges ; the ftalks
rife a foot and a half high, dividing into many
branches, garniflied with leaves of the fame form as
thofe at bottom, but fmaller, and fit clofe to the
branches ; the flowers are produced at the end of the
branches ; thefe have a double empalement, compofed
of many long very narroW leaves ; the outer feries
are refleiled downward, and turn upward again, and
are inflexed at their extremities. The flowers are
compofed of many florets, which are ftretched out on
one fide at the top like a tongue, thefe are cut at their
extremities into four or five parts ; they fpread regu-
larly in form of rays, and are fituated over each other
like fcales of fifh ; there are two varieties of this, one
with a deep yellow, and the other of a fulphur co-
lour inclining to white ; but both have a dark black
bottom or middle, fo make a pretty appearance in a
garden. It flowers in June and July, and the feeds
ripen in autumn. This plant requires the fame cul-
ture as the firft, and is equally hardy, fo that where
the feeds are permitted to flatter, the plants will come
up without care.
The fourth fort grows naturally on the Alps ; this is
alfo an annual plant, which fends out many oblong
pointed leaves near the root; they are five inches long,
and almoft; two broad at their bafe, leflfening gra-
dually to a point ; the upper part of thefe are (lightly
indented, but their lower parts are entire ; the ftalks
are ftrong and upright, riling two feet high, dividing
into three or four branches, which grow ereil, and
are terminated by pale white flowers, inciofed in a
ftrong hairy empalement, which contrails clofe to-
ward the top ; the ftalks are garniflied with leaves of
the fame form as the lower, which embrace them
with their bafe, where they are flightly indented, but
their upper parts are entire •, thefe leaves are hairy and
rough. It flowers in June, and the feeds ripen in
autumn. This requires the fame culture as the firft,
and the feeds wilf flatter about the garden, fo that if
the plants are not deftroyed, they will maintain them-
felves without any care.
CRESCENTIA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 680. Cujete.
Plum. Nov. Gen. 23, tab. 16. Calabafti-tree.
The Characters are,
The flower hath one petal, which , is irregular , having a
6 curved
T
r
1*5
curved gibbous tube , whofe brim is cut into five unequal
fegments , which are reflexed ; this hath an empalement ,
which is Jhort , ofi one leaf, cut into two obtufie fegments ,
which are concave. It hath four ftamina , taw of which
are of the length of the petal-, the other are floor ter , ter-
minated by twin fummits which are proftr ate. It hath an
oval ger men. fit ting on a foot-folk, fupporting along flender
Jiyle, crowned by a roundifh ftigma. The ger men afterward
becomes an oval or bottle-ftoaped fruit, with a hard Jhell,
inclofmg many flat heart-Jhaped feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fedtion
of Linnaeus’s fourteenth clafs, intitled Didynamia
Angiofperrnia. The flower having two long and two
fliort ftamina, and the feeds being included in a
capfule.
The Species are,
. Crescentia ( Cujete ) foliis lanceolatis, utrinque at-
tenuate. Hort. Cliff. 327. Crefcentia with fpear-fhaped
leaves, narrowed at both ends. Cujete foliis oblongis
anguftis magno frudtu ovato. Plum. Nov. Gen. 23.
Calabafh-tree with oblong narrow leaves , and a Urge oval
fruit.
. Crescentia ( Latifolia ) foliis oblongo-ovatis, frudtu
rotundo, cortice fragili. Crefcentia with oblong oval
leaves , and round fruit with a tender Jhell. Cujete la-
tifolia, frudtu putamine fragili. Plum. Nov. Gen.
£3. Broad-leaved Calabafh-tree whofe fruit hath a tender
Jhell
There are fome varieties of thefe trees, which only
differ in the fize and fhape of their fruit ; but thofe
are variations which arife from feeds of the fame tree,
fo are not to be enumerated as diftinft fpecies ; but
the two here mentioned are undoubtedly different
fpecies, for I have frequently railed them from feeds,
and have never found either of them vary.
The firft fort grows naturally in Jamaica, and in all
the Leeward Iflands. This hath a thick trunk,
covered with a whitifh bark, which rifes from twenty
to thiry feet high, having feveral knots all the length,
and at the top divides into many branches, which
ipfead every way, and form a large regular head,
garnilhed with leaves which come out irregularly ;
fometimes Tingle, at others many arife from the fame
knot ; they are near fix inches long, and one and a
half broad in the middle, diminifhing gradually to
both ends ; they are of a lucid green, and have very
fliort foot-ftalks, with one midrib, and feveral tranf-
verfe veins running from that to the fides. The
flowers are produced from the fide of the large
branches, and fometimes from the trunk, ftanding
upon long foot-ftalks •, their empalement is deeply
divided into two obtufe fegments. The flower hath
but one petal, which is irregular, having an incurved
tube, which is divided at the brim into two irregular
fegments, which turn backward; thefe are of a
greenifh yellow colour, ftriped and fpotted with
brown ; the flowers are an inch and a half long, from
the bottom of the tube to the extent of the upper
fegment. They have four flender ftamina, of the
fame colour with the petal, which are of unequal
lengths, two being full as long as the petal, and the
other are much fhorter, terminated by oblong fum-
mits, divided in the middle, which lie proftrate on
the ftamina. From the lower part of the tube arifes
a long flender foot-ftalk, fupporting the oval germen,
which hath a headed ftigma fitting clofe on the top ;
the germen afterward turns to a large fruit, of dif-
ferent forms and fize ; they are often fpherical, fome-
times they are oval, and at other times they have a
contracted neck like a bottle ; and are fo large, as
when the pulp and feeds are cleaned out, the fhells
will contain three pints or two quarts of liquid. Thefe
fruit or fliells, are covered with a thin fltin of a
greenifh yellow when ripe, which is peeled off ; and
under this is a hard ligneous fhell, inclofmg a pale,
yellowifh, loft pulp, of a tart unfavory flavour, fur-
rounding a great number of flat heart-fhaped feeds.
The fhells of this fruit are cleaned of their pulp, and
the outer fkin taken off/ by the inhabitants of the
iflands, and dried ; then they ufe them for drink-
ing-cups, fome of which are tipped with diver, and
to the necks they fatten handles, and fome of the
long Imall fruit are formed into the fhape of fpoons
or ladles, and are ufed as fuch ; the round ones are
cut through the middle, and are ufed as cups for
Chocolate. The Indians put a number of fmall (tones
into thefe fneiis, when cleared of the pulp, to make
a fort of rattle : in fhort, they convert thefe fhells
into many forts of furniture, which is the principal
ufe made of the fruit ; for the pulp is feldom eaten,
except by the cattle in the time of great droughts.
The leaves and branches of this tree are alfo eaten by
the cattle in times of fcarcity. The wood of this tree
is hard and lmooth, fo is frequently ufed for making
laddies, ftools, and other furniture.
The fecond fort feldom riles more than fifteen or
twenty feet high •, this hath an upright trunk, covered
with a white lmooth bark, fending out many lateral
branches at the top, garnilhed with leaves three inches
in length, and one and a quarter broad ; thefe are
ranged alternately on the branches, fitting upon fliort
foot-ftalks ; they are of a deeper green than thofe of
the firft fort, and their edges are entire. The flow-
ers come out from the fide of the large branches and
the tru, .v ; thele are fmaller, and of a deeper yellow
colour than thofe of the firft •, the fruit of this is
fometimes round, at others oval, fome being much
larger than the other ; the fliells of this fruit are thin
and very brittle, fo are unfit for any purpofes to
which thofe of the former are employed ; the feeds
are alfo much thinner, and the ptilp is of a deeper
yellow. The wood of this tree is hard, and very
white, fo might be ufeful, were it not for the plenty
of other forts, which abound in many of the iflands.
This was found growing naturally in plenty at Cam-
peachy by the late Dr. Houftoun, who fent the fruit
to England.
Thefe trees are too tender to live abroad in England,
fo require a warm ftove to be prefer ved here. They
are eafily propagated by feeds, which mull be pro-
cured from the countries where they grow naturally;
the way is to have the entire fruit fent over when
fully ripe ; for when the feeds are taken out of the
pulp abroad, and fent over hither, if they are long in
their paffage they will lofe their growing quality
before they arrive, as I have often experienced. Thefe
muft be fown on a good hot-bed in the fpring, and
when the plants are fit to remove, they fhould be
each planted into a fmall halfpenny pot filled with
light landy earth, and plunged into a hot-bed of
tanners bark, obferving to fhade them from the fun
till they have taken frefh root ; when they muft be
treated in the fame manner as other tender plants,
which are natives of the fame countries. In winter
they muft be placed in the tan-bed of the bark-ftove,
and during that feafon fhould have but little water ;
in fummer they will require to be gently watered two
or three times a week, according to the warmth of
the feafon ; and in hot weather they fhould have a
large fhare of air admitted to them. With this ma-
nagement the plants will make great progrefs, and
their leaves being of a fine green, they make a
pretty variety in the ftove, but have not as yet
flowered in England.
See Lepidium.
See Tropjeolum.
See Sisymbrium.
CRESS the Garden.
CRESS the Indian.
CRESS the Water.
C R- E S S the Winter.
CRINUM. Lin. Gen. Plant. 366. Lilio-Afphodelus.
Com. Rar. 14. Diilen. Hort. Elth. 194. Aiphodei
Lily.
The Characters are.
The involucrurn is compofed of two oblong leaves , in form
of a fheath or cover , which dries and is reflexed. The
flower hath one petal , which is funnel-Jhaped, having a
long tube, deeply cut at the top into fix fegments which
are reflexed. It hath fix long ftamina, which are inferted
in the tube of the petal, and are fir etched out beyond the
flower , fpreading open ; thefe awe terminated by oblong
proftrate fummits , n.
at one end ; the germen is fit uMed
Cl I
in the bottom of the flower , fupportiiig a long /lender ftyle ,
crowned by a [mail trifid ftigma. The germen afterward
'becomes an oval capfule with three cells , each containing
one or two oval feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft feflion of
Linnaeus’s llxth clafs, intitled Hexandria Monogynia,
the flower having fix ftamina and one ftyle.
The Species are,
1. Crinum ( Africanum ) foliis fublanceolatis planis, co-
rollis obtufls. Lin. Sp. Plant. 292. Crinum with plain
~ fpear-fhaped leaves , and obtufe petals. Hyacinthus Af-
ricanus tuberofus, flore casruleo umbellato. Hort.
Amft. 1. p.133. African tuberous Hyacinth, with a blue
umbellated flower.
2. Crinum {Afmticum) foliis carinatis. Flor, Zeyl. 127.
Crinum with keel-Jhaped leaves. Lilium Zeylanicum,
bulbiferum 8 c umbelliferum. H. L. 682.
g. Crinum ( Americanum ) corollarum apicibus introrfum
unguiculatiSi, Lin. Sp. Plant. 292. Crinum with the
tops of the petals formed on the infide like the nails of a
finger. Lilio-afphodelus Americanus fempervirens,
maximus Polyanthus albus, Com. Rar. PI. 15. tab.
* 5 -
4. Crinum ( Latifolium ) foliis ovato-lanceolatis acumi-
natis fefiilibus planis. Lin. Sp. 419. Crinum with oval ,
fpear-Jhaped, plain leaves , ending in acute points . Jo-
vanna-pola-tali. Hort Mai. voi. 11. p. 77.
The firft; fort grows naturally at the Cape of Good
Hope, from whence it was brought to the gardens in
Holland, and hath fince been fpread into moft of the
curious gardens in Europe. The root of this plant
is compofed of many thick flefhy fibres, diverging
from the fame head, which ftirike deep into the
ground, and put out many fmaller fibres, which are
white and flefhy ; from the fame head arifes a duller
of leaves furrounding each other with their bafe, fo
as to form a kind of herbaceous ftalk, about three
inches high, from which the leaves fpread only two
ways, appearing flat the other two. The flower-ftalk
arifes by the fide of thefe leaves, which is round,
hollow, and near three feet high, terminated by
a large head of flowers, included in a kind of fheath,
which fplits into two parts, and is reflexed. The
flowers Hand each upon a foot-ftalk about one inch
long ; they are tubulous, have but one petal, which
is cut almofl to the bottom, into fix oblong blunt
fegments, which are waved on their edges ; in the
center is fituated an oval three-cornered germen, fup-
porting a long ftyle, which is attended by fix fta-
mina, two of the fame length, two fomewhat fhorter,
and the two which reft; upon the lower fegments are
the fhorteft. The flowers are of a bright blue colour,
and grow in large umbels, fo make a fine appearance.
They begin to flower in September, and frequently
continue in beauty till fpring, which renders them
more valuable.
This plant is propagated by offsets, which come out
from the fide of the old plants, and may be taken off
the latter end of June, at which time thefe plants are
in their greateft ftate of reft ; when the plants fhould
be turned out of the pots, and the earth carefully
cleared away from the roots, that the fibres of the
offsets may be better diftinguifhed, which fhould be
feparated from thofe of the old roots, being careful
not to break their heads. But where they adhere fo
clofely to the old plant, as not to be fo feparated, they
muft be cut off with a knife, taking great care not
to wound or break the roots of either the offsets or
the parent plant.. When thefe are parted, they fhould
be planted each into a feparate pot, filled with light
kitchen-garden earth, and placed in a fhadv fituation,
where they may enjoy the morning fun, giving them
a little water twice a week, if the weather proves
dry ; but they muft not have too much wet, efpeci-
ally at this feafon, when they are almoft inactive"; for
as the roots are flefhy and fucculent, they are apt to
rot with great moifture. In about five weeks" time
the offsets will have put out new roots, when the pots
may be removed to a more funny fituation, and then
they may have a little more water, which will {Lengthen
their flowering, blit it muft not be given them too li-
berally for the reafons before given. In September
they will put out their flower- (talks, and toward the
end of that month the flowers will begin to open,
when, if the weather fhould not be good, they fhould
be removed under flicker, to prevent the flowers from
being injured by froft or too much wet •, but they
fhould have as much free air as poflible, otherwife
the flowers will be pale-coloured and weak. Toward
the end of OTobei* they fhould be removed into the
green-houfe, and placed where they may enjoy as
much free air as poflible, and not be over-hung by
other plants *, and during the winter, they may have
a little water once a week or oftener in mild weather,,
but in froft they fhould be kept dry. This plant only
requires protection from froft and moifture, fo fhould
not have any artificial warmth in winter, and muft be
placed in the open air in fummer.
The fecond fort hath large bulbous roots, which
fend out many large flefhy fibres, having bulbs formed
at their ends ; the leaves are near three feet long,
hollow on their upper fide, and clofely fold over each
other at their bafe, fp reading out on every fide; the
outer leaves generally turn downward at the top ;
they are of a deep green, obtufe at their points, with
a ridge on their under fide. The flower-ftalk arifes
on one fide the leaves, which is thick, fucculent,
hollow in the middle, and a little compreffed on two
Tides ; this grows two feet high or more, and is of
the fame colour with the leaves, and are terminated
by large umbels of flowers, with a fheath or covert
which fplits lengthways, and reflexed back to the
ftalk, where it dries and remains •, the tubes of the
flowers are narrow, near four inches long, and the
upper part is deeply cut into fix long fegments,
which are reflexed back almoft to the tube •, in the
center arifes the ftyle, attended by fix long ftamina,
which ftand out beyond the petal, and is terminated
by oblong proftrate fummits of a yellow colour.
After the flowers are paft, the germen, which is fi-
tuated at the bottom of the tube, becomes a large,
roundilh, three-cornered capfule, having three cells,
two of which are generally abortive, and the third
hath one or two irregular bulbs, which if planted
produce young plants.
The third fort hath broader leaves than the fecond,
which are plain, and not hollowed on their upper
fide, but they are fhorter and of a lighter green ; thefe
embrace each other at their bafe ; by the fide of thefe
arife the flower-ftalk, which is compreffed and hollow,
rifling about two feet high, and terminated by large
umbels of white flowers, like thofe of the former fort,
but the fegments of the petal are broader and not fo
much reflexed.
The fourth fort hath roots like thofe of the fecond
fort ; the leaves of this are narrower at their bafe,
and are ftained with purple on their under fide ; the
flower-ftalks are purple, and grow to the fame height
as thofe of the fecond •, the flowers are in fnape like
them, but the tube is purple, and the fegments have
a purple ftripe running through them ; the ftamina
alfo are purple, which renders this more beautiful
than either of the other forts ; and thefe differences
are conftant in all the plants which rife from feeds,
fo there can be no doubt of its being a diftincl fort.
Thefe three forts grow naturally in both Indies, fo
are very tender, therefore muft be kept in a warm
ftove, otherwife they will not thrive in England ;
they are eafily propagated by offsets, which the roots
put out in plenty ; or by the bulbs which fueceed
the flowers, and ripen perfectly here. Thefe muft be
planted in pots filled with rich earth, and if plunged
into the tan-bed in the ftove, the plants will make
greater progrefs and flower oftener, than when they
are placed on (helves *, though in the latter way they
will fucceed very well, provided they are kept in a
good temperature of heat. The roots fhould be
tranfplanted in the fpring, and all the offsets taken
off, otherwife they will fill the pots and ftarve the
old plants : they muft be frequently refreflied with
4 L water.
C R 1
water, but it muft Hot be given them too plentifully^
efpecialiy in winter. Theie forts flower at every fea-
fon of the year, which renders them more valuable •,
for where there are many plants, there will be almoft
a perpetual fucceffion of flowers, which emit a very
agreeable odour.
C R I T H M U M. Lin. Gen. Plant. 303. Tourn. life*
II. H. 317. tab. 169. Samphire.
The Characters are,
It is a 'plant with an umbelliferous flower ; the great um-
bel is beniifphericdl , and compofed of many fmaller of the
fame figure , the involucrum of the general umbel is com -
p 6 fed of fever al fpear -floated leaves ■, thofe of the parti-
cular umbels have very narrow leaves the length of the
umbel \ the general umbel is uniform the flowers have
five oval infixed petals , which are almofl equal-, they
have five ftamina the length of the petals , which are ter-
minated by roundijh fummits. The germen is fituated un-
der the flower , fupporting two reflexed ftyles , crowned by
oMufe fligmas. The germen afterward becomes an oval
coinpreffed fruit , dividing into two parts, each hawing one
comprejfied , elliptical , furrowed feed.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond feeftion
of Linnaeus’s fifth clafs, intitled Pentandria Digynia,
the flowers having five ftamina and two ftyles.
The Species are,
1. Crithmum ( Maritimum ) foliolis lanceolatis carnofis.
Hort. Cliff. 98. Samphire with fpear-Jhaped flejhy leaves.
Crithmum five Foeniculum maritimum minus. C.B.P.
288. Samphire.
2. Crithmum [Pyrenaicum ) foliolis lateralibus bis trifi-
dis. Hort. Cliff. 98. Samphire whofe fmaller leaves on
their fides are doubly trifid. Apium Pyrenaicum thap-
ficas facie. Tourn. Inft. 305.
The firft fort grows upon the rocks by the fea-fide,
in many parts of England. This hath a root com-
pofed of many ftrong fibres, which penetrate deep
into the crevices of the rocks, fending up feveral
fielhy fucculent (talks, which rife about two feet high,
garnifhed with winged leaves, which are compofed of
three or five divifions, each of which hath three or
five final 1, thick, fuceulent leaves near half an inch
long ; the foot-ftalks of the leaves embrace the ftalks
at their bafe. The flowers are produced in circular
umbels at the top of the ftalks ; thefe are of a yellow
colour, compofed of five petals, which are near
equal in fize, and are afterward fucceeded by feeds
fomewhat like thofe of Fennel, but are larger. This
herb is pickled, and efteemed very comfortable to
the ftomach, and is very agreeable to the palate ; it
provokes urine gently, removes the obftructions of
the vifeera, and creates an appetite ; it is commonly
ufed for fauce it is gathered on the rocks where it
grows naturally, but the people who fupply the mar-
kets with it, feldom bring the right herb, but inftead
of it they bring a fpecies of After, which is called
golden Samphire, but hath a very different flavour
from the true, nor has it any of its virtues. This
grows in greater plenty, and upon the plain ground
which is overflowed by the fait water ; whereas, the
true Samphire grows only out of the crevices of per-
pendicular rocks, where it is very difficult to come at.
. It flowers in July, and the feeds ripen in autumn.
This plant is with difficulty propagated in gardens,
nor will it grow fo vigorous with any culture, as it
does upon rocks ; but if the plants are planted on a
moift gravelly foil, they will thrive tolerably well, and
may be preferved fome years. It may be propagated
either by feeds or parting the roots.
The fecond fort is by Tournefort ranged in his ge-
nus of Apium. This grows naturally on the Pyrenean
mountains. It is a biennial plant, which doth not
flower till the fecond year, and perifhes foon after the
feeds are ripe. There are two or three forts of this
plant, which differ in their outer appearance, but I
am not certain of their being diftinet fpecies. One of
thefe is titled by Mr. Ray, Apium montanurn five
petrseum alburn. This is of humbler growth than
tlie other ; the final! leaves are broader, and not fo
much cut on their edges, and are of a paler green :
C R O
thefe plants are preferved in a few gardens for the fakti
of variety y they are propagated by feeds, which
ftiould be fown in the autumn where they are design-
ed to remain, and will require no other culture but
to keep them clean from weeds* and thin them where
they are too clofe.
CRISTA GALL I. See Pedicularis.
CRISTA PAY ON IS. See Poinciana.
CROCUS. Lin. Gen. Plant. 53. Tourn. Inft. R. H.
350. tab. 183, 184. [is fo called of the youth Crocus,
who (as the poets feign) loved Smilax with fo violent
a paflion, that, by reafon of impatience, he was turned
into a flower of his name.] Saffron.
The Characters are.
It hath a flpatha or Jheath of one leaf. The flower hath
one petal , which is deeply cut into flk oblong fegments ,
which are equal. It hath three ftamina which are fhorter
than the petal , terminated by arrow-pointed fummits. The -
roundijh germen is fituated at the bottom of the tube , fup-
porting a fender flyle , crowned by three twifted fligmas,
which are flawed. The germen afterward becomes a round-
ijh fruit, with three cells, filled with roundijh feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fedion of
Linnaeus’s third clafs, intitled Triandria Monogynia,
the flower having three ftamina and one ftyle.
The Species are,
1. Crocus ( Sativus ) fpatha univalvi radicali, corolla:
tubo longiffimo. Lin. Sp. Plant. 36. Saffron with a
fpatha near the root , having one valve , and a long tube
to the flower. Crocus fativus. C. B. P. 65. Cultivated
Saffron.
2. Crocus (. Autumnalis ) fpatha univalvi pedunculato,
corollas tubo breviffimo. Saffron with a fpatha on the
foot-ftalk , having one valve, and a very Jhort tube to the.
flower. Crocus juncifolius autumnalis, flore magno
purpurafeente. Boerh. Ind. alt. 2. 120.
3. Crocus [Verms') fpatha bivalvi radicali, floribus fef-
fllibus. Crocus with a bivalve fpatha near the root, and
flowers fitting clofe to the ground. Crocus vernus latifo-
liusy flavo flore varius. C. B. P. 66. Commonly- called
Bifhofs Crocus.
4. Crocus ( Biflora ) fpatha biflora corolls tubo tenu-
iflimo. Crocus with two flowers in each fpatha, having
very narrow tubes. Crocus vernus, ftriatus, vulgaris.
Par. Bat. Ordinary, fpring, ftriped Crocus.
There are a much greater variety of thefe flowers
than are here enumerated ; but as moft, if not all of
them are only feminal variations, I thought it would be
needlefs to particularize them here, efpecially as there
are frequently new varieties obtained from feeds.
Thofe which are here enumerated, I think muft be al-
lowed to be fpecifically different, fince they have
many diftinguifhing charaders, which are fufficient
to determine the lpecific difference in plants.
The firft fort is the plant which produces the Saffron,
which is a well known drug : this hath a roundifh
bulbous root as large as a fmall Nutmeg, which is a
little compreffed at the bottom, and is covered with
a coarfe, brown, netted (kin ; from the bottom of this
bulb is fent out many long fibres, which ftrike pretty
deep into the ground ; from the upper part of the
root come out the flowers, which, together with the
young leaves, whofe tops juft appear, are clofelv
wrapped about by a thin fpatha or (heath, which parts
within the ground, and opens on one fide. The tube
of the flower is very long, arifing immediately from
the bulb, without any foot-ftalk, and at the top is
divided into fix oval obtufe fegments, which are
equal, of a purple blue colour. In the bottom of
the tube is fituated a roundiffi germen, flupporting a
(lender ftyle, which is not more than half the length
of the petal, crowned with three oblong golden dig-
mas (which is the Saffron -,) thefe fpread afunder each
way. The ftyle is attended by three ftamina, whofe
bales are inferted in the tube of the petal, and rife to
the height of the ftyle, where they are terminated by
arrow-pointed fummits. This plant flowers in Octo-
ber, a,nd the leaves keep growing all. the winter, but
it never produces any feeds here.
The
CRO
^he fecond fort grows naturally on the Alps and
Helvetian mountains : this hath a fmaller bulbous
root than the firft, which is more compreffed * the
flowers appear about the fame feafon with the former,
but they rife with a fhort foot-ftalk, having a fhort
fpatha or fheath juft below the flower, which covers
it before it expands. The tube of the flower is very
fhort, the petal being divided almoft to the bottom,
and the fegments terminate in acute points •, the fta-
mina and flyle are fhort, and the leaves of the plant
are very narrow. The flower is of a deep blue * out
there is a variety of this with a iky blue flower, which
is fuppofed to have been produced by feeds. _ Dr.
Linnaeus has fuppofed thefe, and alfo all the varieties
of the Spring Crocus, to be but one fpecies, but
t^ere can be no doubt of thefe being dilhindh from
thofe of the Spring.
The third fort hath a pretty large, compreffed, bul-
bous root, covered with a light, brown, netted fkin,
from which arife four or five leaves, like thofe of the
the other Vernal Crocufes, of a purplifh colour on
their lower parts * from between thefe come out one
or two flowers of a deep yellow colour, fitting clofe
between the young leaves, never rifing above two
inches high * thefe have an agreeable odour ; the
outer fegments of the petal are marked with three
black ftreaks or ftripes running lengthways from the
bottom to the-top of the fegment * thefe are narrower
than the inner fegments. From the double arrange-
ment of thefe fegments fome have called it a double
flower. Thefe fegments have dark purple bottoms,
and the tube of the flower hath as many purple ftripes
as there are fegments in the petal. Out of the center
of the tube ariles a (lender flyle, crowned by a golden
ftigma, which is broad and flat, and is attended by
three (lender (lamina of the fame length, terminated
by yellow fummits. After the flower is pad, the ger-
men pufties out of the ground, and fwells to a round-
i(h three-cornered feed-veflel, which opens in three
parts, and is filled with roundifn brown feeds. This
is one of the earlieft: Crocufes in the fpring.
The fourth fort rifes with a few very narrow leaves,
which are, together with the flower-buds, clofely
wrapped round by a fpatha or fheath, out of which
arife two flowers, one of which hath a longer tube
than the other, but thefe are very (lender, and do
not rife much above the fpatha * there the petal en-
larges, and is divided into fix obtufe fegments, which
are of equal flze •, they are of a dirty white on their
outflde, with three or four purple ftripes in each •, the
inflde of the petal is of a purer white •, the (lamina
and flyle are nearly the fame as thofe of the former
fort. This is one of the earlieft forts which flowers
in the fpring.
The Varieties of the autumnal Crocus are,
1. The fweet-fmelling autumnal Crocus, whofe flowers
come before the leaves. C. B. This is our fecond
fort.
а. The autumnal mountain Crocus. C. B. This hath
a paler blue flower.
3. The many flowering bluifh autumnal Crocus. C. B.
This hath many (ley blue flowers.
4. The fmall flowering autumnal Crocus. C. B. This
hath a fmall deep blue flower.
The Varieties of the Spring Crocus are,
1. Broad-leaved, purple, variegated, Spring Crocus.
C. B. This hath broad leaves and a deep blue flower
jftriped.
2. Broad-leaved Crocus of the fpring with a purple
flower. C. B. This hath a plain purple flower.
3. Broad-leaved Spring Crocus with a Violet-coloured
flower. C. B. This hath a large deep blue flower.
4. Spring Crocus, v/ith a white flower and a purple
bottom. C. B.
£. Broad-leaved, white, variegated. Spring Crocus.
" C.B.
б. Broad-leaved Spring Crocus, with many purple Vi-
olet flowers ftriped with white. C. B.
7, Broad-leaved Spring Crocus with an Afti-coloured
flower.
8. Broad-leaved Spring Crocus with a large yellow
flower. C. B.'
9. Broad-leaved Spring Crocus with a fmaller and paler
yellow flower. C. B.
10. Broad-leaved Spring Crocus, with fmaller yellow
flowers ftriped with black.
1 1. Narrow-leaved Spring Crocus with a fmaller brim-
(lone-coloured flower.
12. NarrowAeaved Spring Crocus with a fmall white
flower.
Thefe are the principal varieties which I have ob~
ferved in the Englifh gardens, but there are many
more mentioned in the foreign catalogues of flowers,
many of which are fo nearly alike, as fcarce to be dif-
tinguiflied ; and if the feeds of thefe flowers were
fown, there might be a greater variety of them ob-
tained than is at prefent * but as they propagate very
fail by offsets, the feeds are very rarely regarded.
All thefe feveral varieties of Crocufes are very hardy*
and will increafe exceedingly by their roots, efpecially
if they are differed to remain two o.r three years ( unre-
moved •, they will grow in almoft any foil or fituation*
and are very great ornaments to a garden early in the
fpring of the year, before many other flowers appear*
They are commonly planted near the edges of borders
on the (ides of walks •, in doing of which, you (hould
be careful to plant fuch forts in the fame line as flower
at the fame time, and are of an equal growth, other-
wife the lines will feem imperfeA. Thefe roots, lofe-
ing their fibres with their leaves, may then be taken
up, and kept dry until the beginning of September,
obferving to keep them from vermin, for the mice
are very fond of them. When you plant thefe roots
(after having drawn a line upon the border,) make
holes with a dibble about two inches deep or more,
according to the lightnefs of the foil* and two inches
diftance from each other, in which you mud place
the roots with the bud uppermoft * then with a rake
fill up the holes in fuch a manner as that the upper
part of the root may be covered an inch or more, be-
ing careful not to leave any of the holes open * for
this will entice the mice to them, which, when once
they have found out, will deftroy all your roots, if
they are not prevented.
This is the way in which thefe flowers are commonly
difpofed in gardens, but the better way is to plant
them fix or eight near each other in bunches between
fmall fhrubs, or on the borders of the flower-garden *
where, if the varieties of thefe flowers are planted in
different patches, and properly intermixed, they will
make a much better appearance than when they are
difpofed in the old method of (Irak edgings.
In January, if the weather is mild, the Crocus will often
appear above ground •, and in February their flowers
will appear, before the green leaves are grown to any
length, fo that the flower feems at firft to be naked *
but foon after the flowers decay, the green leaves
grow to be fix or sight inches long, which (hould not
be cut off until they decay, notwithftanding they ap-
pear a little unflghdy *, for by cutting off the leaves,
the roots will be fo weakened as not to arrive at half
their ufual bignefs, nor will their flowers the fucceed-
ingyear be half fo large. Their feeds are commonly
ripe about the latter end of April, or the beginning
of May, when the green leaves begin to decay.
The autumnal Crocufes are not fo great increafers as
are thofe of the fpring, nor do they produce feeds in
our climate •, fo that they arelefs common in the gar-
dens, except the true Saffron, which is propagated
for ufe in great plenty in many parts of England 5
thefe muft be taken up every third year, as was di-
rected for the Spring Crocufes, otherwife the roots
will run lotlg, and produce no flowers * but they
fnould not be kept out of the ground longer than the
beginning of Auguft, for they commonly produce
their flowers the beginning of October * fo that if
they remain too long out of the ground, they will not
produce their flowers fo ftrong, nor in fuch plenty,
as when they are planted early.
t"
m
C R 0
The method of cultivating Saffron being fomAvhat !
curious, I thought it not improper to infert in this
place an abftrafit of it, as it was prefented to the Royal
Society by Dr. James Douglafs.
As Saffron grows at prefent mold plentifully in Cam -
bridgefhire, and has grown formerly in feveral other
counties of England, the method of culture does not,
I believe, vary much in any of them, and therefore I
judge it fufficient to fet down here the obfervations
which I employed proper perfons, in different feafons,
to make, in the years 1723^ 1724, 172*5, and 1728,
lip and down all that large trad of ground that lies
between Saffron-Walden and Cambridge, in a circle
about ten miles diameter.
In that county Saffron has been cultivated, and there-
fore it may be reafonably expeded, that the inhabi-
tants thereof are more thoroughly acquainted with it
than they are aiiy where elfe.
I fhall begin with the choice and preparation of the
ground. The greateft part of the trad already men-
tioned is an open level country, with few inclofures •,
and the cuftom there is, as in mod other places, to
crop two years, afid let the land be fallow the third.
Saffron is generally planted upon fallow ground, and,
all other things being alike, they prefer that which
has borne Barley the year before.
The Saffron grounds are feldotn above three acres,
oi* lefs than one ; and in choofing, the principal thing
they have regard to is, that they be well expofed, the
foil not poor, nor a very ftiff clay, but a temperate
dry mould, fuch as commonly lies upon chalk, and
is of an Hazel colour ; though if every thing elfe
anfwers, the colour of the mould is pretty much
hegleded.
The ground being made choice of, about Lady-Day,
or the beginning of April, it muff be carefully plough-
ed, the furrows being drawn much clofer together,
and deeper, if the foil will allow it, than is done for
any kind of corn ; and accordingly, the charge is
greater.
About five weeks after, during any time in the
month of May, they lay between twenty and thirty
loads of dung upon each acre, and having fpread it
with great care, they plough it in as before. The
fhorteft rotten dung is the befl ; and the farmers, who
have the conveniency of making it, fpare no pains to
make it good, being fure of a proportionable price
for it. About Midfummer they plough a third time,
and between every fixteen feet and an half, or pole
in breadth, they leave a broad furrow or trench, which
ferves both as a boundary to the feveral parcels, when
there are feveral proprietors to one inclofure, and to
throw the weeds in at the proper feafon.
To this head likewife belongs the fencing of the
grounds, becaufe moft commonly, though not always,
that is done before they plant. The fences confift of
what they call dead hedges, or hurdles, to keep out
not only cattle of all forts, but efpecially hares, which
would otherwife feed on the Saffron leaves during the
winter.
About the weather we need not only obferve, that
the hotteft Rummers are certainly the beff, and there-
with, if there be gentle fhowers from time to time,
they can hardly mifs of a plentiful crop, if the ex-
treme cold, fnow, or rain of the foregoing winter
have not prejudiced the heads.
The next general part of the culture of Saffron is,
planting, or fetting the roots the only inftrument
ufed for which is a narrow fpade, commonly termed a
fpit fhovel.
The time of planting is commonly in the month of
July, a little fooner or later, according as the weather
anfwer. The method is this : one man with his fpit
fhovel raifes between three and four inches of earth,
and throws it before him about fix or more inches •,
two perfons, generally women, following with heads,
place them in the fartheft edge of the trench he
makes, at three inches diftance from each other, or
thereabouts •, as foon as the digger or fpitter has gone
once the breadth of the ridge, he begins again at the
C It 0
other fide, and digging as before, covers thb rooS-
laft fet, and makes the fame room for the fetters to
place a new row, at the fame diftance from the firff,
that, they are from one another. Thus they go on,
till a whole ridge, containing commonly one rod, is
planted ^ and the only nicety in digging is, to leave
home part of the hr ft flratum of earth untouched, to
lie under the roots, and, in fetting, to place the roots
di redly upon their bottom.
What fort of roots are to be preferred fhall be fnewn
under the fourth head, but it muft be obferved in this
place, that formerly, when roots were very dear, they
did not plant them fo thick as they do now •, and that
they have always fome regard to thefize of the roots,
placing the largeft at a greater diftance than the frfiali
ones.
The quantity of roots planted in an acre, is generally
about 16 quarters, or 128 bufhels, which, accord-
ing to the diftances left between them, as before aft
hgned, and fuppofing all to be an inch in diameter
one with another, ought to amount to 392,040 in
number.
From the time that the roots are planted, till about
the beginning of September, or fometimes later,
there is no more labour about them ; but as they then
begin to fpire, and are ready to fhew themfelves
above ground (which is known by digging a few out
of the earth,) the ground muft be carefully pared
with a fharp hoe, and the weeds, &c. raked into the
furrows, othetwife they would hinder the growth of
the plants.
In fome time after appear the Saffron flowers, and
this leads us to the third branch of our prefent me-
thod. The flowers are gathered as well before as after
they are full blown, and the moll proper time for
this is early in the morning. The owners of the Saf-
fron get together a fufficient number of hands, who
place themfelves in different parts of the field, who
pull off the whole flowers, and throw them handful
by handful into a balket, and fo continue till all the
flowers are gathered, which happens commonly about
ten or eleven o’clock.
Having then carried home all they have got, they
immediately fpread them upon a large table, and fall
to picking out the filamenta ftyli, or chives, and to-
gether with them a pretty long proportion of the fty-
lus itfelf, or firing to which they are joined ; the reft;
of the flower they throw away as ufelefs. The next
morning they return into the field again, whether it be
wet or dry weather, and lb on daily, even on Sun-
days, till the whole crop be gathered.
The chives being all picked out of the flowers, the
next labour about them is to dry them on the kiln.
The kiln is built upon a thick plank (that it may be
moved from place to place) fupported by four fhort
legs •, the outfide conflfts of eight pieces of wodd
about three inches thick, in form of a quadrangular
frame, about twelve inches fquare at the bottom on
the infide, and twenty-two inches at top, which is
likewife equal to the perpendicular height of it. On
the forefide is left a hole about eight inches fquare,
and four inches above the plank, through which the
fire is put in •, over all the reft laths are laid prett-y
thick, clofe to one another, and nailed to the frame
already mentioned, and then are plaiflered over on both
Tides, as are alfo the planks at bottom very thick, fo
ferve for a hearth. Over the mouth, or wideft part,
goes a hair cloth, fixed to the Tides of the kiln, and
likewife to two rollers, or moveable pieces of wood,
which are turned by wedges or fcrews, in order to
ftretch the cloth. Inflead of the hair cloth, many
people now ufe a net- work, or iron wire, with which
it is obferved that the Saffron dries fooner, and with
lefs quantity of fuel j but the difficulty in preferving
the Saffron from burning, makes the hair cloth be
preferred by the nicefl judges in drying.
The kiln is placed in a light part of the houfe, and
they begin by laying five or fix fheets of white paper
on the hair cloth, upon which they fpread the wet
Saffron between two and three inches thick $ this they
cover
GRO
cover with other (heets of paper, and over thefe My a
coarfe blanket five or fix times doubled, or, inftead
thereof, a canvas pillow filled with ftraw 5 and after
the fire has been lighted for fome time, the whole is co-
vered with a board, having a large weight upon it.
At firft they give it a pretty ftrong heat, to make
the chives fweat (as their expreffion is 3) and in this,
if they do not ufe a great deal of care, they are in
danger of fcorching, and fo of.fpoiling all that is on
the kiln.
When it has been thus dried about an hour, they
take off the board, blanket, and upper papers, and
take the Saffron off from that which lies next it,
raifing at the fame time the edges of the cake with a
knife •, then laying on the paper again, they Hide in
another board between the hair cloth and upper pa-
pers, and turn both papers and Saffron upfide-down,
afterwards covering them as above.
The fame heat is continued for an hour longer 3 then
they look on the cake again, free it from the papers,
and turn it 3 then they cover it, and lay on the weight
as before. If nothing happens amifs during thefe
firft two hours, they reckon the danger to be over 3
for they have nothing more to do but to keep a gen-
tle fire, and to turn their cakes every half hour till
thoroughly dry, for the doing of which as it ought,
there are required full twenty-four hours.
In drying the larger plump chives they ufe nothing
more, but towards the latter end of the crop, when
thefe come to be fmaller, they fprinkle the cake with
a little fmall beer, to make it fweet as it ought 3 and
they begin now to think, that ufing two linen cloths
next the cake, inftead of the two innermoft papers,
may be of fome advantage in drying, but this prac-
tice is followed as yet but by few.
Their fire may be made of any kind of fuel, but that
which fmokes the leaft is beft, and charcoal, for that
reafon, i$ preferred to any other.
What quantity of Saffron a firft crop will produce, is
very uncertain 3 fometimes five or fix pounds of wet
chives are got from one rood, fometimes not above
one or two, and fometimes not enough to make it
woith while to gather and dry it 3 but this is always
to be obferved, that about five pounds of wet Saffron
go to make one pound of dry, for the firft three weeks
of the crop, and fix pounds during the laft week 3 and
when the heads are planted very thick, two pounds
of dried Saffron may, at a medium, be allowed to an
acre for the firft crop, and twenty-four pounds for
the two remaining, the third being confiderably larger
than the fecond.
In order to obtain thefe, there is only a repetition to
be made every year of the labour of hoeing, gather-
ing, picking, and drying, in the fame manner as be-
fore fet down, without the addition of any thing new,
except that they let cattle into the fields, after the
leaves are decayed, to feed upon the weeds, or, per-
haps, mow them for the fame ufe.
About the Midfummer after the third crop is gather-
ed, the roots muft be all taken up and tranfplanted 3
the management requifite for which, is the fourth
thing to be treated of. To take up the Saffron heads,
or break up the ground (as the term is,) they fome-
times plough it, fometimes ufe a forked kind of hoe,
called a pattock, and then the ground is harrowed
once or twice over 3 during all which time of plough-
ing, or digging, and harrowing, fifteen or more peo-
ple will find work enough to follow and gather the
heads as they are turned up.
They are next to be carried to the houfe in facks, and
there cleaned and rafed 3 this labour confifts in clean-
ing the roots thoroughly from earth, and from the
remains of old roots, old involucra, and excrefcences,
and thus they become fit to be planted in new ground
immediately, or to be kept for fome time without
danger of fpoiling.
The quantity of roots taken up, in proportion to
thofe which were planted, is uncertain 3 but at a me-
dium, it may be faid, that allowing for all the acci-
dents which happened to them in the ground, and in
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breaking up fro in each acre, may be had twenty-fbtir
quarters of clean roots, all fit to be planted.
The owners are fare to choofe for their own ufe the
largeft, plumpeft, and fatteft roots, but do leaft of
all approve the longeft pointed ones, which they call
(pickets, or fpickards, for very fmall, round, or flat
roots, are fometimes obferved to flower, well.
This is the whole culture of Saffron in the countv
above-mentioned, and we have only now to confider
the charges and profits which may be fuppofed, one
year with another, to attend that- branch of agricul-
ture 3 and of thefe I have drawn up the following
computation for one acre of ground, according to the
price of labour in this country.
1. s. d.
Rent for three years — - — --
3
0
0
Ploughing for three years — —
0
18
0
Dunging — — — —
3
12
0
Hedging • — * — ..... — .
1
16
0
Spitting and letting the heads —
1,
12
0
Weeding or paring the ground — -
1
4
0
Gathering and picking the flowers
6
10
0
Drying the flowers — — - — —
1
6
0
Inftruments of labour for three years,
with the kiln, about — — j
0
io
0
Ploughing the ground once, and har- j
rowing twice — — — — ^
0
12
o'
Gathering the Saffron heads — —
1
0
0
Raifing the heads — _____
1
12
0
Total charge
23
12
0
This calculation is made upon ftippofition, that an
acre of ground yields twenty-fix pounds of nett Saf-
fron in three years, which I dated only as a mean
quantity between the greateft and the leaft, and there-
fore the price of Saffron muft be judged accordingly,
which I think cannot be done better than by fixing it
at 30 (hillings per pound; firrce in very plentiful
years it is fold at twenty, and is fometimes worth be-
tween three and four pounds 3 at this rate, twenty-
fix pounds of Saffron are worth thirty-nine pounds,
and the nett profits of an acre of ground producing
Saffron, will, in three years, amount to fifteen pounds,
thirteen (hillings, or about five pounds four (hillings
yearly.
This, I fay, may be reckoned the nett profit of an
acre of Saffron, fuppofing that all the labour were to
be hired for ready money 3 but as the planter and fa-
mily do a confiderable part of the work themfelves,
fome of this expence is faved 3 that is, by planting
Saffron, he may not only reafonably expeit to clear
about five pounds yearly per acre, but alfo to main-
tain himfelf and family for fome part of each year ;
and it is upon this ftippofition only, that the refult of
other computations can be faid to have any tolerable
degree of exactnefs, but the calculations themfelves
are undoubtedly very inaccurate.
I have faid nothing here concerning the charge in
buying, or profits in felling, the Saffron heads, be-
caufe, in many large tra&s of ground, thefe muft at
length balance one another, while the quantity of
ground planted yearly continues the fame, which has
been pretty much the cafe for feveral years paft.
Dr. Patrick Blair, defigning to treat concerning the
Crocus, in his fixth Decad of his Pharmaco-Botanolo-
gia, did, in the year 1725, fend tome the following
queries :
1 . After what manner the fpecies are propagated ?
2. Whether the tap-root fprings firft, or the bulb I?
3. At what feafon the leaves' fpring forth ?
To thefe queries I fent him the following anfwer :
1. As to the propagation of the fpecies.
This is only by the roots, or offsets, which the old
roots produce in great plenty, for I never faw any
thing like a feed, or a feed-veffel produced, though I
have let (land great quantities of flow r ers purpofely
to try.
2. As to the query, Whether the tap-root fprings
firft, and the bulb be afterwards formed ?
4 M As
‘13
CRO.
C R O
As foon as the roots begin to flioot upwards, there
are commonly two or three large tap-roots fent forth
from the fide of the old root, which will run down-
right two inches and a half or more, into tire ground ;
at the place where thefe bulbs firft come out from the
m one, will he formed a bulb fometimes (though
not always, as you will hear prefently ;) and this tap-
root, decays. The bulb will increafe in its bignefs,
till at laft it quite falls off, and is then left entire,
which commonly happens in April, when the green
begins to decay ^ but many times thefe tap or car-
rotty roots never produce any bulbs, but always re-
tain the fame figure, and for ever after, I believe are
barren ^ for I planted a parcel of thefe carrotty roots
four years ago in a little bed, where they have ever
fmce remained, but have not produced one hngle
flower, nctwithfcanding they have produced a nu-
merous offspring of the fame carrotty roots.
And the people about Saffron Walden are well ap-
prifed of this barrennefs, and therefore throw away
all fuch roots when they make a new plantation •, but
as this change of the root is not peculiar to the Saf-
fron only, permit me to digrefs a little, to give you
fome account of this matter.
In the parifn of Fulham, near London, the garden-
ers tiled to. drive a great trade in the jonquil, or Nar-
ciffus juncifolius, flore muitiplici, at which place the
greateft quantity of thole roots was raifed for fale,
as perhaps was in any part of England, and turned
to as great account for the maker, as any crop they
could employ their ground in, till of late years, that
moft of their roots have turned carrotty, and fo
proved barren, or have produced only fingie flowers ;
fo that the gardeners being hereby diflieartened, have
thrown them out entirely, neglecting to cultivate
them, fatisfylng themfelves with this reafon, that
their ground was tired with them.
But to return to the Crocus. Befides thofe roots al-
ready mentioned, there will be three or four fmall
bulbs formed upon the upper part of the root, and
fome underneath, which from the firft appearance
affume the round fhape of its parent root, and have
no tap-root belonging to them ; thofe on the upper
part of the root rarely emit fo much as a fibre, but
receive their nourifliment immediately from the old
root ^ but thofe on the under fide fend out many fi-
bres all around, by which they draw their nourifliment
from the ground ; thefe * being parted from the old
root much fooner than the other, ftand in need of fit
organs for receiving their nourifliment.
I have fometimes taken up fome, through the middle
of which hath been a root of the Gramen caninum,
or Couch Grafs, which fome people have imagined
had ftrength enough to force its way through the Cro-
cus root ; but the truth is, the root of the Grafs
clofely adhering to the old root of the Crocus, juft
at the place where the young roots were emitted, thefe
young roots being quick of growth, inclofed the
root of the Grafs, and thus I have feen feveral roots
run through each other in the fame manner.
But befides thefe offsets mentioned, direCtly upon the
upper part of the root is one large root formed, of
equal bignefs with the old one, and this is the time
that the root is Radix gemina, as Tournefort calls it ;
for they are not fo at any other feafon, and therefore
I think it a very improper appellation ; for when the
new roots are perfectly formed, the old ones, with
their coats, fall off and die, and leave the new roots
all fingie. This has occafioned feveral people to
doubt of what Tournefort had faid of the roots, till
I took up fome plants at that feafon, and with them
the two roots of equal bignefs, i. e. the old at the bot-
tomland the new one at the top.
Dr. Blair alfo happening, in viewing a root, to be
lurprifed with a different appearance from what he had
feen before or heard of, fent me another letter.
The manner of the root was thus ; from the upper
part of the bulb, where it fends forth all the leaves
within a common tunicle, at the exit there was an ap-
pendix about an inch and a half long, about the grolf-
iiefs of a large turkey or goofe-quill, cylindrical and
blunt, without the leaft radical fibre, by which it
might receive the nourifliment, fmooth or polifhed,
and bluifh in the furface, confifting of feveral circular
lines, when cut tranfverfly ^ white, with a hard
greenifh center like a Carrot, when it hath pufhed
forth the flowering-ftem, not unlike the flolones of
of fome running root, fuch as the Mints below ground,
only the extremity defcended obliquely, inftead of af-
cending, to fend forth leaves to produce a new plant ;
and what is moft remarkable, this did not happen to
one or two plants, but to the whole bundle, which
were above twenty diftinCt roots, differing in nothing
but majus and minus ; the bulb feemed at the fame
time to be pined and emaciated, though it emitted
large radical fibres like thofe of a Leak.
I having received this account from him by letter,
fent him the following; anfwer :
I received yours in anfwer to my laft, with the figure
of the roots of fome fets of Crocus Autumnalis you
have taken out of the ground ; I have found a figure
in Dodonasus which correfponds with it, and thofe
roots are no new thing with the Saffron gardeners,
who always throw them away when they make frefh
plantations.
Your figure does not agree with my tap-roots, as
you will fee by the figure taken as juft from the life
as I could. In mine you will find the bulb turned
Tideways, which I ftill find to be conftant in all the
roots I have examined, which have been a great many,
and makes me fufpeft thefe tap-roots are occafioned
by the accidental pofition of the roots in planting,
which may retard the afcending fap, the ftowering-
ftem being thereby turned into a crooked figure,
and the tap-roots are full of longitudinal veflels, of
a conftderable dimenfion ; fo that the greater attract-
ing power of the fap being hereby diverted down-
wards, the flower-ftem may be quite deftitute of pro-
per nourifliment.
The method you propofe to remedy this inconvent-
ency, will not do, for I have removed fome of thefe
roots at the feafon when the tap-roots were forming,
and this alone deftroyed them all ; fo that I am per-
fuaded, the cutting them off entirely will kill them.
The method I ufed with the Jonquils was, to lay
fome tiles juft under the roots, to prevent their run-
ning downwards, but this has not anfwered, nor do I
think it poffible wholly to recover them ; for the al-
teration is not only in the root and flower, but alfo
in the leaf and blade, which before was fiftulous, but
after this alteration in the root, becomes a plain ful-
cated leaf, and if it ever bloffoms after, the flowers
are large and fingie, which before were fmall and
double ; but the Saffron, after the change of its roots,
produces a fmall narrow blade, feldom half the length
of thofe in a natural ftate.
Upon this Dr. Blair formed this conclufion :
Thefe additional obfervations plainly fhew, that nei-
ther the carrotty root, nor the blafted tap-root, as I
may call it, are merely accidental, or what may be
called lufus naturae, but certain difeafes incident to
fuch roots ; for were they accidental, they would not
have the fame appearances to different perfons in dif-
ferent foils and climates, nor would fo many taken
up together have fuch a refemblance to each other, as
I have twice obferved.
CROTOLARIA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 77 1 . Dill. Elth.
122. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 644. [of KporaXov, Gr. rat-
tle ; becaufe its feeds in the pods, when ripe, make
a rattling noife when fhaken, or becaufe the infants
of the Indians make ufe of the branches of this plant
furnifhed with pods inftead of rattles.]
The Characters are,
‘The empalement of the flower is divided into three large
ferments ; the two upper refling on the ftandard , the
lower is concave , trifid , and is fituated below the keel..
1 The flower is of the Butterfly kind-, the ftandard is large,
heart-fhaped and pointed the wings are oval and half
the length of the ftandard the keel is pointed and as long
as the wings 5 it hath ten ftamina which are united , ter-
minated
C R 6
minuted by /ingle fummits , and an oblong reflexed ger men? j
fluff orting a fingle flyle , crowned by an obtufe ftigma. Id he
germen afterward becomes a flhort turgid pod with one
cell , opening with two valves , and filled with kidney-
Jhaped feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the third feftion of
Linnaeus’s feventeenth clafs, intitled Diadelphia De-
candria the flowers of this clafs and feftion having ten
ftamina joined in two bodies.
The Species are,
1. Cr.otolar.ia ( Verrucofla ) foliis flmplicibus ovatis, fti-
pulis lunatis declinatis ramis tetragonis. Flor. Zeyl.
277. Crotolaria with fingle oval leaves , lunated declining
ftipula , and four-cornered branches. Crotolaria Afiatica
folio fingulari verrucofo, floribus cseruleis. H. L.
199.
2. Crotolaria flPilofla) foliis flmplicibus lanceolatis pi-
lofls, petiolis decurrentibus. Crotolaria with fingle ,
hairy , flpearfbaped leaves , and running foot -ft alks. Cro-
tolaria Americana, caule alato foliis pilofls, floribus
in thyrfo luteis. Martyn. Cent. 43.
3. Crotolaria {Sagit tails) foliis flmplicibus lanceolatis
ftipulis folitariis decurrentibus bidentatis. Hort. Cliff.
357. Crotolaria with fingle flpear-fihaped leaves , and
Jingle ftipudu indented. Crotolaria hirfuta minor Ameri-
cana herbacea, caule ad fummum fagittato. H. L.
202.
4. Crotolaria ( Fruticofla ) foliis flmplicibus, lineari-
lanceolatis hirfutis, petiolis decurrentibus, caule fru-
ticofo. Crotolaria with fingle , narrow , flpear-fihaped
leaves , which are hairy , running footftalks , and a flhrubby
jlalk. Crotolaria frutefcens hirfuta, flore luteo, ra-
mulis alatis, foliis mucronatis. Houft. MSS.
5. Crotolaria ( Juncea ) foliis flmplicibus lanceolatis,
petiolatis caule ftriato. Hort. Cliff. 357. Crotolaria
with fingle flpear-fihaped leaves having footftalks. Cro-
tolaria Benghalenfls foliis geniflm hirfutis. Pluk. Aim.
121.
6. Crotolaria flPerfoliata) foliis perfoliatis cordato-
ovatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 1005. Crotolaria with oval
heart-flhaped leaves perforated by the ft alks. Crotolaria
perfoliate folio. Hort. Elth. 122. tab. 102.
7. Crotolaria ( Retufa ) foliis flmplicibus, oblongis
cuneiformibus retufis. Flor. Zeyl. 276. Crotolaria with
fingle , oblong , wedge-fhaped leaves , reflexed at the top.
Crotolaria Afiatica, floribus luteis, folio flngularo
cordiformi. H. L. 200.
8. Crotolaria ( Villofla ) foliis flmplicibus ovatis villo-
fis, petiolis flmplicillimis, ramis teretibus. Hort. Cliff
357. Crotolaria with fingle , oval , hairy leaves, fingle
pedicles and taper branches. Crotolaria arborefcens
Africana, Styracis folio. H. L. 170.
9. Crotolaria ( Angulata ) foliis ovatis feffllibus, ra-
mulis angulatis hirfutis, floribus lateralibus flmplicifli-
mis. Crotolaria with oval leaves fitting clofle to the
branches , which are angular , hairy, and fingle flowers
proceeding from the fides of the branches.
10. Crotolaria ( Laburnifolia ) foliis ternatis ovatis
acuminatis, ftipulis nullis, leguminibus pedicillatis.
Flor. Zeyl. 278. Crotolaria with oval, trifoliate, pointed
leaves, no ftipula , and footftalks to the pods. Crotola-
ria Afiatica frutefcens, floribus luteis amplis trifo-
liata. H. L. 196.
11. Crotolaria {Alba) foliis ternis lanceolato-ovatis,
caule laevi herbaceo, racerno terminali. Flort. Cliff
499. Crotolaria with oval, fpear-fhaped , ternate leaves,
flmooth herbaceous ftalks , which are terminated by loofe
fpikes of flowers. Anonis Caroliniana perennis non
fpinofa, foliorum marginibus integris, floribus in-
thyrfo candidis. Martyn. Cent. 44.
The firft fort grows naturally in India. This is an
annual plant, which hath an herbaceous four-cor-
nered ftalk, rifing about two feet high, dividing
into three or four branches •, thefe have alfo four acute
angles, and are garnifhed with oval warted leaves,
of a pale green colour, ftanding on very fhort foot-
ftalks ; the (lowers are produced in fpikes at the end
of the branches, which are of the butterfly fhape, and
of a light blue colour, fucceeded by fhort turgid
pods, which inclofe one row of kidney-fhaped
\ -
C R O
feeds. It flowers in July and Auguft, and the feeds!
ripen in autumn.
This plant is propagated by feeds, which mud: be
fown upon a hot-bed in the fpring, and when the
plants are come up an inch high, they fhould be
tranfplanted to another hot-bed to bring them for-
ward, obfervdng to fhade them from the fun till they
have taken new root, after which they fhould have
free air admitted to them in proportion to the warmth
of the feafon, to prevent their being drawn up weak.
When the plants have acquired ftrength in this bed,
they fhould be carefully taken up, with balls of earth
to their roots, and each planted in a feparate pot,
filled with light kitchen-garden earth, and plunged
into a moderate hot-bed of tanners bark, carefully
fhading them till they are rooted again ; then they
mult be treated in the fame manner as other tender
exotic plants, giving them proper air and water in
warm weather ; when the plants are grown fo tall as
to nearly reach the glades of the hot-bed, the pots
may be removed into an airy glafs-eafe, or drove,
where they may be fcreened from inclement weather,
and have proper air in hot weather; with this treat-
ment the plants will flower in July, and continue to
produce frefh fpikes of flowers till the end of Auguft;
and thofe fpikes of flowers which appear early in the
feafon, will be fucceeded by ripe feeds in September,
foon after which the plants will decay.
The fecond fort grows naturally at La Vera Cruz in
New Spain, from whence the feeds were fent me by
the late Dr. Houftoun ; this rifes with a compreffed
winged ftalk near three feet high, putting out feveral
fide branches, garnifhed with fpear-fhaped leaves
near three inches long, and one broad, covered
with foft hairs, and fit clofe to the branches, alter-
nately; from the foot-ftalks of each there runs a
border or leafy wing, along both fides of the branches;
the flowers are produced in loofe fpikes at the end
of the branches, which are of a pale yellow colour,
the ftandard being ftretched out a confiderable length
beyond the wings. Thefe are fucceeded by fhort
turgid pods, which, when ripe, are of a deep blue
colour, having one row of final! kidney-fhaped feeds,
which are of a greemfh brown colour. This flowers
and feeds about the fame time with the former, and
requires the fame treatment.
The third fort was fent me from South Carolina by
the late Dr. Dale, and alfo from Jamaica by Dr.
Houftoun, fo that it grows naturally in feveral parts
of America ; this is an annual plant, which rifes with
a (lender ftalk a foot and a half high, dividing into
three or four fpreading branches, garnifhed with ob-
long oval leaves fitting clofe. The upper part of the
branches have two leafy borders or wings, running
from one leaf to the other, but the lower part of the
branches have none ; the foot-ftalks of the flowers
arife from the fide of the ftalk, thofe from the lower
part of the branches are above a foot long, the upper
are about fix inches, they are very (lender, and fuftain
one or two pale yellow flowers at their tops, which
are not more than half fo large as the former fort, and
are fucceeded by very fhort turgid pods, in which
are inclofed three or four fmooth kidney-fhaped feeds.
This fort requires the fame culture as the two former*
and flowers at the fame feafon.
The fourth fort grows naturally in Jamaica, from
whence the feeds were fent me by the late Dr. Houf-
toun ; this rifes with a fhrubby taper ftalk near four
feet high, fending out many fide branches which are
very (lender, ligneous, and covered with a light
brown bark, garnifhed with very-narrow fpear-fhaped
leaves, which are hairy, fitting clofe to the branches;
the younger fhoots have a leafy border or v/ing on
two fides, but the old branches have none ; the flow-
ers are produced near the end of the branches, three
or four growing alternate on a loofe fpike ; they are
of a dirty yellow, and fmall ; the pods which fucceed
them are about an inch long, very turgid, and of a
dark blue when ripe. This fort is propagated by feed,
which fhould be fown on a hot-bed, and the plants
treated
treated in the fame manner as thofe before ; but in j
autumn they fhould be placed in the ftove, where |
they will live through the winter, and flower early
the following fummerj lb will period their feeds very
well.
The feeds of the fifth fort were brought me from the
coaft of Malabar, which fucceeded in the Chelfea
garden. This rifes with an angular ftalk near four
feet high, dividing upward into three or four branches,
garniflied with narrow fpear-fhaped leaves, placed al-
ternately on very Ihort foot-ftalks ; they are pretty
clofely covered with foft fiivery hairs. The flowers
are produced at the end of the branches, in loofe
fpikes ; they are large, and of a deep yellow colour,
and the ftyle Hands out beyond the ttandard. The
flowers are iucceeded by large turgid pods, containing
one row of large kidney-fhaped feeds.
This plant is annual in England, but by the lower
part of the ftalk growing woody, it appears to be of
longer duration in the country where it naturally
grows ; though it will not live through the winter
here, for if the plants are placed in a ftove, the heat
is too great for them, and in a green-houfe they are
very fubject to mouldinefs in damp weather. I have
fown the feeds of this in the full ground, where the
plants have grown upward of three feet high, and
have flowered very well, but no pods were formed on
tliefe ; and when they have been treated tenderly,
the plants have grown much larger, and produced a
greater number of flowers, but thefe have produced
no feeds. The only way which I could ever obtain
any feeds, was by raifing the plants in pots upon hot-
beds ; and the beginning of July, turning them out
of the pots into the full ground on a very warm
border under a wall, in which fituation they flowered
very well, and fome few pods of feeds were ripened.
The fixth fort was fent me by the late Dr. Dale from
South Carolina, who had the feeds fent him from the
country, at a great diftance from the Englifh fettle-
ments. By the defcription fent me with the feeds,
it grows with a flirubby ftalk four or five feet high ;
but the plants which were raifed here, perifhed at the
approach of winter, fo that they only flowered, with-
out producing any pods. The ftalks of this are round,
and covered with a light brown bark, garnifhed with
fmooth, oval, heart-fhaped leaves, which are about
four inches long, and near three broad ; furrounding
the ftalk in fuch a manner, as if it were run through
the middle of the leaves. The flowers grow fingly,
fitting clofe to the bofom of each leaf, toward the
upper part of the branches ; they are of a pale yellow
colour, and appear here in Auguft ; but as the plants
did not produce any pods, fo I can give no account
of them. This is one of the moil Angular plants of
the genus I have yet feen.
The feventh fort rifes with an herbaceous ftalk near
three feet high, dividing upward into feveral branches,
• garnifhed with oblong leaves, which are narrow at
their bafe, but gradually widen to the top, where they
are rounded and indented in the middle in the fhape
of a heart ; they are of a pale green, and fmooth.
The flowers are produced in fpikes at the end of the
branches, they are pretty large, and of a yellow co-
lour. Thefe appear in July, and the feeds ripen in
autumn, provided the plants are brought forward in
the fpring, and afterward treated in the fame manner
as hath been directed for the firft fort. This grows
naturally in the ifland of Ceylon, and is an annual
plant, perifhing foon after it perfe&s feeds. I re-
ceived the feeds of this plant from the late Dr. Boer-
haave, profeffor at Leyden.
The eighth fort grows naturally at the Cape of Good
Hope, from whence I received the feeds. This rifes
with a fhrubby ftalk about five feet high, dividing
into feveral branches, garnifhed with roundifh leaves,
fitting clofe to the branches ; they are of a hoary
green, and foft to the touch, the branches are taper
and fmooth •, the flowers are produced at the end of
the branches in loofe fpikes ; they are about the '
fize of thofe of the firft fort, and of a fine blue cour. I
3
This plant flowers in June and July, and in warm
feafons will ripen its feeds in autumn. It is propagated
by feeds, which muft be fown upon a good hot-bed in
the fpring, and when the plants are fit to remove, <0
lhould be each tranfplanted into a fmall halfpenny
pot, and plunged into a hot-bed of tanners bark, and
after muft be treated in the fame manner as hath
been directed for the fourth fort, placing the plants
in a moderate ftove in winter, otherwife they cannot
be preferved in England j the fecond year the plants
will flower, and with proper care their feeds will
ripen.
The ninth fort was fent me, from Campeachy, where
the plant grows naturally ; this rifes with a taper up-
right ftalk near three feet high, dividing upward
into feveral hairy branches, which grow erecft,
garniflied with oval fpear-fhaped leaves, of a pale
green colour ; the flowers are produced fingly from
the fide of the branches, which are of a bright yellow,
and are fucceeded by fhort turgid pods, having one
row of kidney-fhaped feeds. It flowers in July and
Auguft, and with the fame treatment as hath been
directed for the firft fort, will perfeft feeds in autumn.
This is an annual plant, which perifhes foon after the
feeds are ripe.
The tenth fort grows naturally in India ; this rifes
with a fhrubby ftalk four or five feet high, dividing .■ .
into many branches, garnifhed with ternate oval
leaves ending in points •, the flowers are large, yellow,
growing in large bunches from the fide of the
branches ; they appear in July, Auguft, and Sep-
tember, but I have not feen any pods fucceed them
here. However, when the plants are in flower, they
make a fine appearance.
It is eafily propagated by cuttings, during the fummer
months, if the cuttings are planted in pots, and
plunged into a moderate hot-bed, being careful to
fhade them till they have taken root, and frequently
refrefh them with water : during the months of July,
Auguft, and September, the plants may be expofed
to the open air in a fheltered fituation, where they
will produce many flowers ; but in the autumn they
fhould be placed in a temperate ftove, to preferve them
in winter.
The eleventh fort grows naturally in Virginia and
Carolina, from both thofe countries I have received
the feeds ; there are two varieties of this fpecies, one
with a white, and the other a blue flower; but
the feeds of one will produce both varieties, as I have
more than once experienced. The root is perennial,
fending up every fpring a number of leaves, in pro-
portion to the fize of the root ; the foot-ftalks of the
leaves are fmooth, rifing two feet high, dividing
upward into three or five branches, garnifhed with
ternate fmooth leaves, whofe lobes are oval, fpear-
fhaped, and entire ; the foot-ftalks of the flowers arife
immediately from the root, and advance rather higher
than the leaves, being terminated by a thyrfe of large
butterfly-fhaped flowers, near a foot in length; in
one variety they are white, and in the other deep blue :
thefe are fucceeded by large fwelling pods, of a black
colour when ripe, having one row of kidney-fhaped
feeds. It flowers in June, and the feeds ripen in the
autumn.
It is propagated by feeds, which fhould be fown on
a moderate hot-bed in the fpring ; when the plants
come up they fhould have free air admitted to them
daily, to prevent their drawing up weak, and as foon
as they are fit to remove, they fhould be each planted-
in a feparate fmall pot, plunging them into a mo-,
derate hot-bed again, obferving to fhade them till
they have taken frefh root ; then they fhould be gra-
dually inured to the open air ; but in the autumn
they fhould be placed in a common frame, or covered
with mats in winter to fhelter them ; but the following
fpring they fhould be turned out of the pots, and
planted in the full ground, where, if the foil is dry,
- and the fituation fheltered, they will live many years,
producing flowers and feeds annually.
As
C R O
As moft of thefe plants are annual, fo they require
to be brought forward in the fpring, otherwife the
fummers are too fhort for them to perfect leeds ; fo
that unlefs they are carefully managed, they will not
flower well here •, for in general, the lummers in this
country are not very favourable for thefe tender
plants. Therefore in order to have thefe tender an-
nual plants in perfeftion, there fhould be a low glafs-
cafe erefted about five or fix feet high, which fhould
be made with glafies to open or Hide down on every
fide, as fhould alfo the top on both fides, having
Aiding glafies, that the plants may have fun and air
on every fide ; in this there fhould be a pit for tanners
bark to make a hot-bed, the whole extent, (a parti-
cular defcription of which will be exhibited under
the article Stove) in this hot-bed may be placed all
the very curious tender annual plants, where the fun
will conftantly fhine on them, fo long as he makes
his appearance above the horizon; and here they may
have plenty of free air admitted at all times, when
the weather is warm, fo may be brought to equal
perfeftion, as in the warm countries where they na-
turally grow; for the warmth of the tan to the
roots, and the heat of the fun through the glafies,
will in fummer, be equal to the heat of moll coun-
tries.
Thefe plants naturally grow on fandy light foils, fo
they fhould always be planted in fuch ; and the pots
in which they are planted, muft not be too large, for
in fuch they will not thrive, fo that after they have
filled the fmall pots with their roots in which they
were firft planted, they Ihould be fhaken out of thofe,
and put into penny pots, which will be large enough
for moft of the annual kinds ; but thofe which are
of longer duration, will require pots a little larger the
following fpring The waterings of thefe plants
fhould be performed with caution, for too great
moifture will rot the fibres of their roots ; fo that in
fummer, if they are gently watered three or four times
a week in hot weather, it will be fufficient.
CROTON. Lin. Gen. Plant. 960. Ricinoides. Tourn.
Inft. 655. tab. 423. Ballard Ricinus.
The Characters are.
It hath male and female flowers in the fame plant ; the
flowers have a five-leaved empalement , they have five pe-
tals , thofe of the male being no larger than the leaves of
the empalement ; the male have five nedtarious glands ,
which are finally and fixed to the receptacle ; thefe have
ten or fifteen ftamina , which are joined at their bafe , and
terminated by twin fummits. I he female flowers have a
roundijh germen , fupporting three reflexed fpreading ftyles ,
crowned by bifid reflexed fiigmas ; the germen afterward
becomes a roundijh three-cornered capfule , with three cells ,
each containing a fingle feed.
This genus of plants is ranged in the ninth feftion of
Linnaeus’s twenty-firfl clafs, intitled Monoecia Mo-
nodelphia. The plants of this clafs and feftion have
male and female flowers in the fame plant, and the
male parts are joined in one body.
The Species are,
1. Croton fiTinblorium) foliis rhombeis repandis, cap-
fulis pendulis caule herbaceo. Hort. Upfal. 290.
Croton with rhomboid reflexed leaves , pendulous capfules ,
and an herbaceous fialk. Ricinoides ex qua paratur.
Tournfol. Gallorum. Tourn. Inft. 655. Bafiard Pl-
anus , from which the Pournfole of the French is made.
2. Croton ( Argenteum ) foliis cordato-ovatis fubtus to-
mentofis integris fubferratis. Hort. Cliff. 444. Croton
with ovalheart-jhaped leaves , which are attire and woolly.
Ricinoides herbacea, folio fubrotundo ferrato fruftu
parvo conglomerate. Houft. MSS.
3. Croton ( Paluftre ) foliis ovato-lanceolatis plicatis fer-
ratis fcabris. Hort. Cliff. 445. Croton with oval fpear-
fhaped leaves , which are plaited, fawea \ and rough. Ri-
cinoides paluftre, foliis oblongis ferratis fruftu hifpido.
Marty n. Cent. 38.
4. Croton ( Lobatum) foliis inermi -ferratis, inferioribus
quinquelobis, fuperioribus trilobis. Hort. Cliff. 445.
Croton with leaves fmoothly flawed , the lower ones having
five lobes , and the upper three . Ricinoides herbacea,
C R O
foliis trifidis vel quinquefidis & ferratis. Hoiift.
MSS.
5. Croton ( Humik ) tetraphyllum, foliis lanceolatis,
acuminatis fubtus casfiis, caule herbaceo ramofo. Four*
leaved Croton with fpear-fhapedpointed leaves , gray on their
under fide , and a branching herbaceous fialk. Ricinoides
humilis foliis oblongis acuminatis, fubtus ciefiis. Houft.
MSS.
6. Croton ( Fruticofum ) foliis lanceolatis glabris, caule
fruticofo, floribus alaribus & terminalibus. Croton
with fmooth fpear-floaped leaves , a Jhrubby fialk , and
flowers growing from the fides and tops of the branches*
Ricinoides frutefcens, lauri folio, calyce ampliflimo
viridi. Houft. MSS. .
7. Croton fPopuli folia ) foliis cordatis, acuminatis,
fubtus tomentofis, floribus alaribus feflilibus, caule
fruticofo. Croton with heart-fhaped pointed leaves , woolly
on their under fide, and flowers growing clofe to the fides
of the ftalks , which are firrubby. Ricinoides foliis po-
puli hirfutis. Plum. Cat. 20.
8. Croton ( Cafcarilla ) foliis lanceolatis acutis integer-
rimis petiolatis fubtus tomentofis, caule arboreo.
Amoen. Acad. 5. p. 41 1. Croton with fpear-floaped, en-
tire, acute-pointed leaves, woolly on their under fide, and
a tree-like fialk. Ricinoides frutefcens odorata, foliis
anguftis fubtus albicantibus. Houft. MSS. Cafcarilla.
9. Croton (•. Althaafolia ) foliis oblongo-cordatis tomen-
tofis, caule fruticofo ramofo, floribus fpicatis termi-
nalibus. Croton with oblong, heart-fhaped , tvoolly leaves ,
a Jhrubby branching fialk, and flowers growing in fpikes
at the ends of the branches. Ricinoides Americana fru-
tefcens, Althaeas folio. Plum. Cat. 20.
10. Croton [Salvia; folia) foliis cordatis acutis, ftibtus
tomentofis, caule fruticofo, floribus fpicatis termina-
libus & alaribus. Croton with pointed heart-fhaped leaves ^
woolly on their under fide , a Jhrubby fialk, and flowers
gr Giving in fpikes on the tops aitd fides of the branches »
Ricinus falviae folio utrinque molli. Pet. Hort. Siec.
The firft fort grows naturally in the fouth of France,
from whence I have frequently received the feeds ;
this is an annual plant, which rifes with an herbaceous
branching ftalk about nine inches high, garnifhed
with irregular, or rhomboidal figured leaves, which
are near two inches long, and one inch and a quarter
broad in their wideft part ; thefe ftand upon flender*
foot-ftalks, near four inches long. The flowers are
produced in fhort fpikes from the fide of the ftalks,
at the end of the branches ; the upper part of the
fpike is compofed of male flowers, having many fta-
mina, which coalefce at the bottom ; the lower part
hath female flowers, which have each a roundifh
three-cornered germen; thefe afterward become a
roundifh capfule with three lobes, having three cells,
each including one roundifh feed. This flowers in
July, but unlefs the plants are brought forward in a
hot-bed, they do not ripen feeds in this country.
The feeds of this plant fhould be fown in the au-
tumn, foon after they are ripe, in a fmall pot filled
with light earth, and plunged into an old tan-bed in
a frame, v/here they may be fereened from cold in
the winter ; and in the fpring following the pot fhould
be removed to a frefh hot-bed, which will bring up
the plants in a month’s time ; when thefe are grown
large enough to remove, they fhould be each planted
in a fmall pot, and plunged into a frefh hot-bed,
being careful to fhade the glafies daily, until the
plants have taken new root ; then they fhould have
air daily admitted according to the warmth of the
feafon, and but little water given to them : with this
management I have had the plants flower and pro-
duce good feeds here, but never could obtain any
with other treatment.
This is the plant from which the Tournfole is made, 1
which is ufed for colouring wines and jellies ; it is
made of the juice which is lodged between the em-
palement and the feeds, which, if rubbed on cloths,
at firft appears of a lively green, but foon changes to
a bluifh purple colour ; if thefe cloths are put into
v/ater, and afterward wrung, they will dye the water
to a claret colour ; the rags thus dyed, are brought
4 N to
to England, and fold in the druggifts {hops by the
name of Tournfole.
The fecond fort grows naturally at La Vera Cruz in
New Spain, from whence the feeds were fent me by
the late Dr. Houftoun ; this is an annual plant, which
rifes about a foot high ; it hath an angular ftalk ; the
branches are naked from their divifions to the top,
where they are garnifhed with a few oval fpear-fhaped
leaves, which are fawed on their edges ; they are an
inch and a half long, and three quarters of an inch
broad, Landing on foot-ftalks one inch long. The
flowers are produced in clofe fhort fpikes at the end
of the branches, thole on the upper part being male,
and the lower female ; they are white, and the male
foon falls away, but the female are fucceeded by
roundifh capfules, having three lobes ; thefe grow in
clofe clufters, they have three cells, each containing
one roundifh feed. It flowers in July, and the feeds
ripen in autumn.
The third fort was difcovered by the late Dr. Houf-
toun at La Vera Cruz, from whence he fent me the
feeds •, this is alfo an annual plant, which grows na-
turally in low marfhy grounds, where it hath a very
different appearance from what it puts on when fown
upon dry land ; thole of the watery places have broad
flat ftalks, and leaves three inches long, which are
fcarce a quarter of an inch broad ; thefe are rough,
and but little indented on their edges ; but thofe
plants upon dry ground have oval leaves three inches
long, and upwards of two inches broad, which are
fawed on their edges. The flowers are produced at
the wings of the leaves, in fhort loofe fpikes, having
four or five herbaceous male flowers at the top of
each, and three or four female flowers at the bottom,
which are fucceeded by roundifh capfules with three
lobes, covered with a prickly hulk ; thefe have three
cells, each inclofinga Angle feed. It flowers and feeds
about the fame time as the former.
The fourth fort was difcovered by the fame gentle-
man, at the fame place as the former ; this is an an-
nual plant, which rifes with a taper herbaceous ftalk
a foot and a half high, dividing into feveral branches,
garnifhed with fmooth leaves, Landing upon very
long foot-ftalks, and are for the moft part placed op-
poflte, as are alfo the branches ; the lower leaves are
divided deeply into five oblong fegments or lobes,
and the upper into three, which are {lightly fawed on
their edges, ending in acute points. The flowers
are produced in loofe fpikes at the end of the
branches, thofe on the upper part being male, and
the lower female, they are of an herbaceous colour ;
the female flowers are fucceeded by oblong capfules,
having three lobes, which open in three parts, having
three cells, each containing one oblong feed. This
flowers and feeds at the fame time as the former
forts.
The fifth fort was found growing naturally at the
Havannah, by the late Dr. Houftoun, who fent me
the feeds ; this is an annual plant, which rarely grows
more than fix inches high, dividing into two or three
branches ; the lower part of thefe are garnifhed at
each joint with four leaves placed in form of a crofs,
two of which are three inches long, and one inch
broad near their bafe, ending in acute points •, thefe
ftand oppofite, and the other two leaves between
thefe are about two inches long, and a quarter of an
inch broad ; they are of a light green on their upper
fide, and of a gray or Afh-colour on their under. The
flowers are produced in long loofe fpikes at the top
of the ftalks, two or three of thefe fpikes arifing from
the fame joint ; die upper part of thefe fpikes have
male, and the lower female flowers, of an herbaceous
colour ; the female flowers are fucceeded by round
capfules with three cells, each containing one roundifh
feed. This flowers and feeds about the fame time
with the former forts.
The fixth fort was difcovered by the late Dr. Houf-
toun in the ifland of Jamaica, where it grows na-
turally. It rifes with a fhrubby ftalk to the height
of feven or eight feet, which is covered with an Afh-
coloured bark, and' divides into many Lender branches
upward ; fome of theie branches are terminated by
five or fix fmaller, which arife from the fame joint ;
theie are naked below, but toward their upper part
they are garnifhed with fmooth fpear-fhaped leaves,
about two inches and a half long, and three quarters
of an inch broad, Landing on pretty long foot-ftalks
without order ; the flowers are produced in fhort
fpikes at the end of the branches, in the fame manner
as the former ; they are of an herbaceous colour, and
inclofed in large green empalements.
Hie feventh fort was fent me from Jamaica, by Mr.
Robert Millar ; this rifes with a fhrubby ftalk feven
or eight feet high, fending out many irregular
branches, covered with an Alb-coloured' bark," and
garnifhed with heart-fhaped leaves, near four inches
long, and two inches broad in their wideft part,
ending in acute points ; they are of a light green on
their upper fide, but woolly on their under, Landing
on flender foot-ftalks without any order, fometimes
Angle, and at others, two or three arife from the fame
joint. The flowers are produced in fhort fpikes from
the fide of the branches ; they are of a whitifh
green colour, and the female flowers are fucceeded
by capfules, having three cells, each including a Angle
feed.
The eighth fort grows naturally in Jamaica, from
whence the feeds were fent me by the late Dr. Houf-
toun ; this rifes with a fhrubby ftalk about fix or
feven feet high, fending out many fide branches,
which are covered with a fmooth bark, of a yellowifh
white colour, garnifhed very clofely with narrow ftiffi
leaves near three inches long, and about one eighth
of an inch broad, of a light green on their upper fide,
but their under fide is the fame colour as the bark ;
the midrib is furrowed on their upper fide, and very
prominent on the lower; the upper part of the
branches divide into four or five fmaller, which arife
from the lame joint, and are nearly equal in their
length, and betweeifthefe arife a long loofe fpike of
whitifh green flowers. The whole plant hath an aro-
matic odour when rubbed. The feeds grow in
roundifh capfules having three cells, each including
a Angle feed.
The ninth fort grows naturally in Jamaica, from
whence it was fent me by the late Dr. Houftoun ; this
rifes with a fhrubby ftalk fix or feven feet high, di-
viding upward into feveral branches, which are co-
vered with a yellowifli down, garnifhed with long
heart-fhaped leaves, ending in acute points ; thefe
are two inches and a half long, and one broad in
their wideft part. Landing on long foot-ftalks, co-
vered on both fides with a woolly down of the fame
colour as the branches. The flowers are produced
on long clofe fpikes at the end of the branches ; the
male flowers, which are fituated on the upper part
of the fpikes, have white flowers of one leaf, divided
into five parts almoft to the bottom, and have five
taper Lamina, fituated in the bottom. The female
flowers on the lower part of the fpikes, have large
woolly empalements, and are fucceeded by round
capfules with three cells, each including a Angle
feed.
The tenth fort rifes with a fhrubby ftalk near four
feet high, dividing into many fmaller branches, which
have a filvery bark, and are garnifhed with fmall
heart-fhaped leaves, about three quarters of an inch
long, and half as broad at their bafe, ending in acute
points ; thefe are woolly on both fides, but their
under fide is filvery, their upper fide of a yellowifh
green. The flowers are produced in fhort fpikes at
the end of the branches, which are fmall, white, and
have woolly empalements. The female flowers on
the lower part of the fpikes are fucceeded by
roundifh capfules with three cells, each containing
one feed.
All thefe plants except the firft, are natives- of warm
countries, fo will not thrive in England, unlefs they
are tenderly treated. They are all propagated by
feeds ; thofe which are annual perfect their feeds in
England ;
CRU
England ; but the fhrubby forts very rarely arrive to
that perfection, fo their feeds muft be procured from
the countries where they naturally grow. The feeds
muft be fown on a hot-bed early in the fpring, and
when the plants are fit to remove, they fhould be
each tranfplanted into a fmall pot, and plunged into
a moderate hot-bed of tanners bark, where they
fhould be fhaded from the fun till they have taken
frefh root ; then they muft have air admitted to them
daily, in proportion to the warmth of the feafon ;
they muft alfo be frequently refrefned with water,
particularly the fecond, third, and fourth forts, which
will often require water, but the others fhould have
it more fparingly. After the plants are grown too
tall to remain in the frames, they ftiould be removed,
either into the ftove, or a glafs-cafe, where there is
a hot-bed of tanners bark, into which the pots ftiould
be plunged, and there the annual forts will flower
and perfect their feeds ; but the fhrubby kinds muft
be removed into the bark-ftove in the autumn, and
during the winter feafon they fhould have but little
water and the ftove fhould be kept in a good tem-
perature of heat, otherwife they will not live through
the winter in England.
As thefe plants retain their leaves all the year, fo
they make a pretty variety in winter, when they are
intermixed with other plants, whofe leaves are of dif-
ferent forms and colours from thefe.
CROWN IMPERIAL. See Petilium.
CRUCIANELLA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 118. Ru-
beola. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 130. tab. 50. Petty
Madder.
The Characters are.
The flower hath a two-leaved empalement , which is rigid
and comprejfed. It hath one petal , with a flender cy-
lindrical tube which is longer than the empalement , and
cut into four parts at the brim. It hath four ftamina
fituated in the mouth of the tube , terminated by fingle
fummits. It hath a comgrefld germen , fituated at the
bottom of the tube , fupportingwflender bifid ftyle , crowned
by two obtufe ftigmas. The germen afterward become two
twin capfules , each containing one oblong feed.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fe&ion of
Linnaeus’s fourth clafs, intitled Tetrandria Monogy-
nia, the flower having four ftamina and one ftyle.
The Species are,
1. Crucianella ( Anguftifolia ) eretfta, foliis fenis fi»-
nearibus. Hort. Upial. 27. Upright Crucianella with fix
narrow leaves. Rubeola anguftiore folio. Tourn. Inft.
130. Petty Madder.
2. Crucianella ( Latifolia ) procumbens, foliis quater-
nis lanceolatis, floribus fpicatis. Hort. Upfal. 27.
Trailing Crucianella with four fpear-jhaped leaves and
fpiked flowers. Rubeola latiore folio. Tourn. Inft. 130.
3. Crucianella ( Maritima ) procumbens fuffruticofa
foliis quaternis, floribus oppofitis quinquefidis. Lin.
Sp. Plant. 158. Crucianella with trailing fhrubby fialks ,
four leaves at each joint , and flowers growing in whorls.
Rubeola maritima. C. B. P.
4. Crucianella ( Hifpida ) caule hifpido, foliis lan-
ceolatis hirfutis oppofitis, floribus umbellatis termi-
nalibus. Crucianella with a flinging ftalk , fpear-jhaped
hairy leaves placed oppoflte , and flowers growing in um-
bels at the ends of the branches. Rubeola Americana
hirfuta, parietarias foliis, floribus umbellatis purpureis.
Houft. MSS.
5. Crucianella (. Americana ) foliis lineari-lanceolatis
hirfutis oppofitis, caule erecto villofo, floribus foli-
tariis alaribus. Crucianella with narrow , fpear-jhaped ,
hairy leaves placed oppoflte , an eredt hairy ftalk , and Jingle
flowers proceeding from the fide s of the branches.
The firft fort grows naturally in the fouth of France
and Italy ; this is an annual plant, which rifes with
feveral upright ftalks a foot high, having fix or feven
very narrow linear leaves placed in whorls, at each
joint. The flowers grow in clofe fpikes at the top
and from the fide of the branches ; thefe are fmall,
white, and not longer than the empalement, 10 make
no great appearance. It flowers in June and July,
and the feeds ripen in autumn.
The fecond fort growl; in the Hands of the Archipe’i
lago, and alfo about Montpelier 5 this is alfo an annual
plant, fending out feveral branching ftalks from the
root, which lie proftrate, and are garnifhed with four
fpear-fhaped leaves at each joint. The flowers are
produced in long fpikes at the extremity of the
branches ; thefe are very fmall, fo make no great ap-
pearance. It flowers about the fame time as the
former;
The third fort is like the fecond in the appearance of
leaves and ftalks, but the flowers grow on the fide of
the ftalks, almoft in whorls, and make little appear-
ance. This grows naturally on the borders of the
fea, in the fouth of France and Italy.
Thefe three forts are preferved in fome gardens for
the lake of variety ; if the feeds are fown on a bed
of light earth early in the fpring, where they are de~
figned to remain, they will require no other culture,
but to thin them where they are too clofe, and keep
them clean from weeds ; or if the feeds are permitted
to fcatter, the plants will come up in the fpring, and
require no ether treatment ; but the third fort will
not ripen its feeds here, when the autumn is not fa-
vourable.
The fourth fort hath four-cornered, rough, prickly
ftalks, which bend downward, and are garnifhed with
fpear-fhaped leaves, which are hairy and ftand op-
poflte ; the flow r ers are produced in fmall clufters at
the end of the branches, which are blue, and cut into
four parts at the top ; after thefe decay, they are fuc-
ceeded by twin capfules joined, in each of thefe is one
oblong feed.
The fifth fort rifes with a ftirubby branching ftalk
near three feet high, w r hich is garnifhed with narrow
fpear-fhaped leaves, covered with flinging hairs. The
flowers are produced from the wings of the leaves,
on each fide the ftalk fingly ; thefe are of a pale
blue colour, and are fucceeded by twin fruit like the
former.
Both thefe forts grow naturally at La Vera Cruz in
New Spain, from whence the feeds were fent me by
the late Dr. Houftoun ; and the plants grew in the
Chelfea garden very well during the fummer feafon,
but perifhed in the autumn before their feeds were
.ripe.
CRUCIATA. See Valantia.
CRUPINA BELGARUM. See Serratula;
CUCUBALUS. Lin. Gen. Plant. 502. Tourn.;
Inft. R. H. 339. tab. 176. Berry-bearing duckweed.’
The Characters are.
The flower hath an oblong permanent empalement of one
leaf cut into five fegments. It hath five petals, with
tails as long as the empalement, but fpread open at the
top. It hath ten ftamina , five of which are alternately
jnferted in the tail of the petals \ thefe are terminated by
oblong fummits. In the center is fituated the oblong ger-
men, fupporting three ftylcs which are longer than the
ftamina, crowned by oblong hairy ftigmas. The empale-
ment afterward becomes a pointed clofe capfule with three
cells, opening at the top in five parts, and filled with
many roundifh feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the third feftion of
Linnaeus’s tenth clafs, intitled Decandria Trigynia 3
the flowers having ten ftamina and three ftyles.
The Species are,
1. Cucubalus ( Bacciferus ) calycibus eampanulatis, pe~
talis diftantibus, pericarpiis coloratis, ramis divari-
catis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 414. Cucubalus with a bell-Jhaped
empalement, petals ftanding afunder , a coloured cover to
the fruit , and divaricated branches. Cucubalus PliniL
Lugd. 1429.
2. Cucubalus ( Latifolius ) caulibus ere&ris glabris, ca-
lycibus fubglobofis, ftaminibus corolla longioribus.
Cucubalus with fmooth eredt ftalks , globular empalements,
and ftamina longer than the petals. Lychnis fylveftris
quae behen album vulgo. C„ B. P. 205. Commonly
called Spatling Poppy.
3. CucuBAtus (. Anguftif otitis ) calycibus fubglobofis, caule
ramofo patulo, foliis linearibus acutis. Cucubalus
%mth globular empalements*, a branching fpreading flalf
and
!H
cue
and narrow-pointed leaves . Lychnis fylveftris quae
behen album vulgo, foliis anguftioribus & acutiori-
bus. C. B. P. 250.. Spatling Poppy , with narrower
pointed leaves.
4. Cucubalus {Behen) calycibus fubglobofis glabris re-
ticulato-venofis, capfulis trilocularibus corollis fub-
nudis. Flor. Suec. 360. Cucubalus with [mo oth globular
empalements which have netted veins , capfules having three
cells , and naked petals. Lychnis Suecica behen album
folio, habitu, calyce ampliffimo : gumfepungar five
ferotum arietis di£ta. Boerh. Ind. alt. 212. Called Gum-
fepungar in Sweden.
5. Cucubalus ( Fabarius ) foliis obovatis carnofis. Prod.
Leyd. 448. Cucubalus with oval flejhy leaves. Lychnis
maritimafaxatilis,folioanacampferotis.Tourn.Cor. 24.
6. Cucubalus ( Dubrenfis ) fioribus lateralibus decum-
bentibus, caule indivifo, foliis bail reflexis. Lin. Sp.
Plant. 414. Cucubalus with declining flowers on the fides
of the [talk , which is undivided , and leaves reflexed at
their bafe. Lychnis major nodtiflora Dubrenfis pe-
rennis. Raii Hift. 995. Greater perennial night -flow ermg
Lychnis of Lover.
7. Cucubalus ( Stellaius ) foliis quaternis. Hort. Upfal.
1 10. Four-leaved Cucubalus. Lychnis carophyllteus
Virginianus, gentianas foliis glabris quatuor ex fingu-
lis geniculis caulem amplexantibus, flore amplo fim-
briato. Raii Hift. 1895.
8. Cucubalus ( Nodtiflora ) calycibus ftriatis acutis pe-
talis bipartitis, caule paniculato, foliis linearibus.
Cucubalus with firiated acute empalements , petals divided
in two parts , a paniculated flalk , and narrow leaves.
Lychnis nodtiftora anguftifolia odorato. Tourn. Inft.
R. H. 335. Narrow-leaved, fweet-feented, night-flowering
Lychnis.
9. Cucubalus ( Otites ) fioribus dioicis, petalis linearibus
indivifis. Hort. Clift'. 272. Cucubalus with male and
female flowers on different plants , and linear undivided
petals. Lychnis vifeofa, flore mufeofo. C. B. P. 206.
10. Cucubalus ( Acaulis ) acaulis. Flor. Lapp. 184. Cu-
cubalus without [talks. Lychnis Alpina pumila, folio
gramineo, five mufeus Alpinus Lychnidis flore. C.
B. P. 206.
11. Cucubalus ( Catholicus ) petalis bipartitis, fioribus
paniculatis, ftaminibus longis, foliis lanceolato ovatis.
Hort. Upfal. m. Cucubalus with bifid petals , flowers
growing in panicles, longftamina , and fpear-Jhaped acute
leaves. Lychnis altiflima, ocymaftri facie, flore muf-
eofo. Triumfet.
12. ' Cucubalus {P aniculatus) foliis radicalibus ovatis
acutis, caulinis lanceolatis oppofitis, fioribus panicu-
latis erectis. Cucubalus with lower leaves oval and
pointed, thofe on the [talks fpear-Jhaped, oppofite , and flow-
ers growing in panicles which are ere 51. .
13. Cucubalus ( Italicus ) petalis bipartitis, caule pani-
culato, foliis radicalibus ovato-lanceolatis caulinis li-
nearibus. Cucubalus with petals divided in two parts , a
paniculated [talk, whofe lower leaves are oval and fpear-
floaped, and thofe on the [talks very narrow.
The firft fort grows naturally in France, Germany,
and Italy, in fhady places, and is feldom kept in
gardens, unlefs for the fake of variety; it fends out
many climbing ftalks, which grow four or five feet
high where they meet with fupport, otherwife they
trail on the ground ; thefe ftalks fend out fide
branches oppofite, at each joint the leaves are like
thofe of Chickweed, and are placed oppofite. The
flowers come out Angle at the end of the branches,
which have large inflated empalements they conflft
of five petals, which are white, cut at the brim into
feveral narrow fegments, and are placed at a diftance
from each other -, they are fucceeded by oval berries,
which, when ripe, are black and full of juice, in-
clofing feveral flat finning feeds. It flowers in June,
and the feeds ripen in autumn. This hath a perennial
creeping root, whereby it is apt to multiply too fall
in gardens. It delights in ftiade, and will thrive in
almoft any foil.
The fecond fort grows naturally in molt parts of
England, where it is generally called Spatling Poppy.
This ftands in the catalogue of medicinal plants,
3
.cue
under the title of Behen album-, the roots of it are
fometimes ufed, and are accounted cordial, cephalic,
and alexipharmic. It hath a perennial root, which
ftrikes deep into the ground, fo that they are not
eafily deftroyed by the plough, therefore it is fre-
quently feen growing in bunches among corn. It is
a rambling weed, fo is feldom cultivated.
The third fort grows naturally on the Alps ; this
differs from the former, in having much longer and
narrower leaves, and the ftalks being more divided
and Spreading, nor do the roots creep under ground
like that. Thefe differences are conftant, for I have
fown it above thirty years, and never found it vary.
The fourth fort grows naturally in Sweden, and fome
other northern countries, where it paffes for the com-
mon fort ; but although it is there fo, yet is very dif-
ferent from the fecond here mentioned, which is the
fort that grows common in nnoft other parts of Eu-
rope. The ftalks of this are much larger, the leaves
longer and more pointed the empalement of the
flower is curioufly veined like net-work, of a purplifn
colour, whereas that of our common fort is plain.
Thefe differences are lafting, when the plants arecul-\
tivated in a garden.
The fifth fort was difeovered by Tournefort in the
Levant, who font the feeds to the royal garden at
Paris. This puts out many oval, thick, lucculent
leaves near the ground, out of the middle of which,
arifes an upright ftalk about fifteen inches high, the
lower part of which is garnifhed with leaves of the
lame form and confiftence as thofe at bottom, but are
fmaller ; thefe are placed oppofite ; the upper part
of the ftalk divides into two lmaller, on which ftand
a few fmall herbaceous flowers at each joint. It flow-
ers in June, and fometimes ripens feeds in autumn.
The plant is biennial, generally perifhing when it
has produced feeds ; but unlefs it is fown upon a very
dry rubbiih, and in a warm fituation, the plants will
not live through the \wni£r in England ; for when they
are in good ground, grow large, and are fo re-
plete with moifture, as to be affeifted by the firft froft
in the autumn -, but where they have grown upon an
old wall, I have known them efcape, when all thofe
were killed which grew in the ground.
The fixth fort grows naturally upon the cliffs near
Dover. This hath a perennial root, from which
arifes a Angle ftalk about a foot and a half high, gar-
nifhed with long narrow leaves placed oppofite ; the
flowers are produced from the fide of the ftalks, each
foot-ftalk fuftaining three flowers ; the foot-ftalks.
come out by pairs oppofite, the empalement of the
flower is long and ftriped, the flowers are of a pale
red. Thefe appear in June, and the feeds ripen in
autumn.
The feventh fort grows naturally in Virginia, and fe-
veral other parts of North America. This hath a
perennial root, from which arife two or three (lender
upright ftalks about a foot high, their lower part
being garnifhed with four leaves at each joint, placed
in form of a crofs ; thefe are fmooth, of a deep green,
about an inch and a half long, and half an inch broad
near their bafe, terminating in acute points-, the
joints of the upper part of the ftalk are garnifhed
with white fringed flowers, ftanding Angle upon pretty
long foot-ftalks, which come out by pairs oppofite.
The flowers appear in June, and in warm feafons the
feeds will ripen in England.
The eighth fort grows naturally in Spain and Italy.
This is a perennial plant, which riles with an upright
branching ftalk a foot and a half high, garnifhed
with very narrow leaves placed oppofite ; the upper
part of the ftalk is very branching ; fome of thefe
branches are long, and others fhort ; the flowers ftand
upon long naked foot-ftalks, each fupporting three
or four flowers, wdiich have long tubes, with ftriped
empalements ; the petals are large, and deeply di-
vided at the top -, they are of a pale bluifh colour.
Thefe flowers are clofed all day, . but when the fun
leaves them, they expand, and then they have a very
agreeable feent. This fort may be propagated by
feeds.
cue
feeds, which fhouid be fawn in the fpring upon a
bed of light earth ; and when the plants are lit to
remove, they fhouid be planted in a nurfery-bed, at
about four inches diftance, where they may remain
till autumn, when they may be planted in the bor-
ders of the flower-garden, where they are defigned
to remain. The following lumpier thele will produce
their flowers, and ripen their feeds in the autumn;
but the roots will continue feveral years, provided
they are not planted in rich ground, where they are
very fubjed to rot in winter.
The ninth fort grows naturally in Auftria, Silefla,
and Italy, as alfo in fome parts of England. This is
male and female in different plants ; it hath a thick,
flefny, biennial root, which ftrikes deep in the ground,
fending out many oblong leaves, which are broad at
their extremity, but contract narrower to their bafe ;
from between thefe arife the ftalks, which in the male
plants often grow four or five feet high, but thofe of
the female are feldom above three feet high ; the
ftalks are garnifhed with narrow leaves, placed op-
poflte at each joint, where there exfudes a vifeous
clammy juice, which flicks to the fingers when han-
dled, and the fmall infeds which fettle upon thofe
parts of the ftalks, are thereby faftened fo as not to
get loofe again. The flowers of the male plants are
produced in loofe fpikes from the lower joints of the
ftalk, but on the upper part, they Hand on Angle
foot-ftalks in clutters quite round the ftalks ; thefe
are fmall, of a greenifh colour, and have each ten
ftamina. The female plants have three or four flow-
ers growing upon each foot-ftalk, which arife from
the fide of the ftalk. Thefe are fucceeded by oval
feed-veffels, containing many fmall feeds ; they flower
in June, and the feeds ripen in autumn. This is pro-
pagated by feeds, which fhouid be fown where the
plants are defigned to remain ; for as they fend out
long tap-roots, they do not bear tranfplanting, unlefs
it is performed while the plants are young. The
plants are very hardy, fo wul\ "fi ve in almoft any foil
or fituation, but agree belt with a dry foil. It is ne-
ceffary to have fome male plants among the female, to
haveperfed feeds.
The tenth fort grows naturally on the Alps, and alfo
upon the hills in the north of England and Wales.
This is a very low plant, with fmall leaves, which
fpread on the ground, and have the appearance of
mofs. The flowers are fmall, eredt, and rarely rife
more than half an inch high ; they are of a dirty
white colour, and appear in May. This is a peren-
nial plant, which will not thrive but in a moift foil
and a fhady fituation;
The eleventh fort grows naturally in Italy and Sicily.
This is a perennial plant, with large thick roots, fend-
ing out many long fpear-fhaped leaves near the
ground ; between thefe arife round vifeous ftalks,
which grow three feet high, garnifhed at each joint
by two long narrow leaves, ending in acute points.
The ftalks branch out into many divifions, on the up-
per parts of which the foot-ftalks of the flowers arife
from each joint by pairs oppofite ; each of thefe fuf
tain three or four flowers of an herbaceous colour,
whofe petals are divided into two parts ; the flowers
appear in June, and the feeds ripen in the autumn.
This is propagated by feeds in the fame manner as
the ninth.
The twelfth fort grows naturally in Spain and Italy,
from whence I received the feeds. This is a biennial
plant, which decays foon after it hath perfeded feeds :
this hath many oval pointed leaves near the root,
Handing upon long foot-ftalks ; between thefe arife
an upright ftalk, fending out two fide branches at
each joint, placed oppofite ; under each of thefe is
fituated one fpear-fhaped leaf, ending in an acute
point ; thefe fide branches, and alfo the upright
ftalks, are terminated by whitifh flowers, formed into
a panicle, and Handing ered ; thefe appear in June,
and are fucceeded by feeds which ripen in autumn.
This is propagated by feeds, which may be fown on
an open border where the plants are defigned to re-
cue
main, and require no other culture but to keep mini
clear from weeds.
The thirteenth fort grows naturally in Italy, froni
whence I received the feeds ; this fe a perennial plant,
which hath many oval fpear-fhaped leaves near the
root ; the ftalks rife about two feet high ; they are
vifeous, and from each joint comes out two fide
branches, under which are fituated two very narrow
leaves ; the ftalks fpread out and form a fort of pani-
cle, and are terminated by clutters of greenifh flow-
ers, whofe petals are divided into two parts. This
flowers in June, and the feeds ripen in autumn. It
is propagated in the fame manner as the ninth fort,
and requires the fame treatment. ■
CU CULL ATE P L A N T S are fo called, of cu-
culla, Lat . a hood or cowl, fueh as monks wear, be-
caufe their flowers refemble it.
CUCUMIS. Lin. Gen. Plant. 969. Tourn. Inft. R.
PI. 104. tab. 28. Cucumber; in French, Cone ombre.
The Characters are,
It hath male and female flowers placed at difiances on the
fame plant ; thefe have a bell-fhaped cmpalement of one
leaf whofe border is terminated by five brifiles. The
flowers are bell-fhaped , have one petal which adheres to
the empalement , and is cut into five oval rough fegments.
‘The male flowers have three fhort ftamina , which are in-
ferted to the empalement \ two of which have bifid tops ;
Thefe are terminated by very narrow fummits or line's ^
which run upward and downward , and adhere to the out-
fide v The female flowers have no ftamina , but have three
fmall pointed filaments without fummits . The germen ,
which is oblong , is fituated under the flower , fupporting a
fioort cylindrical ftyle , crowned by three thick convex ftig-
mas , which are bipartite. The germen afterward becomes
an oblong flefhy fruit with three cells , including many oval ,
fiat , pointed feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the tenth fedion of
Linnaeus’s twenty-firft clafs, intitled Moncecia Syn-
genefla. The plants of this clafs have male and fe-
male flowers on different parts of the fame plant, and
thofe of this fedion have their ftamina joined. To
this genus he has joined the Melon, Water Melon, and
Bitter Apple ; but howe\ . r thefe may agree in their
charaders, fo as to be joined together in a fyftem of
botany, it will not be proper in a book of gardening
to be followed.
The Species are,
1. Cucumis ( Sativus ) foliorum angulis redis, pomis ob-
longis feabris. Hort. Cliff. 451. Cucumber with leaves
having right angles , and an oblong rough fruit. Cucu-
mis fativus vuleraris; C. B. P. 210. The common Gar-
u
den Cucumber.
1. Cucumis ( Flexuofus ) foliorum angulis redis, pomis
longifiimis glabris. Cucumber with leaves having right
angles , and a very long fimooth fruit. Cucumis flexuo-
fus. C. B. P. 310. The long Turkey Cucumber .
3. Cucumis {Chat a) hirfutis foliorum angulis integris
dentatis, pomis fufeiformibus hirtis utrinque attenu-
ate. Haffelq. It. 491. Hairy Cucumber with angular
indented leaves , and narrow hairy fruit. Cucumis M-
gyptius rotundifolius. C. B. P. 310.
The firft fort is the Cucumber which is generally cul-
tivated for the table, and is fo well known as to need
no defeription. The fecond fort is the long Turkey
Cucumber, which is alfo pretty well known in Eng-
land. The ftalks and leaves of this fort are much
larger than thofe of the common fort. The fruit is
generally twice the length, and hath a fmooth rind :
this is undoubtedly different from the common fort,
for I have cultivated it above forty years, and have
not found it alter. There are green and white fruit
of this fort, which differ but little except in their co-
lour, fo I have not diftinguifhed them as diftind fpe-
cies, though I have alfo found them keep their dif-
ference from feeds. The white is lefs watery than the
green, fo is generally better efteemed. I have alfo
received feeds from China of another fort, with a much
longer fruit than the Turkey, but I have found this
will degenerate in time, and become more like the
common forte
4 0
In
cue
fci Holland they cultivate a long white prickly Cu-
cumber only, which is very different from the Turkey
Cucumber, being near as rough as the common fort ;
but this is not fo. hardy as our common fort, fo is fel-
dom cultivated m England ; but the fruit is not fo wa-
tery or full of feeds as the common, therefore is pre-
ferable to it for the table.
The third fort here enumerated is rarely cultivated,
but in botanic gardens for the fake of variety, the
fruit being very indifferent, and the plants being
tender, require a good heat to bring them to perfec-
tion in England ; thefe plants ramble very far, fo muff
have much room, and they are not very fruitful.
The common fort is cultivated in three different fea-
fons, the hr ft of which is on hot-beds under garden-
frames, for early fruit ; the fecond is under bell or
hand-glaiTes, for the middle crop ; and the third is
in the common ground, for a late crop, or to pickle.
1 fhali begin with giving directions for railing Cu-
cumbers early, which is what moft gentlemens gar-
deners have an emulation to excel each other in •, and
fome have been at the pains and expence to have ripe
fruit in every month of the year, which is rather a cu-
riofity than any real advantage ; for Cucumbers
•that are produced before April, cannot be fo whole -
fome as thofe that are later •, for before the fun hath
ftrength enough to warm the beds through the glaffes
in the day-time, all the heat muft proceed from the
fermentation of the dung, which muft confequently
occafion a very conliderable fteam, as alfo a great
quantity of air will be thereby generated, which, be-
ing pent up in the hot-bed, foon becomes rancid ;
and the fteam of the bed being by the cold of the
night condenfed into large drops of water, thefe, be-
ing abforbed or infpired by the plants, muft certainly
make the fruit crude and unwholefome, efpecially
when the nights are very long. This, together with
the great expence and trouble of procuring them ear-
lier, having in fome meafure got the better of peoples
ambition, fo this is lefs pradifed than it hath been
fome years fince ; but as there are many perfons who
value themfelves on their fid!) >n
D A J
.... .. , . be cenfered, as being
deficient in what they call an effential part of garden-
ing, ftiould we omit the method pradifed for railing
thefe fruit early in the year. Therefore fhali proceed
to give luch diredions, as if carefully attended to,
'will not fail of fuccefs.
Thofe perfons who are very defirous to be early with
their Cucumbers, generally fow their feeds before
Chriftmas, but the generality of gardeners commonly
put their feeds into the hot-bed about Chriftmas.
Where perfons have the conveniency of a ftove for
raifing thefe plants, it is attended with lefs trouble
than a common hot-bed, and is a much furer me-
thod, becaufe the plants will have a much greater
fhare of air, which will alfo be lefs mixed with damp
or rancid vapours j for by the heat of the fires thefe
will be diffipated, and the temperature of the air is
kept more equal than can be done with all poflible
care in a hot-bed, at a feafon when we enjoy but lit-
tle fun ; therefore where there is this convenience, the
feeds ftiould be fown in fmall pots, filled with light
dry earth, and plunged into the tan-bed, in the
warmeft part of the ftove. The pots with earth
fhould be plunged three or four days before the feeds
are fown, that the earth may be properly warmed to
receive them •, the feeds ftiould he at lead three or
four years old, but if it is more, provided it will grow,
it will be the better. If the feeds are good, the plants
will be begin to appear in about a week or nine days,
at which time there muft be as many halfpenny pots
filled with dry light earth, as there are plants defign-
ed for planting (always allowing for lofs; fo that where
twenty-four plants are wanting, there fhould be thirty
raifed) ; thefe pots fhould be plunged into the bark-
bed, that the earth may be warmed to receive the
plants, which fhould be pricked into thefe pots as foon
as the two firft leaves are raifed above ground ; into
each of thefe pots may be two plants pricked, but
when they have taken root, and are fafe, the worff
ftiould be drawn out, being careful not to difturh the
roots of thofe which are left. In the management of
thefe plants, there muft be great care taken not to
give them too much water; and it will be very pro-
per to put the water into the ftove fome hours before
it is ufed, that the cold may be taken off ; but there
muft be caution ufed not to make it too warm, for
that will deftroy the plants ; they muft alfo be guard-
ed from the moifture which frequently drops from
the glafies of the ftove, which is very deftrudive to
thefe plants while young. As thefe plants muft not
be kept too long in the ftove left they become trou-
blefome to the other plants, there ftiould be a proper
quantity of new dung prepared for making a hot-bed
to receive them ; this muft be in proportion to the
quantity of holes or plants intended : for a .middlinp-
family fix or nine lights of Cucumbers will be fufficS
ent, and for a large one double the quantity ; but the
beds where they are defigned to remain need not be
made fo foon, but rather a fmall bed of one lip-ht,
in which the plants may be trained up, till they have
acquired a greater fhare of ftrength ; and for this bed
one good cart load of dung will be fufficient. This
fhould be new, and not too full of few, nor fhould
it want a proper portion ; it ftiould be wei 1 mixed to-
gether and thrown in a heap, mixing fome lea-coal
allies with it ; after it hath lain in a heap a few days,
and has fermented, it fhould be carefully turned over
and mixed, laying it up again in a heap ; and if there
is a great fhare of ftraw in it, there may be a necefiky
for turning it over a third time, after having laid a few
days : this will rot the ftraw and mix it thoroughly
with the dung, fo there will be lefs danger of its burn-
ing afterward when the bed is made, which fhould
be done when the dung is in proper order. The
place where the hot-bed is made fhould be well fhel-
tered by Reed hedges, and the ground fhould be
dry; then there fhc Id be a trench made in the
ground, of a pro gth an^ bread ft and a foot
deep at leaft ; into - ■- 1 ^mg ftiould ue 1 1 1
. uirefuhy ftjrrcd up and mixed, fo that no p. of
it ftiould be left unfeparated, for where there is not
this care taken, the bed will fettle unequally ; there
fhould alfo be great care taken to beat the dung down
clofe in every part of the bed alike. When the bed
is made, the frame and glaffes fhould be put upon
it to keep out the rain, but there fhould be no earth
laid upon the dung till two or three days after, that
the fteam of the dung may have time to evaporate.
If there fhould be any danger of the bed burning, it
will be proper to lay fome fhort old dung, or fome
neats dung, over the top of the hot dung about two
inches thick, which will keep down the heat, and
prevent the earth from being burnt ; after this there
fhould be a fufficient number of three farthing pots
placed upon the bed, filled with light dry earth, and
all the interftices between them filled up with any com-
mon earth. In two or three days the earth in thefe
pots will be of a proper temperature of warmth to re-
ceive the plants, which fhould be then turned out of
the halfpenny pots, preferving the ball of earth to
their roots, and planted into the three farthing pots,
filling up the pots with good earth ; then a little wa-
ter fhould be given them to fettle the earth about their
roots, being careful not to give them too much wet ;
and as thefe will have fuch large balls of earth to their
roots, they will not feel 'their movement, therefore
will not require fhading from the fun ; but the glaffes
fhould be raifed up a little on the contrary fide from
the wind, to let the fteam of the bed pafs off ; and
they fhould alfo be frequently turned in the day-
time, that the wet occaftoned by the fteam of the
dung may be dried, otherwife the moifture will fall
on the plants, which will be very injurious to them.
If the bed ftiould heat too violently, fo as to endan-
ger fealding the roots of the plants, the pots may be
raifed fo as to allow of a little hollow at their bottoms,
which will effedually prevent A - therebv : and
when the. heat declines, the pots may be . ; 4t . ...
3 again.
4
cue
again. The glaffes of the hot-bed Ihould be well co-
vered with mats every night, to keep the bed in a
proper temperature of heat, and great care muft be
taken to admit frefh air every day to the plants •, but
this fhould be done with caution, fo as to guard
againft the cold winds which ufually blow at that
feafon; fo that a mat or canvafs -fhould be hung over
the opening made by railing of the glafles, to pre-
vent the cold air from rufhing in too violently, and
the glaffes fhould always be raifed on that fide which
is contrary to the wind. The plants will alfo require
to be frequently watered, but it muft be cauticufly
given them at this leafon, and the water fhould not
be cold, but either placed in a ftove, or put into a
warm heap of dung, to take off the chill from it be-
fore it is ufed.
If the weather fnould prove bad, and the heat of
the bed decline, there fhould be fome hot dung laid
round the fides of the bed to renew the heat, which
muft not be buffered to fail j for as the plants have
been tenderly brought up, they muft not buffer from
cold, for that will foon deftroy them.
In this bed the plants may remain about three weeks
or a month, in which time, if they have been pro-
perly managed, they will have obtained fufficient
ftrength to put out for good; therefore a proper
quantity of dung fhould have been mixed and turned
ready for making of the beds. The ufual quantity
allowed for making of the beds at this feafon, is one
good cart load to each light : this fhould be well
mixed and turned over in the manner before directed ;
then a trench fhould be dug in the ground the length
and width of the intended bed, into which the dung
fhould be wheeled, and properly worked according
to the above directions, and fome old dung or neats
dung fpread over the top. The frames and glaffes
fhould then be put on the bed, which fnould be
rri f J to let the fleam of the dung pals off,
m about three days the bed will be in a proper
temperature or heat to receive the plants ; at which
time the dung fhould be covered over with dry earth
about four inches thick, and in the middle of the bed
it fhould be three or four inches thicker ; this fhould be
laid upon the dung at leaft twenty-four hours before
the plants are removed into the bed, that the earth may
be properly warmed ; then the plants fhould be care-
fully fhaken out of the pots, preferring all the earth to
their roots, and placed on the top of the earth in the
middle of the bed. Two, or at moft, three of thefe
plants will be fufficient for each light, and thefe
ihould be placed at about feven or eight inches afun-
der, not all the roots together, as is too often prac-
tifed. When the plants are thus fituated in the bed,
the earth which was laid fo much thicker in the mid-
dle of the bed, fhould be drawn up round the ball
which remained to the roots of the plants, into which
their roots will foon ftrike; there fhould always be a
magazine of good earth laid under cover to keep it
dry, for the earthing of thefe beds ; for if it is taken
up wet, it will d ' 1 the beds, and alfo occafion great
damps therein, t refore it is quite neceffary to have
a fufficient quar ty of earth prepared long before it
is ufed. Wher he plants are thus fettled, they muft
have proper air nd water, according as they may re-
quire, being refill not to admit too much cold air,
or give too rr. :h water ; the glaffes fhould alfo be
well covered ’ ith mats every night, to keep up the
warmth of the tied, and fome frefh earth fnould be
put into the h 1 at different times, which fhould be
laid at fome c ance from the roots of the plants till
it is warmed, id then fhould be drawn up round the
heap of the ea: h in which the plants grow, to increafe
the "depth ; th fhould be railed to the full height of
the former b' , that the roots of the plants may more
eafily ftrike to it : by this method of fupplying the
earth, the mole furface of the beds will be covered
nine or tei aches with earth, which will be of great
fervice to e roots of the plants ; for where the earth
is very fh flow, the leaves of the plants will always
I mg in t! . heat of the day, unlefs they are {haded.
cue
and the plants will require more water to keep then!
alive, than is proper to give them ; therefore it will
be found much the better way to allow a proper depth
of earth to the beds : but the reafon of not laying the
quantity of earth on the bed when it is firft made, is,
that the dung fhould not be too much chilled by it,
or that the earth may not be burned, which might be
endangered thereby, were the whole thicknefsto belaid
on at once ; befides, by thus gradually applying the
earth, it will be frefh, and much better for the roots
of the plants, than that which has been long upon
the bed, and has been too much moiftened by the
{team arifing from the dung.
If the heat of the bed fhould decline, there fhould
be fome hot dung laid round the fide of the bed to
renew the Heat ; for if that fhould fail at the time
when the fruit appears, they will fall off and perifti,
therefore this muft be carefully regarded ; and when
the plants have put out fide branches (which the gar-
deners call runners) they ihould be properly placed,
and pegged down with fmali forked (ticks to prevent
their riling lip to the glafles, and alfo from crofting
and entangling with each other *, fo that when they are
properly directed at firft, there will be no neceffity of
twilling and tumbling the plants afterward, which is
always hurtful to them.
When the earth of the bed is laid the full thicknefs,
it will be neceffary to raife the frames, otherwife the
glaffes will be too dole to the plants ; but when this
is done, there muft be care taken to flop the earth
very clofe round the fide of the frame, to prevent
the cold air from entering under them. The water-
ing the plants, and admitting frefh air to them, muft
be diligently attended to, otherwife the plants will
be foon deftroyed ; for a little neglect either of ad-
mitting air, or letting in too much, or by over water-
ing, or ftarving the plants, will very foon deftroy
them paft recovery.
When the fruit appears upon the plants, there will
alfo appear many male flowers on different parts of
the plant ; thefe may at firft fight be diftinguifhed,
for the female flowers have the young fruit fituated
under the flowers, but the male have none ; but thefe
have three ftamina in their center with their fummits,
which are loaded with a golden powder. This is de-
flgned to impregnate the female flowers, and when
the plants are fully expofed to the open air, the foft
breezes of wind convey this farina or male powder
from the male to the female flowers ; but in the
frames where the air is frequently too much excluded
at this feafon, the fruit often drops off for want of
it ; and I have often obferved, that bees that have
crept into the frames when the glaffes have been
raifed to admit the air, have fupplied the want of thofe
gentle breezes of wind, by carrying the farina of the
male flowers on their hind legs into the female flow-
ers, where a fufficient quantity of it has been left to
impregnate them. For as the bees make their wax
of the farina or male powder of flowers, they fearch
all the flowers indifferently to find it ; and I have ob-
ferved them come out of fome flowers with their hind
legs loaded with it, and going immediately into other
flowers which have none, they have fcattered a fuffi-
cient quantity of this farina about the ftyle of the fe-
male flowers, to impregnate and render them prolific.
Thefe infefts have taught the gardeners a method to
fupply the want of free air, which is fo neceffary for
the performance of this in the natural way. This is
done by carefully gathering the male flowers, at the
time when this farina is fully formed, and carrying
them to the female flowers, turning them down over
them, and with the nail of one finger, gently link-
ing the outfide of the male, fo as to caufe the powder
on the fummits to fcatter into the female flowers, and
this is found to be fufficient to impregnate them ; fo
that by practifing this method, the gardeners have
now arrived at a much greater certainty than former-
ly, to procure an early crop of. Cucumbers and Me-
lons ; and by this method the florifts have arriyed to
greater certainty of procuring new varieties of flowers
from
cue
-from feeds, which is 'done by the mixing of the fa- ]
fina of different flowers into each other.
When the fruit of the Cucumbers are thus fairly fet,
if the bed is of a proper temperature of warmth,
they will foon fwel], and become fit for ufe j fo all that
is neceffary to be obferved, is to water the plants pro-
perly, which fhould be done by fprinkling the water
all over the bed, for the roots of the plants will ex-
tend. themfelves to the fide of the bed ; therefore
thole who are inclined to continue thefe plants as long
as poffible in vigour, fhould add a fufficient thick-
nek of dung and earth all round the fides of the
beds, fo as to enlarge them to near double their firft
width ; this will fupply nourifhment to the roots of
the plants, whereby they may be continued fruitful
great part of the fummer ; whereas, when this is not
praftifed, the roots of the plants, when they have
reached the fide of the beds, are dried by the wind
and fun, fo that the plants languifh and decay long-
before their time.
' hofe gardeners who are fond of producing early
Cucumbers, generally leave two or three of their
early fruit, which are fituated upon the main ftem of
the plant near the root, for feed ; which, when fully
ripe, they carefully fave to a proper age for fowing,
and by this method they find a great improvement is
made of the feed-, and this they always ufe for their
early crops only, for the fucceeding crops do not de-
ferve fo much care and attention.
I have here only mentioned the method of raifing the
young Cucumber plants in ftoves ; for as thefe con-
veniencies are now pretty generally made in the curi-
ous kitchen-gardens in mod parts of England, this
method may be more univerfally praftifed ; but in
fuch gardens where there are no ftoves, the feeds
fliould be fawn upon a well prepared hot-bed : and
here it will be the belt way to fow the feeds in fmall
halfpenny pots, becaufe thefe may be eafily removed
from one bed to another, if the heat fhould decline ;
or, on the contrary, if the heat fhould be too great,
the pots may be raifed up, which will prevent the
feed or the young plants from being injured thereby.
When the plants are come up as was before directed,
there fliould be a frefh hot-bed prepared, with a fuf-
ficient number of halfpenny pots plunged therein
ready to receive the plants, which muft be planted
into them in the fame manner as was before direfled,
and the after-management of the plants muft be near-
ly the fame ; but as the fleam of the hot-bed fre-
quently occafions great damps, there muft be great
care to turn and wipe the glafles frequently, to pre-
vent the condenfed moifture falling on the plants,
which is very deftru&ive to them. There muft alfo
be great attention to the admitting frefh air at all pro-
per times, as alfo to be careful in keeping the bed to
a proper temperature of heat ; for as there is a want
of fire to warm the air, that muft be fupplied by the
heat of dung, afterward thefe plants muft be ridged
out in the fame manner as before direded.
If the bed is of a good temper for heat, your
plants will take root in lefs than twenty-four hours ;
after which time you muft be careful to let in a little
air at fuch times when the weather will permit, as
alfo to turn the glafles upfide down every day to dry •
for the fleam of the bed condenfing on the glafles,
will fall down upon the plants, and be very injurious
to them therefore whenever the weather is fo bad
as not to permit the glafles to lie turned long, you
fhould at leaft turn them once or twice a day, and
wipe off the moifture with a woollen cloth but you
muft alfo be very careful how you let in too much
cold air, which is equally deftrudive to the tender
plants ; therefore, to avoid this, it is a very good me-
thod to fallen before the upper fide of the frame,
where the air is fuffered to enter the bed, a piece of
coarfe cloth or mat, fo that the air which enters may
pais through that, which will render it lefs injurious
to your plants.
You muft alfo be very cautious in giving water to
the plants while young and whenever this is done, it
cue
mould be fparingly, and the water fliould be placed
either into a heap of dung, or in feme other warm
place, for fome time before it is ufed, fo as to be
nearly of a temperature for warmth with the inclofed
air of the hot-bed and as the plants advance in
height, you fliould have a little dry fifted earth always
ready to earth up their fhanks, which will greatly
ftrengthen them. You muft alfo be very careful to
keep up the heat of the bed, which, if you fhould
find decline, you muft lay a little frefh litter round,
about the fides of the bed, and alfo keep the glafles
well covered in the nights, or in bad weather : but if,
on the other hand, your bed fliould prove too hot,
you fliould thruft a large flake into the fide of the
dung, in two or three places, alrnoft to the middle of
the bed, which will make large holes, through which
the greateft part of the fleam will pafs off without af-
cending to the top of the bed and when you find it
has anfwered your purpofe by flacking the heat of your
bed, you muft flop them up again with dung.
Thefe directions, if carefully attended to, will be fuf-
ficient for raifing the plants in the firft bed : you muft
therefore, when you perceive the third, or rough
leaf begin to appear, prepare another heap of frefh
dung, which fliould be mixed with afhes, as was be-
fore direded this fliould be in quantity according to
the number of holes you intend to make. The com-
mon allowance for ridging out the earlieft plants is,
one load to each light or hole, fo that the bed will be
near three feet thick in dung ; but for fuch as are not
ridged out till March, two loads of dung will be
fufficient for three holes, for I could never obferve
any advantage in making thefe beds fo thick with
dung as fome people do < their crops are feldom bet-
ter, if fo good, as thofe which are of a moderate
fubftance ; nor are they forwarder, and the fruit is
rarely fo fair, nor do the Vines continue fo long in
health.
In making thefe beds, you muft carefully mix the
dung, (halting it well with the fork, fo as not to leave
any clods of dung unfeparated, as alfo to beat it down
pretty clofe, to prevent the fleam from rifing too haft
tily ; you muft alfo be careful to lay it very even, and
to beat or prefs down the dung equally in every part
of the bed, otherwile it will fettle in holes, which will
be very hurtful. When you finifh laying the dung,
you muft make a hole exaCtly in the middle of each
light, about a foot deep, and eight or nine inches
over ; thefe holes muft be filled with light frefh earth,
which fhould be fereened to take out all large ftones,
clods, &c. laying it up in a hill ; and in the middle
of each thruft in a flick about eighteen inches long,
which fhould Hand as a mark to find the exad place
where the hole is ; then earth the bed all over about
three inches thick, levelling it fmooth, and afterwards
fet the frame upon it, covering it with glafles ; but if
there is any apprehenfion of the dung heating too
violently, the earth fhould not be laid upon the bed
until the heat is fomewhat abated, which will be in a
few days, and then the earth may be laid upon the
bed by degrees, covering it at firft two inches thick ;
and a week or ten days after another inch in thick-
nefs may be laid on, but there fhould be the whole
thicknefs of earth laid upon the bod before the Vines
begin to run ; and if this thicknefi? of earth is at laft
fix or feven inches, the Vines will grow the ftronger fol-
ks being fo thick ; for if the roots are obferved, they
will be found to fpread and cover the whole bed as
much as the Vines extend above ; a nd when the earth
is very (hallow, or too light, the Vin es will hang their
leaves every day for want of a fuffick nt depth of earth
to fupport their roots ; fo that if they are not con-
ftantly and well watered, they will not have ftrength
to laft long, nor to produce fair fruit ; and the giving
them too much water is not fo proper, nor will it an-
fwer near fo well, as the giving a depth of earth up-
on the dung.
In four or five days time your bed will b e in fit ordqr
to receive your plants, of which you may eafily judge
by pulling out one of the (licks which w as put in the
middie
cue
middle of the holes, and feeling the lower part of
it, which will fatisfy you what condition your bed is
in ; then you mull fur up the earth in the middle of
the hole with your hand, breaking all clods, and re-
moving all large ftones, making the earth hollow in
form of a bafon ; into each of thefe holes you mull
plant two plants, in doing of which, obferve to make
the holes for the plants a little flan ting towards the
middle of the bafon, efpecially if your plants are long
fhanked ; this is intended to place the roots of the
plants as far as poifible from the dung, to which if
they approach too near, the lower part of their roots
is fubjedt to be burned off; then fettle the earth
gently to each plant, and, if the earth is dry, it will
be proper to give them a little water (which fhould
be warmed to the temper of the bed, as was before
diredled •,) and if the fun fhould appear in the middle
of the day, they fhould be {haded therefrom with
mats until the plants have taken root, which will be
in two or three days ; after which, you mull let them
enjoy as much of the fun as poffible, obferving to
turn the lights in the day time to dry, as alfo to give
a little air whenever the weather will permit.
You muft alfo obferve to keep the glades covered
every night, and in bad weather, but be very careful
not to keep them covered too clofe, efpecially while
the bed has a great fleam in it, which will caule a
damp to fettle upon the plants, which, for want of
air to keep the fluid in motion, will flagnate and rot
them.
"When your plants are grown to be four or five inches
high, you muft, with Tome {lender-forked flicks, in-
cline them toward the earth, each one a feparate
way ; but this muft be done gently at firft, left by
forcing them too much, you fhould ftrain or break
the tender veffels of the plants, which would be very
hurtful to them. In this manner you fhould, from
time to time, obferve to peg down the runners as
they are produced, laying each in exadt order, fo
as not to interfere or crofs each other ; nor fhould you
ever after remove them from their places, or handle
them too roughly, whereby the leaves may be broken
or difplaced, which is alfo equally injurious to them;
but whenever you have occafion to weed the bed be-
tween the plants, do it with great care, holding the
leaves afide with one hand, while with the other you
pull out the weeds.
In about a month after they are ridged out, you may
expedt to fee the beginnings of fruit, which very
often are preceded by male flowers, which many
people are fo ignorant as to pull off, calling them
falfe bloffoms ; but this I am fully convinced, by
many experiments, is wrong ; for thefe flowers are of
abfolute fervice to promote the welfare of the fruit,
which, when thefe male flowers are entirely taken off,
does very often fall away, and come to nothing : nor
fhould the Vines be pruned, as is too often the prac-
tice of unfkilful people, efpecially when they are too
luxuriant, which often happens when the feeds were
frefli, or of the laft year’s faving, and the plants in
good heart. If this fhould happen to be the cafe, it
would be very proper to pull up one of the plants,
before they have run fo far as to entangle with the
other •, for it often happens, that one or two plants
are better than four or five, when they are vigorous •,
for when the frame is too much crouded with Vine,
the fruit is feldom good, nor in fuch plenty, as when
there is a more moderate quantity of flioots •, for the
air being hereby excluded from the fruit, they often
decay, and fall off very young.
You muft alfo be very careful to cover the glafles
every night when your fruit begins to appear, as alfo
to lay a little frefn litter, or mowing of grafs round
the fides of the bed, to add a frefli heat thereto •, for
if the heat of the bed be fpent, and the nights prove
cold, the fruit will fall away and come to nothing ;
and when the fun is extreme hot in the middle of
the day, you muft cover the glafles with mats to
fbade the Vines ; for although they delight in heat,
yet the diredl rays of the fun, when it has great force.
cue
are very injurious, by either fcorching thole leaV&§
which are near the glafles, or by caufing too great a
perfpiration, whereby the extreme part of the flioots
and the large leaves are left deftitute of nourifhment,
and the fruit will be at a ftand, and often turn yellow
before it arrives at half its growth ; this is too often
the cafe, when the beds have not a fufficient depth of
earth over the dung.
At this time, when your Vines are fpread fo as to
cover the hot-bed, it will be of great fervice when
you water them, to fprinkle them all over gently fo
as not to hurt the leaves ; but obferve to do this not
at a time when the fun is very hot, for hereby I have
known a whole bed of Cucumbers fpoiled ; for the
water remaining upon the furface of the leaves in
drops, doth collect the rays of the fun as it were to
a focus, and fo fcorches the leaves, that in one day’s ■
time they have, from a bright green, become of the
colour of brown paper. The watering of the beds
ail over will be of great fervice, by giving nourifli-
ment to thofe roots, which by this time will have
extended themfelves all over the bed; and if the
warmth of the bed fhould now decline, it will be of
great fervice to add a lining of frefli dung round the
fides of the beds, to give a new heat to them ; for as
the nights are often cold at this feafon, where the
beds have not a kindly warmth left in them, the fruit
will frequently drop off the Vines, when grown to
the fize of a little finger ; and if upon this lining of
dung there is a thicknefs of ftrong earth laid for the
roots of the plants to run into, it will greatly
ftrengthen them, and continue the plants in vigour a
much longer time than they otherwife will do ; for
the roots of thefe plants extend to a great diftance
when they have room, which they cannot have in a
bed not more than five feet wide ; fo that when they
have no greater extent for their roots, the plants will
not continue in vigour above five or fix weeks, which,
if they have a depth and extent of earth, will con-
tinue three months in bearing ; fo that where there are
feveral beds made near each other, it will be the belt
way to fill up the bottom of the alleys between them
with warm dung, and cover that with a proper thick-
nefs of earth, fo as to raife them to the level of the beds.
Thefe diredtions, with diligent obfervation, will be
fufficient for the management of this crop of Cucum-
bers ; and Vines thus treated will continue to fupply
you with fruit till the beginning of July, by which
time the fecond crop will come to bear ; the fowing
and managing of which is what I fhall next proceed to.
About the middle of March, or a little later, ac-
cording to the earlinefs of the feafon, you muft put
in your feeds, either under a bell-glafs, or in the
upper fide of your early hot-bed ; and when the plants
are come up, they fhould be pricked upon another
moderate hot-bed, which fhould be covered with bell
or hand-glaffes, placed as clofe as poffible to each
other ; the plants fhould alfo be pricked at about two
inches diftance from each other, obferving to water
and fhade them until they have taken new root,
which will be in a very fhort time. This is to be
underftood of fuch places where a great quantity of
plants are required, which is conflantly the cafe in
the kitchen-gardens near London ; but where it is
only for the fupply of a family, there may be plants
enough raifed on the upper fide of the beds where
the firft crop is growing ; or if the Vines fhould have
extended themfelves fo far as to cover the whole bed,
whereby there will not be room to prick the plants,
a fingle light will contain a fufficient number of
plants, while young, to plant out in ridges, as will
fupply the largeft family with Cucumbers during the
latter feafon. You muft alfo cover the glafles with
mats every night, or in very bad weather ; but in the
day time, when the weather is hot, you muft raife
the glafles with a flone on the oppoflte fide from the
wind, to give air to the plants, which will greatly
ftrengthen them ; you muft alfo water them as you
fhall find they require it, but this muft be done
fparingly while the plants are young.
4 P ' The
The middle of April the plants will be fir on g enough j
to ridge out, you rnuft therefore be provided with a
heap of new dung, in proportion to the quantity of
holes you intend to plant, allowing one load to fix
holes. When your dbng is fit for ufe, you muft dig
a trench about two feet four inches wide, and in
length juft as you pleafe, or the place will allow •,
and if the foil be dry, it fhould be ten inches deep,
but if wet, very little in the ground, levelling the
earth in the bottom •, then put in your dung, ob-
ferving to ftir and mix every part of it as was directed
for the firft hot-beds, laying it clofe and even.
When this is done, you muft make holes about eight
inches over, and fix inches deep, juft in the middle
of the ridge, .and three feet and a half diftance from
each other •, and if there be more than one ridge, the
diftance of thole ought to be eight feet and a half
from each other ; then fill the holes with good light
earth, putting, a flick into the middle of each for a
mark, and afterwards cover the ridge over with earth
about four inches thick, laying the earth the fame
thicknefs round the fides. When the earth is levelled
fmooth, you muft fet the glafies on upon the holes,
leaving them clofe down about twenty-four hours, in
which time the earth in the holes will be warmed
fufficiently to receive the plants ; then with your hand
ftir up the earth in the holes, making it hollowin form
of a bafon ; into each of which you fhould plant three
or four plants, obferving to water and fhade them until
they have taken root •, after which time you muft be
careful to give them a little air by raifing the glafies
on the oppofite fide to the wind, in proportion to
the heat of the weather, as alfo to water them as you
jfhall fee they require it ; but you muft only raife the
glafies in the middle of the day, until the plants fill
the glafies, at which time you fhould raife the glafies
with a forked flick on the fouth fide, in height pro-
portionable to the growth of the plants, that they
may not be fcorched by the fun ; this alfo will harden
and prepare the plants to endure the open air, but
you fhould not expofe them too foon thereto ; for it
often happens, that there are morning frofts in May,
which are many times deftru&ive to thefe plants when
expofed thereto •, it is therefore the fureft method to
preferve them under the glafies, as long as they can
be kept in without prejudice to the plants ; and if
the glafies are railed with two bricks on the backfide,
and the forked flick on the other fide, they may be
kept in a great while without danger.
Towards the latter end of May, when the weather
appears fettled and warm, you fhould turn your plants
down gently out of the glafies ; but do not perform
this in a very dry, hot, funny day, but rather when
there is a cloudy fky, and an appearance of rain ;
you muft in doing of this raife the glafies either upon
bricks, or forked flicks, whereby they may Hand fe-
cure at about four or five inches high from the
ground, that the plants may lie under them without
bruifing ; nor fhould you take the glafies quite away
till the latter end of June, or the beginning of July,
for thefe will preferve the moifture much longer to
their roots than if they were, quite expofed to the
open air ; about three weeks after you have turned
the plants out of the glafies, they will have made a
considerable progrefs, efpecially if the weather has
been favourable, at which time you fhould dig up the
fpaces of ground between the ridges, laying it very
even ; then lay out the runners of the Vines in exad
order, and be careful in this work not to difturb the
Vines too much, nor to bruife or break the leaves
this digging of the ground will loofen it, and thereby
render it eafy for the roots of the plants to ftrike into
it, as alfo render the lurface of the earth more
agreeable to the Vines that run upon it. After this
there will be no farther care needful, but only to keep
them clear from weeds, and to water them as often
as they fhall require, which they will foon fhew, by
the hanging of their greater leaves. The ridges,
thus managed, will continue to produce large quan-
tities of fruit from June until the latter end of Au-
3
go. ft, after which time the coldnefs of the feafon ren-
ders them unwholefome, efpecially if the autumn
prove wet.
From thefe ridges people commonly preferve their
Cucumbers for feed, by making choice of two or
three of the faireft fruit upon each hole, never leaving
above one upon a plant, and that fituated near the
root of it j for if you leave more, they will weaken
the plant fo much, that your other fruit will be final!,
and fewer in number: but thofe perfons who value
themfelves upon producing Cucumbers very early,
commonly leave three or four Cucumbers of the firft
produce of their earlieft crop, when the fruit is fair^
and the feeds of thefe early fruit, are generally' pre-
ferred to any other for the firft crop. Thefe fhould re-
main upon the Vines until the middle or end of Auguft,
that the feeds may be perfectly ripe •, and when you
gather them from the Vines, it will be proper to fet the
fruit in a row upright againft a hedge or wall, where
they may remain until the outer cover begins to de-
cay ; at which time you fhould cut them open, and
fcrape out the feeds, together with the pulp, into a
tub, which fhould be afterwards covered with a board,
to prevent filth from getting amongft the pulp. In
this tub it fhould be fuffered to remain eight or ten
days, obferving to ftir it well with a long ftick to the
bottom every day, in order to rot the pulp, that it
may be eafily feparated from the feeds •, then pour
fome water into the tub, ftirring it well about, which
will raife the fcum to the top, but the feeds will fettle
to the bottom ; fo that by two or three times pouring
in water, and afterwards {training it off from the
feeds, they will be perfedlly cleared from the pulp ;
then you fhould fpread the feeds upon a mat, which
fhould be expofed to the open air three or four days
until they are perfedtly dry, when they may be put
tip in bags, and hung up in a dry place where ver-
min cannot come to them, where they will keep good
for feveral years, but are generally preferred when
three or four years old, as being apt to produce lefs
vigorous, but more fruitful plants.
I fhall, in the next place, proceed to give airedlions
for managing Cucumbers for the laft crop, or what
are generally called picklers.
The feafon for fowing thefe is towards the latter end
of May, when the weather is fettled. The ground
where thefe are commonly fown, is between Cauli-
flowers, in the wide rows, between which are allowed
four feet and a half fpace when the Cauliflowers were
planted. In thefe rows you fhould dig up fquare
holes at about three fe£t and a half diftance from
each other, breaking the earth well with a fpade, and
afterwards fmoothing and hollowing it in the form
of a bafon with your hand ; then put eight or nine
feeds into the middle of each hole, covering them
over with earth about half an inch thick ; and if it
fhould be very dry weather, it will be proper to water
the holes gently in a day or two after the feeds are
fown, in order to facilitate their vegetation.
In five or fix days, if the weather be good, your
plants will begin to thruft their heads above ground ;
at which time you fhould be very careful to keep off
the fparrows, which are very fond of the young ten-
der feed-leaves of thefe plants ; and, if they are not
prevented, will deflroy your whole crop : but as it is
not above a week that the plants are in danger, it
will be no great trouble to look after them during
that time-, for when the plants are come up, and
have expanded their feed leaves, the fparrows will not
meddle with them.
You muft alfo be careful to water them gently, as
you find the drought of the feafon may require ^ and
when you perceive the third or rough leaf of the
plants begin to appear, you muft pull out all the
weakefl plants, leaving only three or four of the moll
promifing and beft fituated in each hole, ftirring the
earth round about them with a fmall hoe to deflroy
the weeds, and raife the earth about the fhanks of
the plants, putting a little earth between them, pref-
fing it gently down with your hand, that the plants
may
c u c
may be thereby feparated from each other to a greater
diftance ; then give them a little water (if the weather
be dry) to fettle the earth about them, which you
muft afterwards repeat as often as you fhall find it
neceifary, ftill being careful to keep the ground clear
from weeds.
When your Cauliflowers are quite drawn off the
ground from between the Cucumbers, you muft hoe
and clean the ground, drawing the earth up round
each hole in form of a bafon, the better to contain
the water when it is given them ; you muft alfo lay
out the plants in exadt order as tfiey are to run and
extend, fo that they may not interfere with each
other ; then lay a little earth between the plants left,
prefling it down gently with your hand, the better to
fpread them each way, giving them a little water to
fettle the earth about them, repeating it as often as
the feafon fhall require, and obferving to keep the
ground clean from weeds. The plants thus ma-
naged, will begin to produce fruit toward the latter
end of July, when you may either gather them young
for pickling, or fuffter them to grow for large fruit.
The quantity of holes necefiary for a family, is about
fifty or fixty •, for if you have fewer, they will not
produce enough at one gathering to make it worth
the trouble and expence of pickling, without keeping
them too long in the houfe, for you cannot expeft
to gather more than two hundred at each time from
fifty holes ; but this may be done twice a week during
the whole feafon, which commonly lafts five weeks ;
fo that from fifty holes you may reafonably expect to
gather about two thoufand in the feafon, which, if
they are -taken fmall, will not be too many for a pri-
vate family. And if fo many are not wanted, they
may be left to grow to a proper fize for eating.
CUCUMIS AGRESTIS. See Momordica.
CUCURBIT A. Lin. Gen. Plant. 968. Tourn Inft.
R. H. 107. [fo called from Curvata, Lat. bended,
becau fethe fruit of this plant generally bends,] the
Gourd.
The Characters are,
It hath male and female flowers in the fame plant. I he
flowers have a bell-fhaped empalement of one leaf \ whofe
borders are terminated by five briflles ; the flowers are
bell-fhaped , adhering to the empalement , and are of one
petal , which is veined and rough , divided at the top into
five parts. The male flowers have three ftamina , which
are connected at their extremity , but are diftinbl at their
bafe , where they adhere to the empalement ; thefe are ter-
minated by linear fummits running up and down. The
female flowers have a large germen , fituated under the
flower , fupporting a conical trifid flyle , crowned by a large
trifid ftigma. The germen afterward becomes a large
flefhy fruit, having three foft membranaceous cells which are
diftinff; inclofing two rows of feeds which are bordered.
This genus of plants is ranged in the tenth feftion
of Linnaeus's twenty-firft clafs, in titled Monoecia
Syngenefia, the plants having male and female flow-
ers on the fame plant, and the ftamina of the male
flowers being connedted.
The Species are,
1. Cucurbit a ( Lagenaria ) foliis cordatis denticulatis
tomentofis bafi fubtus biglandulofis ; pomis lignofis.
Lin. Sp. 1434. Gourd with heart-floaped, indented , woolly
leaves , having two glands at their bafe , and a ligneous
fh ell to the fruit. Cucurbita longa, folio molli, flore
albo. J. B. 2. 221. Commonly called the Long Gourd.
2. Cucurbita ( [Pepo ) foliis lobatis, pomis laevibus. Lin.
Sp. Plant. 1010. Gourd with lobed leaves and a fmooth
fruit. Cucurbita major rotunda, flore luteo, folio af-
pero. C. B. P. 2 1 3. Commonly called Pompion, or Pumpkin.
3. Cucurbita ( Verrucofa ) foliis lobatis, pomis nodofo-
verrucofis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 1010. Gourd with lobed
leaves , and a wanted knobby fruit. Cucurbita verrucola.
J. B. 2. 222. IVarted Gourd.
4. Cucurbita (Melopepo ) foliis lobatis, caule eredto,
pomis depreffo-nodofis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 10 10. Gourd
with lobed leaves , an erect ftalk , and a depreffed knotty
fruit. Melopepo clypeiformis. C. B. P. 312. Com-
monly called Squafh.
cue
5. Cucurbita ( Lignofis ) foliis lobatis afperis, florC
luteo, pomis lignofis. Gourd with rough-lobed leaves ,
a yellow flower , aud fruit having a hard fhell ; commonly
called Calabafh.
The firft fort is fometimes propagated in the Englifli
gardens by way of curiofity, but the fruit is very
rarely eaten here though, if they are gathered when
they are young, while their fkins are tender, and
boiled, they have an agreeable flavour. In the
eaftern countries thefe fruit are very commonly cul-
tivated and fold in the markets for the table, and are
a great part of the food of the common people, from
June to Odtober. Thefe fruit are alfo eaten in both
the Indies, where the plants are cultivated as cu-
linary ; and in thole countries, where the heat of
their fummers is too great for many of our common
vegetables, thefe may be a very good fubftitute.
This fort doth not vary like molt of the others, but
always produces the fame iliaped fruit •, the plants of
this extend to a great length, if the feafon proves
warm and favourable, and will then produce ripe
fruit ; but in cold fummers, the fruit feldom grows
to half its ufual fize. I have meafured fome of thefe
fruit when growing, which were fix feet long, and a
foot and a half round ; the plants were near twenty
feet in length : the ftalks of this, and alfo the leaves,
are covered with a fine foft hairy down j the flowers
are large, white, and ftand upon long foot-ftalks,
being reflexed at their brim ; the fruit is generally
incurved and crooked, and when ripe, is of a pale
yellow colour. The rind of this fruit becomes hard,
fo that if the feeds and pulp are taken out, and the
fhell dried, it will contain water ; and in thofe coun-
tries where they are much cultivated, are ufed for
many purpofes.
The fecond fort, which is commonly known by the
title of Pumpkin, is frequently cultivated by the
country people in England, who plant them upon
their dunghills, where the plants run over them, and
fpread to a great diftance ; when the feafons are fa-
vourable, they will produce plenty of large fruit:
thefe they ufually fuffer to grow to maturity, then
they cut open a hole on one fide, and take the feeds
out of the pulp as clean as poffible, after which
they fill the fhell with Apples fliced, which they mix
with the pulp of the fruit, and fome add a little fu-
gar and fpice to it -, then bake it in an oven, and eat
it in the fame manner as baked Apples ; but this is a
ftrong food, and only fit for thofe who labour hard,
and can eafily digeft it.
Thefe may be propagated by fowing their feeds in
April, on a hot- bed ; and when the plants come up,
they fhould be tranfplanted on another moderate bed,
where they fhould be brought up hardily, and have
a great deal of air to ftrengthen them ; and when
they have got four or five leaves, they fhould be
tranfplanted into holes made upon an old dunghill,
or fome fuch place, allowing them a great deal of
room to run, for fome of the forts will fpread to a
great diftance. I have meafured a Angle plant, which
had run upwards of forty feet from the hole, and
had produced a great number of fide branches ; fo
that if the plant had been encouraged, and all the
fide branches permitted to remain, I dare fay it would
have fairly overfpread twenty rods of ground ; which,
to fome people, may feern like a romance, yet I
can affirm it to be fadt. But what is this to the ac-
count printed in the Tranfa&ions of the Royal So-
ciety, which was communicated to them by Paul
Dudley, Efq; from New England, wherein mention
is made of a Angle plant of this kind, which, without
any culture, fpread over a large fpot of ground,
and from which plant were gathered two hundred
and fixty fruits each, one with another, as big as a
half peck.
There are feveral varieties of this fruit, which differ
in their form and fize ; but as thefe are annually va-
rying from feeds, fo I have omitted the mentioning
them, for they feldom continue to produce the fame
kinds of fruit three years together.
The
cue
The third fort is very common in moil parts of I
America, where it is cultivated as a culinary fruit •, j
of this fort there are alfo feveral varieties, which differ
in their form and fize ; fome of thefe are flat, others
round •, fome are fhaped like a bottle, and others are
oblong, their outer cover or rind being white when
ripe, and covered with large protuberances or warts.
The fruit are commonly gathered when they are half
grown, and boiled by the inhabitants of America to
eat as a fauce with their meat ; but in England they
are only cultivated by way of curiofity, few perfons
having a relifh for them here, where they have a great
variety of better efculent plants at that feafon, when
theie are fit for ufe. Thefe may be propagated in
the fame manner as the fecond fort.
The fourth fort is alfo very common in North Ame-
rica, where it is cultivated for the fame purpofes as
the third. This very often grows with a ftrong,
bulky, ere6t ftalk, without putting out runners from
the fide, as the other forts, but frequently varies ;
for after it has been cultivated a few years in the
fame garden, the plants will become trailing like
the others, and extend their branches to as great
diftance •, and yet I have known when part of the
feeds, taken out from the fame fruit have been fown
in another garden, at a confiderable diftance, the
fruit have been the fame, and the plants have grown
ered, when thofe which were fown in the fame garden,
have produced trailing plants with larger fruit of a
different lhape.
The fruit of the fifth fort hath a hard fhell when
ripe like the firft, which may be dried and preferved
many years : thefe are of very different forms and
fize ; fome are ff aped like a Pear, and are no bigger
than a large Catherine Pear ; fome are as large as
quart bottles, and almoft of the fame form ; others
are round and fhaped like an Orange, and are of the
fame fize and colour, but thefe are very variable *,
for I have cultivated moft of the forts near forty
years, and have not been able, with all poflible care,
to preferve the varieties longer than two or three
years in the fame garden, without procuring frefh
feeds from fome diftant place. Whether thefe changes
are brought about by the admixture of the farina
with each other, or from what caufe I cannot fay,
becaufe I have frequently planted them at as great
diftance from each other as I poffibly could in the
fame garden, and yet the effeeft has been the fame
as when near.
The firft fort requires to be treated more tenderly
than the others, in order to procure ripe fruit ; fo
the feeds fhould be fown upon a moderate hot-bed in
April, and the plants afterward planted each into a
penny pot, and plunged into a very moderate hot-
bed to bring them forward ; but they muft not be
tenderly treated, for if they have not a large ff are of
free air admitted to them every day, they will draw
up weak. When the plants are grown too large to
be continued in the pots, there fhould be holes dug
where they are defigned to grow, and three or four
barrows full of hot dung put into each j thefe fhould
be covered with earth, into which the plants muft
be planted, and covered with hand-glaffes till they
run out.
There are fome people who plant thefe plants by the
fides of arbours, over which they train the vines ; fo
that in a fhort time they will cover the whole arbour,
and afford a ftrong fhade, and upon fome of thefe
arbours I have feen the longeft fruit. There are
others who plant them near walls, pales, or hedges,
to which they faften the Vines, and train them to a
great height : the Orange-fhaped Gourd is the fort
which is moft commonly fo planted for the ornament
of its fruit, which has a pretty effedt, efpecially when
feen at fome diftance. All the forts require a large
fupply of water in dry weather.
Thefe plants requiring fo much room to fpread, and
their fruit being very little valued in England, hath
occasioned their not being cultivated amongft us ; we
having fo many plants, roots, or fruits, which are
CUN
greatly preferable to thofe for kitchen ufes : but In
fome parts of America, where provi lions are not in
fo great plenty, or fo great variety, thefe fruits may
be very acceptable.
CUI ETE See Crescentia.
CULMIFEROUS PLANTS [fo called of
Culmus, Lat. ftraw or haulm,] are fuch as have a-
fimooth jointed ftalk, ufually hollow, and at each ioint
wrapped about with fingle, narrow, Sharp-pointed
leaves •, and their feeds are contained in chaffy hulks,
as Wheat, Barley, &c.
CUMINOIDES. See Lagoecia.
CUMINUM. Lin. Gen. Plant. 313. Mor. U.mb.
K vy.iw, Gr. Cumin.
The Characters are.
It hath an umbelliferous flower-, the general umbel is com-
pofed of f mailer , which are divided into four parts their
involucrum is longer than the umbel. The great umbel is
uniform-, the flowers have five unequal petals, whofe bor-
ders are inflexed , and five fingle ftamina , terminated by
fiender fummits. It hath a large germen fituated under
the flower , fupporting two fmall ftyles , crowned by fingle
ftigmas. The germen afterward becomes an oval ftriated
fruit , compofed of two oval feeds , which are convex and
furrowed on one fide , and plain on the other.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fedtion
of Linnaeus’s filth clafs, intitled Pentandria Digynia,
the flower having five ftamina and two ftyles.
We have but one Species of this genus, viz.
Cuminum ( Cyminum .) Lin. Mat. Med. 139. Cumin.
Cuminum femine longiore. C. B. P. 146. Cumin with
a longer feed.
This plant is annual, perilhing foon after the feeds
are ripe •, it feldom rifes more than nine or ten inches
high, in the warm countries where it is cultivated ;
but I have never feen it grow more than three or
four inches high in England, where I have fometimes
had the plants come fo far as to flower very well, but
never to produce feeds. The leaves of this plant are
divided into long narrow fegments like thofe of
Fennel, but much fmaller ; they are of a deep green*
and generally turn backward at their extremity ; the
flowers grow in fmall umbels at the top of the {talks;
thefe are compofed of five unequal petals, which are
of a pale bluff colour, and are fucceeded by long,
channelled, aromatic feeds.
The feeds of this plant is the only part ufed in me-
dicine ; thefe are ranged among the greater hot feeds ;
they confift of very warm diffolving parts, and are
efteemed good to expel wind out of the ftomach and
bowels, fo they are frequently put into clyfters for
that purpofe, and are fometimes given in powder ;
and outwardly applied, they are of great fervice to
eafe the pains of the breaft or fide.
This plant is propagated for fale in the ifland of
Malta, where it is called Cumino aigro, i. e. hot
Cumin. But Anife, which they alfo propagate in
no lefs quantity, they call Cumino dulce, i. e. fiweet
Cumin. So that many of the old botanifts were
miftaken, when they made two fpecies of Cumin,
viz. acre and dulce.
If the feeds of this plant are fown in fmall pots filled
with light kitchen-garden earth, and plunged into a
very moderate hot-bed to bring up the plants, and
thefe after having been gradually inured to the open
air, turned out of the pots, and planted in a warm
border of good earth, preferving the balls of earth
to their roots, and afterward kept clean from weeds,
the plants will flower pretty well, and by thus
bringing of the plants forward in the fpring, they may
perfect their feeds in very warm feafons.
C UNI LA. See Sideritis.
CUNONIA. Buttn. Cun. tab. 1. Antholyza. Lin.
Gen. Plant. 56.
The Characters are,
The flowers grow alternate in an imbricated J pike , each
having a flpatha or /heath, compofed of two fpear-Jhaped
concave leaves -, the flower hath one ringent petal, having
a fhort fender tube , which is dilated at the chaps , and
comprejfed on the fides \ the upper lip is arched , and
jlretched
C U N
fir etched cut a corfiderable length beyond the ala or wings ,
■and is rounded at the top : it hath three long fiender fta-
mina , which are fituated in the upper lip , terminated by
oblong fiat fummits , which are fafiened in their middle
and lie profir ate. It hath a fiender fiyle , which isjhorter
than the fiamina , crowned by three cylindrical fligmas
which join the fummits , and are included in the upper lip.
I he germen , which is fituated below the flower , becomes
an oblong capfule with three cells , filled with comprejfied
feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fedion of
Linnaeus’s third clafs, intitled Triandria Monogynia,
the flowers having three ftamina and one fiyle, but
he has joined it to the Antholyza, making it only a
fpecies of that genus ; whereas by the form and
char afters of the flower, it fhouid be feparated from
that, there being full as great difference between the
flowers of this and thofe of the Antholyza, as is be-
tween thofe and the Gladiolus ; for the flowers of
Cunonia have no carina or under lip, but thofe of
the Antholyza have, in which one of the ftamina is
included; which is feparated from the other two,
which are fituated in the upper lip ; but in this all
three are of equal length, and fituated in the hollow
of the upper lip. The two wings of this are fhort,
whereas thofe of Antholyza are long, fo that I think
they fnould be feparated.
We have but one Species of this genus at prefent
in the Englifh gardens, which is
Cunonia ( Antholyza ) floribus feffilibus, fpathis maximis.
Buttn. Cun. 211. tab. 1. Cunonia with flowers fitting
clofe to the ftalk , and very large fpatha or fheaths. Dr.
Linn^us titles it Antholyza ftaminibus omnibus ad-
fcendentibus. Sp. Plant. 37. Antholyza with all the
ftamina afcending.
There is a plant of this kind figured in Cornutus’s
book of Canada plants, under the title of Gladiolus
iEthiopicus, flore Coccineo, p. 78. but by his figure
and defcription, it appears to be a different fpecies
from this, his flowers having much fmaller fpathte or
fheaths, nor does the flalks of his rife near fo high
as this ; there are alfo fome other differences between
therm
The feeds of this plant I received from the Cape of
Good Hope, where it grows naturally, which fuc-
ceeded fo well in the Chelfea garden, as to produce
a great number of plants, which flowered well the
third ieafon after they appeared, and have continued
to produce flowers, and perfed their feeds every year
fince.
This hath a comprefled bulbous root, fomewhat like
that of Com Flag, covered with a brown fkin ; from
this arife feverai narrow fword-fhaped leaves, about
nine inches long, and a quarter of an inch broad in
the middle, terminating in acute points ; thefe have
one longitudinal midrib which is prominent, and
two longitudinal veins running parallel on each fide ;
they are of a fea-green colour, and appear in autumn,
growing in length all the winter ; in fpring the ftalk
arifes from between the leaves, which is round,
flrong, and jointed; at each joint is fituated a fingle
leaf, which almoft embraces the ftalk for near three
inches from the bafe, then by the curvature of the
ftalk it is feparated, ftanding ered : the flalks rife
near a foot and a half high, which is generally curved
two oppofite ways ; the upper part of the ftalk is
terminated by a loofe fpike of flowers, coming out of
large fpaths or fheaths, compofed of two oblong con-
cave leaves, terminating in acute points : thefe are
at their firft appearance placed imbricatim over each
other, but as the ftalk increafes in length, fo thefe
are feparated ; from between thefe two leaves comes
out the flower, each having a fiender Saffron-co-
loured tube near half an inch long, which is then
enlarged where the petal is divided, and the upper
fegment is extended two inches in length, being
arched over the fiamina and fiyle. This is narrow
as far as to the extent of the wings, but above them
is enlarged and fpread open half an inch in length,
and is concave, covering the fummits and fiigmas
JTA > -
cu#
which are extended to that length ; the two wings are
alfo narrow at their bafe, but are enlarged upward isi
the fame manner, ending in concave obtufe p'oints,
which are comprefted together, and cover the fia-
mina and fiyle. This flower is of a beautiful foft
fcarlet colour, fo makes a fine appearance, about the
latter end of April or beginning of May, which is
the feafon of its flowering. After the flowers decay,
the germen becomes an oval fmdoth capfule, opening
in three cells, which are filled with flat bordered
feeds.
This plant is too tender to thrive in the open air in
England, fo the roots muft be planted in pots filled
with light earth, and may remain in the open air till
October, when they muti be removed into flicker,
either into an airy glafs-cafe, or placed under a
hot- bed frame, where the leaves will keep growing
all winter, and in the fpring the flalks arife and
flower. During the winter feaion, the plants will re-
quire a little water when the weather is mild, once a
week, but it muft not be given in great quantities,
efpecElly in cold weather ; in the fpring they fhouid
be watered oftener ; and when the flowers are paft,
the pots fhouid be removed into the open air to per-
fect their feeds, which will ripen the latter end of
June, foon after which the ftalks will decay t© the
root, which will remain inactive till September.
When the ftalks are decayed, the roots may be taken
out of the ground, and kept in a dry room till the
end of Augufl, when they fhouid be planted again.
This plant is eafily propagated by offsets, which it
fends out in great plenty, or by fowing of the feeds,
which fhouid be fown in pots about the middle of
Augufl, and placed in a fituation where they may
enjoy the morning fun, and in dry weather fhouid be
gently watered ; in September the pots may be re-
moved to a warmer fituation, and in Qdober they
muft be placed under a frame, where they may be
proteded from froft and hard rains, but in mild
weather enjoy the free air. The plants will appear
in Odober, and continue growing all the winter, and
in June their leaves will decay; then they may be
taken up, and four or five roots may be planted
in each pot, till they have grown another year,
when they may be each put into a feparate pot.
Thefe feedling plants muft be flieltered in the fame
manner as the old roots in winter, and the third year
they will flower.
CUPRESSUS. Lin. Gen. Plant. 958. Tourn. Inftr.
R. H. 587. tab. 358. Cyprefs [takes its name either
of >iu«, to bring forth, and 7 rccpi<T(&>, becaufe it pro-
duces equal branches on both fides ; or of Cypariffus,
a certain infant whom the poets feign to have been
transformed into a Cyprefs-tree.] The Cyprefs-tree.
The Characters are.
It hath male and female flowers growing at difiances on
the fame plant ; the male flowers are formed into oval
katkins , in which the flowers are placed thinly , among
feverai roundifh fcales , each having a fingle flower. Thefe
have no petals nor ftamina , but have four fummits which
adhere to the bottom of the fcales. The female flowers
are formed in a roundifh cone , each containing eight or
ten flowers ; the fcales of the cones are oppofite , each
having a fingle flower , thefe have no petals ; the germen
is fcarce vifible , but under each fcale there are many punc-
tures or fpots , and a concave truncated apex inftead of a
fiyle ; this afterward becomes a globular cone , opening in
angular target-fhaped fcales , under which are Jituated
angular feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the ninth fedion
of Linnseus’s twenty-firft clafs, intitled Monoecia
Monadelphia; the plants of this fedion have male and
female flowers on the fame plant, and the male flow-
ers are joined in one bdoy.
The Species are,
1. Cupressus (Sempervirens) folds imbricatis, famiserec-
tioribus. Cyprefs with imbricated leaves , and upright
branches. Cupreffus meta in faftigiurn convoluta qua
femina. Plinii. Dod. Pempt. 8 56. Female or common
upright Cvprefs.
4 o.
2. Cu-
C U P
&■ Cupressus ( Horizont dibits ) foliis imbricatis acutis,
ramis horizontalibus. Cyprefr with imbricated acute
leaves , and branches growing horizonJally. Cuprefius
ramos extra fe ipargens quae Mas. Plinii. Tourn. Inft.
R. H. 587. Male [preadingCyprefs.
3 - Cupressus ( Lufitanica ) foliis imbricatis, apicibus
aculeatis, ramis dependentibus. Cyprefr with imbricated
leaves termmating in [pines , and branches hanging down-
ward. Cuprefius Lufitanica, patula, frubtu minore.
Inft. R. H. 587. Portugal [preading Cyprefs with a
[mailer fruit.
4. Cupressus [Difticha) foliis diftichis patentibus. Hort.
Cliff. 409. Cyprefrswith leaves on two fides the branches.
Cuprefius Virginiana foliis Acacias deciduis. Hort.
Amft. 1. p. 1 13. Virginia Cyprefr which [beds its leaves^
commonly called Deciduous Cyprefr.
5. Cupressus (Phy aides) foliis imbricatis, frondibus an-
cipitibus. Lin. Sp. Plant. 1003. Cyprefr with imbri-
cated leaves , and branches J, landing two ways. Cupref-
fus nana Mariana, fru&u casruleo parvo. Pluk.
Mant. 61. Dwarfr Maryland Cyprefr with a [mall blue
fruit.
6 . Cupressus ( Africana ) foliis linearibus fimplicibus
cruciatim pofitis. Cyprefr with narrow fihgle leaves placed
croj/ways. Cuprefius Africana of Herman and Olden-
burgh. African Cyprefr-tree , called by the Dutch Cyprefr
Boom.
The firftof thefe trees is very common in moftof the
old gardens in England, but atprefent is not fo much
in requeft as formerly, though it is not without its
advantages ; nor fhould it be entirely rejefted, al-
though many perfons are of that opinion ; for it ferves
to add to the beauty of wilderneffes, or clumps of
Evergreens, and where they are properly difpofed,
they have their beauties. It was formerly planted in
borders of pleafure-gardens, and kept Ihorn into a
pyramidal or conic form ; and fome people, believ-
ing them fubjed to be killed if they cut them, tied
them up with cords into a pyramidal figure, which
form they are naturally difpofed to grow in j but this
winding them about, prevented the air from entering
the inward parts of the branches, fo that the leaves
decayed, and became unfightly, and greatly retarded
their growth. And thofe which are Iheared, if the
operation is not performed in the fpring, or early in
the fummer, are very fubjedt to be injured by fharp
winds and cuttings frofts in winter. Wherefore, upon
the whole, I think it much better to fuffer them to
grow wild as they are naturally difpofed, planting
them only amongft other Evergreen Trees; where, by
the darknefs Of their green leaves, together with their
waving heads, they will greatly add to the variety.
The fecond fort is by far the largeft growing tree,
and is the moft common timber in fome parts of the
Levant. This, if planted upon a warm, fandy, gra-
velly foil, will profper wonderfully ; and though the
plants of this fort are not fo finely lhaped as thofe of the
firft, yet they greatly recompenfe for that defedt, by
its vigorous growth and ftrength, in refilling all wea-
thers. This tree is very proper to intermix with
Evergreens of a fecond fize next to Pines and Firs, to
form clumps ; in which clafs it will keep pace with
the trees of the fame line, and be very handfome.
Befides, the wood of this tree is very valuable, when
grown to a fize fit for planks, which I am convinced
it will do in as fhort a fpace as Oaks ; therefore, why
fhould not this be cultivated for that purpofe, fince
there are many places in England where the foil is of
a fandy or gravelly nature, and feldom produces any
thing worth cultivating ? Now, in fuch places thefe
trees will thrive wonderfully, and greatly add to the
pleafure of the owner, while growing, and afterwards
render as much profit to his fucceffors, as perhaps the
belt plantation of Oaks ; efpecially fhould the timber
prove as good here, as in the iflands of the Archipe-
lago, which I fee no reafon to doubt of *, for we find
it was fo gainful a commodity to the ifland of Can-
dia, that the plantations were called Dos Fili®, the
felling of one of them being reckoned a daughter’s
portion.
6 ■ •
CUP
The timber of this tree is faid to refift the worm,
moth, and all putrefaction, and is faid to laft many
hundred years. The doors of St. Peter’s church at
Rome were framed of this material, which lafted
from the great Conftantine to Pope Eugenius IVth’s
time, which was eleven hundred years, and were then
found and entire, when the Pope would needs change
them for gates or brafs. 1 he coffins were made of
this material, in which Thucydides tells us the Athe-
nians ufed to bury their heroes •, and the mummy
chefts, brought with thofe condited bodies out of E-
gypt, are many of them of this material.
This tree is by many learned authors recommended
for the improvement of the air, and a fpecific for the
lungs, as fending forth great quantities of aromatic
and balfamic icents ; wherefore many of the antient
phyficians of the Eaftern countries ufed to fend their
patients, who were troubled with weak lungs, to the
ifland of Candia, which at that time abounded with ,
thefe trees, where, from the effedts of the air alone,
very few failed of a perfect cure.
The fourth fort is a native of America, where it grows
in watery places, and riles to a prodigious height,
and is of a wonderful bulk. I have been informed,
that there are trees of this kind in America which are
upwards of feventy feet high, and feveral fathoms in
circumference, which trees grow conftantly in the wa-
ter j therefore they may probably be of Angular ad-
vantage to plant in luch fwampy or wet foils, where
few other trees will grow, efpecially of the refinous
kind. That they are very hardy in refpedt to cold,
is evident, from fome few trees of this kind which
were formerly planted in England ; particularly one
in the gardens of John Tradefcant, at South Lam-
beth, near Vaux-Hall, which is upwards of thirty
feet high, and of a confiderable bulk, which, though
in a common yard at prefent, where no care is taken
of it, but, on the contrary, many hooks are driven
into the trunk, to fallen cords thereto for drying of
cloaths, yet the tree is in great health and vigour, but
hath not produced any fruit as yet, which may be oc-
cafioned for want of moillure : for we often fee many
aquatic plants will grow upon a drier foil, but yet
are feldom fo productive of either flowers or fruit, as
thofe which remain growing in the water.
There is alfo a pretty large tree of this kind now grow-
ing in the gardens of the lateSir Abraham Janffen, Bart,
at Wimbleton in Surry, which has produced great
quantities of cones for fome years pall, which, in fa-
vourable feafons come to maturity, and the feeds
have been as good as thofe which have been brought
from America. This tree was tranfplanted when it
was very large, which has Hinted its growth ; which,
together with its being planted upon a dry foil, may
have occafioned its fruitfulnefs, for it has made very
little progrefs in its growth fince it was removed.
Thefe trees are all propagated from feeds, which
fhould be l'own early in the fpring on a bed of warm,
dry, fandy earth, which mull be levelled very fmooth ■,
then fow the feeds thereon pretty thick, fifting the
fame light earth over them half an inch thick. If the
weather fhould prove very warm and dry, it will be
proper to fhade the bed from the fun in the day-
time, and water the bed, which muft be done very
carefully, obferving not to wafh the feeds out of the
ground. In about two months time (if your feeds are
good) the young plants will appear above ground,
which mull be conftantly kept clean from weeds,
and in very dry weather fhould be often refrefhed with
water •, but this fhould be done with great caution, left
you beat thefe tender rooted plants out of the ground.
If the feeds are fown upon a moderate hot-bed, and
the bed covered with mats, they will come up much
fooner, and with greater certainty, than when they
are fown in the cold ground.
In this bed the young* plants may remain two years,
by which time they will have ftrength enough to be
tranfplanted into a nurfery ; but while the plants are
young, they are tender, fo fhould be covered in le-
vere froft with mats to prevent their being injured.
thereby.
thereby. The belt feafon for removing them is in
the beginning of April, when the drying eafterly
winds of March are over, and, if poffible, choofe a
cloudy day, when it is inclinable to rain ^ and in tak-
ing them out of the feed-bed, preferve the roots as
entire as poffible, and, if you can, a ball of earth to
each plant. The foil in which thefe trees ftiould be
planted (as I before laid) fhould be, for the two firft
forts, a warm fand or gravel, which, when you have
prepared, by carefully digging and cleanfing from all
noxious weeds, you muff lay level. Then draw the
lines where the trees are to be planted at three feet
afunder, and plant the trees at eighteen inches dis-
tance in the rows, obferving to clofe the earth well to
their roots, as alfo to lay a little mulch upon the fur-
face of the ground about their Hems •, and water them
well to fettle the earth to their roots, which Ihould be
repeated twice a week, until the plants have taken
frefh root.
Thefe plants may remain in the nurfery three or four
years, according to the progrefs they make, or till
your ground is ready where they are to be planted :
but if you intend to let them remain longer, you
fhould take up every other tree in the rows, and tranf-
plant out *, for otherwife their roots will be matted to-
gether, fo that it will render it difficult to tranfplant
them, as alfo endanger the future growth of the trees.
7 O O
The plants fhould by no means be let ftand too long
in the nurfery before they are traniplanted out for
good, becaufe the roots do not mat together fo clolely
as thofe of many other forts ofEvergreen Trees, where-
by they may be taken up with good balls of earth to
their roots ; but the roots of the Cyprefs are apt to
extend out in length, fo it is one of the moft difficult
trees to remove when grown large ; therefore moft
curious perfons choofe to plant the young plants into
fmall pots, when they firft take them out of the feed-
bed, and fo train them up in pots two or three years,
until they are fit to plant out where they are to ftand
for good, and, by this management, they are fecure
of all the plants ; for thefe may be fhaken out of the
pots at any time of the year without danger, and
planted with their whole ball of earth, which is like-
wife a great advantage. When they are planted out
for good (if they are defigned for timber) they fhould
be planted about twelve or fourteen feet diftance
every way, and be very careful in removing thofe in
the full ground, not to fhake the earth from their
roots ; to prevent which, you ftiould open the ground
about each tree, cutting off all long roots, then work-
ing under the ball of earth, cut the downright roots
off i and after having pared off all the earth from
the upper part of the ball, as alfo reduced the bulk
of it, fo that its weight may not be too great for the
fibres to fupport, they may be carried upon a hand-
barrow by two perfons to the place where they are to
be planted ; but if they are to be carried to a
diftant place, they fhould either be put into bafkets,
or their roots clofely matted up. When they are
planted, you muft fettle the earth clofe to their roots
as before, laying a little mulch upon the furface of
the ground about their ftems, to prevent the fun and
wind from entering the earth to dry their fibres ; and
water them well, to fettle the ground to their roots,
which muft alfo be repeated, if the weather proves
dry, until they have taken root, after which time they
will require little more care than to keep them clear
from weeds.
The firft, which is the moft common fort in England,
feldom produces good feeds in this country ; it is
therefore the beft way to have the cones brought over
entire from the fouth parts of France andJtaly, where
they ripen perfectly well, and take the feeds out juft
before you low them, for they will keep much better
in the cones than if they are taken out. The method
to get the feeds out is to expofe the cones to a gentle
heat, which will caufe them to open, and eafily emit
their feeds.
The fecond fort grows naturally in the Levant, and
from thence it has been formerly brought to Italy, but
at prefent this is pretty rare in England ; for what
has paffed under this title here, is only a variety of
the common fort, whofe branches grow much loofep
and not fo upright as the firft ; but the cones taken
from thefe trees, and the feeds fown, have frequently
produced plants of both varieties but the true fpread-
ing Cyprefs extends its branches horizontally from
the firft year, and continues to extend them to a great
length as the plants advance, and the plants railed
from the feeds do not vary, fo that it is certainly a
diftind fpecies. This grows to be a large timber tree
in the Levant, and in Italy there are fame of a con-
fiderable fize.
The Virginian kind may alfo be propagated in as
great plenty, for the cones of this may be eafily pro-
cured from Carolina or Virginia, in both which places
they grow in great abundance ; and the feeds will
rife as eafily as any of the other forts, and the plants
are equally as hardy : thefe have been formerly kept
in pots, and houfed in winter, with which manage- .
ment they have not fucceeded fo v/ell as they have
done in England, fince people have planted them into
the full ground ; and where they have had a moift foil,
I have obferved them to thrive beft, which is fince
confirmed by Mr. Catefby, in his Natural Hiftory of
Carolina ; where he fays, that this tree grows in places
where the water commonly covers the furface of the
ground three or four feet, fo that it may be a very
great improvement to our boggy foils. This tree,
calling its leaves in winter, does not fo well fuit with
plantations of Evergreens at that feafon ; though, in
fummer, when there is the greateft pleafure in walk-
ing among plantations of trees, it hath fo much the
appearance of an Evergreen, as to pafs for fuch. It
may alfo be propagated by cuttings, which fhould be
planted in a bed of moift earth in the fpring before
they begin to fhoot.
The third fort is at prefent pretty rare in the Englifh
gardens, though of late years there have been many
plants raffed here •, but this fort is not quite fo hardy,
I fear, as the common Cyprefs, for the plants are fre-
quently killed, or greatly injured in fevere winters ;
and in the hard froft in 1 740, there was a large tree
of this kind entirely killed in the gardens of his Grace
the Duke of Richmond, at Goodwood in Suffex, which
had been growing there feveral years ; and in the year
1762, many large trees were killed. There are great
plenty of thefe trees growing at a place called Bufaco,
near Coembra in Portugal, where this tree is called
the Cedar of Bufaco ; and there it grows to be a tim-
ber tree, fo that from thence the feeds may be eafily
procured.
This tree grows naturally at Goa, from whence it
was firft brought to Portugal, where it has fucceeded,
and been propagated ; formerly there were fome
trees of this fort growing in the Biftiop of London’s
garden at Fulham, where it paffed under the title of
Cedar of Goa, by which it was fent from thence to
the Leyden garden with that name.
The fifth fort is a native of North America, where
it grows to a confiderable height, and affords an ufeful
timber to the inhabitants for many purpofes. This
fort is extremely worth cultivating in England ^ for
as it grows in a much colder country, there is no
danger of its thriving well in the open air in Eng-
land ; and being an Evergreen of regular growth,
will add to the variety of wildernefs quarters, or other
plantations of Evergreen Trees.
This fort is propagated by feeds, which ftiould be
fown in the fpring in boxes or tubs filled with light
freffi earth, and placed where they may enjoy the
morning fun till eleven or twelve o’clock. In dry
weather they ftiould be duly watered, and conftantly
kept clear from weeds, In this fituation they may
remain till Michaelmas, when they fhould be remov-
ed to a warmer place ; for the plants feldom appear
till the following fpring, fo that it will be proper to
place the boxes or tubs near a fouth wall, pale, or
hedge, during the winter feafon •, left, by being too
much ftiaded, the wet of the winter feafon fhould rot
COP
the Feeds. In the fpring following, if thefe tubs or
boxes are placed on a moderate hot-bed, it will bring
up the plants very foon, and greatly forward their
growth ; but as the fpring advances, they fhould be
inured to bear the open air by degrees ; and in May
they muft be taken out of the hot-bed, and placed in
afheiteredfituation^ where they may enjoy the morn-
ing fun, being careful to keep them clear from weeds,
as alfoto wafer them duly in. dry weather. The fol-
lowing winter it will be proper to remove the tubs
near a fouth wall or pale, for the plants being very
young, are fometimes tenderer than they will be after-
ward. Toward the latter end of March, or the be-
ginning of April, juft before the plants begin to fhoot,
they fhould be carefully taken up out of the boxes ;
and having prepared a bed or two (according to the
quantity of plants raifed) of frefh earth in a fheltered
fituation, the plants fhould be planted therein in rows
about eighteen inches afunder, and about a foot dif-
tance plant from plant in the rows. This work fhould
be done in cloudy weather, when there is rain ; for
in dry weather, when eafterly winds commonly blow
at this feafon, it will be very dangerous to tranfplant
thefe plants ; fo that it had better be deferred a fort-
night longer, till there is an alteration of the weather,
than hazard the plants. 'When the plants are planted,
they fhould be watered to fettle the earth to their
roots ; and then the furface of the ground fhould be
covered with mulch, to prevent the fun and wind
from penetrating to the roots of the plants; for nothing
is more injurious to thefe plants, than to have their
fibres dried when they are tranfplanted ; therefore
the plants fhould not be taken out of the tubs till
you are ready to place them in the ground, for they
will not bear to lie out of the ground any time with-
out great danger.
The branches of this tree are garnifhed with flat ever-
green leaves, refembling thofe of the Arbor Vitae ;
and the cones are no larger than the berries of the
Juniper, from which they are not eafily diftinguifhed
at a little diftance ; but upon clofely viewing, they
are perfect cones, having many cells like thofe of the
common Cyprefs. If thefe trees are planted in a
moift flrong foil, they make very great progrefs, and
may, in fuch fituations, become profitable for tim-
ber ; but however this tree may fucceed for timber,
yet it will be a great ornament to large plantations of
evergreen trees, efpecially in fuch places where there
is naturally a proper foil for them ; becaufe, in fuch
fituations, there are not many forts of Evergreen
Trees which thrive well, efpecially in cold places, and
by increafing the number of forts of thefe Ever-
greens, we add to the beauty of our gardens and
plantations.
The third fort fends forth its branches almoft hori-
zontally, fo that they extend to a great diftance every
way, and the trees are generally furnifhed with
branches from the ground upward ; but as thefe grow
without much order, the trees have a very different
appearance from all the other forts. This grows to be
a large timber tree in Portugal, but the largeft tree
which I have feen in England, has not been above fif-
teen feet high, and the fide branches of this were
extended more than eight feet on every fide from the
ftem. This fort may be propagated from feeds in
the fame manner as the common Cyprefs, and the
plants fhould be treated in the fame manner as hath
been dire&ed for them, with this difference only, that
it will be proper to cover thefe plants during the two
firft winters after they are come up, efpecially if the
froft fhould be fevere, which might deftroy them, if
they are expofed to it while they are young. This
fort may alfo be propagated by cuttings, which, if
planted in autumn, and fcreened in winter, they will
take root ; but it is generally two years before they
will be rooted enough to tranfplant, nor will the plants
fo raifed thrive fo fail: as the feedlings ; therefore,
when the feeds can be obtained, that is the bell me-
thod to propagate this tree. The American decidu-
ous Cyprefs may alfo be propagated by cuttings, as
C U R
I have feveral times tried ; fo that when feeds cannot
be had, this method may be practifed f'uccefsfully. I
fuppofe the common fort will alio take from cuttings*
but this I have not experienced, fo cannot recom-
mend it to praddee.
Thefe trees are fo very ornamental to gardens, that
no large garden can be compleat without many of
them ; and it is to thefe trees that the Italian villas
owe a great fliare of their beauty, for there is no tree
fo proper to place near buildings ; the pyramidal up-
right growth of their branches affords" a pidurefque
appearance, and obftrufts not the view of the build-
ing, and the dark green of their leaves make a fine
contrail with the white of the building; fo thafy
. wherever there are temples or other buildings eredted
in gardens; there is no fort of tree fo proper to place
near them as thefe. In all the landfchapes of Italian
villas, we fee many Cyprefs-trees reprefented, which
have a very agreeable effect in the picture ; and the
trees, when rightly difpofed in a garden, afford a no
lefs agreeable profpedb
The feeds of the fixth fort were fent me from the
Cape of Good Hope, where the trees grow naturally,
and by the account which I received with the feeds,
the cones of the tree are black when ripe. The young
plants which I have raifed from thefe feeds have loofe
fpreading branches, which are clofely garnifhed with
narrow ftrait leaves, which come out oppofite, and
are alternately croffing each pther ; thefe are near one
inch long, and of a light green colour ; they continue
in verdure all the year. Thefe plants being yot g,
are too tender to thrive in the open air in Englanu as
yet ; but when they have obtained more ftrength, it
is very probable they may do well in warm fituations.
I had two of thefe plants growing in the full ground,
which were killed in the winter 1756. But thofe
which were placed under a frame, where there were
no covering of glafs, and only wooden fhutters, wer©
not injured by the cold, though the earth of the pots
was frequently hard frozen.
CURCUMA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 6 . Cannacorus.
Tourn. Inft. R. H. 367. Turmerick.
The Characters are.
The flowers have each feveral [path a , which are fingle
and drop off ; the flower hath one petal with a narrow
tube, which is cut at the brim into three flegments ; it hath
an oval-pointed nedlarium of one leaf \ which is inferted in
the finus of the largeft fegment of the petal ; it hath five
flamina , four of which are barren , and one fruitful »
which is Jituated_ within the nedlarium , and hath the ap-
pearance of a petal , having a bifid point , to which the
fummit adheres . It hath a rotindijh germen fituated un-
der the flower , fupportmg a ftyle the length of the fta-
mina , crowned by a fingle ftigma. The germen afterward
becomes a roundifh capfule , having three cells , which are
filled with roundifo feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fe&ion of
Linnseus’s firft clafs, intitled Monandria Monogynia,
the flower having one ftamina and one ftyle.
The Species are,
1. Curcuma ( Rotunda ) foliis lanceolato-ovatis, nervis
lateralibus rariffimis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 2. Curcuma with
fpear-ffaped oval leaves , having very few nerves on the
Jides. Curcuma radice rotunda. C. B. Turmerick with
a round root.
2. Curcuma {Longa) foliis lanceolatis nervis lateralibus
numerofiffimis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 2. Curcuma with f pear -
Jhaped leaves, having many lateral veins. Curcuma ra-
dice longa. H. L. 288. Turmerick with a long root.
The firft fort hath a fiefny jointed root fomewhat like
that of Ginger, but rounder, which fends up feveral
fpear-fhaped oval leaves, that rife upwards of a
foot high ; thefe have one longitudinal midrib, and a
few tranfverfe nerves running from the midrib to the
fides ; they are of a fea-green colour ; from between
thefe arife the flower-ftalk, fupporting a loofe fpike of
flowers of a pale yeiiowifh colour, inclofed in feveral
different fpath^ or fheaths, which drop off. Thefe
flowers are never fucceeded by feeds in the gardens
here.
The
CYC
The lecond fort hath long flefhy roots, of a de6p yel-
low colour, which fpread under the furface of the
ground like thofe of Ginger ; they are about the thiek-
nefs of a man’s finger, having many round knotty
circles, from which arife four or five large fpear-
Ihaped leaves, ftanding upon long foot-ftalks •, they
have a thick longitudinal midrib, from which a nu-
merous quantity of veins are extended to the fides ;
thefe leaves are of a glaucous or fea-green colour.
The flowers grow in loofe fcaly fpikes on the top of
the foot-ftalks, which arife from the larger knobs of
the roots, and grow about a foot high ; they are of
a yellowifh red colour, and fhaped fomewhat like
thofe of the Indian Reed.
Thefe plants grow naturally in India* from whence
the roots are brought to Europe for ufe. They are
very tender, fo will not live in this country, unlefs
they are placed in a warm ftove. As they do not pro-
duce feeds in England, they are only propagated by
parting their roots : the beft time for removing and
parting thefe roots is in the fpring, before they put
out new leaves ; for the leaves of thefe plants decay
in autumn, and the roots remain inactive till the
fpring, when they put out frefh leaves. The roots
fhould be planted in rich kitchen-garden earth, and
the pots fhould be conftantly kept plunged in a bark-
bed in the ftove. In the fummer feafon, when the
plants are in a growing ftate, they will require to be
frequently refrelhed with water, but it fhould not be
given to them in large quantities * they fhould alfo
have a large fhare of air admitted to them in warm
weather. When the leaves are decayed, they fhould
have very little wet, and muft be kept in a warm
temperature of air, otherwife they will perifh.
Thefe plants ufually flower in Auguft, but it is
only the ftrong roots which flower, fo they muft
not be parted into fmall roots, where the flowers are
defired.
CURRAN-TREE. See Ribes.
C U R U R U. See Paullinia.
Cuspidated plants [fo called, of eufpis,
Lat. the point of a fpear] are fuch plants, the leaves
of which are pointed like a fpear.
CUSTARD-APPLE. See Annona.
CYAN ELL A. Royen.
The Characters are,
The flower has no empalement ; it hath fix oblong, con-
cave , fpr eading petals , which join at their bafe , the three
lower hanging downward , with fix floort fpreading fla-
mina , terminated by oblong erect fummits , and a three-
cornered obtufe germen , fupporting a fender ftyle the length
of the ftamina , having an acute fligma. The germen
afterward becomes a roundijh capfule , having three fur-
rows , with three cells , inclofing many oblong feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fettion of
Linnaeus’s fixth clafs, intitled Hexandria Monogynia,
the flower having fix ftamina and one ftyle.
We know but one Species of this genus, viz.
Cyanella ( Capenfis ). Lin. Sp. 443. Cape Cyanella.
This plant grows naturally at the Cape of GoodHope.
The root is fhaped like thofe of the Spring Crocus *
the leaves are long, narrow, and have a fulcus on their
upper fide * the foot-ftalk of the flower arifes imme-
diately from the root, fupporting one flower with fix
petals, of a fine blue colour, which appears in May,
but the flowers have not been fucceeded by feeds as
yet in England.
It is too tender to thrive in the full ground in this
country, therefore the roots fhould be planted in pots
filled^ with light earth ; and in winter muft be placed
in a frame, and treated in the fame manner as is di-
redted for Ixia, with which the plant will thrive and
produce flowers annually.
CYAN US. See Centauria.
Cl CAS, the Sago-tree.
There are feveral fmall plants of this fort in the Eng-
lifh gardens, but from thefe no charadters of the tree
can be drawn ; nor are there any juft accounts of thefe
to be met with in the feveral authors who have fi-
gured and defcribed the tree.
CYC
We know but one Species of it at prefent, viz.
Cycas ( Circinalis ) frondibus pinnatis circinalibus, folio*
lis linearibus planis. Lin. Sp. 1658. Sago-tree with
full branches , whofe wings are placed circularly , and the
fmall leaves are plain. Arbor Zagoe Amboinenfis.
Seb. Thef. 1. p. 39.
This tree has been ranged in the tribe of Palms, to
which it has great affinity, efpecially by its outer
appearance the branches and trunk having the fame
ftructure.
This tree requires to be plunged Into tanners bark in
a ftove, which fhould be kept up full to temperate
heat in winter * but in fummer fhould be much
warmer, when it fhould be frequently refrefhed with
water during hot weather, but in autumn and winter
it fhould be given fparingly.
Moft of the plants of this kirid now in the Engliftt
gardens, have been communicated to the pofTeffors
by Richard Warner, Eicj; of Woodford, in Effex,
who received a tree of this fort, which was brought
from India by the late Captain Hutchenfon • but his
fhip being attacked by the French near home, the
head of the tree was fhot off, but the ftem being pre-
ferved, put out feveral heads, which being taken off,
produced fo many plants.
CYCLAMEN. Lin. Gen. Plant. 184. Tourn. tnft.
R. H. 154. tab. 68. Cyclamen; in French, Pain de
Pourceau. [K vx\dfXu/&=, of KuxA©^, Gr. a circle, be-
caufe the root of this plant is orbicular ; it is called
Sowbread, becaufe the root is round like a loaf, and
the fows eat it]. Sowbread.
The Characters are.
The flower hath a roundijh permanent empalement of one
leaf divided into five parts at the top. It hath one pe-
tal with a 'globular tube , which is much larger than the
empalement ; the upper part is divided into five large feg-
ments , which are reflexed ; it hath five fmall ftamina fitu-
ated ‘Within the tube of the petal , terminated by acute
fummitSi which are connected in the neck of the tube. It
hath a roundijh germen , fupporting a fender ftyle, which
is longer than the ftamina, and crowned by an acute fligma.
The germen afterward becomes a globular fruit with one
cell, opening in five parts at the top , inclofing many oval
angular feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fedtion of
Linnmus’s fifth clafs, intitled Pentandria Monogynia,
the flower having five ftamina and one ftyle.
The Species are,
1. Cyclamen ( Europaum ) foliis haftato-cordatis angu-
latis. Cyclamen with Jpear-pointed heart-Jhaped leaves ,
which are angular. Cyclamen heelers folio. C. B. P.
306. Sowbread with an Ivy leaf:
2. Cyclamen JPurpurafcens) foliis orbiculato-cordatis,
inferne purpurafeentibus. Cyclamen with round heart-
Jhaped leaves, purple on their under fide. Cyclamen or-
biculato folio inferne purpurafeente. C. B. P. 308.
Round-leaved Sowbread with a purple under fide.
3. Cyclamen ( Perficum ) foliis cordatis ferratis. Cycla-
men with Jawed heart-Jhaped leaves ; or P erf an Cyclamen.
4. Cyclamen ( Vernale ) foliis cordatis angulofis inte-
gris. Cyclamen zvith heart-Jhaped angular leaves which
are entire. Cyclamen hyeme & vere florens folio an-
gulofo amplo, fiore albo, baft purpurea, Perficum
didtum. EL R. Par.
5. Cyclamen [OrbiculatUni) radice insequali, foliis or-
biculatis. Cyclamen with an unequal root and round
leaves. Cyclamen radice caftanem magnitudinis.
C. B. P. 308.
6. Cyclamen ( Coum ) foliis orbicularis planis, pediculis
brevibus floribus minoribus. Sowbread with orbicular
plain leaves , floorter foot-ftalks and fmaller flowers. Cy-
clamen Hyemale, orbicularis foliis inferne rubenti-
bus, purpurafeente fiore Coum Elerbariorum. EL R.
Par.
The firft fort is the moft common in the Englifn gar-
dens. This grows naturally in Auftria, Italy, and
other parts of Europe, fo will thrive in the open air
in England, and is never killed by the froft. It hath
a large, orbicular, compreffed root, from which arife a
great number of angular heart-fhaped leaves, upon
4 ■ P- Angle
\
»
CYC
Angle foot-ftalks, which are fix or feven inches long •,
thefe leaves are marked with black in their middle ;
the flowers appear before the leaves, rifing immedi-
ately from the root, with long flefhy foot-ftalks ;
they appear in Auguft and September, and foon after
the leaves come out, continue growing all the winter
and fpring till May, when they begin to decay, and
in June they are entirely dried up. After the flow-
ers are fallen, the foot-ftalks twill up like a fcrew,
mclofiftg the germen in the center, and lay down
clofe to the furface of the ground between the leaves,
which ferve as a protection to the feed. This ger-
men becomes a round flefhy feed-veffel with one cell,
inclofing, feveral angular feeds. The feeds ripen in
June, and fhou] d be fown in Auguft. There are two
varieties of this, one with a white and the other with
a purplifh flower, which appear at the fame time.
1 he fecond fort flowers in autumn : this is at prefent
very rare in England ; the leaves of this fort are large,
orbicular, and heart-fhaped at their bafe, and of a
purple colour on their under fide ; the leaves and
flowers of this come up from the root at the fame
time •, the flowers are of a purplifh colour, and their
bottoms are of a deep red. It flowers late in the au-
tumn, and requires prote&ion from the froft in
winter.
The third fort hath ftiff heart-fhaped leaves which
are fawed on their edges ; thefe have ftrong flefhy
foot-ftalks near fix inches long, of a purple colour,
as are alfo the veins of the leaves on their under fide,
but the upper fide is veined and marbled with white.
The flowers rife with fingle foot-ftalks from the root ;
thefe are pure white with a bright purple bottom ; the
petal is divided into nine fegments to the bottom,
which are twilled and reflexed backward like the other
forts. This flowers in March and April, and the feeds
ripen in Auguft.
The fourth fort is commonly called the Perfian Cy-
clamen. This hath large, angular, heart-fhaped
leaves, whofe edges are entire; they are veined and
marbled with white on the upper fide, and Hand up-
on pretty long foot-ftalks ; the flowers are large, of
a pale purple colour, with a bright red or purple bot-
tom. Thefe appear in March and April, and the
feeds ripen in Auguft.
The fifth fort hath a fmall irregular root not larger
than a Nutmeg ; the leaves are orbicular and fmall ;
the flowers are of a flefh colour, fmall, and have pur-
ple bortoms. They appear in the autumn, but rarely
produce feeds in England.
The fixth fort is not fo tender as the four laft men-
tioned, fo may be planted in warm borders, where,
if they are covered in hard froft, they will thrive and
flower very well. This hath plain orbicular leaves,
which have fhorter and weaker foot-ftalks than either
of the other ; their under fides are very red in the be-
ginning of winter, but that colour goes off in the
Ipring ; their tipper lides are fmooth, of a lucid green,
and fpread open flat ; whereas the other forts are
hollowed, and reflexed at their bafe. The flowers
are of a very bright purple colour, and appear in the
middle of winter, at a time when there are few other
flowers, which renders the plants more valuable. The
feeds of this fort ripen in the end of June.
T here are feveral other varieties of this plant, which
chiefly differ in the colour of their flowers, particu-
larly among the Perfian kind, of which there is one
with an entire white flower, which knells very fweet ;
but as thefe are accidental variations, I have not enu-
merated them here, thofe which are here mentioned
being undoubtedly diftinci fpecies ; for I have many
years propagated them from feeds, and have not
found them vary, nor have I heard that any other
perfon has obferved either of them alter farther than
varying of their colours. Though Dr. Linnaeus fup-
pofes them but one fpecies, it is well known that the
fir ft fort will endure the greateft froft in the open air,
whereas all the Perfian forts are tender, and require
fhelter in winter.
All the forts are propagated by feeds, which fliould
CYC
be fown loon after they are ripe, in boxes or pots filled
with light kitchen-garden earth, mixed with a little
fand, and covered about half an inch deep, placing
them where they may have only the morning fun till
the beginning of September, when they may be re-
moved to a warmer expofure. Thofe of the firft fort
may be plunged into the ground clofe to a fouth wall,
a pale, or Reed hedge, in October, where, if it
fhould be very fevere froft, it will be proper to cover
them either with mats or Peafe -haulm, but in com-
mon winters they will not require any covering. The
pots or tubs in which the Perfian kinds are fown,
fliould then be placed under a common hot-bed frame,
where they may be protected from froft and hard
rains, but in mild weather the glaffes may be taken
off every day to admit frefh air to them. The firft
fort will come up about Chriftmas, if the feeds were
fown in Auguft, and their leaves will continue green
till May ; and thofe of the Perfian kinds will come up
early in the fpring, and continue green till June,
when they will begin to decay ; then they fliould be
removed to an eaft afpeft, where they will have only
the morning fun, in which fituation they may remain
till the middle of Auguft ; during which time they
fliould have very little water, for then the roots are in
an ina&ive ftate, when much wet will rot them. The
pots and tubs in which they are fown, muft be con-
ftantly kept clean from weeds ; for if the weeds are
permitted to grow,' their roots will clofely entangle
with thofe of the Cyclamen ; fo that in pulling out
the weeds, the other roots will be drawn out with
them. In the beginning of Odtober, there fhould be
fome frefh earth fpread over the tubs or pots, which
fhould be removed again into fhelter, in the fame man-
ner as before ; and the following fummer they muft
be managed alfo in the fame wav till their leaves de-
cay, when they fliould be carefully taken up, and
thofe of the firft fort placed in a warm border at three
or four inches diftance, but the other forts muft be
planted in pots to be flickered in winter.
The third, fourth, and fifth forts, are more impatient
of cold and wet than the other three ; thefe muft con-
ftantly be preferred in pots filled v/ith fandy light
earth, and houfed in winter, but fhould be placed
near the glaffes, where they may enjoy as much free
open air as pofiible, when the weather will permit ;
for if they are crowded under other plants, and are
kept too clofe, they are very fubject to mould and rot ;
nor fhould they have much water in winter, which is
alfo very injurious to them, but whenever they want
water, it fhould be given them fparingly. In fum-
mer thefe plants may be expofed to the open air, when
their green leaves will decay ; at which time you
fhould remove them to a place, where they may have
the morning fun until eleven o’clock ; but during the
time that the roots are deftitute of leaves, they
fliould have very little water given them, becaufe at
that feafon they are not capable of difcharging the
moifture. This is alfo the proper feafon to tranfplant
the roots, or to frefh earth them •, and as the autumn
comes on, that the heat decreafes, they may be re-
moved into places more expofed to the fun, where
they may remain until October before they need be
houfed.
Toward Chriftmas, if the roots are in good health,
the fixth fort will begin to flower, and continue pro-
ducing frefh flowers till the middle of February, and
thefe will be fucceeded by the Perfian forts, which
continue till May; but if you intend to have any
feeds, you muft let the pots be placed fo as to receive
a great fhare of frefh air, for if their flowers are
drawn up in the houfe, they feldom produce any feeds.
Thefe feeds are ripe about July, when they fhould be'
immediately fown in pots or cafes of good light un-
dunged earth, which fhould be flickered in winter
under a frame, and expofed in fummer in the fame
manner as is directed for the older roots, obferving
to remove them into pots at a wider diftance when
they are two years old ; and fo from time to time, as
their roots increafe in bulk, you muft give them more
room ;
2
C Y D
room ; and in about four or five years time they will
begin to flower, when you fhould let each root have
a feparate pot, which at firft may be fmall, but when
the roots are grown large, they muft be put into
larger pots.
Thefe forts have been planted under warm walls in
the full ground, where, in mild winters they have
done very well, but in fevere froft all thofe roots have
been destroyed ; therefore, whenever thefe roots are
planted in an open border, there fhould be common
hot-bed frames placed over them in winter, that in
bad weather they may be covered to protedt them
from froft : and where they are thus managed, the
plants will produce more flowers, which will be much
fairer than v/hat are produced from the roots in the
pots, and from thefe there may always be good feeds
expected : therefore fuch perfons who are curious in
flowers, fhould have a border framed over on pur-
pofe for thefe, the Guernfey and Belladonna Li-
lies, with fome other of the curious bulbous-rooted
flowers ; in which border there may be many of thefe
curious flowers cultivated, to more advantage thah
in any other method now pradtifed.
C YD ON I A. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 632. tab. 405.
Pyrus. L in. Gen. Plant. 550. [fo called fromCydon, a
town of Crete, famous for this fruit.] The Quince-tree.
The Characters are,
The flower is compofed of five large , roundifh , concave
petals , which are inferted in the permanent empalement of
one leaf. The germen is Jituated under the flower , and
fupports five /lender ftyles , crowned by Jingle fligmas thefe
are attended by near twenty /lamina , which are in-
ferted in the empalement , but are not fo long as the
petals ; the germen afterward becomes a pyramidal
or roundifh fruit , zvhich is flefhy , and divided into five
cells , in vdhich are lodged fever al hard kernels or feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the eighth fedtion
of Tournefort’s twenty-firft clafs, which includes the
trees and fhrubs with a Rofe flower, whole empale- .
ment becomes a fruit pregnant with hard feeds. Dr.
Linnaeus has joined this genus, and aifo the Apple
to the Pear, making them only fpecies of the fame
genus, to which the Quince is nearly allied by its
characters, which the Apple is not. However,
though the joining of the Qfuince to the Pear may be
allowed in a fyftem of botany, yet in a book of gar-
dening, it may not be quite fo proper, therefore I
have chofen to continue them under their former well
known titles.
The Species are,
1. Cydonia ( Oblonga ) foliis oblongo-ovatis fubtus to-
mentofis, pomis oblongis bafi produdtis. Quince-tree
with oblong oval leaves , woolly on their under fide , and
an oblong fruit lengthened at the bafe. Cydonia frudtu
oblongo laeviori. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 632.
2. Cydonia ( Maliforma ) foliis ovatis, fubtus tomento-
fis, pomis rotundioribus. Quince-tree with oval leaves ,
woolly on their under fide, and a rounder fruit. Cydo-
nia frudtu breviore & rotundiore. Tourn. Inft. R. H.
633. Commonly called the Apple Quince.
3. Cydonia ( Lufitanica ) foliis obverse-ovatis fubtus to-
mentofls. Quince-tree with obverfe oval leaves , woolly
on their under fide. Cydonia latifolia Lufitanica. Tourn.
Inft. 633. Broad-leaved Portugal Quince.
There are fome other varieties of this fruit which are
propagated in fruit-gardens, and in the nurferies for
fale, one of which is a foft eatable fruit ; there is
another with a very aftringent fruit, and a third with
a very fmall fruit, cottony all over, and is fcarce worth
keeping : thefe I fuppofe to be feminal variations, but
the three forts before enumerated, I take to be diftindt
fpecies, having propagated them by feeds, and have
not found them to vary.
The Portugal Quince is the moft valuable, the pulp
of it turning to a fine purple when ftewed or baked,
and becomes much fofter and Ids auftere than the
others, fo is much better for making of marmalade.
They are alleafily propagated either by layers, fuck-
ers, or cuttings, which muft be planted in a moift
foil. Thole railed from fuckers are feldom fo well
C Y N
rooted as thofe which are obtained from cuttings or
layers, and are fubjedl to produce fuckers Again in
greater plenty, which is not fo proper for fruit-bear-
ing trees. The cuttings fhould be planted early in
the autumn, and in very dry weather muft be often
watered to encourage their rooting. The fecond year
after they fhould be removed into a nurfery at three
feet diftance row from row, and one foot afunder in
the rows, where they muft be managed as was di-
rected for Apples. In two or three years time thefe
trees will be fit to tranfplatnt, where they are to re-
main for good, which fhould be either by the fide
of a ditch, river, or in fome other moift place, where
they will produce a greater plenty, and much larger
fruit than in a dry foil; though thofe in a dry foil
will be better tailed, and earlier ripe, Thefe trees
require very little pruning ; the chief thing to be ob-
ferved is, to keep their ftems clear from fuckers, and
cut off fuch branches as crofs each other •, likewife
all upright luxuriant flioots from the middle of the
tree fhould be taken entirely out, that the head may
not be too much crowded with wood, which is of ill
confequence to all forts of fruit-trees. Thefe forts
may aifo be propagated by budding or grafting upon
flocks raifed by cuttings, fo that the belt forts may
be cultivated in greater plenty this way, than by any
other method ; and thefe trees will bear fruit much
fooner, and be more fruitful than thofe which come
from fuckers or layers.
Thefe are aifo in great efteem for flocks to graft and
bud Pears on, which for fummer and autumn fruits
are a great improvement to them, efpecially thofe de-
figned for walls and efpaliers ; for the trees upon
thefe flocks do not fnoot fo vigoroufly as thofe upon
free flocks, and therefore may be kept in lefs com-
pafs, and are fooner difpofed to bear fruit : but hard
winter fruits do not fucceed fo well upon thefe flocks,
their fruit being very fubjedl to crack, and are com-
monly ftony, -efpecially all the breaking Pears ; there-
fore thefe flocks are only proper for the melting PQrs,
and for a moift foil. The beft flocks are thofe which,
are raifed from cuttings or layers.
As the Pear will take upon the Quince by grafting
or budding, and fo vice verfa, we may conclude there
is a near alliance between them ; but as neither of
thefe will take upon the Apple, nor that upon either
of thefe, fo we fhould feparate them under different
genera, as will be further mentioned under the article
Malus.
C Y N ANCHUM, Lin. Gen. Plant. 268. Apocynum.
Tourn. Inft. R. H. 91. Periploca. Tourn. Inft. 93.
tab. 22. „
The Characters are.
The flower hath one petal it hath fcarce any tube , but is
fl/re ad open , plain , and divided into five parts ; this hath
a fmall , eredt , permanent empalement of one leaf divided
into five parts the nedtarium , which is fituated in the
center of the flower , is eredi , cylindrical , and the length
of the petal. It hath five ftamina which are parallel to
the nediarimn, and of the fame lengthy terminated by fum-
mits which reach to the mouth of the petal. It hath an
oblong bifid germen , with fcarce any fiyle , crowned by two
obtufe ftigmas the empalement becomes a capfule with
two oblong pointed leaves , having a cell which opens lon-
gitudinally, and is filled with feeds lying over each other
imbricatim, and are crowned with long down.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond feflion
of Linnaeus’s fifth clafs, intitled Pentandria Bigynia,
the flower having five ftamina and two ftyles.
The Species are,
1. Cynanchum ( Acutum ) caule volubili herbaceo, foliis
cordato-oblongis glabris. Hort. Cliff. 79. Cynanchum-
with a twining herbaceous flalk, and oblong , finoOth ,
heart-fhaped leaves. Periploca Monfpeliaca foliis acu-
tioribus. Tourn. Inft. 93. Commonly called Montpelier
Scarnmony.
2. Cynanchum ( Monfpeliacum ) caule volubili herbaceo,
foliis reniformi-cordatis acutis. Hort. Cliff. 79. Cy-
nanchum with a twining herbaceous ftalk , and kidney ,
heart -Jhapbd , pointed leaves . Periploca Monfpeliaca
' . ' foliis.
C Y N
foiiis rotundioribus. Tourn. Inft. R, H. 93. Round-
leaved Montpelier Scammony.
3. Cynanchum ( Suberofum ) caule volubili inferne fu-
berolo fifth, foiiis cordatis acuminatis. Hort. Cliff.
79. Cynanchum with a twining fungous ftalk , having
fijfures on the under fide , and heart-Jhaped pointed leaves .
Periploca Carolinienfis, flore minore ftellato. Hort.
Elth. 300.
4. Cynanchum ( Hirtum ) caule volubili fruticofo, in-
ferne fuberofo fiffo, foiiis ovato-cordatis. Hort. Cliff.
79. Cynanchum with a Jhrubhy twining ftalk , whofe
lower part is fungous , having fijfures , and oval heart-
Jhaped leaves. Periploca fcandens, folio citri, fruftu
maximo. Plum. Cat. 2.
5. Cynanchum ( Ere Bum ) caule erecto divaricato, foiiis
cordatis glabris. Hort. Cliff. 79. Cynanchum with an
upright divaricated ftalk , and heart-Jhaped ftmooth leaves.
Apocynum folio fubrotundo. C. B. P. 302.
6. Cynanchum ( Afperum ) caule volubili fruticofo, fo-
iiis cordatis acutis afperis, floribus lateralibus. Cy-
nanchum with a tzvining Jhrubby ftalk , heart-Jhaped ,
pointed , rough leaves , and flowers growing from the fides
of the ftalks. Apocynum fcandens foiiis cordatis af-
peris, floribus amplis patulis luteis. Houft. MSS.
The firft and fecond forts grow naturally about Mont-
pelier ; thefe have perennial creeping roots, but an-
nual ftalks, which decay to the root every autumn, and
rife afrefh in the fpring ; thefe ftalks twift themfelves
like Hops, round whatever plants are near them, and
rife to the height of fix or eight feet ; the firft of
thefe is garnifhed with oblong, heart-fhaped, fmooth
leaves, ending in acute points, and are placed by pairs
oppofite on long foot-ftalks ; the flowers come out in
fmall bunches from the wings of the leaves; they are of
a dirty white colour, and divided into five acute feg-
ments, which fpread open in form of a ftar. Thefe ap-
pear in June and July, but are not fucceeded by any
feed-veffels in England, which may be occafioned by
their roots creeping fo far under ground •, for moft of
thofe plants which propagate themfelves fo much by
their roots, become barren of feeds, efpecially if their
roots have full liberty to extend.
The fecond fort differs from the firft in the fhape of
its leaves, which are broader and rounder at their
bafe. The roots of this fort are very thick, running
deep into the ground, and extend themfelves far on
every fide ; fo that where this plant hath got pof-
feffion of the ground it is not eafily extirpated, for
every piece of the root will fhoot, which may happen
to be left in the ground. Both thefe plants abound
with a milky juice like the Spurge, which ifiiies out
wherever they are broken ; and this milky juice
when concreted, has been frequently fold for fcam-
mony.
Thefe plants propagate too fall by their creeping
roots when they are admitted into gardens, fo few
people care to have them : the roots may be tranf-
planted any time after their ftalks decay, till they
begin to fhoot in the fpring.
The third fort grows naturally in Carolina, from
whence the feeds were brought to England ; this is
a perennial plant with twining hairy ftalks, which,
if fupported, will rife fix or feven feet high; the
lower part of the ftalks are covered with a thick fun-
gous bark, fomewhat like cork, which is full of
fifiures ; thefe ftalks are flender, and garnifhed at
each joint with two oblong, heart-fhaped, pointed
leaves, ftanding on long hairy foot-ftalks. The flow-
ers are produced in fmall bunches at the wings of
the leaves, thefe are ftar- A t aped and green when they
firft appear, but afterward fade to a worn-out purple
colour. They appear in July and Auguft, but are
not fucceeded by feeds in England.
This plant will live in the open air in England, if it
is planted in a dry foil and warm flotation. It may
be propagated by laying down fome of the young
fhoots about Midfummer, which, if they are now
and then refrefhed with water, will put out roots, fo
may be tranfplanted in the autumn, where they are
defigned to remain. The roots of this plant fhould
C Y N
be covered in winter with fome rotten tan to keep out
the froft, otherwife in fevere winters they are liable
to be deftroyed.
The fourth fort grows naturally in Jamaica, from
whence the feeds were fent me by the late Dr. Houf-
toun ; this rifes with a twining ftalk to the height of
twenty feet or upward, provided it hath . fupport ;
the lower part of the ftalks are covered with a thick
fungous bark, full of fiftures, which gape open ; the
leaves are oblong and fmooth, and placed by pairs
oppofite, ftanding on long foot-ftalks : the flowers
are produced from the wings of the leaves in fmall
bunches, they are ftar-fhaped, and are of a yel-
lowifh green colour, but are not fucceeded by pods
in England.
This fortps tender, fo will not thrive in this country
unlefs it is placed in a warm ftove, and requires the
fame treatment as . other tender plants from the fame
country; and as it abounds with a milky juice, fo
the plants muft have little water in winter. This
may be propagated by laying down of the young
fhoots, which in three or four months will put out
roots, and may then be tranfplanted into pots filled
with light fandy earth, and plunged into the tan-bed
in the bark-ftove, where the plants fhould continue
all the year.
The fifth fort grows naturally in Syria; this is a pe-
rennial plant, which rifes with flender upright ftalks
about three feet high, garnifhed with broad, fmooth,
heart-fhaped leaves ending in points, . placed op-
pofite; the flowers come out from the wings of
the leaves in fmall bunches, ftanding on branching
foot-ftalks ; thefe are fmall and white, greatly re-
fembling thofe of the common white Afclepias, or
Swallow- wort, and are fucceeded by oblong taper
pods, filled with flat feeds crowned with down, but
thefe rarely ripen in this country.
It is propagated by parting of the root ; the beft
time for doing of this or tranfplanting of the roots,
is in the fpring, before they fhoot : this requires a
warm fituation, otherwife it will not live abroad in
England.
The fixth fort grows naturally at La Vera Cruz in
New Spain, from whence the feeds were fent me by
the late Dr. Houftoun ; this hath a fhrubby twining
ftalk, which twifts about whatever prop is near it,
and rifes to the height of twenty feet or upward ; the
ftalks are very flender, and are armed with fmall
flinging hairs, and garnifhed with broad heart-fhaped
leaves, which end in acute points ; thefe are placed
by pairs at each joint, which are far diftant, and have
flender foot-ftalks ; they are covered with rough hairs
on their under fide ; the flowers are produced in fmall
clufters, fitting clofe to the fide of the ftalks ; they
are pretty large, yellow, and ftar-fhaped, fpreading
open to the bottom ; they are fucceeded by long
fwelling pods, filled with flat feeds lying imbricatim,
which are crowned with long down.
This fort is tender, fo requires the fame treatment as
the fourth, and is propagated the fame way.
CYNARA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 835. Cinara. Tourn.
Inft. R. H. 442. tab. 254. /Artichoke, in French Ar-
tichaut.
The Characters are.
It hath a compound flower , made up of many herma-
phrodite florets , which are included in one common fcdy
empalement , which is fwollen in the bottom. The florets
are tubulous , equal, and uniform , divided at the top into
five narrow fegments. Thefe have Jive Jhort hairy fta-
mina , terminated by cylindrical fummits , zvhich have five
Indentures ; at the bottom of each is fituated an oval ger-
men , fupporting an oblong ftyle , crowned by an oblong in-
dented Jiigma. The germen afterward becomes a Jingle , ob-
long . , comprejjed , four-cornered feed , crowned with long
hairy down.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fedlion of
Linnaeus’s nineteenth clafs, intitled Syngenefia Po-
lygamia aequalis ; the plants of this clafs and fe&ion
have only hermaphrodite florets which are fruitful.
The
3
' C Y N
The Species are,
r, Cynara flcohmus) foliis fubfpinofis, pinnatis in-
divififque, calycinis fquamis ovatis. Lin. Sp. Plant.
827'. Artichoke with fpiny leaves which are winged and
undivided , and an oval fcaly empalement. Cynara ho. -
ten (is aculeata. C. B. P. 383. the green or French Ar-
tichoke. ...
2. Cynara ( Hortenfts ) foliis pinnatis inermibus, caly-
' cinis fquamis obtufis emarginatis. Artichoke with winged
leaves having no fpines , and obtufe indented fcales to the
empalement. Cynara hortenus folns non aculeatis. C.
B. P. 383. The Globe Artichoke.
3. Cynara ( Cardunculus ) foliis fpinofis, omnibus pin-
natilidis, calycinis fquamis ovatis. Lin. Sp. Plant.
827. Cynara with prickly leaves which all end in winged
points , and oval fcales to the empalement. Cynara fpi-
nofa, cujus pediculi efitantur. C. B. P. 383. TheCar-
doon , in French Chardon.
4. Cynara ( Humilis ) foliis fpinofis, pinnatifidis, fubtus
tomentofis, calycibus fquamis fubulatis. Lin. Sp.
Plant. 828. Cynara with winged prickly leaves , woolly
on their under fide , and awl-Jhaped fcales to the empale-
ment. Cynara fylveftris Bcetica. Club Cur. Poll. 15.
Wild Artichoke of Spain.
The firft fort is commonly known here by the title
of French Artichoke, being the fort which is molt
commonly cultivated in France, and is the only kind
in Guernfey and Jerfey * the leaves of this fort are
terminated by fhort fpines, the head is oval, and the
fcales do not turn inward at the top like thofe of the
Globe Artichoke, the heads are alfo of a green colour *
the bottoms of thefe are not near fo thick of fiefh as
thofe of the Globe, and they have a perfumed tafte,
which to many perfons is very difagreeable * fo that it
is feldom cultivated in the gardens near London,
where the Globe or red Artichoke is the only fort in
efteem. The leaves of this are not prickly, the head
is globular, a little compreffed at the top, thy fcales
lie clofe over each other, and their ends turn inward,
fo as to clofely cover the middle.
The culture of thefe having been fully treated under
the article Artichoke, the reader is defired to turn
to that, to avoid repetition.
The Chardon, or Cardoon, is propagated in the
kitchen gardens to fupply the markets * this is an-
nually raifed from feeds, which fhould be fown upon
a bed of light earth in March * and when the plants
come up, they fhould be thinned where they are too
clofe •, and if the plants are wanted, thofe which are
drawn out may be tranfplanted into a bed at about
three or four inches difbance, where they fhould remain
till they are tranfplanted out for good. Thefe young
plants muff be kept clean from weeds, and in the be-
ginning of June they muft be tranfplanted out, on a
moift rich fpot of ground at about four feet afunder
every way * the ground fhould be well dug before they
are planted, and the plants fhould be well watered until
they have taken new root, after which the ground
muft be kept very clean from weeds, to encourage the
growth of the plants •, and as they advance in height,
there fhould be fome earth drawn up about each plant *
and when they are fully grown, their leaves fhould
be clofely tied up with a hay-band, and the earth
drawn up in hills about each plant, almoft to their
tops, being careful to keep the earth from failing be-
tween the leaves, which may occafion the rotting of
the plants. The earth fhould be fmoothed over the
furface that the wet may run off, and not fall into the
center of the plants, which will alfo caufe them to
rot •, in about eight or ten weeks after the plants have
been thus earthed, they will be blanched enough for
ufe •, fo that if a fucceffion of them are wanted for the
table, there fhould be but few plants earthed up at
the fame time * but once in a fortnight there may
be a part of them earthed, in proportion to the
quantity defired.
Toward the middle, or latter end of November, if
the froft fhould be fevere, it will be proper to cover
the tops of thofe plants which remain with Peafe-
haulm or ftraw, to prevent the froft from penetrating
C Y N
to the tender leaves, which frequently pinches them
where there is not this covering* but this fhould be
taken off again in mikl weather 5 if this care is
taken, the plants may be preferved for ufe moft part
of the winter.
If a few of the plants are planted cut in a warm fi-
xation to ftand for feed, they fhould not be blanched,
but only in very hard froft fome light litter, or Peafe-
haulm, may be laid round them to keep out froft*
which fhould be removed in the fpr’mg, and the
ground gently dug between the plants, which will
not only deftroy the weeds, but alfo encourage the
roots of the plants to Ihoot out on every fide, where-
by their ftems will be ftronger * thefe will flower
about the beginning of July, and if the feafon proves
dry, their feeds will ripen in September* but in cold
wet feafons, thefe feeds will not come to maturity in
England.
The fourth fort grows naturally in Spain, and alfo on
the African fhore, and is preferved in gardens for the
fake of variety * this is very like the third fort, but
the ftems of the leaves are much fmaller, and do
not grow more than half fo high. The heads of this
have fome refemblance to thofe of the French Arti-
choke, but have no meat, or fieftiy fubftance in their
bottoms : this may be planted in the fame manner as
the third fort, at about three or four feet apart, and
will require no other treatment, than the keeping
them clean from weeds * the fecond year they will
flower, and, if the feafon proves dry, they will ripen
their feeds in September, and the plants generally
decay the following winter, efpecially if the winter
proves fevere, unlefs they are covered.
CYNOGLOSSUM. Lin. Gen. Plant. 168. Tourn.
Inft. R. H. 139. tab. 57. Gmphalocies. Tourn. 140.
tab; 59. [Kwo'yAwpcrovy of Kuvo?, a dog, and rAwtra,
Gr. the tongue, fo called becaufe the leaves of this
plant refemble a dog’s tongue.] Hounds Tongue, in
French, Langue de Chien,
The Characters are,
It hath a funnel-Jhaped flower of one leaf \ with a long
tube , and a fhort brim , zvhich is flightly cut into five
parts , and is flout up at the chaps * this hath an oblong
permanent empalement , cut into five acute fegments. The
flower hath five fhort flamina in the chaps of the petal ,
terminated by roundifh fummits , and at the bottom of the
tube are fituated four germen , between which arifes a per-
manent ftyle the length of the flamina , crowned by an
indented fligma * the empalement afterward becomes flour
capfules , inclofing flour oval feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft feftion of
Linnaeus’s fifth clafs, intitled Pentandria Monogynia,
the flower having five flamina and one ftyle.
The Species are,
1. Cynoglossum ( Officinale ). ftaminibus corolla brevi-
oribus, foliis lato-ianceolatis tomentofis feffilibus. Lin.
Sp. Plant. 134. Hounds Tongue with flamina fhorter
than the petals and broad fpear-fhaped leaves , which are
woolly , fitting clofe to the folk. Cynogloffum majus
vuigare. C. B. P. 257. Common greater Hounds
Tongue.
2. Cynoglossum ( Appeninum ) ftaminibus corollam ae-
quantibus. Hort. Upfal. 33. Hounds Tongue with fta-
mina equalling the petal. Cynogloffum montanum max-
imum. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 139.
3. Cynoglossum ( Creticum ) foliis oblongis tomentofis,
amplexicaulibus, caule ramofo, fpicis florum longif-
fimis fparfis. Hounds Tongue with oblong zvoolly leaves
embracing the flalks , a branching ftalk , and very long
loofle y pikes to the flowers. Cynogloffum.' Creticum la J
tifolium foetidum. C. B. P. 257.
4. Cynoglossum ( Cheirifolium ) corollis calyce duplo
longioribus, foliis lanceolatis.Prod.Leyd. 406. Hounds
T ongue having a petal twice the length of the empalement ,
and fpear-fhaped leaves. Cynogloffum Creticum, ar-
genteo angufto folio. C. B. P. 257.
5. Cynoglossum ( Virginianum ) foliis anlplexicaulibus
ovatis. Lin. Sp. 193 . Hounds Tongue with oval leaves
which embrace the ftalk. Cynogloffum Virginianum
flore minima albo. Banifter. Cat.
4 S 6/ Cy-
C Y N
6. Cynoglossum ( Lufitanicum ) foliis linear! lanceolatis
icabris. Lin. Sp. 193. Hounds 'Tongue with linear ,
fpearfhaped , rough leaves. Omphalodes Lufitanica
elatior Cynogloffi folio. Tourn. Inft, R. H. 140.
7. Cynoglossum {Lini folium) foliis lineari-lanceolatis
glabris. Hort. Cliff. 47. Hounds Tongue with fmooth,
narrow, fpear-Jhaped leaves. Omphalodes Lufitanica
lini folio. Tourn. Inft. 140. Commonly called Venus
Navelwort.
8. Cynoglossum ( Omphalodes ) repens, foliis radicalibus
cordatis. Hort. Cliff. 47. Creeping Hounds Tongue ,
whofe lower leaves are heart-ftoaped. Omphalodes pu-
mila verna fymphyd folio. Tourn. Inft. 140.
The firft fort grows naturally by the fide of hedges
and foot- ways in many parts of England, fo is feldom
admitted into gardens ; the roots of this fort are ufed
in medicine, which are gathered by the herb-folks in
the fields. The leaves of this plant have a ftrong
odour, like that of mice in a trap. It flowers in
June, and the feeds ripen in autumn.
The fecond fort grows naturally on the Apennine
mountains y the leaves of this fort are much larger,
the petal of the flower is fhorter, and the plants
grow taller than thofe of the firft, and come eariier
to flower in the fpring •, this is equally hardy as the
common fort, and where the feeds are permitted to
fcatter, there will be plenty of the plants arife with-
out care.
The third fort grows naturally in Andalufia, I re-
ceived the feeds of this from Gibraltar •, this hath a
tall branching ftalk, garnilhed with oblong woolly
leaves, which embrace the ftalk with their bafe. The
flowers are produced in loofe fpikes, which come out
from the fide of the ftalk, and are from fix to eight
inches long, the flowers are thinly placed on one fide y
thefe are blue, ftriped with red, and appear in June.
The feeds ripen in autumn, foon after which the root
decays.
The fourth fort grows naturally in Spain, and alfo
in the ifland of Crete y I received this from Gibraltar,
with thofe of the former y this riles with an upright
ftalk little more than a foot high, garnilhed with
long, narrow, filvery leaves, having no foot-ftalks.
The flowers are produced from the fide, and at the
top of the ftalks, which are but thinly difperfed on
the fide, but at the top of the ftalk are in fmall
clufters y they are of a deep purple colour, and much
longer than the empalement •, thefe are fucceeded by
four broad buckler-fhaped feeds, which are rough.
It flowers in June, and the feeds ripen in autumn,
foon after which the roots generally perilh.
The fifth fort grows naturally in Virginia, and in
other northern parts of America y this rifes with an
upright branching ftalk near four feet high. The
ftalks and leaves are covered with rough hairs, the
branches are fpread out on every fide, and are but
thinly garnilhed with leaves, from three to near four
inches in length, and little more than one inch broad
in the middle, gradually leflening to both ends y they
embrace the ftalks with their bafe, and are placed
alternate y the flowers grow lcatteringly toward the
end of the branches y thefe are fmall and white y they
appear in June, and are fucceeded by four fmall
feeds, which ripen ill autumn, and then the plants
decay.
The fixth fort grows naturally in Portugal, where it
was firft diftinguilhed from the feventh by Dr. Tour-
nefort. The feventh fort had been long before that
cultivated in the gardens for ornament, by the title of
Venus Navelwort, but of late years that has been almoft
loft 5 and the fixth fort is now generally preferved in
the Englifh gardens, and the feeds are fold by the
feedfmen under that title, and is a much larger plant
than the other, fo makes a better appearance. The
leaves of the fixth. fort are broad at their bale, and
are gradually narrowed to the end y they are flightlv
covered with hairs. The ftalks grow nine or ten
inches high, and divide into many branches, each
being terminated by a long loofe fpike of white flow-
ers, (landing on feparate foot-ftalks, which are fuc-
CYP
needed by four umbilicated feeds, from whence it had
the title of Navelwort.
I lie feventh fort feldom rifes more than five or fix
inches high •, the ftalks do not branch near fo much
as thole ot the fixth. The leaves are very narrow and
long, of a grayifli colour, and imooth. The flowers
grow in (hort loofe panicles at the end of the branches y
thefe are white, but imaller than thofe of the other
fort, and are iucceeded by feeds of the lame form.
This plant was formerly, titled Linum Umbillicatim,
i. e. umbilicated Flax , from the leaves having forne ap-
pearance ot T lax, and the feeds having a hollow like
a navel.
Thefe are both annual plants, and have been com-
monly fown in gardens, with other low annual flow-
ers, to adorn the borders of the flower-garden y but
thefe flioukl be fown in autumn, for thofe which are
fown in the fpring often fail, efpecially in dry feaibns y,
and the autumnal plants always grow much larger
than thole which arife from the fpring lowing, and
come to flower earlier in the year. The feeds fhould
be iown where the plants are designed to remain, for
they do not bear tranfplanting, unlefs it is performed
while they are young. The plants require no other
culture but to be thinned where they are too clofe,
and kept clean from weeds. They flower in June and
July, and the autumnal plants come a month earlier*,
, their feeds ripen in autumn.
The eighth fort is a low perennial plant, which grows
naturally in the woods of Spain and Portugal, where
it ufually flowers about Chriftmas y this hath trailing
branches, which put out roots from their joints,
whereby it propagates very faft. The leaves are
heart-Ihaped, of a bright green colour, and ftand
upon long (lender foot-ftalks. The flowers grow in
loofe panicles, which arife from the diviflons of the
ftalk y they are fhaped like thofe of Borage, but are
fmaller, and of a lively blue colour y they appear in
March and April, and in a cool (hady fituation con-
tinue great part of May, but are rarely fucceeded by
feeds; but the plants propagate themfelves fo faft by
their trailing branches, as to render the cultivation
of them by feeds unneceffary. It delights in a moift
cool fituation.
C Y P E R U S, Cyprefs Grafs.
There are about twenty fpecies of this genus known,
fome of which grow naturally in England, but the
far greateft number are natives of America, where
they grow in moift lqualid places y and as there are
not above two or three fpecies which are preferved in
gardens, fo it will be to little purpole to enumerate
the others.
The Species are,
1. Cyperus ( Longus ) culmo triquetro foliofo, umbella.
foliofo fupra decompoflta, pedunculis nudis, lpicis
alternis. Prod. Leyd. 50. Cyprefs with a. three-cornered
ftalk, an umbel with many leaves, alternate fpikes o?k
naked foot-ftalks. Long-rooted Cyprefs of the fhops.
2. Cyperus ( Rotundus ) culmo triquetro fubnudo, um-
bella decompoflta, fpicis alternis linearibus. Flor.
Zeyl. 36. Cyprefs with a three-cornered naked ftalk, a
decompounded umbel , and linear fpikes placed alternate «
Round-rooted Cyprefs of the fhops.
The firft fort grows naturally in France and Italy,
from whence the plant was brought for medicinal
ufe, but at prefent it is very feldom ufed in England.
The roots of this fort are compofed of many ftrong
flelhy fibres which root deep in the ground, fending
up every fpring a great number of gralfy three-cor-
nered leaves near two feet long ; the flower-ftalks are
triangular, nearly of the fame length, fupporting an
umbel at the top, having many narrow triangular
leaves under it y the fpikes of the umbel are like thofe
of fome forts of grafs, but the feeds rarely ripen in.
England y fo the plant is here propagated by dividing
the root in the fpring, and if planted in a v/arm fi-
tuation, will thrive here in the open air.
The fecond fort is tenderer than the firft, fo the round
compreffed roots fhould be planted in pots, and fhel-
teredin winter.
CYPRI-
\
l
/
CYP
CYPRIPEDIUM. Lin. Gen. Plant. 90 6. Calceo-
lus. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 436. tab. 249. Ladies Slipper,
in French, Sabot .
The Characters are.
It hath 1 y/wp/e fpadix. The germen fits under the flower *
which is covered with a fpatha or Jheath. The flowers
have four or five narrozv fpear-fhaped petals , which ex-
pand. The nebtarium , which is fituated between the pe-
tals , w fwollen and hollow , in fh ape of a Jhoe, or flipper.
It hath two fhort fiamina which fit upon the point ad, and
are terminated by ere hi fummits , which yftzft /# /A apper
//V; of the nebtarium below the flower is fixed a flender
contorted germen , fupporting a floor t ftyle , adhering to the
upper lip of the nebtarium , crowned by an obfolete fiigma.
The germen afterward becomes an oval blunt capfulewith
three corner s, having three furrows, three valves , and one
cell, which is filled with f mall feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft flection of
Linnaeus’s twentieth clafs, intitled Gynandria Dian-
dria, the plants of this clafs and fedtion have two fta-
mina fixed to the ftyle.
The Species are,
1. Cypripedium {Calceolus) radicibus fibrofis, foliis ova-
to-lanceolatis caulinis. Act. Upfal. 1 740- Ladies Slipper
with fibrous roots , the leaves on the flalks oval and fpear-
Jhaped. Calceolus Marias. Ger.3 59. Our Lady's Slipper.
2. Cypripedium ( Bulbofum ) lcapo unifloro, foliis ob-
longis glabris petalis anguftis acuminatis. Ladies Slipper
with one flower in a flocath , oblong fmooth leaves , and very
■narrow pointed petals. Calceolus Marise luteus. Mor.
LL R. Blofs. Tellow Ladies Slipper.
3. Cypripedium ( Ilirfutum ) foliis oblongo-ovatis ve-
nofis hirfutis, flore maximo. Ladies Slipper with oblong ,
oval, veined leaves, which are hairy , and a very large
flower. Calceolus flore majore. Tourn. Inft. R. H.
437. Ladies Slipper with a larger flower.
The firft fort grows naturally in fome fliady woods in
the north of England. I found it in the park of Bo-
rough-Hall, in Lancafhire, the feat of the late Robert
Fenwick, Efq-, It hath a root compofed of many
flefhy fibres, from which arife, in the fpring, two,
three, or more ftalks, in proportion to the ftrength
of the root ; thefe grow nine or ten inches high, and
are garnifhed with oval fpear-fhaped leaves, having
a few longitudinal veins •, in the bofom of one of the
upper leaves is inclofed the flower-bud, which is
fupported by a flender foot-ftalk, which generally
turns a little bud on one fide. The flower hath four
dark purple petals, placed in form of a crofs, which
fpread wide open. In the center is fituated the large
hollow nedtarium, almoft as large as a bird’s egg,
flhaped like a wooden ilioe, of a pale yellowilh co-
lour, with a few broken ftreaks ; the opening is co-
vered with two ears-, the upper one is tender, white,
and fpotted with purple -, the lower is thick, and of
an herbaceous colour. The flowers appear about the
end of May, and the ftalks decay early in autumn.
The fecond fort grows naturally in Virginia, and
other parts of North America this hath longer and
fmoother leaves than the former. The two fide pe-
tals of the flower are long, narrow, and terminate in
acute points, and are wreathed, or undulated on their
fides. The nedtarium is oblong, and narrower than
in the firft fort, and is yellow, lpotted with brownifh
red. The ftalks rife near a foot and a half high.
The third fort grows naturally in America, where
the inhabitants call it Moccafin Flower ; this rifes a
foot and a half high. The leaves are of an oblong
oval form, and are deeply veined. The flower is large,
of a reddifh brown colour, marked with a few purple
veins. This fort flowers in the end of May.
All thefe forts are with difficulty preferved in gar-
dens ; they muft be planted in a loamy foil, and in a
fituation where they may have the morning fun only.
They muft be procured from the places where they
naturally grow, for they cannot be propagated in. gar-
dens. The roots Ihould be feldom removed, for
tranfplanting them prevents their flowering.
CYSTICAPNOS. SeeFuMARiA.
C Y T I S O-G E N I S T A. See Spartium.
c Y T
C Y T I S U S. Lin. Gen. Plant. 785. Tourn. Loft,
R. H. 647. tab. 416. [fo called from Cythos, an
illand in the Archipelago, where it grew in great
plenty.] Bafe-tree Trefoil, in French, Citife.
The Characters are.
It hath a butterfly- flower * with a fhort bell-floaped emb
palement of one leaf, divided in two lips , the upper being
bifid and acute, the tinder indented in three parts. The
ftandard of the flower is rifing , oval, and reflexed on the
fides. The wings are obtufe , erebl, and the length of the
flandard. The keel is bellied and acute. It hath ten
fiamina, nine joined, and one ftanding feparate , termi-
nated by rifing fummits. It hath an oblong germen, fup-
porting a Jingle fiyle , crowned by an obtufe fiigma. The
germen afterward becomes an oblong blunt pod, narrow at
their bafe, filled with kidney-Jhaped flatted feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the third fedtion of
Linnteus’s feventeenth clafs, intitled Diadelphia De-
candria, from the flowers having ten ftamina di-
vided into two bodies.
The Species are,
1. Cytisus ( Laburnum ) foliis oblongo-ovatis, racemis
brevioribus pendulis, caule arboreo. Cytifus with ob-
long oval leaves, fhort fpikes of flowers hanging down-
ward, and a tree-like ftalk. Cytifus Alpinus latifolius*
flore racemofo pendulo. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 648.
Commonly called Laburnum.
2. Cytisus ( Alpinus ) foliis ovato-lanceolatis, racemis
longioribus pendulis, caule fruticofo. Cytifus with oval
fpear-fhaped leaves , long pendulous bunches of flowers , and
a fhrubby ftalk. Cytifus Alpinus anguftifolius, flore
racemofo pendulo longiore. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 648.
Commonly called long-fpiked Laburnum.
3. Cytisus ( Nigricans ) racemis fimplicibus eredtis, fo-
liolis ovato-oblongis. Hort. Cliff. 354. Cytifus with
Jingle erebl bunches of flowers, and oval oblong leaves.
Cytifus glaber nigricans. C. B. P. 390. Black fmooth
Cytifus.
4. Cytisus ( Sejfilibus ) racemis eredtis, calycibus brac-
tea triplici audtis, foliis floralibus feflilibus. Lin. Sp.
Plant. 739. Cytifus with erebl bunches of flowers, three
lamina under the empalement, and the leaves on the flower*
branches fitting clofe. ■ Cytifus glabris, foliis fubrotun-
dis, pediculis breviffimis. C. B. P. 390. Commonly
called by the gardeners, Cytifus fecundus Clufii.
5. Cytisus ( Hirfutis ) pedunculis fimplicibus laterali-
bus, calycibus hirfutis trifidis ventricofo-oblongis.
Hort. Upfal. 211. Cytifus with Jingle foot -ftalks on the
Jide of the branches, trifid hairy empalement s, oblong and
bellied. Cytifus incanus filiqua longiore. C. B. P. 390^
Commonly called hairy , or Evergreen Cytifus of Naples .
6. Cytisus ( Argenteus ) fioribus feflilibus, foliis tomen-
tofis, caulibus herbaceis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 740. Cytifus
with flowers Jitting clofe to the branches, woolly leaves ,
and an herbaceous ftalk. Cytifus humilis argenteus an-
guftifolius. Tourn. Inft. 648.
7. Cytisus ( Supinus ) fioribus umbellatis terminalibus,
ramis decumbentibus, foliolis ovatis. Lin. Sp. 1042,
Low Cytifus with umbellated flowers terminating the
branches , which are trailing, and oval leaves. Cytifus
fupinus foliis infra & filiquis molli lanugine pubefcen-
tibus. C. B. P. 390.
8. Cytisus (. Auftriacus ) fioribus umbellatis terminalibus,
caulibus eredtis foliolis lanceolatis. Lin. Sp. 1042.
Cytifus with umbellated flowers terminating the branches ,
erebl ftalks and fpear-fhaped leaves. Cytifus fioribus
capitatis, foliolis ovato-oblongis, caule fruticofo.
Didt. Flort. Commonly called Siberian Cytifus.
9. Cytisus [TEthiopicus) racemis lateralibus ftridtis, ra-
mis angulatis, foliolis cuneiformibus. Lin. Sp. 1042.
Cytifus with narrow bunches of flowers proceeding from
the Jide of the branches , which are angular, and wedge-
fhaped leaves. Cytifus fEthiopicus, fubrotundis inca-
nis minofibus foliis, fioribus parvis luteis. Pluk.
Aim. 128.
10. Cytisus ( Gracus ) foliis fimplicibus lanceolato-line-
aribus, ramis angulatis. Lin. Sp. 1043. Cytifus with
Jingle, linear , fpear-fhaped leaves, and angular branches.
Barba Jovis linar-iae folio, flore luteo parvo. Tourn.
Cor. 44.
11. Cytisus
'ii. Cytisus (Cay an) racemis axill arib as e rectis , folio-
lis jiiblanceolatis tomentofis, intermedio longius pe-
tiolato. Flor. Zeyl. 357. Cytifus with erect fpik.es of
flowers proceeding from the Jides of the branches , and
jpear-fljaped leaves which are woolly , the. foot-ftalk of the
middle one being the longeft. Cytifus arborefcens, frac-
tal eduli albo. Plum. Cat. 19. Commonly called Pidgeon
Pea in America.
The firft fort is the common broad-leaved Laburnum,
which was formerly in greater plenty in the Englifli
gardens than atprefent ; for frnce the fecond fort hath
been introduced, it has aimoft turned this out; the
fpikes of flowers being much longer, they make a
finer appearance when they are in flower, which has
occafioned their being more generally cultivated ; but
the firft grows to be the largeft tree, and the wood of
it is very hard, of a fine colour, and will polifia very
well ; it approaches near to green Ebony, fo is by the
French titled Ebony of the Alps, and is there ufed
for many kinds of furniture ; but in England there
are few of thefe trees which have been luffered to
Land long enough to arrive to any coniiderable fize,
for as they have been only confidered as an ornamen-
tal tree, the frequent alterations which moft of the
gardens in England have undergone, have occafioned
their being rooted out wherever they were growing ;
but in home of the old gardens in Scotland, where
they have been permitted to Land, there are large
trees of this kind, which are fit to cut down for the
ufe of the timber. .1 have feen two old trees of it in
gardens, which were more than a yard in girt, at fix
feet from the ground, and thefe had been broken and
abufed, otherwife might have been much larger : they
grow very fait, and are extremely hardy, fo may be
well worth propagating upon poor fhallow foils, and
in expofed fituations. His Grace the Duke of Queenf-
berry fowed a great quantity of the feeds of this tree,
upon the fide of the downs, at his feat near Amef-
bury, in Wiltfiiire, where the fituation was very much
expofed, and the foil fo lhallow, as that few trees
would grow there ; yet in this place the young trees
were twelve feet high in four years growth, fo be-
came a flicker to the other plantations, for which
purpofe they were defigned ; but the hares and rab-
bits are great enemies to thefe trees, by barking them
in winter, fo that where thele trees are cultivated,
they fliould be fenced from thefe animals.
Both thefe forts are eafily propagated by feeds, which
the trees produce in great plenty. If thefe are fown
upon a common bed in March, the plants will appear
by the middle or end of April, and will require no
other care but to be kept clean from weeds during
the following fummer ; and if the plants are too clofe
together, they may be tranfplanted the autumn fol-
lowing, either into a nurfery, where they may grow
a year or two to get ftrength, or into the places where
they are defigned to remain : where people would
cultivate them for their wood, it will be the beft way
to fow the feeds upon the fpot where they are intend-
ed to grow, becaufe thefe trees fend out long, thick,
flefhy roots to a great diftance, which will penetrate
gravel or rocks ; and if thefe roots are cut or broken,
it greatly retards their growth ; therefore when they
are not fown upon the intended fpot, they fliould be
tranfplanted thither young, otherwife they will not
grow to near the fize ; though where they are only
defigned for ornament, the removing the plants twice
will flop their growth, and caufe them to be more pro-
duftive of flowers ; but all trees intended for timber,
are much better fown on the ground where they are
defigned to Hand, than if they are tranfplanted.
If the feeds of thefe trees are permitted to fcatter in
winter, the plants will rife in great plenty the follow-
ing fpring, fo that a few trees will focn fupply any
perfon with a fufficient number of the plants.
Thefe trees flower in May, at which time they make
a fine appearance, their branches being generally
loaded with long firings of yellow flowers, which
hang down from every part. The feeds grow in long
pods, which ripen in autumn. There is a variety of
both thefe trees with variegated leaves, which foilie
perfons are fond of cultivating ; but this is only to be
done by cuttings or layers, for the feeds of thefe will
produce plants with green leaves : the cuttings fliould
be planted in autumn, when the leaves begin to fall,,
and the plants mull have a poor foil, for in good
ground they are apt to become plain.
If the firft fort comes to be confidered as a ufeful
wood, which there is no reafon to doubt it may be, it
may be planted in large clumps in parks, where they
will be very ornamental; and I am certain, from long
experience, that this tree will thrive upon many foils,
and in fuch fituations as few other trees will make any
progrefs ; the objection to fencing is the fame here,
as for any other trees, for wherever plantations are
made, if they are not well fecured from animals, they
will not anfwer the defign of the planters.
The fecond fort differs from the firft, in having nar-
rower leaves, longer bunches of flowers, and the trees
do not grow fo large and ftrong ; this difference I
find is conftant from feed. There is another fort
meFitioned by Tournefort, with fliorter bunches of
flowers than either of thefe, one tree of which kind I
thought I had found in a garden ; the bunches of the
flowers upon this tree were dole and aimoft round,
but I fowed the feeds of it, and the plants proved to
be only the common fort.
The third fort grows naturally in Auftria, in Italy
and Spain, and at prefent is pretty rare in the Englifli
gardens ; it was formerly in fome of the curious gar-
dens here, but had been long loft, till a few years
ago, when I procured the feeds from abroad, which
fucceeded in the Chelfea gardens, where the plants
have flowered and produced ripe feeds, which have
been communicated to feveral curious perfons.
This fhrub feldom rifes more than three or four feet
high in England ; it naturally puts out many lateral
branches near the ground, which fpread out on every
fide, fo as to form a low fhrubby bufh, fo is with dif-
ficulty raffed to a flem : the branches are very Tender,
and their ends are frequently killed if the winter is
fevere ; thefe are garnifhed with oblong oval leaves,
growing by threes on each foot-ftalk ; they are equal
in fize, and of a dark green colour; the branches
grow ered, and are terminated by fpikes of yellow
flowers, about four or five inches in length, Handing
upright ; and as all the branches are thus terminated,
fo when the fhrubs are in flower, they make a fine
appearance ; it flowers in July, after moft of the other
forts are paft, and the feeds ripen in autumn. This
is propagated by feeds, which fhould be fown upon
a bed of" light earth in March, covering them about
one third of an inch with fine fcreened mould ; in
the beginning of May the plants will appear, when,
they muft be carefully weeded, and during the fol-
lowing fummer they muft conftantly be kept clean,
which is all the culture they require till autumn,
when it will be very proper to arch the bed over with
hoops, that in frofty weather the plants may be
covered with mats, to prevent their tender flioots
from being killed ; for as thefe young plants are apt
to continue growing later in the autumn than thole
which are become woody, fo they- are much more
luiceptible of cold ; therefore where there is not fome
care taken to cover them, if the winter fhould prove
fevere, many of them may be entirely deftroyed, and
the others killed to the ground. The fpring fol-
lowing, after the danger of hard froft is over, the
plants fliould be carefully taken up, and planted out
at the diftance of one foot, row from row, and fix
inches afunder in the rows ; this fliould be in a fhel-
tered fituation, and as thefe plants do not flioor till
late in the fpring, fo they need not be traniplanted
before the end of March, or the beginning of April;
and if the feafon fhould then prove warm and dry, it
will be proper to give the plants fome water to fettle
the earth to their roots ; and if the drought continue,
and the waterings are three times repeated at a week’s
interval from each, it will be of fervice to the plants.
After they have taken new root, they will require
no
I
C Y T
no farther care, but to keep them conftantly . clean
from weeds ; in this nurfery the plants may remain two
years, in which time they will have acquired ftrength
enough to be tranfplanted where they are to remain.
There is a figure of this fhrub exhibited in the 1 1 7th
plate of my figures of plants.
The fourth fort grows naturally in the fouth of
France, in Spain and Italy, but has been long cul-
tivated in the nurfery gardens, as an ornamental
flowering Ihrub, by the title of Cytifus fecundus Clu-
fii. This rifes with a woody ftalk, putting out many
branches which are covered with a browmfli bark,
and garnifhed by obverfe, oval, fm all leaves, growing
by threes on very ihort foot-ftalks. The flowers are
produced in clofe fliort fpikes at the end of the
branches, ftanding erect •, they are of a bright yellow
colour, and appear in June ; thefe are fucceeded by
fliort broad pods, which contain one row of kidney-
fhaped feeds, which ripen in Auguft. Thefe flirubs
will rife to the height of feven or eight feet,, and be-
come very bulky ; they are very hardy, fo will thrive
in any fituation, and upon almoft any foil, which is
not too wet. They are propagated by feeds, which
may be fown upon a common bed of light earth in
the fpring, and kept clean from weeds the following
fummer ; and in autumn the plants may be tranf-
planted into a nurfery in rows, one foot apart, and
at fix inches diftance in the rows, where they may re-
main two years to acquire ftrength, and fhould then be
removed to the places where they are defigned to grow.
The fifth fort hath a foft Ihrubby ftalk, dividing into
many branches, which grow eretft, and frequently
rife to the height of eight or ten feet ; the italics and
leaves of this are very hairy •, the leaves are oval,
growing three upon each foot-ftalk, and are placed
clofely on the branches ; the flowers come out from
the fide of the ftalk, in fliort bunches •, they are of a
pale-yellow, and appear in June •, thefe are fucceeded
by long, narrow, hairy pods, with one row of kidney-
fliaped feeds, which ripen in September.
This fort, of late years, has been much cultivated in
the nurfery gardens near London, by the title of
Evergreen Cytifus of Naples ; but as in fevere froft
thefe flirubs are fometimes killed, fo they are not
proper for every fituation, therefore fliould only be
planted on a dry foil, and in warm fituations •, they
are alfo very difficult to remove, when grown to any
flze, for they ffioot long roots deep into the ground,
and when thefe are broken or cut, the plants feldom
furvive it. This may be propagated in the fame
manner as hath been direfted for the third fort. It grows
naturally in the fouth of France, in Spain and Italy.
The fixth fort hath herbaceous ftalks, garniflied with
woolly leaves •, the flowers are produced fometimes
Angle, at other times two, three, or more grow to-
gether at the end of the branches ; thefe appear in
June, and are fucceeded by hairy pods.
This plant is propagated by feeds, which may be
fown at the fame time, and the plants fliould be af-
terward treated in the fame way, as is directed for
the third fort.
The feventh fort grows naturally in Sicily, Italy, and
Spain •, this is a perennial plant, from whofe down-
right root proceed feveral weak branches which trail
upon the ground, and extend to the length of eight
or ten inches ; thefe are garnifhed with oblong leaves,
placed by threes upon pretty long foot-ftalks •, they
.are hoary on their under fide, but fmooth above ; the
flowers are collefted in heads at the end of the ftalks,
having a duller of leaves under them ; they are of a
deep yellow colour, and appear the latter end of
June, and in warm feafons thefe are fucceeded by flat
woolly pods, containing one row of fmall kidney-
ftiaped feeds, which ripen in September. This plant
is propagated by feeds, which fliould be fown where
the plants are to remain, and fliould be treated in the
fame manner as the fixth fort.
The eight by fort grows naturally in Tartary, from
whence the eeds were fent to the Imperial garden at
Peterfburgh, and hath fince been fent to many of the
curious gardens in Europe, which have been fur-
C Y T '
hiffied with the feeds; This hath a fiirubby (talk,
which rifes near four feet high, dividing into many
branches, whichjjwhen young are covered with a green
bark, clofely garnifned by oblong, oval, frriooth leaves,
which are of a hoary green colour; the flowers are
produced in clofe heads at the end of the branches,
having a duller of leaves under them ; they are of a
bright yellow colour, and appear in the beginning of
May ; thefe are fometimes fucceeded by fliort woolly
pods, containing three or four fmall kidney-ffiaped
feeds in each. This is propagated by feeds, which
fliould be fown early in April, on a border of ftrorig
ground expoled to the eaft ; for if they are fown where
they have full fun, the plants will not thrive. This
requires a cold fituation and a pretty ftrong foil,
otherwife it will not thrive.
The ninth fort grows naturally about Algiers, from
whence the Rev. Dr. Shaw brought the feeds, which
fucceeded in the Chelfea garden. This rifes with
a foft ffirubby ftalk to the height of eight or ten feet,
putting out many (lender branches on every fide,
garnifhed with fmall wedge-fhaped leaves, which are
indented at the top, of a dark green colour and
fmooth ; the flowers come out frequently Angle from
the fide of the branches, thefe are large and of a
bright yellow; they appear in June, and are fome-
times fucceeded by pods containing three or four
kidney-fhaped feeds, which ripen in autumn. This
fort is too tender to live in the open air through the
winter in England, therefore the plants muft be
treated in the fame way as thofe which are natives of
the fame country.
The tenth fort grows naturally in the iflands of the
Archipelago ; it rifes with a ligneous ftalk fix or
feven feet high, fending out many angular lateral
branches, garnifhed with Angle, narrow, fpear-fhaped
leaves ; the flowers are produced in fliort bunches
from the fide of the branches ; they are fmall, yellow,
and appear in July and Auguft, but are not fuc-
ceeded by feeds in England.
This is propagated by cuttings, which if planted on a
bed of light earth the beginning of July, and are clofely
covered with a bell or hand-glafs, which fhould be
ffiaded from the fun in the middle of the day, they
will put out roots by the middle or end of September 5
when they fhould be carefully taken up, planting each
• in a feparate fmall pot, carefully watering and fhading
them until they have taken new root ; after which they
may be expofed in a fheltered fituation till the end of
Oftober, when they muft be removed into ffielter, for
this plant is too tender to live in the open air in England.
The eleventh fort grows naturally in the iflands
of America, and alfo at the Cape of Good Hope. This
rifes with a weak fiirubby ftalk eight or ten feet high,
fending out many erect fide branches, which grow
ereft, and are garnifhed with fpear-fhaped woolly
leaves, placed by threes, the middle lobe having a
longer diftind foot-ftalk, than the two on each fide
which grow clofe to the principal foot-ftalk. The flow-
ers come out from the fide of the branches, fometimes
Angle, at other times in clufters ; they are of a deep
yellow colour, and about the fize of thofe of the com-
mon Laburnum; thefe are fucceeded by hairy pods
about three inches long, which are fickle-fhaped, end-
ing with a long acute point, fwelling at the place
where each feed is lodged ; the feeds are roundiffi, a
little inclined to a kidney-ffiape. Thefe feeds are
efteemed an excellent food for pigeons in Americas
from whence it had the title of Pigeon Pea.
This plant grows only in very warm countries, fo
cannot be preferved in England, unlefs it is placed
in a warm ftove. It rifes eafily from feeds in a hot-
bed, and will grow three or four feet high the firft
year, provided they have a proper heat, and the fe-
cond year they will produce flowers and feeds. The
plants muft be placed in the bark-bed in the ftove,
and treated in the fame manner as other tender plants
froiri the fame countries : they fhould have but littlq
water in winter, and in the fummer fhould have a large
fhare of free air admitted to them in warm weather;
4 T DAFFODIL
i
DAM
DAL
AFFODIL. See Narcissus.
DAISIES. See Bellis.
DALECHAMPIA. Lin. Ceil. Plant.
1022. Plum. Nov. Gen. 17. tab. 38.
This plant was fo named by father Plunder, in honour
of the memory of Jacobus Dalechamp, who was a
curious botanift.
The Characters are,
It hath male and female flowers on the fame plant ; the
male flowers are fituatcd between two braclea ; they have
a common involucrum cut into four erebl fegments ; the
empalement is compofed of fix obtufe oval leaves , reflexed at
their points. 'They have no petals , but have a broad nec-
tarium , having many plain folds lying over each other ,
and many ftamina joined in a long column , terminated by
roundijh fummits having four furrows ; the female flowers
are alfo fituated in the fame manner as the male ; thefe
have a permanent three-leaved involucrum , and each have
a permanent ten-leaved empalement ; they have no petals ,
but a roundijh germen floor ter than the empalement , having
three furrows fupporting a long Jlender ftyle , bending to-
ward the male flowers , crowned by a headed ftigma ; the
germen afterward becomes a roundijh capfule with three
cells , inclofng one roundijh feed in each.
This genus of plants is ranged in the ninth fe£lion of
Linnaeus's twenty-firft clafs, intitled Monoecia Mo-
nadelphia, the plants having male and female flow-
ers on the fame root, and the ftamina of the male
flowers are joined in one body to the ftyle.
We have but one Species of this in England, viz.
Dalechampia (Scan dens) foliis trilobis glabris, floribus
axillaribus caule volubili. Dalechampia with fmooth
leaves having three lobes , flowers growing from the fides
cf the branches , and a twining flalk. Dalechampia
Icandens, lupuli foliis, fruftu tricocco glabro, calyce
hifpido. Elouft. MSS.
This plant grows naturally in Jamaica, from whence
the late Dr. Houftoun fent me the feeds, which fuc-
ceeded in the Chelfea garden, where the plants have
flowered and perfected their feeds. This muft be a
different plant from that which Plumier found
growing in Martinico, or he has taken the involucrum
for the feed-veffel by his title of it ; for he calls it
frudtu tricocco hifpido, whereas this hath a fmooth
fruit with a hifpid empalement.
It hath a root compofed of many fibres, which ex-
tend to a great diftance, from which arife feveral
weak twining ftalks, that fallen themfelves to the
neighbouring plants, and mount up to a conflderable
height ; thefe are garnilhed at each joint by one leaf,
having three lobes ; they are fmooth, the two fide
lobes are oblique to the midrib, but the middle one
is equal. The flowers are produced from the fide of
the ftalks, three or four growing upon each foot-
ftalk; fome of thefe are male, and others female;
they are of an herbaceous colour, and fmall, fo make
no appearance ; they have each a double involucrum,
made up of two orders of leaves, which are narrow,
and armed with fmall briftly hairs, which fting the
hands of thofe who unwarily touch them ; the flowers
are fucceeded by roundifh capfules, having three pro-
minent lobes which are fmooth, each inclofing a
Angle feed.
This plant is propagated by feeds, which muft be
fown early in the ip ring on a hot-bed ; and when the
plants are come up three inches high, they Ihould
be carefully tranfplanted, each into a feparate fmall
pot, filled with light rich earth, and then plunged
into a hot-bed of tanners bark, being careful to fcreen
them from the fun until they have taken new root ;
after which time the glaffes of the hot-bed ihould be
railed every day, in proportion to the heat of the
weather, to admit frefh air to the plants ; they muft
alfo be frequently watered, for they naturally grow
in moift places. When the plants have grown fo
large as to fill thefe pots with their roots, they ihould
be removed into larger pots, and placed in the bark-
bed in the ftove, where they muft be fupported
either with flakes or a trellis, round which they
will twine, and rife to the height of eight or ten feet.
Thefe plants muft be kept conftantly in the ftove,
for they are too tender to bear the open air in this
country, even in the fummer feafon ; therefore they
fhould be placed with Convolvulufes, and other
twining plants, near the back of the ftove, where
fhould be made an efpalier to fupport them ; in which
fituation they will thrive, and produce their flowers,
and fometimes will perfedl their feeds in this country;
but, in order to this, they fhould have a large fliare
of frefh air in warm weather, by drawing down the
upper glaffes of the ftove ; but in winter the ftove
fhould be kept to a temperate heat, or rather higher.
In fummer they will require a large fhare of water,
but in winter it fhould be given to them in lefs quan-
tities, but muft be frequently repeated. Thefe
plants do not continue above two years, fo that
young plants fhould be railed in order to preferve the
kind.
DAMASONIUM, Star-headed Water Plantain.
The Characters are, >
It hath a flower compofed of three leaves , which are
placed orbicularly , and expand in form of a Rofe : out of
the flower-cup rifles the point al, which afterward becomes
a ftar-Jhaped fruity with many cells , which are full of
oblong feeds.
The Species are,
1. Damasonium ( Alifma ) ftellatum. Lugd. Star-headed
Water Plantain.
2. Damasonium ( Flava ) Americanum maximum,
plantaginis folio, flore fiavefcente, fruclu globofo.
Plum. Great eft American Water Plantain^ with a Plan-
tain leaf a yellowifh flower , and a globular fruit.
The firft of thefe plants is a native of England ; it
grows commonly in Handing waters, which are not
very deep. It is fometimes ufed in medicine, but ne-
ver cultivated in gardens, fo muft be gathered for
ufe in the places of its growth.
The fecond fort grows in Jamaica, Barbadoes, and
feveral other places in the warm parts of America,
where it is generally found in ftagnating waters, and
other fwampy places ; fo that it would be difficult
to preferve this plant in England, for it will not live
in the open air, and requires a bog to make it
thrive ; but as it is a plant of no great beauty or
ufe, it is not worth the trouble of cultivating in this
country.
DANDELION. See Leontodon.
DAPHNE. Lin. Gen. Plant. 436. Thymetea.
Tourn. Inft. R. H, 594, tab. 3 66. Spurge Laurel, or
Mezereon.
The
t
DAP
The Characters- are,
<fhe flower hath no empalement ; it is cylindrical , 0/"
petal, which is cut into four parts at the top , //
fpreads open •, A Jhort ftamina infer ted in the
tube ,. which are alternately lower , terminated by erett
bilocular fummits. Lhe oval germen isfituated at the bot-
tom of the tube, and is crowned by a headed depreffed flig-
ma ; germen afterward becomes a roundifh berry with
one cell , incloflng one roundifh flefhy^ feed.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fedtion of
Linnaeus’s eighth clafs, intitled O&andria Monogy-
nia, from the flower having eight ftamina and one
germen.
The Species are,
1. Daphne ( Laureola ) racemis axillaribus, foliis lan-
ceolatis glabris. Lin. Sp. Plant. 357. Daphne with
bunches of flowers proceeding frGm the fides of the branches ,
and fmooth fpear-fhaped leaves. Thymetea lauri folio
fempervirens, feu laureola mas. Tourn. Inft. 595 "
Commonly called Spurge Laurel.
2. Daphne ( Mezereon ) floribus feftilibus terms caulinis,
foliis lanceolatis deciduis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 357.
Daphne with three flowers together fitting clofe to theftalk ,
and fpear-fhaped leaves, which fall off in autumn. Thy-
metea laud folio deciduo, five laureola fcemina.
Tourn. Inft. 595. Commonly called Mezereon.
3. Daphne (ft hy melee a) floribus feflilibus axillaribus, fo-
liis lanceolatis, caulibus fimpliciftimis. Lin. Sp. Plant.
356. Daphne with flowers fitting clofe to the fides of the
branches, fpear-fhaped leaves, and fingle ftalks. Thy-
mehea foliis polygate glabris. C. B. P. 463.
4. Daphne (far ton-mire) floribus feftilibus aggregatis
axillaribus, foliis ovatis utrinque pubefeentibus ner-
vofis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 356. Daphne with flowers in
cluflers fitting clofe to the fides of the branches , and oval
nervous leaves covered with flilky hairs on both fides.
Thymetea foliis candicantibus ferici inftar mollibus.
C. B, P. 463. Commonly called Larton-raire.
■5. Daphne ( Alpina ) floribus feftilibus aggregatis late-
ralibus, foliis lanceolatis obtufiufculis fubtus tomen-
tofts. Lin. Sp. Plant. 356. Daphne with cluflers of
flowers growing clofe to the fides of the branches , and
fpear-fhaped blunt leaves woolly on their under fide. Cha-
metea Alpina, folio inferne incano. C. B. P. 462.
6. Daphne ( Cneorum ) floribus congeftis terminalibus
feflilibus, foliis lanceolatis nudis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 357.
Daphne with cluflers of flowers fitting clofe on the tops
of the branches, and naked fpear-fhaped leaves. Cneorum.
Matth. Hift. 46.
7. Daphne ( Gnidium ) panicula terminali, foliis lineari-
lanceolatis acuminatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 357. Daphne
with a panicle of flowers terminating the branches , and
narrow, fpear-fhaped, pointed leaves. Thymetea fo-
liis lini. C. B. P. 463.
8. Daphne ( Squarrcfa ) floribus terminalibus peduncu-
latis, foliis fparfis linearibus patentibus mucronatis.
Lin. Sp. Plant. 358. Daphne with flowers terminating
the branches , having foot-ftalks , and narrow , fpreading ,
acute-pointed leaves , placed flatteringly on the branches.
Thymetea capitata lanuginofa, foliis creberrimis mi-
nimis aculeatis. Burm. Afr. 134. tab. 49. fol 1.
p. Daphne ( Americana) foliis linearibus acutis, floribus
racemofis axillaribus. Daphne with very narrow acute
leaves , and flowers growing in bunches from the fides of
the branches. Thymetea frutefeens rorifmarini folio,
flore albo. Plum. Cat.
The firft fort grows common in the woods in many
parts of England, and is commonly known by the
title of Spurge Laurel •, of late years there are poor
people, who get the young plants out of the woods,
and carry them about the town to fell in the winter
and fpring. This is a low evergreen fhrub, v/hich
riles with feveral ftalks from the root to the height
of two or three feet, dividing upward into feveral
branches, gamiftied with thick fpear-fnaped leaves,
which come out irregularly on every fide, fitting
pretty clofe to the branches, they are fmooth and of
a lucid green ; between thefe, toward the upper
part of the ftalks, come out the flowers in fmall cluf-
ters j they are of a yellowhh green, and appear foon
DAP
after Chriftmas, if the feafon is not very fevere ; thefe
are fucceeded by oval berries, which are green till
June, when they ripen and turn black, foon after
which they fall off. The whole plant is of a hot
cauftic tafte, burning and inflaming the mouth and
throat. The leaves continue green all the year, fo
thefe plants are ornamental in winter ; and as they
will thrive under tall trees, they are very proper to
fill up the fpaces in plantations.
The fecond fo'rt grows naturally in Germany, and
there hath been a difeovery made of its growing in
fome woods near Andover in Llamplhire, from
whence a great number of plants have been taken of
late years. This has been long cultivated in the
nurfery-gardens as a flowering fhrub, and is a very
ornamental plant in gardens, very early in the fpring,
before others make their appearance. There are
two diftindt forts of this, one with a white flower
which is fucceeded by yellow berries, the other with
Peach-coloured flowers and red fruit. Thefe are by
fome fuppofed to be accidental varieties arifing from
the fame feeds, but I have feveral times railed thefe
plants from feeds, and always found the plants come
up the fame, as thofe from which the feeds were
taken, fo they do not vary, therefore may be called
different fpecies. There is a variety of the Peach-
coloured Mezereon, with flowers of a much deeper
colour than the common, but thefe I have always
found to vary in their colours when raifed from feeds.
This fhrub grows to the height of five or fix feet,
with a ftrong woody ftalk, putting out many woody
branches on every fide, fo as to form a regular head ;
the flowers come out very early in the fpring, before
the leaves appear, growing in clufters all round the
Ihoots of the former year ; there are commonly three
flowers produced from each knot or joint, ftanding
on the fame lhort foot-ftalk •, thefe have fhort fwelling
tubes, which are divided into four parts at the top,
which fpread open ; they have a very fragrant odour,
fo that where there are plenty of the fhrubs growing
together, they perfume the air to a confiderable dif-
tance round them : after the flowers are paft, the
leaves come out, which are fmooth, fpear-fhaped,
and placed without order ; they are about two inches
long, and three quarters broad in the middle, gra-
dually leffening to both ends ; the flowers are fuc-
ceeded by oval berries, which ripen in June ; thofe
of the Peach-coloured flowers are red, and thofe of
the white yellow. The flowers appear in February
and March, and fometimes in mild winters they ap-
pear in January. This plant was formerly ufed in
medicine, but as every part of it has a hot cauftic
tafte, fo few preferibe the ufe of it at prefent.
This is propagated by feeds, which fhould be fown
on a border expofed to the eaft, foon after the berries
are ripe •, for if they are not fown till the fpring fol-
lowing they often mifearry, and always remain a year
in the ground before the plants appear; whereas
thofe which are fown in Auguft, will grow the fol-
lowing fpring, fo that a year is faved, and thefe never
fail. When the plants come up, they will require
no other care but to keep them clean from weeds,
and if the plants are not too clofe together, they may
continue in the feed -bed, to have the growth of two
fummers, efpecially if they do not make great pro-
grefs the firft year ; then at Michaelmas, when the
leaves are fhedding, they fhould be carefully taken
up fo as not to break or tear their roots, and planted
into a nurfery at about fixteen inches row from row,
and eight or nine inches afunder in the rows ; in this
nurfery they may remain two years, by which time
they will be fit to remove to the places where they
are defigned to remain for good: the beft feafon to
tranfplant thefe trees is in autumn, for as thefe plants
begin to vegetate very early in the fpring, fo it is
not proper to tranfplant them at that feafon. Thefe
plants grow beft in a light fandy earth which is dry,
for in cold wet land they become mofty, and make
little progrefs ; fo that upon fuch foils they never grow
to any fize, *md produce few flowers.
Although
[
BAP"
Although the berries of this tree are fo very acrid,
as to burn the mouth and throat of thofe who may
incautioufiy taft'e them, yet the birds greedily devour
them, as foon as they begin to ripen •, fo that unlefs
the fhrubs are covered with nets to preferve the ber-
ries, they will all be deftroyed before they are fit to
gather. There is of this and the former fort, forne
plants with variegated leaves, which fome perlbns are
fond to have in their gardens, but the plain are much
more beautiful.
The third fort grows naturally in Spain, Italy, and
the fouth of France, Where it rifes to the height of
three or four feet, with a fingle ftalk covered with a
light-coloured bark *, the flowers come out in clutters
on the fides of the italics, which are of an herbaceous
colour, fo make but little appearance •, they appear
early in the fpring, and are fucceeded by fmall ber-
ries which are yellowifh when ripe.
The fourth fort grows naturally in the fouth of France,
from whence. I received the feeds. This is a low
fihrubby plant, which fends out feveral weak italics
from the root, which grow about a foot long, and
fpread about irregularly ; thefe feldom become woody
in England, but are tough and itringy, covered with
a light bark •, the leaves are fmall, of an oval form,
and are very foft, white, and fhining like fattin ;
thefe fit pretty dole to the italks ; between thefe the
flowers come out in thick clutters from the fide of
the italics ; they are white, and are fucceeded by
roundifh berries having one hard feed. This flowers
here in June, but doth not produce ripe feeds.
The fifth fort grows on the mountains near Geneva,
and in other parts of Italy, where it rifes about three
feet high •, the flowers of this come out in clufters
from the fide of the branches, early in the fpring.
The leaves are fpear-ihaped, ending in blunt points,
and are hoary on their under fide. The flowers are
fucceeded by fmall roundifh berries, which turn red
when ripe.
The fixth fort grows naturally on the Alps, as alfo
upon the mountains near Verona, from whence it
was fent me •, this is a very humble fhrub, feldom
growing more than one foot high, with ligneous (talks,
which put out feveral fide branches ; thefe are gar-
niihed with narrow fpear-fhaped leaves, which are
placed round the (talks without order ; the branches
are terminated by fmall clulters of purple flowers
which ftand eredt, having no foot-ftalks •, the tubes
of thefe flowers are longer and narrower than thofe of
the Mezereon, and the mouth is cut into four acute
parts which are eredt. Thefe flowers emit a pleafant
odour *, they appear early in the fpring, but do not
produce feeds here.
The feventh fort grows naturally about Montpelier •,
this rifes with a (hrubby ftalk about two feet high,
dividing into many fmall branches, which are clofely
garniflied with narrow fpear-ihaped leaves growing
eredt, ending in acute points ; the ends of the branches
.are terminated by panicles of flowers, which are
much fmaller than thofe of the Mezereon, having
fwelling tubes, which are contradled at the mouth.
Thefe appear in June, but are not fucceeded by feeds
here.
The eighth fort grows naturally at the Cape of Good
Hope*, this fhrub rifes to the height of five or fix feet,
dividing upward into feveral branches which grow
-eredt, and are covered with a white bark, and
clofely garniftied with fmall narrow leaves, which
come out on every fide of the branches without order,
fpreading open *, the tops of the branches are termi-
nated by woolly heads, out of which the flowers
come in fmall clufters *, they are white, having oblong
tubes, which are divided into four obtufe fegments
at the mouth, which fpread open. Thefe plants do
not produce feeds in Europe.
The ninth fort grows naturally in many iftands in the
Weft- Indies, it was fent me from Antigua. This
fhrub rifes to the height of four or five feet, with a
woody ftalk, covered with a rugged bark of an A (It
colour j the upper part ef the branches are garnifhed
d a p :
with leaves about the fize, and the fame form as
thole of Rofemary j between the leaves the flowers
Come out in fmall bunches, upon foot-ftalks an inch
long *, they have fhort tubes cut into four parts at the
top, and are white ; thefe are fucceeded by fmall round
berries, of a brown colour when they are ripe.
The third, fourth, and feventh forts are hardy, fo
will live through the winters in England in the open,
air, provided they are in a dry foil and a warm fi-
tuation. The fifth and fixth forts are as hardy as the
common Mezereon, fo are not in danger of being
hurt by froft in England y but they are all very dif-
ficult to keep in gardens, becaufe neither of them
will bear to be tranfplanted. I have feyeral times
raifed the plants from feeds, which have fucceeded
well in the places where they were fown, but whenever
they were removed, they certainly died, though per-
formed at different feafons, and" with the greateft
care, and the fame has happened to every other per-
fon who has raifed any of thefe plants y and forne of
my correfpondents have allured me, they have fre-
quently attempted to remove thefe plants from their
natural places of growth, into their gardens, and have
choien plants of all fizes, from the youngeft feedlings
to the oldeft plants, yet have never fucceeded in it *,
though they have ufed their utmoft care, and have
performed it at different feafons. Therefore thofe
who are defirous to have thefe plants in their gardens,
muft procure their feeds from the countries where
they naturally grow *, and when they arrive, they
(hould be immediately fown where they are defigned
to remain, which for the third, fourth, and feventh,
forts, (hould be on a very warm dry border, where,
if there is a foundation of lime, rubbilh., or chalk,
under the upper furface of the ground, the plants will
thrive better and continue much longer, than in better
ground *, and all the culture they require, is to keep
the place clean from weeds, for the leis the, ground is
ftirred near their roots, the" better the plants will
thrive y for they naturally grow on poor (hallow land,
and out of crevices in rocks ; fo the nearer the foil
approaches to this, the more likely the plants will be
to fucceed.
The fifth and fixth forts may have a cooler fituation ;
if thefe are fown where they may have only the
morning fun, they will thrive better than in a warmer
fituation, and the ground near the roots of thefe
fhould not be difturbed; therefore in the choice of the
fituation, there (hould be regard had to this, not to
fow them near other plants, which may require tranf-
planting, or to have the ground dug and loofened.
The feeds of thefe plants coming from diftant coun-
tries, rarely arrive here time enough to fow in au-
tumn, fo that when they are fown in the fpring, the
plants do not appear till the fucceeding fpring ; and
I have fometimes had the feeds remain till the fecond
fpring in the ground, before the plants have appeared ;
but as this may be too long for many people to leave
the ground undifturbed, fo they had better put the
feeds into fmall pots of earth, and bury them in the
ground the firft fummer, and in autumn take them
up, and fow them where they are to ftand ; by this
method, the feeds will be forwarded to vegetate the
following fpring.
The fifth fort is a beautiful fweet fhrub, fo defer ves
a place in gardens, as much as any of thofe we culti-
vate for ornament. The firft and fecond forts are
fometimes ufed in medicine as was before obferved,
but being of a very cauftic nature, are feldom pre-
fcribed ; but if proper trials were with caution made,
it is not doubted but they may be found very ef-
ficacious in many ftubborn diforders, for forne very
ignorant quacks have performed great cures with
thefe plants. The feventh fort produces the Grana
gnitida of the (hops.
The eighth fort grows naturally at the Cape of Good
Hope, fo will not live abroad in winter in England,
but requires a good green-houfe to preferve it. This
plant is very. difficult to keep or propagate in gardens.
The
D AT
The ninth fort vfill not thrive in England, unlefs it
is preferved in the bark-ftove ; this plant will not bear
tranfplanting, for I railed feveral from feeds which
throve pretty well while they continued in the pot
where they were fown, but when they were tranf-
pl anted, they all decayed.
D ATI SC A. Lin. Gen. Plant, 1003. Cannabina.
Tounn. Cor. 52. Ballard Hemp,
The Characters are,
It is male and female in different plants > the male flow-
ers have an empalement compofed of five narrow acute
leaves , thefe have no petals , and fcarce any vifible fta-
mina, hut have ten fummits which are much longer than
the empalement. The female flowers have no petals , but
the empalements are the fame as the male , having an ob-
long pervious germen , fupporting three flyles , crowned by
Jingle fligmas the empalement aftenvard becomes an ob-
long triangular cap fide, opening with three valves , having
one cell filled with fnall feeds, adhering to the three fides
of the capfule.
This genus of plants is ranged in the tenth feftion
of Linnsus’s twenty-fecond clafs, intitled Dicecia
Dodecandriaffrom the male and female flowers grow-
ing in feparate plants, and the male flowers having
ten ftamina.
The Species are,
1. Datisca ( Cannabina ) caule lsevi. Lin. Sp. Plant.
1037. Datifca with a fmooth folk. Cannabina Cretica
florifera& fru&ifera. Tourn. Cor. 52.
2. Datisca (Hirta) caule hirfuto. Lin. Sp. Plant. 1037.
Datifca with a rough ftalk.
The firlt fort grows naturally in Crete, and fome
other eaftern countries. This hath a perennial root,
from which arile feveral herbaceous ftalks, about
four feet high, garnilhed with winged leaves placed
alternately, each being compofed of three pair of
lobes, terminated by an odd one ; thefe are two
inches long and half an inch broad, ending in acute
points, and are deeply fawed on their edges, of a
light green. The flowers come out in long loole
fpikes from the upper part of the ftalks at the wings
of the leaves, but having no petals, make but a poor
appearance. The fummits of the male flowers being
pretty long, and of a bright yellow colour, are the
only vifible parts of the flowers to be difcerned at any
diftance.
The flowers on the female plants are fucceeded by
oblong three-cornered caplules, filled with fmall
feeds, which adhere to the three valves. The plants
flower in June, and the feeds ripen in September.
The ftalks decay in autumn and new arife in fpring.
This fort may be propagated by parting the roots,
which fhould be performed in autumn when the
ftalks decay, (which is the beft time to tranfplant the
roots), but they mull not be parted too fmall ; they
may be planted in any open beds, where they are not
under the drip of trees, and will require no other
culture but to keep them clean from weeds.
It may alfo be propagated by feeds, but thefe fhould
be taken from fuch plants as grew in the neighbour-
hood of male plants, otherwife they will not fucceed ;
and if the feeds are not fown in autumn, they feldom
grow the firft' year. The feedling plants when they
rife, wilfjequire no other care but to keep them clean
from weeds till autumn, when they may be tranf-
planted where they are to grow.
The fecond fort grows naturally in Canada, and other
parts of North America. This differs from the for-
mer, in having hairy ftalks, which grow taller ; the
leaves are larger, and do not ftand fo near each other
upon the ftalks. It is equally hatdy with the flrft
fort, and may be propagated in the fame manner, but
fhould have a more fhady fituation and a moifter foil.
DATURA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 218. Stramonium.
Tourn. Inft. R. H. 118. Thorn Apple.
The Characters are,
The flower is of one petal which is funnel-fhaped , halving
.a long cylindrical tube , fpreading open at the top , which
in fome fpecies is pentangular , each angle being pointed ;
the empalement of the flower is permanent , fwelling in
the middle, five-cornered, and tubulous ; the flower hath
five fidmina , which are as long as the empalement , tirniif
nated by oblong compreffed fummits j it hath an oval ger-
men, fupporting an upright flyle , crowned by a thick ob -
tufe ftigma . The germen afterward becomes an oval cap-
fule, divided into four cells by a crofs intermediate parti-
tion, which are filled with kidney-Jhaped feeds adhering to
the partition.
This genus of plants is ranged in the flrft feclioh of
Linneeus’s fifth clafs, intitled Pentandria Monogynia^
the flower having five ftamina and one ftylej
The Species are,
1. Datura {Stramonium) pericarpiis fpinofts ereftis ova-
tis, folds ovatis glabris. Hort. Cliff. 55. Datura with
an oval efebl fruit having a prickly cover. Stramonium,
fruftu fpinofo rotundo, flore . albo ftmplici. Tourn.
Inft. R. H. 1 1 8. Thorn Apple with a round prickly
fruit , and a fingle white flower .
2. Datura ( 'Tatula ) pericarpiis fpinofts ereftis ovatis*
foliis cordatis glabris dentatis. Lin. Sp. 2 56. Datura
with an erebl ovcd fruit with a prickly cover, and fmooth ,
heart-floaped, indented leaves. Stramonium fructu 1 pi-
no fo oblongo, flore violaceo. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 1 19.
Thorn Apple with an oblong prickly fruit, and a Violet-
coloured flower i
3. Datura ( Metel) pericarpiis fpinofts nutantibus glo-
bofis, foliis cordatis fubintegris pubefcentibus. Horti
Cliff. 55. Datura with a globular nodding fruit having
a prickly cover,, and heart-floaped, entire , hairy leaves *
Datura alba. Rump. 5. p. 242.-
4. Datura ( Ferox ) pericarpiis fpinofts ereftis ovatis,
fpinis fupremis maximis convergentibus. Amoen. A-
cad. 3. p. 403. Datura with an oval erebl fruit , whofe
upper fpines are largefl, and converge together. Stramo-
monium ferox. Bocc. 50. Rough Thorn Apple.
5. Datura ( Inoxia ) pericarpiis fpinofts inoxiis ovatis pro-
pendentibus, foliis cordatis pubefcentibus. Datura with
an oval hanging fruit, whofe cover is beflet with harm-
lefs fpines , and heart-fhaped hairy leaves. Stramonium
folio hyofcyami, flore toto candido, frudu propen-
dente rotundo, fpinis inoxiis ornato. Boerh. Ind. alt. i„
6. Datura ( Faftuofa ) pericarpiis tuberculofis nutantibus
globofts, foliis laevibus. Lin. Sp. 256. Datura with
a globular nodding fruit, whofe cove v* is fet with tuber-
cles and foft leaves. Stramonium fEgyptiacum flore
pleno, intus albo, foris violaceo. Tourn. Inft. 119.
Egyptian Thorn Apple with a double flower , white on
the infide , and Violet-coloured on the outfide.
7. Datura ( Arborea ) pericarpiis mermibus nutantibus,
caule arboreo. Lin. Sp. Plant. 179. Datura with a
nodding fruit having an unarmed cover , and a tree-like
ftalk. Stramonioides arboreum, oblongo & integro
folio, fruftu Jaevi, vulgo. Flori pondio. Feuil. tab. 46.
The firft fort here enumerated is the molt common
Thorn Apple in Europe, and was probably firft intro-
duced from Italy or Spain, where it naturally grows 5
but it is now become 1b common about London, and
near other great towns in England, as to appear like
a native plant ; for there are few gardens or dunghills
without this plant in fummer, though it is only near
fuch places, where the plants may have been culti-
vated firft in the gardens ; and wherever any of thefe
plants are permitted to feed, they will furnifh a fup-
ply of the plants for fome years to come, as they pro-
duce a vaft quantity of feeds, fome of which will lie
years in the ground, and when they are turned up to
the air will vegetate.
This fort feldom grows much more than two feet
high, dividing into many ftrong irregular branches
which are hollow, garnifhed with large fmooth leaves
divided into irregular angles, and emit a foetid odour.
The flowers come out firft from the forks or divifionsof
the branches, and afterward near the extremities of the
branches •, they have long fwelling tubes, which are
dilated at the top into large pentagonal brims, each,
angle ending in a long point or ligula ; thefe ftand
in long, green, five-cornered empalements, and are
fucceeded by large roundifh feed-veffels, covered
with ftrong thorns, divided by four furrows, to
which adhere the partitions, which feparate the four
cells, filled with black kidney Thaped feeds. It flowers
in July, Auguft, and September, and the feeds ripen
4 Lf in
\
lod
DAT
in autumn, which, if permitted to fcatter, will fill
the ground about them with plants the following
years. There was formerly.a cooling ointment made
with the leaves of this plant and hogs lard, which was
greatly efteemed for burns and fealds.
There is a variety (if not a diftind fpecies of this)
which grows naturally in North America •, the plants
of this grow more than twice the fize of the former j
the leaves are fmoother, and of a lucid green, but
the flowers and fruit are of the fame form as thofe of
the other, fo may be deemed a diftind fpecies,
efpecially as the difference continues in the plants
propagated in England.
The fecond fort grows naturally in moft parts of A-
merica, for I have frequently received the feeds of it
from the iflands in the Weft-Indies, anff alfo from all
the northern parts of America. This rifes with a pur-
ple, ftrong ftalk to the height of four or five feet, di-
viding into many ftrong branches, garnifiied with
leaves lhaped fomewhat like thofe of the former fort,
but larger, and have a greater number of angles and la-
cinm on their edges ; the flowers have longer and nar-
rower tubes, and are of a purple colour •, the fruit is al-
fo longer, and thele differences are permanent. This is
equally hardy with the former, and if the feeds are per-
mitted to fcatter, the plants will become troublefome
weeds. The third fort hath a ftrong ftem, which rifes
three feet high, and divides into many woolly branches ;
the leaves of this fort are almoft entire, having only
two or three flight indentures on their edges ; the flow-
ers have long tubes, which extend beyond the bifid
empalement, then they fpread out very broad, where
the brim is divided into ten obtufe angles ; they are
of a pure white above, but the tubes have a tindure
of green within. Thefe are fucceeded by roundifh
fruit, clofely covered with thorns, and are divided
into four cells as the other, but the feeds of this are
of a light brown colour when ripe.
This plant is not fo hardy as the others, fo the feeds
muft be fown upon a gentle hot-bed in the fpring, and
the plants muft be afterward treated in the fame man-
ner as the Marvel of Peru, and other of the hardier
kinds of annual plants, and may be tranfplanted into
the full ground the latter end of May. They will
flower in July, and the feeds will ripen in autumn.
There is a variety of this with double flowers, but
unlefs the plants of this are placed in a glafs-cafe, they
will not produce feeds in this country.
The fourth fort is of humbler growth, feldom rifing
more than a foot and a half high, fpreading out into
many branches, which are garnifiied with leaves
fomewhat like thofe of the firft fort, but are fmaller,
and ftand upon longer foot-ftalks ; the flowers are
like thofe of the firft fort, but fmaller ; the fruit is
round, and armed with very ftrong fliarp thorns,
the upper being large, and converge toward each
other. The feeds of this are black when ripe.
This fort is too tender to be fown in the full ground
in England, fo the plants fhould be raifed on a hot-
bed, and afterward tranfplanted into borders as the
former fort.
The fifth fort grows naturally at La Vera Cruz, from
whence I received the feeds. This rifes with a pur-
plifh ftem three or four feet high, dividing into fe-
veral ftrong branches, garnifiied with oblong heart-
Ihaped leaves. The {talks, branches, and leaves of
this fort are covered with foft hairs ; the flowers come
out at the divifion of the ftalks and branches, {land-
ing ered ; they are large, white, and are fucceeded
by oval fruit, covered with long, foft, innocent fpines,
opening in four cells, which are full of brown feeds.
This plant is annual, and fhould be firft raifed on a
moderate hot-bed, then may be tranfplanted into
open borders, where it will flower and perfed its
feeds in the autumn. If thefe feeds are permitted to
fcatter, the plants will rife the following fpring, and
if the fummer proves warm, they will flower and of-
ten perfed their feeds.
The fixth fort grows naturally in Egypt, and alfo in
India. This rifes with a fine poliftied purple ftalk four
D A U
feet high, dividing into feveral branches, which are
garnifiied with large, fmooth, finuated leaves, ftand-
ing upon pretty long foot-ftalks. The flowers are
produced at the divifions of the branches ^ thefe have
large fwelling tubes, which expand very broad at
the^top, their brims being divided into ten angles,
eacn ending with a long {lender point. The flowers
are of a beautiful purple on their outiide, and a fat-
tiny white within •, lome of thefe are Angle, others have
two or three flowers Handing one within another, and
fome are double, having four or five petals within
each other of equal length, fo as to appear a full
flower at th@ brim - 3 they have an agreeable odour at
firft, but if long fmelt to, become lefs agreeable, and
are narcotic. It thefe plants are brought forward up-
on a hot-bed in the fpring, and in June planted out
on a warm border of rich earth, they will flower very
finely in July and Auguft ; but unlefs they are co-
vered with glaffes, the feeds feldom ripen well in Eng-
land. The fruit of this fort is round, and grows nod-
ding downward i the feed- veil'd is thick and flefiiy,
as are alfo the intermediate partitions which divide
the cells. The outfide of the fruit is covered with
blunt protuberances, and the feeds are of a bright
brown colour when ripe.
The feventh fort was fent me from La Vera Cruz
by the late Dr. Houftoun, who found it growing
there naturally. This rifes with a woody ftalk to the
height of twelve or fourteen feet, dividing into fe-
veral branches, which are garnifiied with oblique
leaves fix inches long, and two inches and a half
broad in their broadeft part, growing narrower at each
end ; they are oblique to the foot-ftalk, which Hands
nearer to one fide than the other ; they are downy,
and ftand upon long foot-ftalks. The flowers come
out at the divifion of the branches ; thefe have a loofe
tubular empalement near four inches long, which
opens at the top on one fide like a fpatha or {heath,
within the empalement ; the tube of the flower is
narrow, but immediately above it fwells very large
for near fix inches in length, then fpreads open at the
brim, where it is divided into five angles, which ter-
minate in very long points ; they are white, with
fome longitudinal ftripes, of a pale yellow on their
outfide ; thefe are fucceeded by round fmooth cap-
fules, filled with kidney-ftiaped feeds.
This tree is one of the greateft ornaments to the gar-
dens in Chili, where the inhabitants propagate it with
great care. When the flowers are fully blown, they
make a fine appearance, and a Angle tree will per-
fume the air of a large garden.
This plant is tender, fo requires to be keptinaftove
in England. The feeds of this muft be procured
from the places where the trees naturally grow ; they
fhould be perfedly ripe when gathered, and carefully
put up, fo as that the vermin cannot get to them, for
they will deftroy them. Moft of the feeds which
were fent over by Dr. Houftoun, were devoured in
their paflfage by infeds, fo that but few plants were
raifed. There were two or three of them raifed in
the gardens of the late Lord Petre, and two in the
Chelfea garden ; one of which came fo far as to
flower, but perifhed without producing feeds, fo that
at prefent I believe there is not any of t; e plants in
England.
D AU C U S. Lin. Gen. Plant. 296. Tourn. Inft. R. H.
307. tab. 1 61. which fome derive of bedu,
Gr. to burn, of its {harp and fiery power, or fervent
tafte.] The Carrot.
The Characters are.
It bath an umbelliferous flower •, the principal umbel is
compofed of a great number of fmall ones called rays y
which are fhort , and in clufters. 'The involucrum of the
principal umbel is compofed of many narrow leaves , hawing
winged points - y thefe are fcarce fo long as the umbel ; thofe
of the rays are floor ter and fimple. The flowers have five
heart-fhaped petals which turn inward , thofe which com-
pofe the rays are unequal in fize, but thofe of the dijk are
nearly fo thefe have each five hairy ftamina, terminated
by roundifh fummits . The germen fits under the flower,
(upper i~
fupporting two reflexed flyles , crowned by obtufe ftigmas.
‘The germen afterward becomes a fmall , roundiflo , ftri-
ated fruit, dividing in two parts, each having a Jingle feed,
convex and furrowed on one fide, and plain on the other.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond flection
of Linnaeus’s fifth clafs, intitled Pentandria Digynia,
the flower having five {lamina and two flyles.
The Species are,
1. Daucus ( Sylveftris ) feminibus hifpidis, radice tenui-
ore fervido. Carrot with a prickly feed , and a fender
hot root. Daucus vulgaris. Cluf. Hift. 2. p. 198.
Common wild Carrot.
2. Daucus ( Carota ) feminibus hifpidis, radice carnofo
efculento. Carrot with a prickly feed, and a flefloy eatable
root. Daucus fativus, radice aurantii coloris. Tourn.
Infl. R. H. 307.
3. Daucus ( Gingidium ) radiis involucri planis, laciniis
recurvis. Prod. Leyd. 97. Carrot with plain rays to the
involucrurn, and recurved jags. Daucus montanus
lucidus. Tourn. Infl. 307. Shining maritime Carrot.
4. Daucus ( Hifpidus ) caule hifpido, fegmentis foliorum
latioribus. Carrot with a prickly ftalk, and broader fig-
ments to the leaves. Paflinaca Oenanthes folio. Bocc.
Rar. PI. 75. Parfnep with a IV at er Dropwort leaf.
5. Daucus ( Creticus ) radiis involucri pinnatifidis, tim-
bellis duplo longioribus, foliolis acutis. Carrot with
wing-pointed rays to the involucrurn, which are twice the
length of the umbel, and acute leaves. Daucus tenuifo-
lius Creticus, radiis umbellae longioribus. Tourn. Infl.
R. H. 308. Narrow-leaved Carrot of Crete, with rays
longer than the umbel.
6 . Daucus ( Mauritanicus ) feminibus hifpidis, flofculo
centrali flerili carnofo, receptaculo communi hemif-
phserico. Lin. Sp. 348. Carrot with hifpid feeds, the
central flower barren, and the common receptacle hemif-
pherical. Daucus Hifpanicus, umbella magna. Tourn.
Infl. 308.
7. Daucus ( [Vifnaga ) feminibus nudis. Hort. Cliff. 89.
Carrot havmg naked feeds. Gingidium umbella oblon-
ga. C. B. P. 1 5 1. Gingidium with an oblong umbel.
8. Daucus ( Muricatus ) feminibus aculeatus. Lin. Sp.
349. Carrot with prickly feeds. Caucalis major Dau-
coides Tingitana. Mor. Hill. 3. p. 308.
The firft fort is the common wild Carrot, which
grows by the fide of fields, and in paflure grounds in
many parts of England. The plants of this fort do
not differ greatly in appearance from the Garden Car-
rot, which has led fome perfons into an opinion of
their being the fame plant ; but thofe who have at-
tempted to cultivate the wild fort, are fully convinced
of their being diftindl plants. I have tried to culti-
vate the wild fort for many years, but could never
get the feeds which were fown in the fpring to grow,
upon which I fowed the feeds in autumn, part of
which have come up well; thefe plants I cultivated
in the fame manner as the Garden Carrot, but could
not improve the roots in the leafl, for they continued
to be fmall, flicky, and of a hot biting tafle; ,and
this has been always the cafe, wherever the plants
have been fown, therefore there can be no doubt of
their being different plants. The feeds of this fort
are ufed in medicine, and are efleemed good to bring
away gravel : it is an excellent diuretic, but inflead
of thefe feeds, the {hops are ufually fupplied with old
feeds ot the Garden Carrot, when they have loft their
vegetative quality, then the feedfmen fell them to
the druggifts for medicinal ufe ; but certainly all feeds
which are too old to grow, can have little virtue re-
maining in them.
There are feveral varieties of the Garden Carrots,
which differ in the colour of their roots, and thefe
variations may be continued, where there is proper
care taken not to mix the different lorts together in
the fame garden ; but the Orange Carrot is generally
efteemed in London, where the yellow and the white
Carrots are feldom cultivated.
The dark red, or purple Carrot, I take to be a dif-
tm£l fort from either of thefe ; but as it is much ten-
derer, 1 have not had an opportunity of feeing it in the
flower, tor the roots were all deftroyed by the firft
frofts in autumn. The feeds of this fort were lent
me from Aleppo, which fucceeded very well ; the
roots were not fo large as thofe of the other forts of
Carrots, and were of a purple colour, very like that
of a deep-coloured Radifh ; they were very tender
and fweet ; the leaves were finer cut than thofe of
the common Carrot, and were lefs hairy.
The fecond fort is commonly cultivated in gardens
for the kitchen, and the different varieties of it are,
in fome places, eileerned, though in London, the Q~
range Carrot is preferred to all the other.
They are propagated at two or three different feafonsf
or fomedmes oftener, where people are fond of young
Carrots, whenever they can be procured. The firft
feafon for flowing the feeds is foon after Chriftmas, if
the weather is open, which fhould be in warm bor-
ders, near walls, pales, or hedges, but they fhould
not be fown immediately clofe thereto ; but a border
of Lettuce, or other young fallad herbs, of about a
foot wide, fhould be next the wall, &c. for if the
Carrots were fown clofe to the wall, they would draw
up weak, without making any tolerable roots.
Thefe delight in a warm fandy foil which is light,
and Ihould be dug pretty deep, that the roots may the
better run down •, for if they meet with any obftruc-
tion, they are very apt to grow forked, and {hoot out
lateral roots, efpecially where the ground is too much
dunged the fame year that the feeds are fown, which
will alfo occafion their being worm-eaten ; it is there-
fore the better method to dung the ground intended
for Carrots the year before they are fown, that it
may be confumed, and mixed with the earth ; but
in luch places where there has not been ground fo
prepared the year before, and there may be a necefl*
fity for dunging it the fame year as the Carrots are
fown, the dung fhould be well rotted which is laid
upon it, and fhould be thinly fpread over the ground ;
and in the digging of it into the ground, great care
fhould be taken to difperfe it all through the ground,
and not to bury it in heaps, for that will flop the
roots of the Carrots in their downright growth, and
caufe them to be foort and forky. Where the ground,
is inclinable to bind, there cannot be too much care
taken to break and divide the parts ; therefore in
digging the land for Carrots, there foould never be
large fpits taken, but they muft'be very thin, and the
clods well broken ; which, if not attended to by the
mailer, is feldom properly performed by workmen,
who are too apt to hurry over their work, if they are
not well obferved.
The ground when dug Ihould be laid level and even,
otherwife when the feeds are fown and the ground is
raked over, part of the feeds will be buried too deep,
and others will be in danger of being drawn up into
heaps •, fo the plants will come up in bunches, and
other parts of the ground be naked, which fhould al-
ways be carefully avoided.
The feeds have a great quantity of fmall forked
hairs upon their borders, by which they clofely ad-
here, fo that they are difficult to fow even, fo as not
to come up in patches ; you fhould therefore rub it
well through both hands, whereby the feed will be
feparated before it is fown ; then you fhould choofe
a calm day to fow it in, for if the wind blows, it will
be impoffible to fow it equal, for the feeds being very
light, will be blown into heaps. When the feed is
fown, you Ihould tread the ground pretty clofe with
your feet, that it may be buried, and then rake the
ground level.
When the plants are come up and have got four
leaves, you fhould hoe the ground with a fmall hoe
about three inches wide, cutting down all young
weeds, and feparating the plants to four inches diftance
each way, that they may get ftrength ; and in about
a month or five weeks after, when the weeds bemn to
grow again, you firouldhoe the ground over a fecond
time, in which you fiiould be careful not to leave
two Carrots clofe to each other, as alfo to feparate
them to a greater diftance, cutting down all weeds,
and {lightly ftirring the furface of the ground in every
3 place,,
D A U
place, the better to prevent young weeds from fpring-
ing, as alio to facilitate the growth of the young
Carrots.
In about a month or five weeks after, you mull
hoe them a third time, when you mufl clear the
weeds as before ; and now you fhould cut out the
Carrots to the diftance they are to remain, which muft
be proportioned to the fize you intend to have them
grow. If they are to be drawn while young, five or
fix inches afunder will be fufficient, but if they are
to grow large before they are pulled up, they fhould
be left eight or ten inches diftant every way ; you
mufl alfo keep them clear from weeds, which, if fuf-
fered to grow amongfl the Carrots, will greatly pre-
judice them.
The fecond feafon for fowing thefe feeds is in Febru-
ary, on warm banks, fituated near the fhelter of a
wall, pale, or hedge ; but thofe which are intended
for the open large quarters, fhould not be fown before
the beginning of March, nor fhould you fow any later
than the end of the fame month ; for thofe which are
fown in April or May, will run up to feed before their
roots have any bulk, efpecially if the weather fhould
prove hot and dry.
In July you may fow again for an autumnal crop,
and at the end of Augufl you may fow fome to Hand
the winter ; by which method you will have early
Carrots in March, before the fpring fowing will be fit
to draw ; but thefe are feldom fo well tailed, and are
often very tough and flicky. However, as young
Carrots are generally expelled early in the fpring,
moil people fow fome at this feafon ; but thefe fhould
be fown upon warm borders and dry land, otherwife
they are feldom good. If the winter fhould prove very
fevere, it will be proper to cover the young Carrots
with Peafe-haulm, the haulm of Afparagus, or fome
fuch light covering, to prevent the frofl from pene-
trating into the ground, which often deflroys the Car-
rots, where this care is wanting : but if in very hard
winters the Carrots fhould be all deflroyed which were
fown in autumn, there fhould be a hot- bed made early
in the fpring to fow fome, which will be fit for ufe
long before any that are fown in the full ground ;
•but thefe beds fhould be earthed fifteen or fixteen
inches deep, that the roots may have a proper depth
of foil to run down. If thefe beds are lined with hot
dung twice, at fuch times when the heat of the beds
decline, it will greatly forward the growth of the Car-
rots, but there fhould be great care taken not to draw
the plants up too weak ; thefe may be allowed to
grow clofer together than thofe fown in the full
ground, becaufe they will be drawn for ufe very
young. Many people mix feveral other forts of feeds,
as Leek, Onion, Parfnep, Radifh, &c. amongfl their
Carrots ; and others plant Beans, &c. but, in my
opinion, neither of thefe methods are good ; for, if
there is a full crop of any one of thefe plants, there
can be no room for any thing elfe amongfl them, fo
that what is got by one is loft by another ; and be-
fides, it is not only more fightly, but better, for the
plants of each kind to be fown feparate ; and alfo by
this means your ground will be clear, when the crop
is gone, to fow or plant any thing elfe ; but when
three or four kinds are mixed together, the ground
is feldom at liberty before the fucceeding fpring : be-
fides, where Beans, or any other tall-growing plants
are planted amongfl the Carrots, they are apt to make
them grow more in top than root ; fo that they will
not be half fo large as if fown fingly, without any
other plants amongfl them.
The covetoufnefs of fome gardeners will not permit
them to cut out their Carrots to a proper diftance when
they hoe them, fo that by leaving them clofe, they
draw each other up weak : and if they are drawn
while young, they never recover their ftrength after-
ward fo perfectly, as to grow near the fize of thofe
which are properly thinned at the firft hoeing ; there-
fore where the Carrots are defigned to have large
roots, they muft never Hand too clofe, nor fhould
they have any other crop mixed with them.
D A U
This root has been long cultivated in gardens for the
table, but has not till of late years been cultivated in
the fields for cattle, nor has it been pradlifed as yet
but in few parts of England ; it is therefore greatly
to be wiffied, that the culture of it was extended to
every part of England, where the foil is proper for
the purpofe ; for there is fcarce any root yet known,
which more deferves it, being a very hearty good
food for moft forts of animals. One acre of Carrots,
if well planted, will fatten a greater number of flieep
or bullocks, than three acres of Turneps, and the
fiefh of thefe animals will be firmer and better tailed.
Horfes are extremely fond of thefe roots, and for hogs
there is not any better food. I have alfo known thefe
roots cultivated for feeding of deer in parks, which
has proved of excellent ufe in hard winters, when
there has been a fcarcity of other food ; at which
times great numbers of deer have periffied for want,
and thofe which have efcaped, have been fo much re-
duced, as not to recover their fiefh the following
fummer ; whereas, thofe fed with Carrots have been
kept in good condition all the winter, and upon the
growth of the grafs in the fpring, have been fat early
in the feafon, which is an advantage, where the grafs
is generally backward in its growth.
There is alfo an advantage in the cultivation of this
root beyond that of the Turnep, becaufe the crop is
not fo liable to fail ; for as the Carrots are fown in
the fprL 6 , the plants generally cOme up well, and
unlefs the months of June and July prove very bad,
there is no danger of the crop fucceeding ; whereas
Turneps are frequently deflroyed by the flies at their
firft coming up, and in dry autumns they are attacked
by caterpillars, which in a fhort time devour whole
fields, but Carrots are not attacked by thefe vermin :
therefore every farmer who has a flock of cattle or
fheep, fhould always have a fupply of thefe roots, if
he has land proper for the purpofe, which mufl be
light, and of a proper depth to admit of the roots
running down.
In preparing the land for Carrots, if it has not been
in tillage before, it fhould be ploughed early in au-
tumn, and then ploughed acrols again before winter,
laying it up in high ridges to mellow by the froft ;
and if the ground is poor, there fhould be fome rotten
dung fpread over it in winter, which fhould be
ploughed in about the beginning of February ; then
in March, the ground fhould be ploughed again to
receive the feeds ; in the doing of which, fome far-
mers have two ploughs, one following the other in
the fame furrow, fo that the ground is loofened a
foot and a half deep. Others have men with fpades
following the plough in the furrows, turning up a
fpit of earth from the bottom, which they lay upon
the top, levelling it fmooth and breaking the clods ;
the latter method is attended with a little more ex-
pence, but is much to be preferred to the firft, becaufe
in this way the clods are more broken, and the fur-
face of the ground is laid much evener.
If the land has been in tillage before, it will require
but three ploughings ; the firft juft before winter,
when it fhould be laid in high ridges for the reafons
before given ; the fecond crofs ploughing fhould be
in February, after which, if it is well harrowed to
break the clods, it will be of great fervice ; the lafl
time muft be in March to receive the feeds, this
fhould be performed in the manner before mention-
ed. After this third ploughing, if there remain great
clods of earth unbroken, it will be proper to harrow
it well before the feeds are fown. One pound and a
half of feeds will be fufficient for an acre of land,
but as they are apt to adhere together, it renders
them more difficult to fow even than moft other forts ;
therefore fome mix a quantity of dry fand with their
feeds, rubbing them well together, fo as to feparate
the Carrot feeds from each other, which is a good
method. After the feeds are fown, they muft be
gently harrowed in to bury them ; and when the
plants come up, they fhould be hoed, in the manner
before directed.
But
D A U
Blit in order to preferve your Carrots for ufe all the
winter and fpring; you fhould, about the beginning
of November, when the green leaves are decayed,
dig them up, and lay them in fand in a dry place,
where the froft cannot come to them, takings diem
out from time to time as you have occafion for them,
referving forne of the longeft and ftraiteft roots for
feed, if you intend to fave any ; which roots fliould
be planted in the middle of February, in a light foil,
about a foot afunder each way; obferving to keep the
ground clear from weeds ; and about the middle of
Auguft, when you find the feeds are ripe, you mull: cut
it off, and carry it to a dry place, where it fhould be
expofed to the fun and air for feveral days to dry ;
then you may beat out the feeds, and put it up in
bags, keeping it in a dry place until you ufe it.
This feed is feldoni efteemed very good after the firft
Or fecond year at mod, but new feed is always pre-
ferred, nor will it grow when it is more than two
years old.
The third fort grows naturally about Montpelier •,
this hath lmoother ftalks than the common Carrot, the
fegments of the leaves are broader, and of a lucid
green ; the umbels of the flowers are larger, and not
fo regular. This is an annual plant, but it fucceeds
bell; when fown in autumn.
The fourth fort is of lower growth than either of the
former-, the ftalks are clolely covered with fhort
prickles, the fegments of the leaves are broad and
obtuie, the umbels are ftnall, and the involucrum is
longer than the umbel, and the leaves are trifid which
compofe it.
The fifth fort rifes with a {lender, rough, hairy ftalk
upward of two feet high •, the leaves are fhort, and
have a few fmall ones intermixed, which are thinly
placed, and cut into acute fegments; the umbels are
not fo large as thofe of the common fort, and the in-
volucrum is twice the length of the umbel ; the leaves
which compofe it are divided into five or feven parts,
ending in acute points ; the flowers are yellow.
The fixth fort hath a channelled ftalk rifling near
three feet, which is terminated by large umbels of
flowers, with a wing-pointed involucrum ; the feg-
ments of the lower leaves are cut into obtufe fegments,
and are of a deep green colour,
ft he feventh fort is an annual plant, which grows na-
turally in Spain and Italy ; this rifes with an upright,
fmooth, channelled ftalk three feet high, garnifhed
with fmooth leaves, which are divided into many fine
narrow fegments like thofe of Fennel; the ftalks
branch out upward, and each branches terminated by
a large umbel, compofed of a great number of fmall
ones; the involucrum is fhorterthan the umbel, and
each of the leaves which compofe it is trifid : the
foot-ftalks which fuftain the fmall umbels (or rays)
are long and ftiff; thefe are by the Spaniards ufed
for picking their teeth, from whence the plant had
the title of Vifnaga, or Pick-tooth. The feeds of this
plant fliould be fown in autumn, for thofe which are
iown in the fpring frequently fail, or at leaft remain
in the ground till next year before they grow ; the
plants require no other culture but to keep them
clean from weeds, and thin them where they are too
clofe.
The eighth fort grows naturally about Tangier. This
rifes with an upright ftalk above two feet high, gar-
nifhed with double-winged leaves which are hairy ;
the ftalk branches upward into feveral diviflons, each
being terminated by an umbel of white flowers, which
are fucceeded by prickly feeds.
.if the feeds of this fort are not fown in the autumn,
the plants rarely perfect their feeds in this country ;
for when they are fown in the fpring, and the plants
come up foon after, they generally run up to feed in
autumn, fothat the frofts conie on before they have
time to ripen.
I hem forts are fometimes preferved in botanic gar-
dens for the fake of variety, but being of no ufe, are
not cultivated in other gardens.
CAUCUS C RE FICUS. See Athamanta.
DAY
D’AYENIA, Monier.
This genus of plants receives its title from Monfelg-
neur Le Due D’Ayen, who is a great lover and pro-
moter of the fci'ence of botany ; and has a noble
garden at St. Germains, which is well ftored with rare
plants from many different parts of the wbrld, and
has appointed Dr. Monier, member of the Royal A-
caderny of Sciences, the fuperintendent of it.
The Characters are; /
It hath an empalement ccmpofied of five final l oval leaves
which are dry. I 'he .flower hath five petals^ whofe points
are united to a plain ftarry neUarium ; the neliarium fits
upon a cylindrical column which is ere II , and the length of
the empalement ; it is bell-fhaped , having five depreffed
lobes at the margin : it hath five fhort ftamina inferted in-
to the border of the neclarium , terminated by roundifh
fummits , which are joined to the border of the petals. It
hath a roundiflo germen in the bottom of the neltarium y
fupporting a cylindrical ftyle , crowned by a five-cornered
obtufe ftigma. I'he capfuk hath five cells , inclofing five
oblong feeds faftened to the cap fide.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fourth fe&ioii
of Linnseus’s twentieth clafs, intitled Gynandria Pen-
tandria, the flowers having five ftamina, which are
faftened with the ftyle to the nedtarium.
We at prefent know but one Species of this genus,
viz.
D’Ayenia ( Puftlla ) foliis cordatis glabris. Lin. Sp. 1354.
II Ayenia with heart-fhaped fmooth leaves.
The feeds of this plant were fent by the younger
De Juftieu from Peru to Paris, where they fucceeded,
and have fince been communicated to many other gar-
dens in Europe. I received the feeds from Dr. Mo-
nier, intendent of the garden of the Duke D’Ayen
at St. Germains, which have for fdme years grown
in the Chelfea garden, where the plants annually
flower and perfe<ft their feeds.
This plant hath a weak ligneous ftalk, which divides
into feveral flender branches, rifling from nine inches
to a foot high, garnifhed by heart-fhaped fmooth
leaves, which are ftightly indented on their edges.
Handing upon pretty long foot-ftalks ; they are of a
lucid green, and end in acute points, placed alter-
nately on the branches. At the bafe of each foot-
ftalk, from the fide of the branches, come out the
flowers, two, three, or four, arifing from the fame
point, each Handing upon a feparate flender foot-
ftalk ; they have five flender ftamina, collebted into a
fort of column, like the malvaceous flowers, having
a five-cornered germen at the bottom, which after-
ward becomes a roundifh five-cornered capfule, hav-
ing five cells, in each of thefe is lodged one kidney-
fhaped feed. The flowers are tubulous, fpreading
open at the top, where they are cut into five acute
fegments, each being terminated by a flender tail ;
they are purple, and continue in fucceftion on the
fame plants from July to the winter.
This plant is propagated by feeds, which fliould be
fown upon a moderate hot-bed early in the fpring ;
and when the plants are come up, and have four
leaves, they fhould be tranfplanted on afrefh hot-bed
to bring them forward ; part of them may be planted
in fmall pots, and the others may be planted on the
bed : thofe in the pots fliould be plunged into a hot-
bed of tanners bark ; they muft be fhaded till they
have taken new root, then they muft have free air
admitted to them every day, in proportion to the
warmth of the leafon ; they require to be frequently
watered in warm weather, but they fhould not have
it in too great plenty. The plants fhould continue
all the fummer in the hot-bed, where they muft havd
a good fliare of air ; for thofe which are fully expofed
to the open air will not thrive, and if they are too
much drawn, they do not flower well. The plants
will live tkrough the winter in a moderate ftove 5 but
as they psrfedl their feeds well the firft year, fewper-
fons care to continue the old plants. There is a fi-
gure of this plant exhibited in the 11 8th plate of our
figures of plants.,
D A Y-L I L y. See FIemeroc, allis.
4 X DECOR-
DEL
DECORTICATION, is the pulling off the out- J
ward bark of trees, alfo the peeling or barking of
. roots.
DELPHINIUM. Lin. Gen. Plant. 602. Tourn. j
Lift. R. H. 426. tab. 241. [Aja^Iv, Gr. a dolphin;
fo called, becaufe the flower, before it opens, re-
fembles a dolphin. It is called Confolida Regalis,
from its confolidating virtue. Cafpar Bauhin calls
it the Royal Plant, becaufe it has its cup turned
backwards, like a nobleman’s badge. Caefalpinus,
Pliny, and the poets fay, this plant is the true Hya-
cinth, becaufe it has the fyllable ai infcribed on its
flower, which is a particle of bewailing,] Larkfpur,
or Larkfheel.
The Characters are,
The fiower hath no empalement ; it is compofed of five
unequal petals placed circularly ; the tipper petal is ex-
tended at the hinder part ifito a tubular obtufe tail ; the
two fide petals are nearly of the fame fize with the upper ,
but the two lower are fm abler ; thefe fipread open. There
is a bifid nediarium fituated in the center of the petals ,
and is involved in the tube by the back part. The flower
hath many fmall ftamina which incline to the petals , and
are terminated by fmall eredl fummits ; it hath three
oval germen , fupporting three flyles which are as long as
the ftamina , crowned by reflexed ftigmas ; the germen af-
terward become fo many capfules joined together, which
open croffways , each having one cell filled with angular
feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the third feflion
of Linnaeus’s thirteenth clafs, intitled Polyandria Tri-
gynia, the fiower having many ftamina and three
ftyles
The Species are,
1. Delphinium ( Confolida ) nedtariis monophyllis, caule
fubdivifo. Horf. Cliff. 217. Larkfpur with a one-leaved
nediarium and a divided ftalk. Delphinium fegetum.
Tourn. Inft. 426. Corn Larkfpur , and the Confolida
regalis arvenfis. C. B. P. 142. Field Royal Confound.
2. Delphinium ( Ajacia ) nedtariis monophyllis, caule
fimplici. Larkfpur with a one-leaved nediarium , and an
eredl ftalk. Delphinium hortenfe, flore majore &
fimplici casruleo. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 426. Garden
Larkfpur , with a larger Jingle blue flower.
3. Delphinium ( Ambiguum ) nedtariis monophyllis, caule
ramofo. Larkfpur with a one-leaved nediarium and a
branching ftalk. Delphinium elatius purpuro viola-
ceufri. Suvert. Flor. Branched Larkfpur.
4. Delphinium ( Peregrinum ) nedtariis diphyllis corollis
enneapetalis capfulis teretis, foliis multipartitis ob-
tufis. Hort. Cliff 213. Larkfpur with a two-leaved
nediarium , a flower with eleven petals and three capfules ,
and leaves divided into many obtufe fegments. Delphi-
num latifolium, parvo flore. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 426.
Broad-leaved Larkfpur with a fmall flower.
5. Delphinium ( Elatum ) nedtariis diphyllis, labellis bi-
fidis, apice barbatis, foliis incifts, caule eredto. Hort.
Upfal. 1 5 1. Larkfpur with a two-leaved nediarium , a
bifid Up bearded at the top , cut leaves , and an eredl ftalk.
Delphinium perenne montanum villofum, aconiti
folio. Tourn. Inft. 42 b. Perennial hairy Mountain
Larkfpur with a Monk flood leaf commonly called the Bee
Larkfpur.
6 . Delphinium [Grandi flor uni) nedtaris diphyllis, labellis
integris, floribus fubfolitariis, foliis compofitis li-
neari-multipartitis. Hort. Upfal. 150. Larkfpur with
a two-leaved nediarium , an entire lip , flowers growing
Jingly , and compound leaves divided into many narrow
parts. Delphinium humilius anguftifolium perenne,
flore azureo. Amman. Dwarf narrow-leaved perennial
Larkfpur with an azure flower.
7. Delphinium ( Americanum ) nedtariis diphyllis, la-
bellis integris, floribus fpicatis, foliis palmatis mul-
tifidis glabris. Plate 1 1 9. Larkfpur with a two-leaved
nediarium , an entire lip, flowers growing in fpikes , and pal-
mated, multifid , fmooth leaves , commonly called American
Larkfpur.
8. Delphinium ( Staphifagria ) nedtariis diphyllis, foliis
palmatis, lobis integris. Hort. Cliff 213. Larkfpur
with a two-leaved empalement, and palmiped leaves having
DEL
entire lobes. Delphinium platani folio, ftaphyfagria
didtum. Tourn. Inft; R. H. 428. Larkfpur with a
Plane-tree leaf called Stavefacre.
The feveral varieties of the Garden Larkfpur are not
here enumerated, as they would fwell the work be-
yond its intended bulk, if all thefe were diftinguilhed,
therefore here are only the diftindt fpecies mentioned j
and as the gardeners diftinguifh the Garden Larkfpurs
into thofe which are branched, and fuch as have up-
right ftaiks ; which difference is permanent, and
hever alters, whatever may be afferted to the con-
trary by ignorant pretenders ; fo I fhall juft mention
the feveral varieties which there are of each fort,
commonly cultivated if the gardens of the curious.
And firft of the branched Larkfpur, there are of the
following colours, with ftngle and double flowers.
Blue, purple, white, flefh, Afh, and Rofe colours ;
and fome have flowers beautifully fpotted, with two
or three of thefe different colours.
The upright or unbranched Larkfpur, produces a
greater variety of colours than the branched, and the
flowers are larger and fuller than thofe •, but the
principal colours run nearly the fame with thofe of
the other, though many of the colours are deeper,
and there are more different fhades of thefe colours
in the flowers of this fort.
The firft fort grows naturally on arable lands, in
^ France, Spain, and Italy, and is fuppofed to be the
fame as the Garden Larkfpur, which is a great mif-
take ; for I have cultivated it many years in the gar-
den, and never found it alter : the leaves of this fort
are broader, and not fo much divided as thofe of the
garden kind, and are placed thinner upon the ftaiks ;
the flowers are fmaller, and grow in longer fpikes ;
the ftaiks are not fo much branched as that fort which
is called the branched, nor are they ftngle like the
upright, fo that I think it may be allowed to be a
different fpecies.
The fecond fort hath upright ftaiks, which fcarce put
out any branches ; the fpikes of flowers grow eredt,
and the flowers are placed very clofe together, fo that
they make a fine appearance. Thefe plants flower in
July and Auguft, and are very great ornaments to
the borders of the flower-garden.
The branching Larkfpur, which is the third fort,
comes later to flower than the upright ; this rifes with
a very branching ftalk three feet high or more ; the
branches come out horizontally from the fide of the
ftaiks, but afterward turn that part on which the
fpike of flowers grow, which is at the extremity up-
ward, fo as to make an angle ; the leaves are long
and finely divided ; the flowers are placed thinner in
the fpikes than thofe of the upright fort ; they are
large, and fome of them very double and of various
colours.
Thefe plants are annual, fo are every year propagated
by feeds, which fhould be fown where the plants are
defigned to remain, for they do not bear tranfplanting
well, efpecially if they are not removed very young *,
thofe feeds which are fown in autumn, produce the
ftrongeft plants and moft double flowers, and ripen
their feeds better than thofe which are fown in the
fpring, as they come earlier to flower ; but to con-
tinue a fuccefllon of thefe flowers, there fhould be
fome feeds fown in the fpring. When they are fown
on the borders of the flower-garden for ornament,
they fhould be in patches of about a foot diameter,
ffn the middle of the borders, at proper diftances ; in
each of thefe patches may be flattered ten or a dozen
feeds, covering them over about a quarter of an inch
with earth; and in the fpring the plants may be
thinned, leaving about five or fix of the upright fort
in each patch to ftand for flowering; but of the
branching fort, not more than three or four, becaufe
thefe require room ; after this the plants will require
no farther care but to keep them clean from weeds,
and when they begin to flower fhould be fiipported
by flower-flicks to prevent their being broken by
wind, efpecially if they are not in a flickered fituation.
If the feeds were well choice, there will be very few
ordinary
\
f I
DEL
ordinary flowers among them ; and if there are feeds
i of the different coloured flowers fown in each patch,
they will make a pleafmg variety : but the upright
fort fhould never be mixed in the fame patches with
the branching, becauie they do not flower at the
fame time.
But in order to preferve the two forts fine without
degenerating to fingle or bad colours, tnere fhould be
a bed of each fort fown in autumn, in fome feparate
part of tire garden, where the plants fhould be pro-
perly thinned, and kept clean from weeds, till they
begin to Anew their flowers •, when they fhould be
carefully looked over every other day, to pull out all
thofe plants, whofe flowers are not very double nor
of good colours ; for if thefe are permitted to ftand
among the others till their farina has impregnated
them, it will certainly caule them to degenerate ; fo
that thofe perfons who are contented with only
marking their good flowers for feed, and fuffer the
others to ftand for feed among them, will always find
themfelves difappointed in the goodnefs of their flow-
ers the following feafon : therefore thofe who propofe
to have thefe flowers in perfection, fhould never
gather the feeds of fuch as grew in the borders of
the flower-garden ; becaufe there it will be almoft
impoffible to preferve them fo true, as when they are
in beds at a diftance from all other kinds.
When the fced-veffels turn brown, they muft be
carefully watched, to gather them before they open
and difcharge the feeds ; fo that thofe which are fi-
tuated on the lower part of the ftalk, will open long
before thofe on the upper part of the ftalk are ripe *
for which reafon the pods fhould from time to time
be gathered as they ripen, and not buffered to ftand
till the ftalks are pulled up, which is often pra&ifed.
Thofe pods which are fituated on the lower part of
the ftalks, are much preferable to fuch as grow near
the top ; for which reafon thofe who are very curious
in the choice of their feeds, crop off the upper part
of the fpikes of flowers, and never fuffer them to
ftand for feeds.
As thefe plants are very hardy, and require fo little
care in their culture, fo they are worthy of a place in
every good garden ; for during their continuance in
flower, there are few plants which make a better ap-
pearance ; and for gathering to make flower-pots to
adorn rooms, there is fcarce any flower fo proper ;
becaufe by their upright growth and long fpikes,
they rife to a proper height above the pots *, and
when the feveral colours are fkilfully intermixed
they make a rich appearance, and continue long in
beauty.
The fourth fort grows naturally in Sicily and Spain,
I received the feeds of it from Gibraltar ; this hath a
very branching ftalk, which rifes about two feet high *
the lower leaves are divided into many broad obtufe
fegments, but thofe which are upon the ftalks are
generally fingle •, the flowers grow fcatteringly toward
the upper part of the branches, they are fmall, and
of a deep blue colour •, thefe are fucceeded by very
imall feed-veffels, which are fometimes fingle, and
at others double, and very rarely three together, as
in the common forts. This is an annual plant, whofe
feeds fhould be fown in autumn, and the plants
treated as the common fort^ it hath little beauty,
and is only kept in fome gardens for the fake of va-
riety.
The fifth fort hath a perennial ro©t, which fends out
feveral upright ftalks in the fpring, riling to the
height of four feet, garnifhed with leaves which are
divided into many broad fegments, in form of a
fpreading hand ; thefe fegments are cut at their ex-
tremities into two or three acute points • the leaves
are hairy, and ftand upon long foot-ftalks * the flow-
ers terminate the ftalks, growing m long fpikes •, they
are of a light blue, covered toward their hinder part
with a meally down. This flowers in July and Au-
guft, and in autumn the ftalks decay to the root.
The fixth fort grows naturally in Siberia, from whence
the feeds w r ere feat to the Imperial garden at Pe-
DEh
terfburgh, where they fucceeded ; and the feeds were
fent me from thence by the late Dr. Amman, who
was profeflbr of botany in that univerfrty: This hath
a perennial root, which puts out twt> or three
branching ftalks every fpring ; thefe rife about a foot
and a half high, and are garniftied at each joint with
leaves compofed of many narrow fegments* which
terminate with feveral acute points •, they are fmooth,
and of a light green colour ^ the flowers come out
toward the upper part of the ftalks frngly, each
ftanding upon a long naked foot-ftalk thefe are large,
and of a fine azure colour •, they appear the latter
part of July, and are fucceeded by feeds which ripen
in the autumn.
The feventh fort grows naturally in America^ this is
a perennial plant, which rifes with ftrong branching
ftalks fix or feven feet high, garniftied with hand-
fhaped leaves, which are divided into four or five
broad lobes, ending with many acute points * thefe
are fmooth, and ftand upon long foot-ftalks j the
flowers terminate the ftalks, growing in long fpikes 5
they are of a fine blue colour, with a bearded nec-
tarium, having two lips * and of a dark colour, re-
fembling at a fmall diftance the body of a bee.
All the perennial Larkfpurs are propagated by feeds,
which, if fown in autumn, will more certainly fuc-
ceed, than thofe which are fown in the fpring ; when
the plants come up, they fhould be kept clean from
weeds, and where they are too clofe together, part
of them fhould be drawn out, to allow room for the
others to grow till the following autumn, v/hen they
muft be planted where they are to remain * the fol-
lowing fummer they will flower, and the roots con-
tinue many years growing in magnitude, 1b will pro-
duce a greater number of fiower-fcalks.
The eighth fort is an annual plant, which grows na-
turally in the Levant, as alfo in Calabria •, this rifes
with a ftrong hairy ftalk about two feet high, gar-
nifhed with hand-fhaped hairy leaves, compofed of
five or feven oblong lobes, which have frequently one
or two acute indentures on their Tides ; the flowers
form a loofe fpike at the upper part of the ftalk,
each ftanding on a long foot-ftalk ; the flowers are of
a pale blue or purple colour, and have a two-leaved
nedtarium : this is propagated by feeds, which fhould
be fown in autumn, for thofe fown in the fpring never
grow the fame year. The feeds fhould be fown where
the plants are to remain, and require no other treat-
ment than the common Larkfpur. The common
people ufe the powder of this feed to kill lice, from
whence it has been titled Loufewort.
DENS CANIS. See Erythronium.
DENS LEONIS. See Leontodon.
DENTARIA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 726. Tourn. InfL
R. H. 225. tab. no. Toothwort - 3 in French Den-
taire.
The Characters are.
The empalemcnt of the flower is compofed of four oblong
ovd leaves , which fall off ; the flower hath four obtufe
petals placed in form of a crofs it hath fix flamina , four
of which are as long as the empalement , the other two
are porter thefe are terminated by oblong heart-paped
fummits , which fiand erebi. In the center is fituated an
oblong germen, fupporting a port thick fiyle , crowned by
an obtufe ftigma •, the germen afterward becomes a long
taper pod with two cells , divided by an intermediate par-
tition , opening with two valves , including many roundp
feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fedtion
of Linnaeus’s fifteenth clafs, intitied Tetradynamia
Siliquofa, the flowers having four long and two fhort
ftamina, and the feeds being inclofed in long pods.
The Species are,
1. Dentaria ( Pentaphyllos ) folds fummis digitatis. Lin.
Sp. 912. Five-leaved Toothwort , whofe upper leaves are
hand-paped. Dentaria pentaphyllos, folks mollioribus.
C. B. P. 322. Five-leaved “Toothwort with foft leaves.
2. Dentaria {Bulbifera) foliis inferioribus pinnatis,
fummis fimplicibus. Hart. Cliff. 335. Toothwort with
lower leaves winged / and the upper ones fingle. Denta-
Ha heptaphyllos baccifera. C. B. P. 322. Seven-leaved
bulb-bearing wsothwort.
3 - Dentaria [Enneaphyllos) foliis ternis ternatis. Lin.
Sp. Plant. 653. Toothwort with three-leaved trifoliate
leaves. Dentaria triphyllos. C. B. P. 322. Three-leaved
T oothwort.
The firft fort rifes with a ftrong Balk afoot and a half
high, garnifhed with a leaf at each joint, compofed
of five lobes, which are four inches long, and near
two broad in the wicleff part, ending in acute points,
deeply fawed on their edges ; thefe are fmooth, and
Band on long foot-ftalks •, the flowers grow in loofe
fpikes at the top of the flalks ; they are fmall, of a
blufli colour, and fucceeded by long taper pods filled
with fmall roundifh feeds. It grows in the Brady
woods in the fouth of France and Italy.
The fecond fort rifes with (lender Balks about a foot
high; the leaves at the bottom have feven lobes,
thofe a little above five, others but three, and at the
upper part of the ftalk they are fingle : the flowers
grow in cluders at the top of the Balk ; thefe have
four obtufe purple petals, and are fucceeded by taper
pods filled with roundifh feeds.
The third fort rifes with an upright Balk a foot high ;
the leaves are compofed of nine lobes, three growing
together, fo that one leaf has three times three ; the
flowers grow in fmall bunches on the top of the Balks,
and are fucceeded by fmall taper pods filled with
roundifh feeds.
Thefe plants grow on the mountains in Italy, and in
the woods of AuBria. The fecond fort is found wild
in fome parts of England, but particularly near Hare-
field, in moifi fhady woods, and is feldom preferved
in gardens : this produces bulbs on the fide of the
Balks, where the leaves are fet on, which, if planted,
will grow and produce plants. Thefe plants are pro-
pagated by feeds, or parting their roots ; the feeds
fhould be lown in autumn, foon after they are ripe,
in a light fandy foil and a fhady fituation : in the
Ipring the plants may be taken up where they grow
too clofe, and tranfplanted out in the like foil and fi-
tuation ; where, after they have taken root, they
will require no farther care, but to keep them clear
Trom weeds: the fecond year they will produce flowers,
and fometimes perfect: their feeds.
The befi time to tranfplant the roots is in October,
when they fhould be planted in a moifi foil and a
Brady fituation ; for they will trot live in a dry foil, or
when they are expofed to the fun.
DEW is by fome defined to be a meteor bred of a
thin cold vapour, or compofed of the Beams and
vapours of the earth ; which, being exhaled by the
heat of the fun, and kept fufpended during his pre-
fence, do, upon his abfence, convene into drops, and
then fall down unto the earth again.
Others define it, a thin, light, infenfible mifi or rain,
falling while the fun is below the horizon.
The origin and matter of dews are, without doubt,
from vapour and exhalations of the earth and water,
raifed by the warmth of the fun and earth, &c.
There being many vapours in the air, though not
always vifible, hence it comes to pafs, that even in
clear weather great dews fall, efpecially in countries
where it feldom rains ; for when it happens that the
fcattered vapours are colledted and condenfed together,
and forced downwards, they mufi needs fall, and be-
dew the plants and grafs.
The thin veficles, of which vapours confiB, being
once detached from their bodies, keep rifing in the
air till they arrive at fuch a fiage as is of the fame
Specific gravity with themfelves, when their rife is
Bopped : now, as it is the warmth or fire that dilates
the parts of water, and forms thofe veficles that are
fpecifically lighter than the air, and are capable of af-
cending therein.; fo when that heat declines, or is
loB, as by the approach or contiguity of any colder
body, the veficles condenfe, and become heavier and
defcend.
Therefore the fun warming the atmofphere in the
day-time, by the continual influx of his rays, the va~
3
podrs being dnce raifed, continue their progrefs, not
meeting with any thing to increafe their gravity,
till luch time as they are got far beyond the reach of'
the refleded warmth of the earth in the middle re-
gion of the atmofphere, and there condenfe and form
clouds.
Though fome fay, it is difputable whether dews ever
congregate fo as to form clouds, as they are only
elevated by the fun ; fo that when that power is gone,
as it is after the letting of the fun, they immediately
defcend ; and this is more obfervable in very warm
weather, and very hot climates.
The time for the falling of the dew is either before
fun-rifmg, or after lun-let ; that it may regularly fall
at fuch times, it is necefiary for the air to be calm,
for windy or Bormy weather hinders it ; but when it
is calm weather, and gentle breezes are felt from the
wefi about the letting, and from the eafi about the
rifing of the fun, it is probable, that by moderately
cooling the air, they colled the vapours and precipi-
tate them ; and becaufe the morning breezes are more
general than the evening ones, for this reafon the
evening dews fall only here, and there, but thofe in
the morning feldom fail to be univerfal : or, as it
may be otherwife expreffed, when the fun is got be-
low the horizon, the atmofphere cools the vapours,
which have in the preceding day been raifed by the
warmth- of the earth; and the rays of the fun being
lodged there, as foon as they are got out of the air,
they begin to condenfe apace, and lpend their Bock
of heat and fire on the cold moifi air that they pafs
through.
Hence it is, that dews are more copious in the fpring
than other feafons, there being a greater Bock of va-
pour in readinefs, by reafon there has been but a fmall
expence thereof during the winter’s cold and frolt
than at other times.
It is found by experience, that the dews are more
copious in hotter countries than in cold, as Pliny ob-
ferves of the fummer nights in Africa, which he calls
Rofcidte asfiate nodes ; the reafon of which feems
to be this, that in the day-time the heat of the fun
raifes abundance of vapours out of the water ; which
vapours are fo extremely rarefied by the fame heat,
that they are difperfecl far and wide ; but the cool of
the night brings them together, and condenfes them
to that degree, that they fall to the ground, but not
in fuch large drops as rain does ; but in colder coun-
tries, where there are frequent rains, and the vapours
are lefs rarefied, mofi of them come down in rain,
and but a fmall part turns to dew : befides, in Africa
there is a great difference between the heat of the day
and night, particularly in fummer ; for their nights
are long, and very cold ; whereas in northern coun-
tries they are little colder than the day, and much
flhorter than in places nearer the line.
Pliny likewife relates of Egypt, that it abounds in
dews throughout all the heat of fummer ; for the air
being there too hot to conffipate the vapours in the
day-time, they never gather into clouds, and for that
reafon they have no rain. But it is known, in climates
where the days are exceffive hot, the nights are re-
markably cold, fo that the vapours that are raifed
after fun-fet are readily condenfed into dews : or,
perhaps notable coldnefs may be rather the effedt than
the caufe of the quantity of dews ; for much vapour
being raifed by the great heat of the earth, and the
Bock of fire being lpent on it in the day-time, the
influx of fuch a great quantity of moifiure mufi greatly
chill the air.
The difference between dew and rain feems to be
only this, that dew fails at fome particular times as
aforefaid, and in very fmall drops, fo as to be feen
when down, but fcarce perceivable while it is falling ;
whereas rain falls at any time, and in groffer drops.
The reverend Dr. Hales, in his Treatife of Vegetable
Statics, tells us, That in order to find out the quan-
tity of dew that fell in the night on the 15th of Au-
guff, 7 p. rn. he took two glazed earthen pans, which
were three inches deep, and twelve indies diameter
in
D E W
in furface: that he filled them with pretty rrioift
earth, taken off the furface of the ground, and they
mcreafed in weight by the night’s dew 180 grains ;
and decreafed in weight by the evaporation of the day
j ounce 4- 282 grains.
He fays likewife, he fet thefe in other broader pans
to prevent any moifture from the earth flicking to the
bottom of them. He adds, that the moifter the earth
is, the more dew falls on it in a night, and more than
a double quantity of dew falls on a furface of water
than there does on an equal furface of moift earth.
The evaporation of a furface of water in nine hours
winter’s dry day, is A_ of an inch : the evaporation
of a furface of ice fet in the fhade during a nine hours
day, was T - r .
So here are 540 grains more evaporated from the
earth every 24 hours in fummer than fall in dew in
the night; that is, in 21 days near 26 ounces from a
circular area of a foot diameter; and circles being as
the fquares of their diameters, 10 pounds 4- 2 ounces
will in 2 1 days be evaporated from the hemifphere of
30 inches diameter, which the Sunflower’s root occu-
pies ; which, with the 29 pounds drawn off by the
plant in the fame time, makes 39 pounds, that is, 9
pounds and 4 out °f every cubic foot of earth, the
plant’s roots occupying more than 4 cubic feet : but
this is a much greater degree of arinefs than the fur-
face of the earth ever fuffers for 1 5 inches depth, even
in the drieft feafons in this country.
In a long dry feafon therefore, efpecially within the
tropics, we njuft have recourfe, for fufficient moifture
to keep plants and trees alive, to the moift ftrata of
earth, which lie next below that in which the roots
are.
Now moift bodies always communicate of their moif-
ture to more dry adjoining bodies ; but this flow mo-
tion of the afcent of moifture is much accelerated by
the fun’s heat to confiderable depths in the earth, as
is probable, he fays, from the twentieth experiment
in the faid book.
Now 180 grains of dew falling in one night on a cir-
cle of a foot diameter = 113 fquare inches ; thefe
180 grains being equally fpread on this furface, its
depth will be T part of an inch = — • He adds,
r 1 5 9 r 113 x 254
that he found the dew in a winter night to be the ^
part of an inch ; fo that if we allow 1 5 1 nights for
the extent of the fummer dew, it will in that time
arife to one inch depth : and reckoning the remaining
214 nights for the extent of the winter’s dew, it will
produce 2,39 inches depth, which makes the dew of
the whole year amount to 3,39 inches depth.
And the quantity which evaporated in a fair fum-
mer’s day from the fame furface, being as 1 ounce
282 grains, gives fh? part of an inch depth for eva-
poration, which is four times as much as fell at
night.
He fays likewife, that he found by the fame means,
the evaporation of a winter’s day to be nearly the
fame as in a fummer’s day ; for the earth being in
winter more faturate with moifture, that excels of
moifture anfwers to the exceflive heat in fummer.
Nic. Cruquius, N° 381. of the Philofophical Tranf-
aftions, found, that 28 inches depth evaporated in a
whole year from water, i. e. -A- of an inch each day at
a mean rate : but the earth in a fummer’s day evapo-
rates -^g- of an inch, fo the evaporation of a furface
of water is to the evaporation of a furface of earth in
fummer as 10:3.
The quantity of rain and dew that falls in a year is
at a medium 22 inches. The quantity of the earth’s
evaporation in a year is at leaft 9 4- L inches ; flnce
that is the rate at which it evaporates in a fummer’s
day : from which 9 + 4: inches are to be deducted
3,39 inches for circulating daily dew, there remains
6,2 inches ; which 6,2 inches deducted from the quan-
tity of rain that falls in a year, there remains at leaft
16 inches depth to repleniffi the earth with moif-
ture for vegetation, and to fupply the fprings and
rivers.
D I A
Dr. Hales proceeds to inftance, in the cafe’ of a Hop-
ground which he gives in the ninth experiment of 'his
book of Vegetable Statics, that the evaporation there
found, from the Hops, conftdered only for three
months, at x + r part of an inch, each day, which will
be -At of an inch : but before it be allowed 6,2 inches
to form the furface of the ground, which added to
the -Aj- give 7,1 inches, which is the ucrnoft that can
be evaporated from a furface of Hop-ground in a
year; fo that of 22 inches depth of rain, there re-
main 15 inches to fupply fprings, which are more or
Ids exhaufted, according to the drinefs or wetnefs of
the year.
Hence we find, that 22 inches depth of rain in a,
year is fufficient for all the purpofes of nature in fuch
fiat countries as that about Teddington near Hamp-
ton Court. But in the hill countries, as in Lanea-
ffiire, there falls 42 inches depth of rain water, from
which, ded lifting 7 inches for evaporation, there re-
mains 35 inches depth of water for the fprings, be-
hides great fupplies from much more plentiful dews
than fall in plain countries ; which vaft (lores feem fo
abundantly fufficient to anfwer the great quantity of
water, which is conveyed away by the fprings and ri-
vers from thofe hills, that we need not have recourfe
for fupplies to the great abyfs, whofe furface at high
water is furmounted fome hundreds of feet by thofe
vaft hills from whence the longeft and greateft rivers
take their rife.
D I AN THERA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 37. Flor. Virg. 6 *
The Characters are.
The flower hath a permanent empalement of one leaf, which
is tubulous , and cut at the top into five equal parts 5 the
flower is of the grinning kind , having one petal with a
fhort tube ; the upper lip is reflexed and bifid , the lower
is divided into three parts , the middle being the broadefi ;
it hath two fhort fender ftamina adhering to the
back of the petal , one of thefe hath a twin fummit , the
other is a little taller. It hath an oblong ger men, fupport-
ing a fender flyle the length of the flamina , crowned by
an obtufe fiigma. The empalement afterward becomes a
capfule with two cells , opening with two valves , which
are alternately compreffed at the top and bottom , and
open with an elaficity , cafiing a Jingle fiat feed out of each
cell. ,
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft feftion of
Linnaeus’s fecond clafs, intitled Diandria Monogynia,
the flower having two ftamina and one ftyle. This is
one of the genera which, by Linnaeus’s method, is fe-
parated to a great diftance from their congeners ; for
by all their other charafters they ffiould be joined to
his fourteenth clafs, but having only two ftamina, they
are put under his fecond.
We know but one Species of this genus at prefent,
viz.
Diamthera ( Americana ) fpicis folitariis alternis. Lin,
Sp. 24. Di ant her a with folit ary alternate [pikes.
This plant grows naturally in Virginia, and other
parts of North America, from whence the feeds have
been fent to England, where they have fucceeded.
This is a low herbaceous plant with a perennial root,
which fends out fever al weak ftalks about four inches
long, garniffied with roundiffi leaves of an aromatic
odour, (landing clofe to the ftalks ; they are hairy,
and of a dark green colour ; from the fide of the
ftalks the flowers are produced in fmall fpikes, placed
alternately ; thefe are in fliape and colour very like
thofe of the Clinopodium, but have only two ftamina
in each. It flQwers the latter end of July, but rarely
produces feeds in England.
This plant is very difficult to preferve in this coun-
try, for although it is hardy enough to live in the open-
air in England, yet it is very lubjeft to rot in winter ;
and if it is placed under fhelter, it is apt to draw up
weak, and foon after decay, fo that at prefent the
plants are rare in this country.
DIANTHUS. Lin. Gen. Plant. 500. Cafyophyllus,
Tourn. Xnft. R. EL 329. Clove Gilly Flower, Carna-
tion Pink; in French, Oeillet.
4 Y The
I) I A
The Characters are, j
The flower hath a long cylindrical empalement which is
permanent •, it hath five petals, whofe tails are as long as
the empalement , but their upper part is broad , plain , <2,%/
crenated on their borders thefle are inferted in the bottom
of the tube , and flpread open above. It hath ten flamina
which are as long as the empalement , terminated by oblong
comprejfed fumnits. In the center is fituated an oval ger-
men , fupporting two flyles which are longer than the fla-
mina , crowned by recurved fligmas. ffhe germen after-
ward becomes a cylindrical capfule with one cell , opening
in four parts at the top , and filled with comprejfed angular
feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond feftion
of Linnaeus’s tenth clafs, in titled Decandria Digynia,
the flowers having ten ftamina and twoftyles.
The Species are,
i. Dianthus ( Deltoides ) floribus folitariis, fquamis ca-
lycinis lanceolatis binis, corollis crenatis. Hort. Cliff.
164. Dianthus with aftngle flower having a double fcaly
empalement , and crenated petals. Caryophyllus fyivef-
tris vulgaris latifolius. C. B. P. 209. Maiden Pink.
■&. Dianthus (, Virgineus ) caule fubunifloro, corollis cre-
natis, fquamis calycinis breviflimis, foliis fiabulatis.
Lin. Sp. Plant. 412. Dianthus with one flower on u
ftalk , crenated petals , very jhort fcales to the empalement ,
and awl-jhaped leaves. Caryophyllus minor repens.
Noftras. Raii. Syn. 335. Englijh fmall creeping Pink,
commonly called the matted Pink by feed/men.
3. Dianthus ( Glaucus ) floribus fubfolitariis, fquamis
calycinis lanceolatus quaternis, corollis crenatis. Hort.
Cliff. 164. Dianthus with one flozver on a ftalk , having
four fpear-Jhaped fcales to the empalement , and crenated
petals. Tunica ramofior flore candido cum corolla
purpurea. Hort. Elth. 400. Branching Pink with a
white flower , having a purple circle , commonly called
Mountain Pink.
4. Dianthus ( Plumarius ) floribus folitariis, fquamis ca-
lycinis fubovatis breviflimis, corollis multifidis fauce
pubefcentibus. Lin. Sp. Plant. 41 1. Dianthus with a
Jingle flower , having fhort oval fcales to the empalement ,
and petals cut into many points , with a hairy bottom.
Caryophyllus fimplex flore minore pallido rubente.
C. B. P. 208. Single wild Pink, with a [mall, pale, reddijh
flower.
5. Dianthus ( Caryophyllus ) floribus folitariis fquamis
calycinis fubovatis breviflimis, corollis crenatis. Hort.
Cliff. 1 64. Dianthus with a fingle flower, having jhort
oval fcales to the empalement, and crenated petals. Ca-
ryophyllus hortenfis fimplex, flore majore. C. B. P.
208. Single Garden Carnation with a large flower.
6 . Dianthus ( Armeria ) floribus aggregatis fafciculatis,
fquamis calycinis lanceolatis villofis tubum aequanti-
bus. Hort. Cliff. 165. Dianthus with many flowers ga-
thered into bunches, having hairy fpearfoaped fcales to
the empalement , as long as the tube of the flower. Ca-
ryophyllus barbatus fylveftris. C. B. P. 208. Bearded
wild Pink, called Deptford Pink.
7. Dianthus ( Barbatus ) floribus aggregatis fafciculatis,
fquamis calycinis linearibus, foliis lanceolatis. Dian-
thus with many flowers gathered in bunches , having very
narrow fcales to the empalement, and fpear-Jhaped leaves.
Caryophyllus barbatus hortenfis latifolius. C. B. P.
208. Broad-leaved Garden Sweet William.
8. Dianthus ( Prolifer ) floribus aggregatis capitatis,
fquamis calycinis ovatis obtufls muticis tubum fuper-
antibus. Lin. Sp. Plant. 587. Dianthus with flowers
collected into heads, and obtufle, oval,- chaffy fcales to the
empalement s, which are longer than the tube. Caryo-
phyllus fylveftris prolifer. C. B. P. 209. Wild child-
ing Sweet William.
9. Dianthus ( Ferrugineis ) floribus aggregatis capitatis,
fquamis calycinis lanceolatis ariftatis, corollis crena-
tis. Dianthus with flowers colie died in heads, having
flpear-floaped fcales to the empalement which are bearded,
and crenated petals. Caryophyllus montanus umbella-
tus, floribus variis luteis ferrugineis Italicus. Barrel.
Obf. 648. Italian umbellated Mountain Pink, with flozv-
er s varying from yellow to an iron colour.
10. Dianthus ( Chinenfis ) floribus folitariis- fquamis ca-
D I A
lycinis fubulatis patulis, tubum sequantibus, corollis
crenatis. Hort. Cliff. 164. Dianthus with a /ingle
flower on each ftalk, awl-jhaped fpreading fcales "to "the
empalement equalling the tube, and crenaief petals. Ca-
ryophylius finenfis fupinus, leucoii folio, '"flore unico.
Tourn. Aft. Par. 1705. Phe China Pink.
11. Dianthus ( Arenarius ) caulibus unifioris fquamis ca-
lycinis ovatis obtufls, corollis multifidis, foliis line-
aribus. Flor. Suec. 318. Dianthus having, a fingle
flower upon a ftalk , oval fcales to the eynpalement, "‘the
petals of which are cut into many points , and narrow
leaves. Caryophyllus fylveftris humilis, flore unico.
C. B. P.209. Dwarf wild Pink with one flozver.
1 2. . Dianthus {Alpinus) caule unifloro, corollis crena-
tis, fquamis calycinis exterioribus tubum sequanti-
bus, foliis linearibus obtufls. Lin. Sp. Plant. 412.
Dianthus with one flower having crenated petals, the
outer fcales of the empalement equalling the tube, and nar-
rozv obtufe leaves. Caryophyllus pumilus latifolius.
C. B. P. 209. Dwarf broad-leaved Pink.
13. Dianthus (Superbus) floribus paniculatis, fquamis
calycinis brevibus acuminatis, corollis multifido-ca-
pillaribus, caule erefto. Amcen. Acad. 4. p. 272.
Dianthus with pmiculated flowers , having fhort-pointed
fcales to their empalement, multifid petals, and an upright
ftalk.
14. Dianthus ( Diminutus ) floribus folitariis, fquamis
calycinis oftonis florem fuperantibus. Lin. Sp. 587.
Dianthus with a flngle flozver on each ftalk , having eight
fcales zvhich rife above the petals of the flower. Caryo-
phyllus fylveftris minimus. Tabern. Hift. 290.
The firft fort hath creeping ftalks, from which come
out feveral tufted heads, clofely garnilhed with nar-
row leaves, whofe bafe lie over each other embracing
the ftalks ; between thefe arife the flower-ftalks, which
grow about fix inches high, garnifhed at every joint
by two narrow graffy leaves placed oppofite/ "The
ftalks are terminated by a fingle flower. It flowers
in June and July, and the feeds ripen in autumn.
This is rarely admitted into gardens, the flower hav-
ing no beauty.
The fecond fort is a low trailing plant, whofe ftalks
lie on the ground ; thefe grow very clofe together,
and are garniflied with fhort, narrow, graffy leaves
of a deep green colour ; the ftalks are terminated by
fmall red flowers, each ftanding upon a feparate foot-
ftalk. It flowers in July, and the feeds ripen in Sep-
tember. This fort groves naturally in feveral parts of
England, fo is not often cultivated in gardens at pre-
fent ; but formerly the feeds were fown to make edg-
ings for the borders of the flower-garden by the title
of matted Pink, by which the feeds were fold in the
fhops.
The third fort grows naturally upon Chidder rocks
in Somerfetflfire, and fome other parts of England.
This was formerly cultivated in the gardens by the
title of Mountain Pink. It hath a refemblance of
the fecond fort, but the leaves are fliorter, and of a
grayilh colour •, the ftalks grow taller, and branch
more •, the flowers are larger, of a white colour, with
a purple circle in the bottom, like that fort of
Pink called Pheafants Eye. As the flowers of this
fort have no feent, the plants are feldom kept in
gardens.
The fourth fort grows naturally in feveral parts of
England, frequently upon old walls ; it is a fmall
fingle Pink, of a pale red colour, fo is not cultivated,
in gardens.
The fifth fort is a fmall finsde Carnation, which has.
been long call out of all the gardens ; from one of
this fort it is fuppofed, many of the fine flowers now
cultivated in the gardens have been raifed.
The fixth fort grows naturally in feveral parts of
England, and particularly in a meadow near Deptford
in Kent, from whence it had the title of Deptford
Pink. This is of the kind called Sweet William ; the
flowers of thefe grow in clufters at the end of the
branches ; they are red, and have long bearded em-
palements. I have cultivated this fort above forty
years, and have never obferved it to vary.
The
I
D I A
The feventh fort is the common Sweet William,
which has been long cultivated in the gardens for or-
nament, of which there are now great varieties which
differ in the form and colour of their flowers, as alfo
in the fize and fhape of their leaves ; thofe which have
narrow leaves were formerly titled Sweet Johns by the
gardeners, and thofe with broad leaves were called
Sweet Williams there are fome of both thefe forts
with double flowers, which are very ornamental plants
in gardens.
The eighth fort grows naturally in the fouth of France,
in Spain, Italy, and in England. This is an annual
plant, which rifes with an upright (talk about a foot
high, garnifhed with narrow grafiy leaves, and is ter-
minated by a fmall head or duller of pale red flowers,
which are included in one common fcaly empale-
ment, Thefe have little beauty, fo the plants are
feldom kept in gardens.
The ninth fort is a biennial plant, which rifes with
an upright ftalk a foot and a half high, having two
long narrow leaves placed oppoflte at each joint,
which embrace the ftalk with their bafe *, they are of
a deep green colour, ftiff, and end in acute points.
The flowers grow in clofe clufters at the top of the
ftalks, having ftiff bearded empalements ; they are
yellow and iron coloured intermixed on the fame
ftalk, and frequently they are of both colours in the
fame head. This plant flowers in July, and the feeds
ripen in autumn.
The tenth fort came originally from China, fo it is
titled the China Pink j the flowers of this have no
fcent, but there are a great variety of lively colours
among them ; and of late years there has been great
improvements made in the double flowers of this fort,
fome of which are as full of petals as the double Pink,
and their colours are very rich. The plants feldom
grow more than eight or nine inches high, branching
out on every fide ; the branches grow ereft, and are
terminated each by a Angle flower. Thefe flower in
July, and continue in fucceflion till the froft Hops
them ; they are commonly raifed every year from
feeds, but the roots will continue two years in dry
ground.
The eleventh fort is found growing naturally upon
old walls and buildings in many parts of England ;
this is a Angle fmall Pink, of a fweet odour, but of a
pale colour and final], fo makes no appearance ; and
iince the great improvement which has been made in
thefe flowers by culture, this has been entirely ne-
glefted.
The twelfth fort grows naturally on the Alps. This
hath round, fhort, blunt leaves*, the ftalks feldom
rife more than four inches high, each being terminated
by a Angle flower of a pale red colour. It is fome-
times preferved in botanic gardens for the fake of va-
riety, but is rarely admitted into other gardens.
The thirteenth fort grows naturally in •Germany and
Denmark ; the leaves of this fort are like thofe of
the narrow-leaved Sweet William ; the ftalk rifes
more than a foot high, and is terminated by a Angle
flower, having five large petals of a pale red colour,
which are cut into many long fegments. The roots
of this fort will live three or four years, but the fecond
year from feeds they are in greatell beauty *, there-
fore as the feeds ripen well in England, young plants
fhould be annually raifed.
The fourteenth fort is a very diminutive plant, hav-
ing fhort narrow leaves growing in clofe heads ; the
ftalk feldom rifes fix inches high, which is terminated
by a Angle flower, of a pale red colour, fo has little
beauty, therefore is only kept in botanic gardens for
variety.
The forts here enumerated, are fuch as the botanifts
allow to be diftinct fpecies ; and all the varieties of fine
flowers, which are now cultivated in the gardens of
the curious, are only accidental variations which have
been produced by culture ; and the number of thefe are
greatly increafed annually, in many, different parts of
Europe *, fo that as new varieties are obtained, the old
flowers are rejected.
D I A
The plants of this genus may be properly enough
divided into three fe&ions. The firft to include all the
variety of Pinks, the fecond all the Carnations, and
the third thofe of the Sweet William ; for although
thefe agree fo nearly in their principal characters, as
to be included tinder the fame genus by the- botanifts,
yet they never vary from one to the other, though
they frequently change and vary in the colour of their
flowers.
I fliall now proceed to treat of thefe under their dif-
ferent fedlions, and firft I fliall begin with the Pink,
of which there are a great variety now cultivated in
the gardens ; the principal of which are, the damafk
Pink, the white Shock, the Pheafant Eye, with dou-
ble and Angle flowers, varying greatly in their fize
and colour ; the common red Pink, Cob’s Pink,
Dobfon’s Pink, white Cob Pink, and Bat’s Pink.
The old Mari’s Head, and painted Lady Pink, ra-
ther belong to the Carnation.
The damafk Pink is the firft of the double forts in
flower. This hath but a fhort ftalk ; the flower is not
very large, and not fo double as many others ; the co-
lour is of a pale purple, inclining to red, but is very
fweet.
The next which flowers is the white Shock, which
was fo called from the whitenefs of its flowers, and
the borders of the petals being much jagged and
fringed ; the fcent of this is. not fo agreeable as of
fome others.
Then comes all the different kinds of Pheafants Eye,
of which there are frequently new varieties raifed,
which are either titled from the perfons who railed
them, or the place where they were raifed *, fome of
thefe have very large double flowers, but thofe which
burft their pods are not fo generally efteemed.
The Cob Pink comes after thefe to flower ; the ftalks
of this are much taller than thofe of any of the for-
mer ; the flowers are very double, and of a bright red
colour ; thefe have the moft agreeable odour of all the
forts, fo merits a place in every good garden. The
time of the Pinks flowering is from the latter end of
May to the middle of July, and frequently that fort of
Pheafant Eye, which is called Bat’s Pink, wiH flower
again in autumn.
The old Man’s Head Pink, and the painted Lady,
do not flower till July, coming at the fame feafon
with the Carnation, to which they are more nearly al-
lied than the Pink. The firft when it is in its proper
colours, is purple and white ftriped and fpotted, but
this frequently is of one plain colour which is pur-
ple *, this fort will continue flowering till the froft in
autumn puts a ftop to it, and the flowers having an
agreeable fcent, renders them valuable. The painted
Lady is chiefly admired for the livelinefs of its co-
lour, for it is not fo fweet, or of fo long continuance
as the other.
The common Pinks are propagated either by feeds,
which is the way to obtain new varieties, or by mak-
ing layers of them, as is practifed for Carnations j or
by planting flips, which, if carefully managed, will
take root very well.
If they are propagated by feeds, there fhould be
care taken in the choice of them, and only the feeds
of the beft forts faved, where the perfons are curious
to have the fineft flowers. Thefe feeds may be fown
in the fpring, and the plants afterward treated in the
fame manner as is hereafter dire&ed for the Carnation ;
with this difference only, that as the Pinks are lefs
tender, they may be more hardily treated. Thofe
which are propagated by layers, muft be alfo ma-
naged as the Carnation, for which there are full in-
ftruftions hereafter given. The old Man’s Head and
painted Lady Pinks, are commonly propagated this
way, but moft of the other forts are propagated from
flips.
The beft time to plant the flips of Pinks is about,
end of July, when, if there fhould happen rain, it
will be of great fervice to them ; but if the weather
fhould prove dry, they will require to be watered
every other day, until they have taken root * thefe
fhould
D 1 A
iliouid be planted in a fhady border, and the ground
fhouid be dug well, and all the clods broken, and if
no rain tails, it fhouid be well foaked with water a
few hours before the flips are planted ; then the flips
fhouid be taken from the plants, and all their lower
leaves dripped off, and planted as foon as poflible af-
ter, for it they are luffered to lie long after they are
taken from the plants, they will wither and fpoil ;
thefe need not be planted at a greater distance than
three inches fquare, and the ground muft be doled
very hard about them ; then they muft be well wa-
tered, and this muft be repeated as often as is found
neceffary, till the cuttings have taken root; after
which they will require no other care but to keep
them clean from weeds till autumn, when they fhouid
be tranlplanted to the borders of the flower-garden
where they are to remain. There are feme who plant
the flips of Pinks later in the feafon than is here di-
rected ; but thofe plants are never fo ftrong nor flower
fo well, as thofe which are early planted.
We fhall next proceed to the culture of the Carna-
tion ; thefe the florifts diftinguifh into four claffes.
The fir ft they call Flakes ; thefe are of two colours
only, and their ftripes are large, going quite through
the leaves.
The fecond are called Bizarrs ; thefe have flowers
ilriped or variegated with three or four different co-
lours, in irregular fpots and ftripes.
The third are called Piquettes ; thefe flowers have
always a white ground, and are ipotted (or pounced,
as they call it) with fcarlet, red, purple, or other
colours.
The fourth are called painted Ladies ; thefe have
their petals of a red or purple colour on the upper
fide, and are white underneath.
Of each of thefe claffes there are numerous varieties,
but chiefly of the Piquettes, which feme years ago
were chiefly in efteem with the florifts, but of late
years the Flakes have been in greater requeft than any
of the other kinds. To enumerate the varieties of
the chief flowers in any one of thefe claffes, would
be needlefs, fince every country produces new flowers
aim oft every year ; fo that thofe flowers, which, at
their firft railing, were greatly valued, are in two or
three years become fo common, as to be of little
worth, efpecially if they are defedtive in any one pro-
perty. Therefore (where flowers are fo liable to mu-
tability, either from the fancy of the owner, or that
better kinds are yearly produced from feeds, which,
with good florifts, always take place of older or worfe
flowers, which are turned out of the garden to make
room for them) it would be but fuperfluous in this
place to give a lift of their names, which are gene-
rally borrowed either from the names and titles of
noblemen, or from the perfon’s name, or place of
abode, who raifed it,
Thefe flowers are propagated either from feeds (by
which new flowers are obtained), or from layers, for
the increafe of thofe forts which are worthy maintain-
ing ; but [ fhall firft lay down the method of propa-
gating them from feeds, which is thus :
Having obtained fome good feeds, either of your
own faving, or from a friend that you can confide in,
about the middle of April, prepare fome pots or boxes
(according to the quantity of feed you have to low) ;
thefe fhouid be filled with frefh light earth mixed with
rotten neats dung, which fhouid be well incorporated
together ; then fow your feeds thereon (but not too
thick) covering it about a quarter of an inch with the
fame light earth, placing the pots or cafes fo as to re-
ceive the morning fun only till eleven of the dock,
obferving alfb to refrefh the earth with water as often
•as it may require. In about a month’s time your
plants will come up, and if kept clear from weeds,
and duly watered, will be fit to tranfplant about the
latter end of July ; at which time you fhouid prepare
fome beds (of the fame fort of earth as was directed
to few them in) in an open airy fituation, in which
you fhouid plant , them at about three inches fquare,
obferving to 'water and fhade them till they have taken
6
L I A
new root, then you muft obferve to keep them clear
from weeds ; in thefe beds they may remain until the
end of Auguft, by which time they will have
grown fo large as almoft to meet each other ; then
prepare fome more beds of the like good earth (in
quantity proportionable to the flowers you have raif-
ed) in which you fhouid plant them at fix inches dif-
tance each way, and not above four rows in each bed,
tor the more conveniently laying fuch of them as may
prove worthy preferving, for in thefe beds they fhouid
remain to flower.
The alleys between thefe beds fhouid be two feet
wide, that you may pafs between the beds to weed
and clean them. If the feafon fhouid prove very dry
at this time, they fhouid not be tranfplanted till there
is fome rain ; fo that it may happen to be the middle,
or latter end of September fome years, before there
may be wet enough to moiften the ground for this
purpofe ; but if there is time enough for the plants
to get good root before the froft comes on, it will be
fufficient. If the winter fhouid prove fevere, the
beds fhouid be arexhed over with hoops, that they may
be covered with mats, otherwife many of the plants
may be deft toyed, for the good flowers are not fo
hardy as the ordinary ones of this genus. There will
be no other culture wanting to thefe, but to keep
them clean from weeds, and when they flioot up their
ftalks to flower, they muft be fupported by flicks to
prevent their breaking. When your flowers begin
to blow, you muft look over them to fee which of
them proffer to make good flowers, which as foon as
you diicover, you fhouid lay down all the layers upon
them •, thofe which are well marked, and blow whole
without breaking their pods, fhouid be referved to
plant in borders, to furnifh you with feed ; and thofe
which burft their pods, and feem to have good pro-
perties, fhouid be planted in pots, to try what their
flowers will be, when managed according to art ;
and it is not till the fecond year that you can pro-
nounce what the value of a flower will be, which
is in proportion to the goodnefs of its properties ;
but, that you may be well acquainted with what the
florifts call good properties, I fhall here fet them
down.
1. The ftem of the flower fhouid be ftrong, and able
to fupport the weight >f the flower without hano-ino-
1 x x ^ O fc>
down.
2. The petals (or leaves) of the flower fhouid be
long, broad, and ftiff, and pretty eafy to expand, or
(as the florifts term them) fhouid be free flowers.
3. The middle pod of the flower fhouid not advance
too high above the other petals of the flower.
4. The colours fhouid be bright, and equally marked
all over the flower.
5. The flower fhouid be very full of leaves, fo as to
render it, when blown, very thick and high in the
middle, afld the outfide perfectly round.
Having made choice of fuch of your flowers as pro-
mile well for the large fort, thefe you fhouid mark fe-
parately for pots, and the round whole blowing flow-
ers for borders ; you fhouid pull up all Angle flowers,
or fuch as are ill-coloured, and not worth preferving,
that your good flowers may have the more air and
room to grow ftrong ; thefe having been laid at a pro-
per feafon, as foon as they have taken root (which will
be fome time in Auguft) they fhouid be taken off, and
planted out, thofe that blow large, in pots, and the
other in borders (as hath been already direfted).
Of late years the whole-blowing flowers have been
much more efteemed than thofe large flowers which
burft their pods, but efpecially thofe round flowers
which have broad ftripes of beautiful colours, and
round Rofe leaves, of which kinds there have been a
great variety introduced from France within thefe few'
years ; but as thefe French flowers are extremely apt
to degenerate to plain colours, and being much ten-
derer than thofe which are brought up in England,
there are not fuch great prices given for the plants
now, as have been a few years paft ; from the pre-
fent tafte for thefe whole-blowing Flake flowers, many
of
of the old varieties, which had been turned out of
the gardens of the florifts many years ago, to make
room for the large flowers, which Were then in fafhion,
have been received again ; and large prices have been
paid of late for fuch flowers as fome years ago were
fold for one {hilling a dozen, or Id's, which is a
ftrong proof of the variablenefs of the fancies of the
florifts.
But I {hall now proceed to give fome directions for
propagating thefe flowers by layers, and the necef-
fary care to be taken in order to blow them fair and
large.
The belt feafon for laying thefe flowers is in June,
as foon as the {hoots are ftrong enough for that pur-
pofe, which is performed in the following manner :
after having ftripped off the leaves from the lower
part of the {hoot intended to be laid, make choice of
a -ftrong joint about the middle part of the ihoot (not
too near the heart of the {hoot, nor in the hard part
next the old plant) ; then with your penknife make a
flit in the middle of the ihoot from the joint upwards
half way to the other joint, or more, according to
their diftance ; then with your knife cut the tops of
the leaves, and alfo cut off the fwelling part of the
joint where the flit is made, fo that the part flit may
be lhaped like a tongue ; for if that outward {kin
is left on, it would prevent their puffing out
roots ; then having loofened the earth round the plant,
and, if need be, raffed it with freff mould, that it
may be level with the ffoot intended to be laid down,
left by the ground being too low, by forcing down
the ffoot you fplit it off ; then with your finger make
a hollow place in the earth, juft where the {hoot is to
come, and with your thumb and finger bend the ffoot
gently into the earth, obferving to keep the top as
upright as poftible, that the flit may be open ; and
being provided with forked flicks for that purpofe,
thruft one of them into the ground, fo that the fork-
ed part may take hold of the layer, in order to keep
it down in its proper place ; then gently cover the
lhank of the layer with the fame fort of earth, giv-
ing it a gentle watering to fettle the earth about it,
obferving to repeat the fame as often as is neceffary,
in order to promote their rooting. In about five
or fix weeks after this, the layers will have taken
root fufficient to be tranfplanted ; againft which
time you fhould be provided with proper earth for
them, which may be compofed after the following
manner :
Make choice of fome good up-land pafture, or a
common that is of a hazel earth, or light fandy
loam ; dig from the furface of this your earth about
eight inches deep, taking all the turf with it ; let this
be laid in a heap to rot and mellow for one year, turn-
ing it once a month, that it may fweeten ; then mix
about a third part of rotten neats dung, or for want
of that, fome rotten dung from a Cucumber or Me-
lon-bed ; let this be well mixed together, and if you
can get it time enough before-hand, let them lie
mixed fix or eight months before it is ufed, turning it
feveral times, the better to incorporate their parts.
Obferve, that although I have mentioned this mix-
ture as the beft for thefe flowers, yet you rnuft not ex-
pe& to blow your flowers every year equally large in
the lame compofition ; therefore fome people who are
extremely fond of having their flowers fucceed well,
alter their compofitions every year in this manner,
viz. one year they mix the freff earth with neats
dung, which is cold ; the next year with rotten horfe
dung, which is of a warmer nature, adding thereto
fome white fea fand to make the earth lighter.
But, for my part, I fhould rather ad vile the plant-
ing two or three layers of each of the beft kinds in
a bed of freff earth not over dunged, which plants
Ihould only be fuffered to ffew their flowers, that you
may be fure they are right in their kind and colours ;
and when you are fatisfied in that particular, cut off the
flower-ftems, and do not fuffer them to fpend the roots
in blowing, by which means you will ftrengthen your
layers. And it is from thefe beds I would make
choice of fome of the beft plants for the next years
blowing, always obferving to have a fucceffion of
them yearly, by which means you may have tfvery
year fine flowers, provided the feafon proves favoura-
ble : for it is not reafonable to fuppofe, that the lay-
ers taken from fuch roots as have been exhaufted in
producing large flowers, and have been forced by arc
to the utmoft of their natural ftrength, fhould be able
to produce flowers equally as large as their mother
root did the year before, or as fuch layers as are frefii
from a poorer foil, and in greater health can doj
But this being premifed, let us proceed to the plant-
ing of thefe layers, which (as I faid before) fhould be
done in Augu.fr, or the beginning of September.
The common method ufed by moft florifts is, fo
plant their layers at this feafon, two in each pot (the
flze of which pots are about nine inches over in the
clear at the top) in thefe pots they are to remain for
bloom •, and therefore, in the fpring of the year,
they take off as much of the earth from the furface
of the pots as they can, without difturbing their
roots, filling the pots up again with the fame good
freff earth as the pots were before filled with. But
there is fome difficulty in ffelteririg a great quantity
of thefe flowers in winter, when they are planted in
fuch large pots, which in moft winters they will re-
quire, more or lefs ; my method therefore is, to put
them finely into halfpenny pots in autumn, and in the
middle or latter end of October, to fet thefe pots into
a bed of old tanners bark, which has loft its heat, and
cover them with a common frame (fuch as is ufed
for raiflng Cucumbers and Melons) •, and in two of
thefe frames, which contain fix lights, may be fet a
hundred and fifty of thefe pots : in thefe frames you
may give them as much free air as you pleafe, by tak-
ing off the lights every day when the weather is mild,
and putting them on only in bad weather and e;reat
rains ; and if the winter ffiould prove fevere, it is
only the covering the glaffes with mats, ftraw, or
Peafe-haulm, fo as to keep out the froft, which will
effectually preferve your plants in the utmoft vigour.
In the middle or latter end of February, if the feafon
is good, you muft tranfplant thefe layers into pots
for their bloom (the flze of which fhould be about
eight inches over at the top in the clear) ; in the do-
ing of which, obferve to put fome potfferds or oyfter-
Ihells over the holes in the bottoms of the pots, to
keep the earth from flopping them, which would de-
tain the water in the pots to the great prejudice of
the flowers : then fill thefe pots about half way with
the fame good compoft as was before dire&ed, and
ffake the plants out of the fmall pots with all the
earth about the roots •, then with your hands take off
fome of the earth round the outfide of the ball, and
from the furface taking off the fibres of the roots on
the outfide of the ball of earth ; then put one good
plant exaftly in the middle of each pot, fo that it may
ftand well as to the height, i. e. not fo low as to bury
the leaves of the plant with earth, nor fo high, that
the ffiank may be above the rim of the pot ; then fill
the pot up with the earth before-mentioned, clofing
it gently to the plant with your hands, giving it a
little water, if the weather is dry, to fettle the earth
about it •, then place thefe pots in a fltuation where
they may be defended from the north wind, obferv-
ing to give them gentle waterings, as the feafon may
require.
In this place they may remain till the middle or latter
end of April, when you ihould prepare a ftage of
boards to fet the pots upon, which fhould be fo or-
dered as to have little citterns of water round each
poll, to prevent the infeCts from getting to your flow-
ers in their bloom, which, if they are fuffered to do,
will mar all your labour, by deftroying all your flow-
ers in a ffiort time ; the chief and moft mifchievous
infeCt in this cafe is, the earwig, which will gnaw off
all the lower parts of the petals of the flowers (which
are very fweet) and thereby caufe the whole flower to
fall to pieces but fince the making one of thefe ftages
is fome what expen five, and not very eafy to be mi-
ff Z derftood
derfiood by fuch as have never fee'n them, I fliall J
defcribe a very Ample one, which I have ufed for fe-
deral years, which anfwers the purpofe full as well as
the belt and moft expenfive one can do : firft, pre-
pare fome common flat pans, about fourteen or fixteen
inches over, and three inches deep ; place thefe two
and two oppofite to each other, at about two feet
diftance, and at every eight feet lengthways, two of
thefe pans •, in each of thefe whelm a flower-pot,
which fhould be about fix inches over at the top,
upfide-down, and lay a flat piece of timber, about
two feet and a half long, and three inches thick,
crofs from pot to pot, till you have finifhed the whole
length of your ftage ; then lay your planks length-
ways upon thefe timbers, which will hold two rows
of planks for the fize pots which were ordered for the
Carnations •, and when you have fet yoiir pots upon
the ftage, fill the fiat pans with water, always ob-
ferving, as it decreafes in the pans, to replenifh it,
which will effectually guard your flowers againft in-
fers •, for they do not care to fwim over water, fo
that if by this, or any other contrivance, the paffage
from the ground to the ftage, on which the pots are
placed, is defended by a furface of water three or
four inches broad, and as much in depth, it will ef-
fectually prevent thefe vermin from getting to the
flowers.
This ftage Ihould be placed in a fituation open to the
fouth-eaft, but defended from the weft winds, to
which thefe ftages muft not be expofed, left the pots
Ihould be blown down by the violence of that wind,
which is often very troublefome at the feafon when
thefe flowers blow ; indeed they Ihould be defended
by trees at fome diftance, from the winds of every
point ; but thefe trees fliould not be too near the
ftage, nor by any means place them near walls, or
tall buildings, for in fuch fituation s the ftems of the
flowers will draw up too weak. About this time, viz.
the middle of April, • your layers will begin to fhoot
up for flower •, you muft therefore be provided with
fome fquare deal fticks, about four feet and a half
long, which Ihould be thicker toward the bottom,
and planed off taper at the top ; thefe fticks Ihould
be carefully ftuck into the pots as near as poffible to
the plant, without injuring it; then with a (lender
piece of bafs mat, fallen the lpindle to the ftick to
prevent its being broken ; this you muft often repeat,
as the lpindle advances in height, and alfo oblerve
to pull off all fide fpindles as they are produced, and
never let more than two fpindles remain upon one
root, nor above one, if you intend to blow exceeding
large. Toward the beginning of June your flowers
will have attained their greateft height, and their pods
will begin to fwell, and fome of the earlieft begin to
open on one fide; you muft therefore obferve to let
it open in two other places at equal angles ; this muft
be done fo foon as you perceive the pod break, other-
wife your flower will run out on one fide, and be in
a fhort time paft recovering, fo as to make a com-
plete flower, and in a few days after the flowers begin
to open, you muft cover them with glaffes which are
made for that purpofe, in the following manner :
Upon the top of the glafs, exa&ly in the center, is
a tin collar, or focket, about three fourths of an inch
fquare, for the flower-ftick to come through ; to this
focket are foldered eight flips of lead at equal dis-
tances, which are about fix inches and a half long,
and fpread open at the bottom about four inches
aftmder ; into thefe flips of lead are fattened flips of
glafs, cut according to the diftances of the lead,
which, when they are fixed in, are bordered round
the bottom with another flip of lead quite round, fo
that the glafs hath eight angles, with the focket in
the middle, and fpread open at the bottom about
eleven inches wide.
When your flowers are open enough to cover with
thefe glaffes, you muft make a hole through your
flower-ftick, exaftly to the height of the under part
of the pod, through which you fliould put a piece of
fmall wire about fix inches long, making a ring at
one end of the wire to contain the pod, into which
ring you fhould fix the ftem of the flower ; then cut
off ail the tyings of bafs, and thruft the ftem of the
flower fo far from the ftick, as may give convenient
room for the flower to expand without preffing ■againft
the flick ; to which diftance you may fix it, by turn-
ing' your wire fo as not to draw back through the
hole ; then make another hole through the ftick, at
a convenient diftance above the flower, through which
you fhould put a piece of wire, an inch and a half
long, which is to fupport the glaffes from Aiding
down upon the flowers ; and be fare to obferve, that
the glaffes are net placed fo high as to admit the fun
and rain under them to the flowers, nor fo low as to
fcorch their leaves with the heat. At this time alfo,
or a few days after, as you fliall judge necefiary,
you fhould cut fome ftiff paper, cards, or fome fuch
thing, into collars about four inches over, and ex-
aftly round, cutting a hole in the middle of it about
three fourths of an inch diameter,, for the bottom of
the flower to be let through ; then place thefe collars
about them, to fupport the petals of the flower from
hanging down ; this collar fhould be placed with in-
flde the calyx of the flower, and fhould be iupported
thereby ; then obferve from day to day what progrefs
your flowers make ; and if one fide comes out fafter
than the other, you fhould turn the pot about, and
fhift the other fide towards the fun ; and alfo if the
weather proves very hot, you fhould fhade the glaffes
in the heat of the day with Cabbage leaves, &c. to
prevent their being fcorched, or forced out too foon ;
and when the middle pod begins to rife, you fliould
take out the calyx thereof with a pair of nippers
made for that purpofe ; but this fhould not be done
too loon, left the middle part of the flower fliould
advance too high above the Tides, which will greatly
diminifh the beauty of it : and you fliould alfo ob-
ferve whether there are more leaves in the flower,
than can properly be expanded for want of room ; in
which cafe you fhould put out fome of the lowermoft
or moft unlikely leaves to fpread, drawing out and
expanding the others at the fame time : and when
your flowers are fully blown, if you cut them off,
you fliould put on a freflh collar of ftiff paper, which
fhould be cut exadlly to the fize of the flower, that
it may fupport the petals to their full width, but not
to be feen wider than the flower in any part : when
this is put on, you muft draw out the wideft leaves
to form the outfide of the flower, which although
they fliould be in the middle (as it often happens,)
yet by removing the other leaves they may be drawn
down, and fo the next longdft leaves upon them
again, that the whole flower may appear equally glo-
bular without any hollow parts. In the doing of this,
fome florifts are fo curious as to render an indifferent
flower very handfome ; and on this depends, in a
great meafure, the (kill of the artift to produce large
fine flowers.
During the flowering feafon, particular care fhould
be taken not to let them fuffer for want of water,
which fliould by no means be raw fpring water ; nor
do I approve of compound waters, fuch as are en-
riched with various forts of dung ; but the beft arid
moft natural water is that of a fine foft river ; next
to that is pond water, or ftanding water ; but if you
have no other than fpring water, it fliould be expofed
to the fun and air two days before it is ufed, other-
wife it will give the flowers the canker and fpoil
them.
The direfrions here given are chiefly for the ma-
nagement of thofe large Carnations, which require the
greateft drill of the florifts, to have them in perfec-
tion ; but as of late years thefe have not been fo muck
in efteem as formerly, and thofe flowers which do
not break their pods, and are termed whole Blowers,
have now the preference. Thefe are generally planted
in pots, and treated in the fame way as the large
flowers, but do not require fo much trouble to blow
them : all that is necefiary to be done for thefe, is to
fatten their ftems up to fiower-ftkks to prevent their
being
r> i a
being broken, and to take off the pods which pro-
ceed from the fide of the ftalks, leaving only the top
bud to flower, if they are intended to be large and
fair ; and when the flowers begin to open, if they
are fcreened from the fun in the heat of the day, and
alfo from wet, they will continue much longer in
beauty.
But although the moft valuable of thefe flowers are
ufuafty planted in pots, and thus carefully treated, yet
many of thefe whole blowing flowers may be planted
in beds, or borders of the flower-garden, where they
are feme of the principal ornaments during their
continuance in flower, which is from the beginning
of July till the middle of Auguft, efpecially if the
feveral colours are properly intermixed j for the Flakes
and Bizarrs Aronl'd be intermixed with the Picquettes,
and not planted feparate, unfefs where they are de-
figned for faving the feeds ; in which cafe, thofe
which are the fined; of each fort, fhould be planted
in beds at a diftance from each other, efpecially
where perfons are defirous to keep them difrinft •, for
where the forts are blended together, there will be
an admixture of their farina, fo that the feeds will
vary, and not produce the particular kinds *, though
I do not remember ever to have feen any Flake flowers
arife from feeds of the Picquettes, nor vice versa.
The flowers which are planted in the full ground,
generally produce feeds better than thofe in pots ;
but whoever propofes to raile a fupply of new flowers
from feeds, muft always obferve to fave the bed; of
their feedling flowers for this purpofe ; for it is well
known, that after any of thefe flowers have been a
few years propagated by layers, they become barren,
and do not feed ; which is alfo the cafe with moft
other plants which are propagated by flips, layers, or
cuttings •, fo that the young plants which have been
newly obtained from feeds, are always the moft pro-
duftive of feeds ; the plants which are propagated by
layers or flips, will always continue to produce the
fame flowers, fo that when a fine variety is obtained,
it is this way propagated and maintained •, but all the
new varieties come from feeds, fo that all thofe who
are curious in thefe flowers, annually fow their feeds.
I {hall next proceed to the culture of that fpecies,
which is commonly known by the title of Sweet Wil-
liam ; of this there are a great variety of different
colours, which are Angle, and three or four with double
flowers : fome of thele have narrow leaves, which
were formerly titled Sweet Johns, but of late that
diftinftion has not been made, becaufe they are found
to vary when raifed from feeds.
Some of the Angle flowers have very rich colours,
which frequently vary in thofe of the fame bunch ;
there are others with fine variegated flowers, and
others whofe middles are of a foft red, bordered with
white, which are called Painted Ladies ; but where
perfons are defirous to preferve any of thefe varieties
in perfection, the beft flowers of each fhould be par-
ticularly marked, and no other permitted to ftand
near them, left their farina fhould impregnate them,
which would caufe them to vary.
That which is called the Painted Lady Sweet Wil-
liam, is a very beautiful variety ; the ftalks of this
do not rife fo high as moft of the other ; the bunches
of flowers are larger, and produced more in the form
of an umbel, the flowers Handing equal in height,
make a better appearance : there are others whofe
ftalks rife three feet high, and the flowers of a very
deep red or fcarlet colour. Thefe all flower at the
fame time with the Carnations, which renders them
Ids valuable, becaufe they have no fcent.
The Angle kinds of thefe flowers are generally pro-
pagated by feeds, which muft be fown the latter end
of March or the beginning of April, in a bed of
light earth, and in June they will be fit to tranfplant
out ; at which time you muft prepare fome beds
ready for them, and fet them at fix inches diftance
every way : in thefe beds they may remain till Mi-
chaelmas, at which time they may be tranfplanted
into the borders of the pleafure-garden or wildernefs.
D I A
Thefe will flower the next year in June, and
their feeds in Auguft, which you fhould fave from
the beft coloured flowers for a fupply.
They may be alfo propagated by flipping their roots
at Michaelmas ^ but this is feldom p radii fed, fince
their feedling roots will always blow the ftrongeft, and
new varieties are obtained yearly.
The four forts with double flowers are, i . The broad-
leaved fort, which hath very double flowers, of a
deep purple colour inclining to blue, which burfts its
pods, fo that it is not fo much efteemed as the others,
and therefore has been lefs regarded, and is now aL
moft totally banifhed the gardens of the curious.
2. The Double Rofe Sweet William, whofe flowers
are of a fine deep Rofe colour^ and fmell fweet ; this
is much valued for the beauty and fweetnefs of its
flowers ; the empalement (or pods) of thefe flowers
never burft, fo the flowers remain with their petals
fully expanded, and do not hang down loofely as
thofe of the former. 3. The Mule, or Fairchild’s
Sweet William ; it hath narrower leaves than either
of the former, and is of that variety called Sweet
John ; this was faid to have been produced from feeds
of a Carnation, which had been impregnated by the
farina of the Sweet William ; the flowers of this are
of a brighter red colour than either of the former,
their bunches are not quite fo large, but the flowers
have an agreeable odour. The fourth fort has fine
variegated flowers.
The double kinds are propagated by layers, as the
Carnations they love a middling foil, not too light,
nor too heavy or ftiff, nor too much dunged, which
very often occafions their rotting: thefe continue
flowering for a long time, and are extremely beautiful,
efpecially the Mule, which produces two full blooms
of flowers, one in June, and the other in July. This
is very fubjefl to canker and rot away, efpecially if
planted in a foil over wet or too dry, or if watered
with fharp fpring water. Thefe flowers being planted
in pots, are very proper to adorn court-yards at the
time they are in flower.
The China Pink is generally fuppofed an annual plant,
becaufe the plants which are raifed from feeds flower
and produce ripe feeds the fame feafon, fo their roots
are not often preferved ; but where they are planted
on a dry foil, they will continue two years, and the
fecond year will produce a greater number of flowers
than the firft. There are a great variety of very rich
colours in thefe flowers, which annually vary when
raifed from feeds. The double flowers of this fort
are moft efteemed, though the colours of the Angle
are more diftimft and beautiful ; for the multiplicity
of petals in the double flowers, in a great meafure^
hides the deep fhades, which are toward the lower
part of the petals.
Thefe plants are propagated by feeds, which fhould
be fown upon a gentle hot-bed about the beginning
of April •, this moderate heat is only intended to for-
ward the vegetation of the feeds, therefore when the
plants come up, they muft have a large fhare of air
admitted to them, to prevent their drawing up weak $
and as foon as the weather will permit, they muft be
expofed to the open air j in about three weeks or a
month after, the plants will be fit to remove ; then
they fhould be carefully taken up with good roots,
and planted in a bed of rich earth, at about three
inches afunder, being careful to fhade them from the
fun till they have taken new root, and in dry weather
they muft have water three or four times a week.
The farther care is to keep them clean from weeds
till the end of May, at which time they may be
tranfplanted to the places where they are defigned to
remain for flowering, when they may be taken up
with large balls of earth to their roots, fo as fcarcely
to feel their removal, efpecially if it happens to rain
at that time.
As thefe plants do not grow large, fo when they are
planted fingly in the borders of the flower-garden,
they do not make fo fine an appearance, as where they
are planted by themfelves in beds •, or if they are
planted
planted in' final! clamps, of fix or eight roots in each,
where the flowers being of different colours, fet off
each other to advantage.
I hole who are curious in thefe flowers, take parti-
cular care in having their feeds, for they never permit
any Angle flowers to Hand among their double, but
pull them up as loon as they fhew their flowers, and
alio draw out all thole which are not of lively good
colours ; wberp this is obferved, the flowers may be
kept in great perfection ; but where perfons have
trufty friends, who live at fome diftance, with whom
they can exchange feeds once in two or three years,
it is much better fo to do, than to continue fowing
feeds in the fame place many years in fucceffion, and
this holds true in moil forts of feeds : but the great
difficulty is to meet with an honeft perfon of equal
(kill, who will be as careful in the choice of his plants
for feed, as if he was to fow them himfelf.
D I A P E N S I A. See Sanicula.
D I C T AMNU S.. Lin. Gen. Plant. 468. Fraxinella.
lourn. I nil. R. H. 430. tab. 243. White Dittany,
or Fraxinella ; in French, Framnelle . This plant was
titled Fraxinella, from Fraxinus the Afh-tree, the
leaves of this having fome refemblance in their form,
to thofe of die Afh-tree, fo it was called Little Afh.
But as this plant has been long mentioned under the
title of Dictamnus albus, i. e. White Dittany in the
difpenfaries, fo Dr. Linnaeus has adapted that title to
this genus.
The Characters are,
Fhe empalement of the flower is compofed of five j mall
oblong leaves , ending in points. The flower hath five
oblong petals which are unequal , two of them turning up-
ward , two are oblique on the Jides , and one turns down-
ward. It hath ten rifling flamina , which are as long as
the petals , which are fituMed between the two fide petals ;
they are not equal in length , and are terminated by obtufe
four-cornered fmnmits funding ere 51. In the center is fi-
t nated a five-cornered germen , fupporting a flhort incurved
. fyle. , crowned by an acute ftigma ; the germen afterward
becomes a capfule with five cells , each having a compreflfed
margin , which fpreads open at their exterior parts , but
join together at their inner , opening with two valves , and
inchfing fever al roundiflh , hard, Jhining feeds.
This .genus of plants is ranged in the firfb feduion of
Linnaeus’s tenth clafs, intitled Decandria Monogynia,
the flower having ten flamina and one ftyle.
We have but one diftinft Species of this genus,
viz.
Dictamnus {Albus). Hort. Cliff. i6r. Fraxinella. Cluf.
Hift. 99. and the Didtamnus albus, vulgo Fraxinella.
C. B. P. 222. White Dittany , commonly called Fraxinella.
There are three varieties of this plant, one with a
pale red flower .ftriped with purple, another with a
white flower, and one with fhorter fpikes of flowers ;
but as I have obferved them to vary when propagated
by feeds, fo I efteem them only feminal varieties.
This is a very ornamental plant for gardens, and as
it requires very little culture, fo deferves a place in
all good gardens. It hath a perennial root, which
Trikes deep into the ground, and the head annually
increafes in fize; thefe fend up many ftalks, which
rife from two to three feet high, garniflied with winged
leaves placed alternate, compofed of three or four
pair of oblong lobes, terminated by an odd one :
they are fmooth and ftiff, fitting clofe to the midrib,
which hath a longitudinal furrow on the upper fide •,
the lobes (or fmall leaves) placed on each fide the
midrib, are oblique, but thofe 'which terminate the
leaf have their lides equal. The flowers are produced
in a long pyramidal loofe fpike or thyrfe on the top
of the ftalk, which is nine or ten inches long; the
flowers of one fort is white, and of the other they are
of a pale red, marked with red or purple ftripes.
The whole plant when gently rubbed, emits an odour
like that of Lemon peel, but when bruifed has fome-
tiiing of a balfamic feent. It flowers the latter end
of May, and in June, and the feeds ripen in Scp-
. tember.
Thefe plants are propagated by feeds, which, if foyra
in the autumn foon after they are ripe, the pktnts
will appear the following April ; but when they are
kept out of the ground till the fpring, the feeds fel-
dorn fucceed ; or if they do grow, it is the following
fpring before the plants appear, fo that a whole year
is lofl. When the plants come up, they muft be
conftantly kept clean from weeds ; and in the autumn
when their leayes decay, the roots fliould be carefully
taken up, and planted in beds at fix inches diftance
every way ; thele beds may be four feet broad, and
the paths between them two, that there may be room
enough to pafs between the beds to weed them. In
thefe beds the plants may ftand two years, during
which time they muft be conftantly kept clean from
weeds; and if they thrive well, they will be ftrong
enough to flower ; fo in the autumn they fhould be
carefully taken up, and planted in the middle of the
borders of the flower-garden, where they will con-
tinue thirty or forty years, producing more items of
flowers in proportion to the fize of the' roots. All
the culture thefe require, is to be kept clean from
weeds, and the ground about them dug every winter.
The roots of this plant are ufed in, medicine, and
efteemed cordial and cephalic, refilling putrefaction
and poifon, and are ufeful in malignant and peftilen-
tial diftempers, as alfo in epiiepfles.
DICTAMNUS CRETICUS. See Origanum.
DIERVILLA. Tourn. Act. R, Par. 1706. Loni-
cera. Lin. Gen. Plant. 210.
The title of this genus was given it by Dr. Tournefort,
after Mr. Dierville, a furgeon, who brought this plant
from Acadia.
The Characters are,
The empalement of the flower is cut into five parts , ahnoft
to the bottom ; the flower is of one leaf , having a tube at
the bottom , but is cut into five parts at the top , and has
the appearance of a lip flower ; it hath five ftamina,
which are terminated by oblong fummits , which are equal
with the petal. At the bottom of the flower is fituated
an oval germen fixed to the empalement, fupporting a flender
fiyle equal with the ftamina, crowned by an obtufe ftigma ;
the germen afterward becomes a pyramidal berry , divided
into four cells , which contain fmall round feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fourth feCtion
of Tournefort’s third clafs, which includes the plants
with a tubulous anomalous flower of one leaf. It is
ranged by Dr. Linnaeus under his genus of Lonicera,
in the firlt feCtion of his fifth clafs, intitled Pentanclria
Monogynia, the flower having five ftamina and one
ftyle.
We know but one Species of this genus at prefent,
viz.
Diervilla ( Lonicera ) Acadienfls fruticofa, flore luteo.
Act. R. Par. 1 706. Shrubby Diervilla of Acadia with a
yellow flower. This is the Lonicera racemis termi-
nalibus foliis ferratis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 275. Lonicera
with bunches of flowers terminating the branches , and
flawed leaves.
This plant grows naturally in the northern parts of
America, from whence it was brought to Europe, and
is now propagated in the gardens for fale. It hath
woody roots which fpread far in the ground, and put
out (hoots at a diftance from the principal ftalk,
whereby it multiplies greatly : the ftalks are ligneous,
and feldom rife more than a foot and a half high ;
thefe are garniflied with oblong heart-ffiaped leaves,
ending in acute points ; they are very (lightly fawed
on their edges, and are placed oppofite, fitting clofe
to the ftalks : the upper part of the ftalks are gar-
niffied with flowers, which ufually come out from the
fide of the ftalk at the fitting on of the leaves, and
alfo at the top of the ftalks ; there are two or three
flowers fuftained upon each foot-ftalk : they are of a
pale yellowy and being fmall, make no great ap-
pearance. Thefe come out in May, and if the feafon
proves moift and cold, they frequently flower again
in Auguft.
It is eafily propagated by flickers, which it fends out
in plenty, and loves a moift foil and fhady fituation,
where the cold will never injure it.
DIGITALIS.
1
D I G
•DIGITALIS. Lin. Gen. Plant. 676. Tourn. Inft.
R. H. 164. tab. 73. Raii Meth, Plant. 89. Foxglove ;
in French, Digit ale.
The Characters are,
It hath a permanent empalement , which is cut into five
parts ; the flower is bell-Jhaped , of one petal , with a
large open tube , whofe bafe is cylindrical and contracted,
but the brim is divided into four part S jlightly ; the upper
lip fpreading and indented at the top , the lower is larger.
It hath four fiamina , which are inferted in the bafe of the
petal , two being longer than the other , which are termi-
nated by bipartite acuminated fummits ; the flower being
pafi , the germen fwells to an oval capfule , having two
cells fitting on the empalement , indofing many fmall angular
feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond feftion
of Linnaeus’s fourteenth cfafs, intitled Didynamia
Angiofpermia, the flower having two long and two
ilhorter fiamina, and the feeds being included in a
capfule.
The Species are,
1. Digitalis ( Purpurea ) calycinis foliolis ovatis acutis,
corollis obtufis, labio fuperiore integro. Hort. Upfal.
178. Foxglove whofe finall leaves of the empalement are
oval and acute , the petals obtufe , and the upper lip entire.
Digitalis purpurea folio afpero. C. B. P. 243. Purple
Foxglove with a rough leaf , or common Foxglove.
2. Digitalis (fthapfi) foliis decurrentibus. Lin. Sp. 867.
Foxglove ivith running leaves. Digitalis Hifpanica pur-
purea minor. Tourn. Inft. 165. Leffer Spaniflj purple
Foxglove.
3. Digitalis ( Lutea ) calycinis foliolis lanceolatis co-
rollis acutis labio fuperiore bifido. Hort. Upfal. 178.
Foxglove with fpear-Jhaped leaves to the empalement , an
acute petal , whofe upper lip is bifid. Digitalis minor
lutea, parvo flore. C. B. P. 244. Leffer yellow Foxglove
with a fmall flower.
4. Digitalis ( Magno flore) foliolis calycinis linearibus,
corollis acutis, labio fuperiore integro, foliis lanceo-
latis. Foxglove with long narrow leaves to the empale-
ment an acute petal , whofe upper lip is entire , and fpear-
Jhaped leaves. Digitalis lutea, magno flore. C. B. P.
244. Fellow Foxglove with a larger flower.
5. Digitalis ( Ferruginea ) calycinis foliolis ovatis obtu-
fis., corollas labio inferiore longitudine floris. Lin.
Sp. Plant. 622. Foxglove with oval blunt leaves to the
empalement , and the lower lip of the petal as long as the
flower. Digitalis anguflifolia, flore ferrugineo. C. B. P.
244. Narrow-leaved Foxglove with an iron-coloured
flower.
6. Digitalis {Canarienfls) calycinis foliolis lanceolatis,
corollis bilabiatis acutis, caule fruticcfo. Lin. Sp.
Plant. 622. Foxglove with fpear-fhaped leaves to the em-
palement. , an acute petal with two lips , and a firrubby
Jialk. Digitalis acanthoides Canarienfls frutefeens,
flore aureo. Hort. Am A. 2. p 105. Shrubby Canary
Foxglove like Bearfbreech , with a golden flower.
7. Digitalis {Orientals) calycinis foliolis acutis, foliis
ovato-lanceolatfe nervofis. Foxglove with acute leaves
to the empalement, and oval, fpear-fhaped,, veined leaves.
Digitalis lutea non ramofa, fcorzonerae folio. Buxb.
Cent. 25. Fellow unbranched Foxglove with a leaf like
Scorzonera.
The firft fort grows naturally by the fide of hedges
in fhady woods in moft parts of England, fo is rarely
cultivated in gardens. This is a biennial plant, which
the firA year produces a great tuft of long rough
leaves which are hairy ; the fecond year it fhoots up
a Arong herbaceous Aalk, which rifes from three to
four feet high, garnifhed with leaves of the fame
form as the lower, but they gradually leffen upward,
fo thofe which are intermixed with the flowers'on the
top are very narrow. The flowers grow in a long
loofe thyrle, Aanding only on one fide of the Aalk -
they are large, tubulous, and fhaped like a thimble,
of a purple colour, with feveral white fpots on the
Under lip , thefe flowers are fucceeded by oval cap-
fuies with two cells, which are filled with dark brown
feeds. It flowers in June, and the feeds ripen in au-
tumn s if they are permitted to fcatter, the plants
DIG.
will come up in the fpring, and become troublefbm^
weeds ; but whoe'ver has a mind to cultivate it, fhould
fow the feeds in autumn, for thofe which are fowh jn
the fpring feldom fucceed, or at leaft lie one year in
the ground before they grow. This plant Hands in
the liA of medicinal fi'mples of the dilpenfaries, and
there is an ointment made of the flowers,, and May-
butter, which has been in good efieem.
There is a variety of this with a white- flower, which
is found growing naturally in fome parts of England,
which differs from this only in the colour of the
flower and leaves ; but this difference is permanent,
for I have cultivated it more than thirty years in the
garden, and have never found it vary.
The fecond fort grows naturally in Spain, from
whence I received the feeds ; this plant feldom rifes
much more than a foot and a half high ; the lower
leaves are ten inches long, and three broad in the
middle ; they are foft, woolly, and roughly veined
on their under fide; the Aalks are garnifhed with
leaves of the fame fhape, but finaller ; the upper part
of the Aalk hath a Aiort thyrfe of purple flowers like
thofe of the common fort, but they are fmaller, and'
the fegments of the petal are acute. This plant re-
tains its difference when cultivated in gardens.
The third fort hath very long obtufe leaves near the
root ; the Aalk is fmall, and rifes from two to three
feet high, the lower part being pretty clofely. gar-
nifhed with fmooth leaves, about three inches long
and one broad, ending in obtufe points : the upper
part of the Aalk, for ten inches in length, is adorned
with fmall yellow flowers, which are clofely ranged
on one fide of the Aalk, having a few very fmall acute
leaves placed between them, which are fituated on
the oppofite fide of the Aalk ; the upper lip of the
Aower is entire, and the petal is obtufe. It flowers
in June, and the feeds ripen in autumn.
The fourth fort hath long fmooth- veined leaves at
the bottom ; the Aalk is Arong, and rifes two feet
and a half high, garnifhed with leaves which are five,
inches long, one and a half broad, ending in acute
points ; thefe have many longitudinal veins, and are
flightly fa wed on their edges ; the upper part of the
Aalk is adorned with large yellow flowers, nearly of
the fize of thofe of the common fort, the brim having
acute points, and the upper lip entire. This flow-
ers and ripens its feeds about the fame time as the
former.
The fifth fort hath narrow fmooth leaves, which ard
entire ; the Aalk rifes near fix feet high, and puts
out fome flender branches from the fide toward the
bottom; the lower part of the Aalks is garniffied
with very narrow fmall leaves, three inches long, and
one third of an inch broad; the Aowers terminate
the Aalk, growing in a very long fpike, with very
few leaves between them, and thofe very fmall ; the
empalement is divided into four obtufe parts, the
lower lip extending much longer than the upper.
The flowers are of an iron colour, and appear in
June. "
The fixth fort grows naturally in the Canary Iflands,
from whence the feeds were firA brought to England ;
and many of the plants were railed in the bifhop of
London’s gardens at Fulham, part of which were lent
to the royal gardens at Hampton Court, and feme
were fent over to the gardens in Holland : thofe
which were fent to Hampton Court, were preferved
there a few years, but by the ignorance of the gar-
deners, to whofe care thofe gardens were committed,
this, with many other valuable plants, were foon
deftroyed.
This plant hath a Airubby Aalk which rifes to the
height of five or fix feet, dividing into feveral
branches, garniAied with rough fpear-fhaped leaves,
near five inches long, and two broad in the middle,
gradually decreafing to both ends, having a few fnort
ferratures on their edges ; thefe are placed alternately
on the branches ; each of thefe branches is terminated
by a loofe fpike of flowers, about four inches in length •
the empalement of thefe is cut into five acute fe<r-
5 A ments
D 1 O
fluents aimoft to the bottom j the upper lip is long
and entire, this is arched, and immediately under it
the ftamina and ftyle are fituated *, the lower lip is
obtufe, and indented at the top -, there are two acute
feamcnts on the fide, which compofe the chaps of
the flower ; there are two of the ftamina longer than
the other-, thefe are crowned with roundifh furrMiits.
In the bottom' of the flower is fituated the germen,
fupporting a flender ftyle, crowned by an oval ftigma;
the germen afterward becomes an oval capfule, filled
with fmall angular feeds.
This plant begins to flower in May,and there is ge-
nerally a fuccefiion of flowers on the fame plant, till
the winter puts a ftop to them, which renders the
plant more valuable. It is propagated by feeds, which
fhould be fown in pots filled with light earth, in the
autumn, foon after the feeds are ripe thefe pots
jfhould be plunged into an old bed of tanners bark,
whole heat is gone, and in mild weather the glafles
jfhould be drawn off to admit the air ^ but in hard
rains and froft they muft be kept on, to prated the
feeds from both, which frequently deftroys them here
when they are expofed in the fpring the plants will
come up, when they Ihould enjoy the free air in mild
weather, but muft be proteded from the cold.
When thefe are large enough to tranfplant, they
Ihould be each planted into a feparate fmall pot filled
with light earth, and placed under the frame till they
have taken new root, then they fhould be gradually
inured to the open air. During the fummer feafon
the plants fhould remain abroad in a fheltered fitua-
tion, but in the winter they muft be placed in a green-
houfe, for they will not live abroad in England they
muft not be kept too warm and clofe in the houfe,
for they only want protedion from the froft ; there-
fore in mild weather, they fhould have free air con-
ftantly admitted to them, and they require frequent
waterings, but they fhould not have it in too great
plenty in winter.
The feventh fort grows naturally in Tartary, from
whence the feeds were fent to the imperial garden at
Peterfburgh, and from thence I received them. This
plant hath many oval fpear-fhaped leaves, which are
fmooth, arifing from the root ; between thefe arife the
ftalk, which grows about a foot high, and is garnifhed
below with fmooth fpear-fhaped leaves, from four to
five inches long, and one and a half broad in the
middle, leflening gradually at both ends ; thefe have
no foot-ftalks, but their bafe embraces the ftalks half
round j the upper part of the ftalk is adorned by a
fhort loofe fpike of yellow flowers, which are aimoft
as large as thofe of the great yellow fort before-men-
tioned, but they are fhorter. This flowers in May,
and the feeds ripen in autump.
All thefe forts fhould be fowri in the autumn ; for if
- v the feeds are fown in the fpring, they commonly fail,
or at leaft lie a whole year in the ground before they
vegetate. The plants are biennial (except the fe-
venth fort) and generally perifh foon after the feeds
are ripe.
DTO SC ORE A. Plum. Nov. Gen. 9. tab. 26. Lin.
Gen. Plant. 995.
The Characters are.
It hath male and female flowers in different plants -, the
male flowers have a bell-fhaped perianthium of one leaf,
cut into ftx parts , but have no petals or empalement ; they
have fix floort hairy ftamina , terminated by Jingle fiummits.
The female flowers have the fame perianthium as the male-,
they have no petals , but have a fmall three-cornered ger-
men, fupporting three ftyles , which are crowned by Jingle
ftigmas \ the perianthium af terward becomes a triangular
capfule with three cells, opening with three valves, con-
taining two comprefted bordered feeds in each.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fixth feet ion of
Linnaeus’ s twenty-fecond clafs, intitled Dicecia Hex-
andria. The plants of this clafs and feftion have
male and female flowers on different plants, and the
male flowers have fix ftamina.
The Species are,
1, Bioscqrea {Saiiva) foliis cordatis alternis, caule
D 1 O
' E-uvi terete Hort. Cliff. 459. TJiofcotea with heart-
fhaped leaves placed alternate , and a fmooth taper ft a Ik ;
Diofcorea fcandens, foliis tamni frudu racemofo.
Plum. .Nov. Gen. 9. Climbing Diofcorea zvith black Bri -
ony leaves, and fruit growing in long bunches.
2. Dioscorea ( Haft at a' ) foliis haftato-cordatis, caule
laevi, racemis longiflimis. Diofcorea zvith Spear-pointed
heart-fhaped leaves, a fmooth ftalk , and very long hunches
of flowers. Diofcorea fcandens, folio haftato frudu
racemofo. Ho li ft . MSS. Climbing Diofcorea with a
fpear-pointed leaf, and fruit growing in bunches.
3. Dioscorea {Ditto fa) foliis cordatis alternis, oppofi-
tifque caule lsevi, Lin. Sp. 1463; Diofcorea with heart-
Jhaped leaves placed alternate and oppofite, and a fmooth
ftalk. Diofcorea fcandens, folio fubrotundo acumi-
nato frudu racemofo. Houft. MSS. Climbing Diofi
ccrea with a roundifh pointed leaf, and fruit growing in
long bunches.
4. Dioscorea ( Bulbifera ) foliis cordatis, caule laevi btil-
birera. Flor. Zeyl. 360. Diofcorea with heart-Jhaped
leaves, and a fmooth ftalk bearing bulbs. Volubilis ni-
gra, radice alba ant purpurea maxima tuberofa efeu-
lenta, caule membranulis extantibus alato, folio cor-
dato nervofo. Sloan. Cat. Jam. 46. 'The Tam , or
Tammes.
5. Dioscorea (i Oppojitifolia ) foliis oppofitis ovatis acu-
minatis. Lin. Sp. 1483. Diofcorea with oval-pointed
leaves growing oppofite.
6 . Dioscorea {Digitata) foliis digitatis. Hort. Cliff.
459. Diofcorea with hand-fhaped leaves. Nureni Ke-
lengu. Hort. Mai. 7. p. 67.
The firft fort grows naturally in moft of the iflands
in the Weft Indies. I received the feeds of this fort
from Jamaica, where the late Dr. Houftoun found it
growing plentifully. This hath flender climbing
ftalks, which fix themfelves to any fupport near them,
and rife to the height of eighteen or twenty feet, gar-
nifhed with heart-lhaped leaves, ending with acute
points, having five longitudinal veins, which arife
irom the foot-ftalks, which diverge toward the fides,
but meet again at the point of the leaves. They
ftand upon pretty long foot-ftalks, from the bafe of
which arife the branching fpikes of flowers, which are
fmall, and have no beauty the female flowers are
fucceeded by three-cornered oblong capfules, having
three cells, each containing two compreffed feeds.
The fecond fort differs from the firft in the fhape of
their leaves, thefe having two round ears at their bafe,
but the middle extends to an acute point, like that of
an halbert. The bunches of flowers are longer, and
are loofer placed than thofe of the former fort.
The third fort hath broad, round, heart-fhaped leaves,
which end in acute points ; thefe have many longitu-
dinal veins which arife from the foot-ftalk, and di-
verge to the fide, but afterward join at the point of
the leaf-, the flowers come out on long loofe ftrinss,
ftanding on fhort foot-ftalks ; the female flowers are
fucceeded by three-cornered oblong capfules, with
three cells, having compreffed bordered feeds.
The fourth fort hath triangular winged ftalks, which
trail upon the ground and extend to a great length j
thefe frequently put out roots from the joints as they
lie upon the ground, whereby the plants are multi-
plied. The roots of this plant are eaten in many
parts of both Indies, where the plants are much cul-
tivated.
The fifth fort grows naturally in Virginia, and in other
parts of North America. This hath a fmooth ftalk
which climbs on the neighbouring plants, and rifes
five or fix feet high, garnifhed with heart-fhaped
leaves, which are placed oppofite -, they are covered
with fmall hairs, and have feveral longitudinal veins.
The flowers come out from the fide of the ftalk in
the fame manner as the other forts, but have no beau-
ty. Thefe plants are preferved in fome curious bo-
tanic gardens for the fake of variety , but as they have
no beauty, there are few perfons who will allow them
a place, efpecially as moft of the forts require a good
ftove to preferve them through the 'winter in Eng-
land.
Thef e
DIO CIO
Thefe plants may be propagated by laying their j
branches into the ground, which in about three months
will put out roots, and may then be taken from the
old plants, and planted into leparate pots, which fhould
be plunged into the tan-bed in the ftove ; during the
winter thefe plants fhould have but little water given
them ; but in fummer, when they are growing vigo-
rously, they fhould be watered three or four times a
week, and in warm weather the glaffes fhould be
opened to admit a large fhare of free air. Thefe
plants rarely flower in England, but when the feeds
are fent from America, they fhould be immediately
Town in pots, and plunged into a hot-bed, where, if
the feeds are fown early in the fpring, the plants will
come up the fame feafon •, but when they are fown
late, the feeds often remain in the ground till the
following fpring before they vegetate •, therefore when
the plants do not come up the firft feafon, the pots
fhould be fcreened from the froft the following
winter, and put into a new hot-bed in the fpring,
which will bring up the plants, if the feeds were good.
The fourth fort is much cultivated by the inhabitants
of the iflands in America, and is of great ufe to them
for feeding of their negroes v and the white people
make puddings of their roots, when ground to a fort
of flour. This plant is fuppofed to have been brought
from the Eaft to the Weft Indies, for it has not been
difcovered to grow wild in any part of America ; but
in the ifland of Ceylon, and on the coaftof Malabar,
it grows in the woods, and there are in thofe places a
great variety of forts.
This fort, which is chiefly cultivated in the Weft In-
dies, has a root as big as a man’s leg, of an irregular
form, and of a dirty brown colour on the outflde,
but when cut, are white and meally within. The
ftalks of this plant are triangular and winged ^ the
leaves are heart-fhaped, having two ears, fomewhat
like thofe of Arum. Thefe ftalks climb to the height
of ten or twelve feet, when they grow near trees or
fhrubs, to which they fallen themfelves, otherwife
they trail upon the ground.
This plant is propagated by cutting of the root into
pieces, obferving to preferve an eye or bud to each,
as is pra&ifed in planting of Potatoes ; each of thefe
being planted will grow, and produce three or four
large roots. In America they are commonly fix or
eight months in the ground before the roots are taken
up for ufe. The roots are roafted or boiled, and
eaten by the inhabitants, and fometimes are made
Into bread.
In fome curious gardens this plant is preferved for
the fake of variety, but it is fo tender as not to live in
England, unlefs it is placed in a warm ftove. As thefe
roots are frequently brought from America, who-
ever hath an inclination to preferve the plant, may
cut them in the manner before defcribed, and plant
each piece in a pot filled with frelh earth, and plunged
into a hot-bed of tanners bark, and give them little
water until they fhoot, left they fhould rot. With
this management I have had the fhoots ten feet high,
but the roots have not grown to any great fize with
me. This plant will not thrive in the open air in the
warmeft time of the year, fo mull conftantly be kept
in the bark-ftove.
DIOS M A. Lin. Gen. Plant. 241. Spiraea. Com.
Rar. Plant. 2. African Spiraea, vulgo.
The Characters are,
The flower hath a ■permanent empulement , which is di-
vided into four acute fegments^ which are plain at their
bafe it hath five obtufe petals , which fpread open and are
as long as the empalement ; it hath five ftamina terminated
by oval erehi fummits , and a five-pointed hollow ne Barium
fitting on the germen , from which arifes a Jingle Jlyle ,
crowned by an obfolete ftigma. The germen afterward
becomes a fruit compofed of five compreffed capfides ,
which open lengthways , each inclofing one fmooth oblong
genus of plants is ranged in the firft feftion of
Linnaeus’s fifth clafs, intitled Pentandria Monogynia,
the flowers having five ftamina and one ftyle.
The Species are,
1. Diosma ( Oppofitifolius ) folds fubulatis acutis oppcri
fltis. Ho,rt. Cliff. 7 1 . Diofma with acute awl-Jhaped
leaves placed oppofite. Spiraea Africana, folds crueia-
tim pofitis. Com. Rar. Plant. 1. tab. 1. African Spi -
raa with leaves placed in form of a crofs,
2 . Diosma ( Hirfuta ) folds linearibus hirfutis. Hort, :
Cliff. 7 1 . Diofma with narrow hairy leaves. Spiraea
Africana odorata, folds pilofis. Com. Rar. Plant. 3.
tab. 3. Sweet African Spiraa with hairy leaves.
3. Diosma {Rubra) folds linearibus acutis glabris, ca-
rinatis fubtus bifarium pumftatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 198.
Diofma with fmooth , narrow , acute leaves , which are
fpotted on their under fide. Spiraea Africana odorato,
floribus fuaverubentibus. Com. Rar. Plant. 2. Sweet
African Spiraea with foft red flowers.
4. Diosma ( Erricoides ) folds lineari-lanceolatis fubtus
convexis, bifariam imbricatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 198.
Diofma with narrow fpear-fhaped leaves , which are con-
vex on their under fide , and imbricated two ways. Spi-
raea Africana eric^ bacciferae folds. Rad Hift. 91.
African Spiraea vnth leaves like the Berry-bearing Heath .
5. Diosma ( Lanceolata ) folds lanceolatis glabris. Lin.
Sp. 287. Diofma with fmooth fpear-fhaped leaves. Spi-
raea Africana, Saturejae folds brevioribus. Rail
Dendr. 91.
The firft fort rifes to the height of three feet ; the
branches are very long and flender, and are produced
from the Item very irregularly •, the leaves are placed
croffways, and are pointed •, thefe are every evening
clofed up to the branches. The flowers are produced
along the branches from between the leaves ; and in
the evening, when thefe flowers are expanded, and
the leaves are clofely embracing the ftalks, the whole
plant appears as if covered with fpikes of white flow-
ers ; and as thefe plants continue a long time in flower,
they make a fine appearance when the plants are in-
termixed with other exotics in the open air.
The fecond fort has been long known under the title
of Spinea Africana odorata, foliis pilofis, or Sweet -
fcented African Spiraa , with hairy leaves. This fort
makes a very handfome fhrub, growing to the height
of five or fix feet ; the ftalks are woody, fending
out many flender branches •, the leaves come out al-
ternately on every fide, which are narrow-pointed and
hairy. The flowers are produced in final! clufters at
the end of the fhoots, which are white ; thefe are fuc-
ceeded by ftarry feed-veffels, having five corners,
like thofe of the ftarry Anife ; each of thefe corners is
a cell, having one fmooth, fhining, oblong, black
feed ; thefe feed-veffels abound with a refin, which af-
fords a grateful lcent, as doth alfo the whole plant.
The third fort is of humbler growth than either of
the former, feldom rifing above three feet high, and
fpreads out into many branches ; the leaves of this
fort are fmooth, and refemble thofe of the Heath, and
this plant from thence had the name of Erica fEthio-
pica, &c. given it by Dr. Plukenet : the flowers of
this kind are produced in clufters at the end of the
branches, like thofe of the fecond fort, but are fmalier,
and the bunches are not fo large.
All thefe plants are propagated by cuttings, which
may be planted during any of the fummer months, in
pots filled with light frelh earth, and plunged into a
very moderate hot-bed, where they fhould be fhaded
in the day time from the fun, and frequently refrelhed
with water. In about two months the cuttings will
have taken root, when they fhould be each tranf-
planted into a fmall pot, and placed In a fhady fitua-
tion until the plants have taken frelh root, when they
may be placed among other exotic plants, in a fhel-
tered fituation : thele plants may remain abroad un-
til the beginning of O6lober or later, if the feafon
continues favourable for they only require to be
flickered from froft, fo that in' a dry airy green-houfe
they may be preferved very well in winter, and in
fummer they may be expofed to the open air with
other green-houfe plants*
Thefe plants grow naturally at the Cape of Good
Hope, from whence the feeds were fent to Europe,
where
13 I Q
where fame of the fpecies have been long preferve d
in the gardens of the curious. There °have been
fome other fpecies in the Engliili gardens than are
here enumerated, but thefe are all that are at prefent
to be found here.
The fecond fort frequently ripens its feeds in Eng-
land •, but if the feeds are not fown foon after they are
ripe, . they rarely grow, or they commonly lie a whole
year in the ground.
DiOSPYROS. Lin. Gen. Plant. 1027. Guaiacana.
Tourn. Inft. R. H. 600. tab. 371. The Indian Date
Plumb.
The Characters are,
It hath hermaphrodite and female flowers on the fa?ne
plant , and ? male flowers on fepara-te plants ; the herma-
phrodite flowers have a large obtufle permanent empalement
of one leaf ', which is divided into four parts the flower
hath one petal which is fhaped like a pitcher , and cut at
the brim into four fegments , which fpread open ; it hath
eight floort briftly ftamina firmly joined to the empalement,
terminated by oblong fummits which have no farina. In
the center is fit anted a rcutydifh germen , fupporting a
Jingle quadrifidftyle , crowned by an obtufle bifid ftigma ; the
germen afterward becomes a large globular berry with
many cells , each including one oblong , compreffled , hard
feed. The male flowers have a one-leaved empalement ,
cut into f mall acute fegments •, the petal is thick and flour-
cornered, cut into four obtufle fegments which turn back-
ward ; they have eight floort Jiamina , terminated by long,
acute , twin fummits, but have no germen.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fedion
of Linnaeus’s twenty-third clafs, intitled Polygamia
Dicecia. The plants of this clafs and fedion have
hermaphrodite and female flowers growing on the
fame plant, and the male on feparate plants.
The Species are,
1. Diospyros {Lotus) foliorum paginis difcoloribus.
Lin. Sp. Plant. 1057. Diofpyros with the flurface of the
leaves of two colours. Guaiacana. J. B. 2. 138. The
Indian Date Plumb.
2. Diospyros ( Virginiana ) foliorum paginis concolori-
bus. Lin. Sp. Plant. 1057. Diofpyros with the flurface
of the leaves of one colour. Guaiacana Virginiana Pif-
hamin dida. Boerh. Ind. alt. 2. The Piflhamin or
Perfmon, and by fome Pitchumon Plumb.
The firft fort is fuppofed to be a native of Africa,
and was tranfplanted from thence into feveral parts of
Italy, and alfo the fouth of France. The fruit of
this tree is by fome fuppofed to be the Lotus, which
Ulyfles and his companions were inchanted with.
This is a tree of a middling growth in the warm
parts of Europe, where there are feveral of them
which are upward of thirty feet high ; but particu-
larly in the botanic garden at Padua there is one very
old tree, which has been deferibed by fome of the
former botanifts, under the title of Guaicum Patavi-
num. This tree produces plenty of fruit every year,
from the feeds of which many plants have been
raifed; In England there are none of thefe trees, but
what have been raifed within a few years paft, in the
phyfic garden at Chelfea ; for the feeds of which I
was greatly obliged to my much honoured friend, his
excellency the Chevalier Rathgcb, his imperial ma-
jefty’s minifler at Venice, who has alfo fupplied me
with many other curious plants, trees, and fruits,
from different parts of the world, where his extenfive
correfpondence has been employed to colled; whatever
rare plants he could procure •, and his generofity in
communicating what feeds and plants he can procure
to the phyfic garden at Chelfea, requires this public
acknowledgment.
The fecond fort is a native of America, but particu-
larly in Virginia and Carolina there is great plenty of
thefe trees growing in the woods. The feeds of this
fort are frequently brought to England, where the
trees are now. become pretty common in the nurferies
about London. This rifes to the height of fourteen
or fixteen feet, but generally divides into many irre-
gular trunks near the ground, fo that it is very rare
to fee a handfome tree of this fort. This produces
D I P
plenty of fruit in England, but they never come to
pert eft ion here. In America the inhabitants preferve
thermit until it be rotten (as is pradifed by Medlars
in England) when they are e (teemed a pieafant fruit.
Thefe are both propagated by feeds, which will come
up very well in the open ground ; but if they are
fown upon a moderate hot-bed, the plants will come
up much fooner, and make a greater progrefs •, but
in this cafe the feeds fhould be fown in pots or boxes
of earth, and plunged into the hot-bed, becaufe the
plants will not bear transplanting till autumn, when
the leaves fall off ; fo that v/hen the plants are up,
and have made fome progrefs, they rnay be inured
by degrees to the open air ; and in June they maybe
wholly expofed, and may remain abroad until No-
vember, when it will be proper to fet the pots under
a hot-bed frame to prated them from hard froft,
which, while they are very young, may kill the tops
of the plants ; but they muff have as much free air
as poflible in mild weather. The following fpring,
before the plants begin to fhoot, they fhould be tranf-
planted into a nurfery, in a warm fltuation, where
they may be trained up for two years, and then re-
moved to the places where they are deflgned to re-
main. Thefe are both hardy enough to refill the
greateft cold of this country, after the plants have ac-
quired ftrength.
DIPSACUS. Lm. Gen. Plant. 107. Tourn. Inft.
R. H. 466. tab. 265. [ Jnpaxot ;, Gr. i. e. thirfty. It
is faid to have taken its name by way of contrary,
becaufe it receives the dew or rain in the hollow finus
of its leaves that cohere together, by which it drives
away the injuries of third. It is alfo called Labrum
Veneris, from the pofltion of its leaves, which form a
fort of bafon, containing a liquor that beautifies the
face.] The Teazel; in French, Chardon a Bonnitier .
The Characters are,
It hath many florets collected in one common perianthiurn ,
which is permanent ; the florets have but one petal, which
is tubular , cut into flour parts at the top , which are ere ft.
They have flour hairy ftamina which are as long as the pe-
tal, terminated by proftrate fummits ; the germen is Jitu-
ated below the flower , fupporting a fender ftyle, crowned
by a Jingle ftigma. The germen afterward becomes a co-
lumn-fhaped feed, inclofed in the common conical fruit ,
which is divided by long prickly partitions.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft, fedion of
Linnaeus’s fourth clafs, intitled Tetrandria Monogy-
nia, the flower having four ftamina and one ftyle.
The Species are,
1. Dipsacus {Sylveftris) foliis fefiilibus ferratis, ariftis
frudibus eredis. Teazel with flawed leaves fet clofe to
the ftalks, and ere ft beards to the fruit. Dipfacus fyl-
veftris. Dod. Pemp. 735. Wild Teazel.
2. Dipsacus ( Fullonum ) foliis connatis, ariftis frudibus
recurvis. Teazel with leaves joined at their bafe, and
the beards of the fruit recurved. Dipfacus fativus. Dod.
Pemp. 735. Cultivated Teazel.
3. Dipsacus ( Laciniatus ) foliis connatis finuatis. Lin.
Sp. Plant. 97. Teazel with finuated leaves joined at their
bafe. Dipfacus folio laciniato. C. B. P. 385. Teazel
with a laciniated leaf.
4. Dipsacus ( Pilofus ) foliis petiolatis appendiculatis.
Hort. Upfal. 25. Teazel with foot-folks having appen-
dices. Dipfacus fylveftris, capitulo minore, feu. Virga.
Paftoris minor. C. B. P. 385. Wild Teazel with a
flmaller head, or fmaller Shepherd's Rod.
The firft of thefe plants is very common upon dry
banks in moft parts of England, and is feldom culti-
vated in gardens, unlefs for the fake of variety.
The fourth fort grows naturally in many places near
London, and is rarely admitted into gardens.
The third fort grows naturally in Alface, and is kept
in botanic gardens for the fake of variety ; this dif-
fers from the wild Teazel in having the leaves deeply
cut and jagged.
But it is the fecond fort only which is cultivated for
ufe, which is called Carduus Fullorum, or Fullonum,
being of fo Angular life in railing the knap upon
woollen cloth, for which purpofe there are great
quantities
DOD
quantities of this plant cultivated in the weft country.
This plant is propagated by fowing the feeds in
March, upon a foil that has been well ploughed :
about one peck of this feed will low an acre •, tor the
chants fhould have room to grow, otherwife -the neads
will not be fo large, norm fo great quantity. When
the plants are come up, you muft hoe them in the
fame* manner as is practifed for Turneps, cutting
down all the weeds, and Tingling out the plants to
about fix or eight inches diftance > and as the plants
advance, and the weeds begin to grow again, you
muft hoe them a fecond time, cutting out the
plants to a wider diftance, for they fhould be, at laft,
left at leaft a foot afunder : and you fhould be parti-
cularly careful to clear them from weeds, efpecially
the firft fummer ; for when the plants have fpread fo
as to cover the furface of the ground, the weeds will
not fo readily grow between them. The fecond year
after fowing, the plants will fhoot up ftalks with heads,
which will be fit to cut about the beginning of Au-
guft ; at which time they fhould be cut, and tied up
in bunches, fetting them in the fun if the weather be
fair ^ but if not, they muft be fet in rooms to dry.
The common produce is about an hundred and fixty
bundles or ftaves upon an acre, which they fell for
about one fhilling a ftave. Some people fow Caraway
2nd other feeds among their Teazels, but this is not
a good method, for the one fpoils the other ; nor
can you fo eafily clear them from weeds, as when
alone. Dr. Linnaeus fuppofes this to be only a ie-
minal variety of the common wild Teazel j but I
have cultivated both the forts more than forty years,
and have never found either of them alter, fo that
there can be no doubt of their being diftinft fpecies.
DIRCA, Leather Wood.
The Characters are,
‘There is no empalement to the flower, which is club-
fioaped, of one petal , having a Jhort-bellied tube , and an
unequal border ; it hath eight fender ftamina Jituated in
the middle of the tube , terminated by erell roundiflo fum-
rnits , with an oval germen , fupporting a fender ftyle
which is longer than the Jlamina, crowned by a fimple
Jligma, The germen afterward becomes a berry with one
cell, inclofing one feed.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft feflion of
Linnaeus’s eighth clafs, intitled Oftandria Monogy-
nia, the flower having eight ftamina and one ftyle.
We know but one Species of this genus, viz.
Dirca ( Paluftris ). Amcen. Acad. 3. p. 12. Marjh Lea-
therwood. Thymelaea floribus albis primo vere erum-
pentibus, foliis oblongis acuminatis, viminibus &
cortice valde tenacibus. Flor. Virg. 155.
This fhrub grows naturally in fwamps in Virginia,
Canada, and other parts of North America, where
it feldom rifes more than five or fix feet high, but in
Europe it rarely is more than half fo high •, it fends
out many articulated branches near the root, gar-
nifhed with oval leaves, of a pale yellowilh colour,
and fmooth ; the flowers come out from the fide of
the branches, two or three upon each foot-ftalk ; they
are of a greenifh white colour, and appear early in the
fpring, juft at the time when the leaves begin to fhoot ;
the flowers are feldom fucceeded by feeds in England.
This fhrub is very difficult to propagate in Europe j for
as it does not produce feeds here, it can only be increaf-
•ed by layers or cuttings, and thefe are generally two
years before they put out roots ; for as the fhrubs grow
naturally in very moift places, they are with difficulty
preferved in gardens, unlefs they are planted in wet
ground, but they are feldom injured by cold.
DITTANY, the white. See Dictamnus.
DITTANY of Crete. See Origanum.
DOCK. See Lapathum.
DODARTIA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 698. Tourn. Cor.
47. tab. 478. [This plant was fo named by Dr. Tour-
nefort, from Monfieur Dodart, a member of the A-
cademy of Sciences at Paris.] We have no Englifh
name for this plant.
The Characters are.
The flower hath a permanent empalement of one leaf.
DOD
which is bell-f japed, cut into five parts at top $ , tkl
flower hath one petal, is ringent , having a cylindrical
diflexed tube much longer than the empalement ; the upper
lip rifes arid is indented, the lower Up fpreads open and is
trifid , the middle fegment being narrow. It hath four fta-
rifina which incline to the upper lip, two of which are
(barter than the other, and are terminated by fimall roundijb
fummits. In the center is Jituated a round germen, ./up-
porting an awl-Jhaped ftyle , crowned by a bifid obtuje
ftigma. The germen afterward becomes a globular cap-
ftule with two cells, filled with fimall J'eeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fection
of Linnaeus’s fourteenth clafs, intitled Didynamia
Angiofpermia, the flower having two long and two
fhort ftamina, and the feeds being included in a capfule.
The Species are,
1. Dodartia [Orient alis) foliis linearibus integerrirnis
glabris. Lin. Sp. Plant. 633, Dodartia with very nar-
row, fmooth , entire leaves. Dodartia Orientalis, flore
purpurafcente. Tourn. Cor. 47. Eaftern Dodartia with
apurplijh flower.
2. Dodartia ( Linaria ) foliis radicalibus oblongo-ova-
tis, ferratis, caulinis linearibus integerrirnis floribus
fpicatis terminalibus. Dodartia with oblong, oval ,
flawed leaves at the bottom , thofie on the ftalks marrow and
entire, and flowers growing in fpikes at the end of the
ftalks. Linaria bellidis folio. C. B. P. 212. Toad
Flax with a Daify leaf.
The firft fort was discovered by Dr. Toiirnefort near
mount Ararat in Armenia, from whence he fent the
feeds to the royal garden at Paris, where they fuc-
ceeded, and from thence molt of the curious gardens
in Europe have been fuppliedwith this plant. This
plant having characters which are different from all
thofe of Tournefort’s Inftitutions, he conftituted this
genus, and gave it the title from Monfieur Dodart,
member of the Royal Academy of Sciences at Paris,
and phyfician to her Royal Highnels the Princefs of
Conti.
It hath a perennial root which creeps far under the
furface, and fends out new ftalks at a great diftance
from the parent plant •, thefe ftalks are firm, a little
comprefled, and grow a foot and a half high, fend-
ing out feveral fide branches, garnifhed with long,
flelhy, narrow leaves placed oppofite, of a deep green
colour ; thofe on the lower part of the ftalk are fhorter
and broader than thofe above, but thofe on the up-
per part of the ftalk are entire ; and at thefe joints
the flowers come out flngly on each fide the ftalk,
fitting clofe to it ; thefe are near an inch long •, the
bottom is tubulous, but divides into two lips above ;
the upper lip is hollow like a fpoon, the convex fide
Handing upward, and is divided into two parts ; the
lower lip is divided into three parts, the middle be-
ing the narroweft. The flower is of a deep purple
colour, and appears in July, and is rarely fucceeded
by feeds in England. It propagates very faft by its
creeping roots, fo that when it is once eftablifhed in a
garden, it will multiply faft enough ; it loves a light
dry foil, and may be tranfplanted either in autumn
when the ftalks decay, or in the fpring before the new
ftalks arife.
The fecond fort is a biennial, or at moft a triennial
plant, which frequently periffies foon after the feeds
are ripe. This fends out from the root feveral ob-
long leaves, which are near four inches long, narrow
at their bale, but increale in width upward, where
they are about an inch broad, rounded at the end, and
deeply fawed on the edges *, between thefe arife the
ftalks, which grow a foot high, their lower parts be-
ing garniflied with leaves o i the fame form as the
lower leaves, but much fmaller •, the upper leaves
are very narrow and entire. The flowers grow in.
fpikes on the top of the ftalks ^ they are very fmall
and white, but are fhaped like thofe of the former fork
This is propagated by feeds, which fhould be fown
in autumn foon after they are ripe, uporl a border of
light earth, where they are defigned to remain. When
the plants appear the following fpring, they muft be
thinned, and kept clear from weeds* which is all the
5 B cuk
z
D O L
Culture they require : the'fecond year they will flower
and feed, after which the plants ufually decay •, when
the feeds are fawn in the fpring, the plants never
come up the fame year.
DODECATHEON. See Me adia.
DOG’s TOOTH. See Erythronium.
DOG-WOOD. See CornusI
DOLICHOS, Kidney Bean,
The Characters are,
The tmpalement is of one leaf \ Jhori , and cut into four
equal fegments. The flower is of the butterfly kind , hav-
ing a large round vexillum which is reflexed. The wings
are oval , obtufe , and the length of the keel. The keel is
moon-Jhaped , comprejj'ed , and the top afcends ; it hath
nine ftamina joined below , and a Jingle- one J landing fepa-
rate , terminated by 'Jingle fummits , with a linear com
preflfed gertnen , fupporting an afcending flyle , crowned by
a bearded fligma. The germen afterward becomes a large
oblong pod with two valves , containing compreflfed ellipti-
cal feeds.
This genus is dflinguijhed from Phafeolus , by the keel of
the flower not being flpiral.
This genus of plants is ranged in the third fe&ion of
Linnaeus’s feventeenth dais, intitled Diadelphia De-
candria, the flower having ten ftamina in two bodies.
The Species are,
1. Dolichos {JLablab ) volubilis, leguminibus ovato-
acinaciformibus, feminibus ovatis hilo arcuato ver-
fus alteram extremitatem. Prod. Leyd. 368. Doli-
chos with a winding ftalk , oval bill-Jhaped pods , and
oval feeds. Phafeolus iEgyptiacus nigro femine.
C. B. P. 341.
2. Dolichos ( Uncinatus ) volubilis, pedunculis multi-
floris leguminibus cylindricis hirfutis apice unguiculo
fubulato hamato, caule hirto. Lin. Sp. 1019. Doli-
chos with a winding ftalk , many flowers on each foot-Jlalk ,
cylindrical hairy pods , whofle points are crooked and awl-
floaped.
3. Dolichos (Pruriens) volubilis, leguminibus racemo-
fis hirtis, valvulis fubcarinatis, pedunculis ternis. Jacq.
Amer. 27. Dolichos with a winding Jlalk, hairy pods
growing in a racemus , almoft boat-Jhaped valves , and
each foot-ftalk having three pods.
4. Dolichos ( Urens ) volubilis, leguminibus racemofis
hirtis tranfverfim lamellatis, feminibus hilo cinftis.
Jacq. Amer. 27. Dolichos with a winding ftalk , hairy
pods in a racemus , whofe hairs are Jituated in tranfverje
lamella , commonly called Cow-itch.
There are many other fpecies of this genus, as there
are alfo of Phafeolus ; but as there are few of them
cultivated in the Englifh gardens, it would fwell this
work to a great bulk, if they were all inferted which
have come to our knowledge, as the author has cul-
tivated more than fixty fpecies, befide many varieties.
The two firft forts here mentioned, are cultivated in
warm countries for the table, but in England thefe
feldom perfect their feeds ; and were they to thrive
here as well as in the warm countries, they would be
little efteemed, becaufe we have much better forts
in our gardens already ; for the fcarlet flowering Kid-
ney Bean is preferable to all the other forts for eating,
fo deferves our care to cultivate it more than any
other.
The third and fourth forts are fometimes preferved
in botanic gardens, but efpecially the fourth, whofe
pods are clofely covered with flinging hairs, com-
monly known by the title of Cow-itch ^ but thefe are
too tender to thrive in the open air in this country,
fo that whoever is defirous to have the plants, fhould
fow their feeds in a hot-bed in March •, and when the
plants are come up, they fhould be each planted in a
feparate pot, and plunged into the hot-bed again,
being careful to (hade them till they have taken
root •, after which they mint have frefh air every day
admitted to them, in proportion to the warmth of
the feafon j and when the plants are too tall to re-
main in the hot-bed, they fhould be removed into
the bark-dove, where, if they are allowed room to
run, they will flower and perfect their feeds.
D O R I A. See Solidago and Otkqnna.
' DOR
DORONICUM. Lin. Gen. Plant. 862. Tourn.
Inft. R. H. 487. tab. 477. Leopard’s Bane.
The Ch A'Racters are,
It hath a flower compofed of \ fever a! hermaphrodite florets ,
which are Jituated in the center , and form the difk , and
of female florets which compofe the rays thefe ' are in-
cluded in one common emp dement , which hath a double
feries of leaves as long as the rays. The hermaphrodite
florets are funnel-Jhaped , and cut into five parts at the
top \ thefe have five floor t hairy ftamina, terminated by
cylindrical fummits. In the bottom is fituated the germen ,
fupporting a fender flyle, crowned by an indented fligma ;
the germen afterward becomes a Jingle, oval, comprejj'ed
feed, crowned with, hairy down. The female florets' are
formed like a tongue, which are fpread out and compofe
the border ; thefe have a germen, fupporting a flyle ,
crowned by two reflexed ftigmas, but have no ftamina ;
the germen becomes a Jingle furrowed feed, covered with a
hairy down.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fediion
of Linnaeus’s nineteenth clafs, intitled Synoenefia
Polygamia fuperflua. The plants of this fedion have
female and hermaphrodite flowers, which are both
fruitful.
The Species are,*
1. Doronicum ( Pardaltanches ) foliis cordatis obtufis,
denticulatis radicalibus petiolatis, caulinis amplexi-
caulibus. Lin. Mat. Med. 394. Leopards Bane with
obtufe, heart-Jhaped, indented leaves , thofe from the root
having foot-ftalks, and thefe above embracing the folks.
Doronicum maximum, foliis caulem amplexianti-
bus. C. B. P. 1 84. Greateft Leopard’s Bane with leaves
embracing the ftalks.
2. Doronicum {Plant agineum) foliis ovatis acutis, fub-
dentatis, ramis alternis. Hort. Cliff. 41 1. Leopard’s
Bane with oval-pointed leaves indented at bottom, and al-
ternate branches. Doronicum plantaginis folio. C. B. P.
184. Leopard’s Bane with a Plantain leaf.
3. Doronicum ( Helveticum ) foliis lanceolatis, denticu-
latis, fubtus tomentofis, caule unifloro. Prod. Leyd.
1 60. Leopard’s Bane with fpear-Jhaped indented leaves ,
woolly on their under fide, and one flower on a ftalk. Do-
ronicum Helveticum incanum. C. B. P. 185. Hoary
Helvetian Leopard’s Bane.
4. Doronicum {Belli diaftrum) caule nudo fimpliciffimo
unifloro. Hort. Cliff. 500. Leopard’s Bane with a naked
fingle ftalk having one flower. Beilis fylveflris media
caule carens. C. B. P. 261. Middle wild Daify bavin?
a tall ftalk.
The firft fort grows naturally in Hungary, and upon
the Helvetian mountains, but is frequently preferved
in the Englifh gardens. It hath thick flefhy roots,
which are divided into many knots or knees, fending
out ftrong flefhy fibres, which penetrate deep into the
ground ; and from thefejarife in the fpring a clufter
of heart-fhaped leaves, which are hairy, and Hand
upon foot-ftalks ; between thefe arife the flower-ftalfcs,
which are channelled and hairy, growing near three
feet high, putting out one or two fmaller ftalks from
the fide, which grow ere£t,‘and are garnifhed with one
or two heart-fhaped leaves, clofely embracing the
ftalks with their bafe ; each ftalk is terminated by one
large yellow flower, compofed of about twenty-four
rays or female florets, which are about an inch long,
plain, and indented in three parts at the top. In the
center is fituated a great number of hermaphrodite
florets, which compofe the difk j thefe are tubulous,
and flightly cut at the top into five parts. The flowers
appear in May, and are fucceeded by feeds which
ripen in July •, thefe are crowned by a hairy down,
which ferves to convey them to a diftance.
This plant multiplies very fail by its fpreading roots,
and if the feeds are permitted £0 fcatter, they will pro-
duce plants wherever they happen to fall, fo that it
becomes a weed where it is once eftablifhed ; it loves
a moift foil and a fhady fituation.
The fecond fort hath oval leaves, ending in acute
points ; thefe are indented on their edges toward their
bafe, but their upper parts’ are entire 1 the ftalks rife
about two feet high $ each is terminated by -a large
yellow
DOR
yellow flower, like thole of the former fort; the
Italics of this fort have two or three leaves, which are
placed alternately, and their bafe fits clofe to the (talks,
thefe are not fo hairy as thofe of the former fort ; it
flowers about the fame time with that, and the feeds
ripen well in England. This grows naturally in Por-
tugal, Spain, and Italy, but is equally hardy with the
firft, and multiplies in as great plenty ; the root is
perennial.
The third fort hath longer leaves than either of the
former, which are covered with a hoary down on their
under fide, and are indented on their edges •, the
ftalks are tingle, and have feldom more than one leaf
upon each ; thefe grow a foot and a half high, and
are terminated by a Angle flower on the top, like
thofe of the former forts. This grows naturally on
the Pyrenees and Helvetian mountains. It delights
in a moift foil and a fhady fxtuation, and propagates
in plenty, either from feeds or by parting the roots :
it flowers and feeds about the fame time with the
former.
The fourth fort grows naturally on the Alps and Py-
renean mountains •, this hath a perennial root ; the
leaves are like of the leffer Daify, but longer,
and not fo broad. The flower grows upon a naked
foot-flalk, which is near a foot long ; the roots feldom
fend out more than one {talk ; the rays of the flower
are white, and very like thofe of the common Daify ;
the difk of the flower is yellow, which is compofed
of hermaphrodite flowers.
This plant is preferved in botanic gardens for the
fake of variety, but the flowers make little better
appearance than thofe of the common Field Daify,
only they Hand upon much taller foot-ftalks. It
muft have a fnady fituation and a moift foil, other-
wife it will not thrive in this country ; it is propagated
by parting of the roots, for the feeds do not ripen
well in England. I received this from Verona, near
which place it grows naturally.
The roots of the firft fort have been fometimes ufed
in medicine, fome having commended it as an expeller
of the poifon of fcorpions ; but others reckon it to be
a poifon, and affirm that it will deftroy wolves and
dogs.
The other forts which have been formerly ranged
under this genus, are now feparated, and may be found
under the title Arnica.
DORSIFEROUS plants [of dorfum, the back,
and fero, Lat. to bear,] fuch plants as are of the ca-
pillary kind, without ftalk, and that bear their feeds
on the backfide of their leaves.
DORSTENIA. Plum. Nov. Gen. 29. tab. 8. Lin.
Gen. Plant. 147. [This plant was fo named by fa-
ther Plunder, from Dr. Dorften, a German phyfician,
who publifhed a hiftory of plants in folio.] Con-
trayerva.
The Characters are.
It hath one common plain involucrum fituated 1 vertically ,
upon which fit many fmall florets as in a difk \ thefe have
no petals , but have flour floort fender ftamina , terminated
by roundiflo fnmmits. In the center is fituated a roundifh
germen , fupporting a fingle ftyle crowned by an obtufe ftig-
rna the germen afterward becomes a fingle feed , inclofed
in the common fiefljy receptacle.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fedtion of
Linnaeus’s fourth clafs, intitled Tetrandria Monogv-
rsia, the flower having four ftamina and one ftyle.
The Species are,
1. Dorstenia ( Contraytrva ) acaulis, foliis pinnatifido-
palmatis, ferratis, floribus quadfangulis. Lin. Sp.
176. Dwarf Dorftenia with many pointed) hd-nd-fhaped . ,
flawed leaves , and flowers placed on a quadrangular re-
ceptacle. Dorftenia fphondylii folio, dentaris radice.
Plum. Nov. Gen. 29. Dorftenia with a Cow Parfnep
leaf) and a I oothwort root.
2. Dorstenia ( Houftoni ) acaulis, foliis cordatis angula-
tis acuminatis, floribus quadrangulis. Lin. Sp. 176.
Dwarf Dorfienia with angular , heart-fhaped , pointed
leaves , and quadrangular receptacles to the flowers. Dor-
ftenia dentarias radice, folio minus laciniato, placenta
DOR
quadrangular! & undulata. Houft. MSS. Contrayefud
with a loothwort root) a leaf lefts cut) and a quadrangular
waved placenta.
3. Dorstenia (. Drakena ) acaulis, foliis pinnatifido-pal-
matis integerrirnis, floribus oyalibus. Lin. Sp. 176-1
Dwarf Dorftenia with many point edy h&nd-fbaped , entire
leaves , and an oval receptacle to the fiovjers 5 handed
leaves , whofe angles are very acute , and an oblong four-
cornered placenta.
The firft of thefe plants was difcovered by my late
ingenious friend Dr. William Houftoun, near Old
Vera Cruz in New Spain. The fecond was found by
the fame gentleman, on the rocky grounds about
Campeachy. The third fort was found in great
plenty in the Hand of Tobago, by Mr. Robert Millar,
burgeon. But the roots of all thefe fpecies are in-
differently brought over, and ufed in medicine, and
for dyeing.
The firft fort fends out feveral leaves from the root,
which are about four inches long, and as much in
breadth ; thefe are deeply laciriiated into five or feven
obtufe parts, Handing upon foot-ftalks near four
inches long ; they are fmooth, and of a deep green;
The ftalk which fupports the placenta arifes from the
root, and grows near four inches high, upon which
the flefhy placenta is vertically placed ; this is of an
oval form about one inch long, and three quarters
broad. Upon the upper furface of this, the fmall
flowers are clofely fituated, the flefhy part becoming
an involucrum to them ; thefe are very fmall, and
fcarce confpicuous at a diftance, being of an herba-
ceous colour. \
The fecond fort fends out feveral angular heart-fhaped
leaves from the root, which have foot-ftalks eight or
nine inches in length and very (lender ; the leaves
are about three inches and a half long, and almofo
four broad at their bale, the two ears having two or
three angles which are acute, and the middle of the
leaves are extended and end in acute points like a
halbert ; thefe are fmooth and of a lucid green ; the
foot-ftalk which fuftains the placenta is nine inches
long, and about half an inch fquare, and the upper
furface clofely fet with fmall flowers like the firft.
The third fort fends out leaves of different forms ;
fome of the lower leaves are heart-fhaped, having a
few indentures on their edges, and ending in acute
points, but the larger leaves are deeply cut like the
fingers on a hand, into fix or feven acute fegments.
Thefe leaves are five inches long, and fix broad in
the middle •, they are of a deep green, and ftand upon
long foot-ftalks. The placenta is very thick and
flefhy, an inch and a half long, and three quarters
broad, having four acute corners ; thefe have a num-
ber of fmall flowers, placed on their upper furface like
the other fpecies.
Thefe plants are at prefent very rare in Europe, nor
was it known what the plant was, whofe roots were
imported, and had been long ufed in medicine in
England, until the late Dr. Houftoun informed us ;
for although father Plumier had difcovered one fpe-
cies of this plant, and given the name of Dorftenia
to the genus, yet he feems not to have known, that
the Contrayerva was the root of that plant.
It will be difficult to obtain thefe plants, becaufe the
feeds are feldom to be found good ; nor will they
grow, if they are kept long out of the ground ; fo
that the only fure method to obtain them is, to have
the roots taken up at the time when their leaves begin
to decay, and planted pretty clofe in boxes of earth,
which may be brought very fafe to England, pro-
vided they are preferved from lalt water, and are not
over-watered with frefh water in their paffage. When
the plants arrive, they fhould be tranfplanted each
into a feparate pot filled with frefh earth, and plunged
into the bark-ftove, which fhould be kept of a mo-
derate heat •, and the plants muft be frequently re-
freshed with water during the fummer feafon ; but in
winter, when the leaves are decayed, it fhould be
given to them more fparingly. With this manage-
ment thefe plants may not only be maintained, bus
may
\ ■ ' - ' v . • ' ' '
I
N
may alfo be mcreafed by parting their roots in the
fpring, before the plants put out their leaves.
DORYCNIUM. See Lotus.
DOUGLAS SI A. See Volkameria.
DRAB A. Dillen. Gen. Lin. Gen. Plant. 714. Alyffon.
Tourn. Inft. R. I t. 216. tab.' 104.
The Characters are.
The flower hath a four-leaved empalement , which falls
off. It hath four petals placed in form of a crofs. It
hath fix ftamina , four of which are as long as the em-
palement . , the other two are much floor ter and incurved ;
thefe are terminated by roundiflo fwmmits. In the center
is fituated a bifid germen , fupporting a permanent flyle ,
crowned by an oblong ftigma. The germen afterward be-
comes a very floor t capfule with two cells , fleparated by the
[welling flyle, which is oblique, and longer than the cap-
fule . The valves are parallel to the middle , and divide
the lower part of the cell from the upper , which is open ,
round , concave , and opens oblique , each cell containing a
■ Jingle feed.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fedion of
Linnaeus;’ s fifteenth clafs, intitled Tetradynamia Siii-
culofa, the flower having four long and two fhort fta-
mina, and the feeds growing in fhort capfules or pods.
The Species are,
1. Dr aba (. Atpina ) fcapo nudo fimplici, foliis lanceo-
latis integerrimis. FI. Lapp. 255. Dr aba with a Jingle
1 naked folk , and very entire fpear-Jhaped leaves. Alyffon
Alpinum, hirfutum luteum. Tourn. Inft. 217. Yellow
hairy Alpine Madwori.
2. Dr aba' {Verna) fcapis nudis, foliis lanceolatis fub
incifis. Hort. Cliff. 333. Dr aba with naked folks and
cut leaves. Alyffon vulgare, polygoni folio, caule
nudo. Tourn. Inft. 217. Common Madwort with a
Knot-grafs leaf and naked folk.
3. Draba ( [Pyrenaica ) fcapo nudo, foliis cuneiformibus
trilobis. Lcefl. Lin. Sp. Plant. 642. Draba with a
naked folk , and wedge-jhaped leaves with three lobes.
This is the Alyffon Pyrenaicum, perenne, minium,
foliis trifidis. Tourn. Inft. 217. Leaf perennial Mad-
wort of the Pyrenees with trifid leaves.
4. Draba {Mur alls) caule ramofo, foliis cordatis den-
tatis amplexicaulibus. Prod. Leyd. 33. Draba with a
branching folk, and heart-Jhaped indented leaves em-
bracing the folks. Alyffon veronicae folio. Tourn. Inft.
217. Madwort with a Speedwell leaf.
5. Draba ( Polygonifolia ) caule ramofo, foliis ovatis fef-
filibus dentatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 643. Draba with a
branching folk , and oval indented leaves growing clofe to
the branches. Alyffon Alpinum, polygoni folio in-
cano. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 217. Alpine Madwort with
a hoary Knot-grafs leaf.
6. Draba {Inc ana) foliis caulinis numerofis incanis, fi-
liculis oblongis. Fior. Suec. 526. Draba with many
hoary leaves on the fialks , and oblique pods. Lunaria
filiqua obionga intorta. Tourn. Inft. 219. Mconwort
with an oblong intorted pod.
The firft fort grows naturally on the Alps, and other
mountainous parts of Europe ; this is a very low
plant, which divides into fmall heads like fome forts
of Houfeleek, and from thence it was titled Sedum
Alpinum &c. or Alpine Houfeleek. The leaves are
fhort, narrow, and very hairy ; from each of thefe
heads come out a naked fiower-ftalk an inch and a
half high, terminated by loofe fpikes of yellow flow-
ers, having four obtufe petals placed in form of a
crofs ; when they fade they are fucceeded by trian-
gular or heart-fhaped pods, which are compreffed,
and inclofe three or four roundifti feeds. It flowers
in March, and the feeds ripen the beginning of June.
This plant is eafily propagated by parting of the
heads ; the belt time for doing of this is in autumn,
becaufe it ftioots up to flower very early in the fpring.
It fhould have a moift foil and a fhady fituation,
where it will thrive and flower annually. It requires
no other culture but to keep it dean from weeds.
The fecond fort is an annual plant, which grows na-
turally upon walls and dry banks in many parts of
England, fo is never cultivated in gardens. This
flowers in April, and the feeds ripen in May.
'% and othc*
The third fort grows naturally on the Alp
mountainous parts of Europe. This is a low peren-
nial plant, which feldom riles more than two inches
high *, it has a fhrubby ftalk, which divides into many
fmall heads like the firft fort. The leaves are fmall,
fome of them are winged, having five fhort narrow
lobes, placed on a midrib, others have but three.
The flowers come put in clufters, fitting clofe to the
leaves. They are or a bright purple colour, and ap-
pear early in the fpring. This is a perennial plant,
which may be propagated by parting of the heads in
the fame manner as the firft, and requires the fame
treatment.
The fourth fort grows naturally in fhady woods in
many parts of Europe, and is but feldom kept in
gardens, unlefs for the fake of variety. It is an annual
plant, riling with an upright branching ftalk about
ten inches high, garnifbed with heart-fhaped indented
leaves, which embrace the {talks with their bafe. The
{talks are terminated by loofe fpikes of white flowers,
which appear the beginning of May; in June the
feeds ripen, and the plants foon after decay. If the
feeds are permitted to fcatter, the plants will come
up without trouble. It muft have a fhady fituation,
and delights in a moift foil.
The fifth fort is an annual plant, which grows in
fhady woods in the northern parts of Europe. This
is like the former fort, but the leaves are larger,
rounder, and do not embrace the ftalks ; they are
alfo hairy, and the flowers are yellow. If the feeds of
this are permitted to fcatter, the plants will maintain
themfelves if they have a fhady fituation.
The fixth fort riles with an upright ftalk about a
foot high, the lower part being very clofely garnifhed
by oblong hoary leaves, which are indented on their
edges. The upper part of the ftalks puts out two or
three fhort branches ; thefe are almoft naked of leaves,
as is alfo the upper part of the ftalk. The flowers
come out loofely on the top of the ftalk ; they are
compofed of four fmall white petals placed in form
of a crofs, which are fucceeded by oblong pods, which
are twifted, containing three or four roundifti com-
prefied feeds. It flowers in June, and the feeds ripen
in July. This grows naturally in the north of Eng-
land and in Wales.
This plant feldom continues more than two years,
but if the feeds are fown in autumn in a fhady border,
the plants will come up in the fpring •, or where the
feeds are permitted to fcatter, the plants will rife
without any trouble.
DRACO ARBOR. See Palma.
DRACO H E R B A. [i. e. Dragon’s- wort.] Tarra-
gon, vulgo. See Abrotanum.
DRACOCEPHALUM. Lin. Gen. Plant. 64.8.
Dracocephalon. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 181. tab. 83. [of
tyctxuv, a dragon, and xstpuXy, a head.] i. e. Dragon’s-
Head.
The Characters are.
The flower hath a floort permanent empalement of one leaf,
which is tubulous. It hath one ringent petal , with a tube
the length of the empalement , with large oblong inflated
chaps. The upper lip is obtufe and arched , the under lip
is trifid ; the two fide fegments are ere £1 , the middle turns
downward and is indented. It hath four ftamina fituated
near the upper lip , two being jhorter than the other, and
are terminated by heart-fhaped fummits. It hath a four-
parted germen, fupporting a Jlender flyle , fituated with the
ftamina , and crowned by a bifid reflexed ftigma. The
germen afterward becomes four oval oblong feeds, inclofcd
in the empalement.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft feflion of
Linnaeus’s fourteenth clafs, intitled Didynamia Gym-
nofpermia, the flower having two long and two fhorter
ftamina, and the feeds are naked.
The Species are,
1. Dracocephalum ( Virginianum ) fioribus fpicatis foliis
lanceolatis ferratis. Lin. Sp. 828. American Dragon* s-
Head with Jingle leaves and fpiked flowers. Dracoce-
phalon Americanum. Breyn. Prod. 1. 34. American
Dragon* s-Head.
/
DR A
2,. IDracocephalum ( Cdnarienfe ) fioribtis fpicatis, foliis
compofitis. Lin. Hort. Cliff. 308. Dragon s-Head with
fpiked flowers and compound leaves. Moidavica Ameri-
cana’ trifolia odore gravi. Tourn. In'ft. 184. Three-
leaved American Balm , having a ftrong finely commonly
called Balm of Gilead.
3. Dracocephalum ( Moidavica ) fioribtis verticillatis,
bradteis lanceolatis ferraturis capillaceis. Lin. Hort.
Cliff. 308. Dragon" s-Head with flowers growing in
■ whorls , and fpear-floaped brafta. Moidavica betoni.cas
folio, fiore aeruleo. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 1 84. Molda-
vian Balm with a Betony leaf and blue flower.
4. Dracocephalum ( Ocymifolia ) floribus verticillatis,
foliis floralibus orbiculatis. Lin. Hort. Cliff. 308.
Dragon s-Head with flowers growing in whorls , and the
upper leaves round. Moidavica orientalis minima ocy-
mifolio, fiore purpurafcente. Tourn. Cor. 11. Lefl'er
Eaftern Moldavian Balm with a Willow leaf and a bluiflo
flower.
5. Dracocephalum ( Canefcens ) floribus verticillatis,
bradleis oblongis, ferraturis fpinofis, foliis tomentofrs.
Hort. Upfal. 166. Dragon' s-Head with flowers growing
' in whorls , and the little leaves under the flowers flawed,
ending in fpines , and woolly leaves. Moidavica orienta-
lis betonicas folio, fiore magno violaceo. Tourn. Cor.
1 1. Eaftern Moldavian Balm with a ftctony leaf \ and a
large blue flower.
6. Dracocephalum ( Nutans ) floribus verticillatis, brae-
teis oblongis ovatis integerrimis, corollis majufeulis
nutantibus. Hort. Upfal. 167. Dragon' s-Head with
flowers growing in whorls, the frnall leaves under the
flowers are oblong, entire , and hanging flowers much larger
'‘than the empalement. Moidavica betonicae folio, flo-
ribus mlnoribus caeruleis pendulis. Amman. Ruth.
44. Moldavian Balm with a Betony leaf, and fmatter blue
pendulous flowers.
7. Dracocephalum ( Dhymiflorum ) floribus verticillatis,
bradeis oblongis integerrimis, corollis vix calyce ma-
joribus. Hort. Upfal. 167. Dragon' s-Head with flowers
growing in whorls, the frnall leaves are oblong , entire , and
the flowers equal with the empalement. Moidavica be-
tonicas folio, floribus minimis pallide caeruleis. Am-
man. Ruth. 4 6. Moldavian Balm with a Betony leaf,
and very frnall blue flowers.
8. Dracocephalum (. Peltatum ) floribus verticillatis,
bradeis orbiculatis lerratociliatis. Hort. Upfal. 166.
Dragon' s-Head with flowers growing in whorls, oval
bratte<e and very narrow fpear-floaped leaves. Moidavica
orientalis, falicis folio, fiore parvo casruleo. Tourn.
Cor. 1 1. Eaftern Moldavian Balm with a Willow leaf,
and a frnall blue flower.
cj. Dracocephalum ( Grandiflorum ) floribus verticillatis
foliis ovatis incifo-crenatis, bradeis lanceolatis inte-
gerrimis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 595. Dragon' s-Head with
flowers growing in whorls , oval leaves which are cut and
crenated , and fpear-floaped bradiea which are entire.
The firfb fort is a native of North America, where it
grows in the woods, and by the fides of rivers. This
riles with an upright ftalk, which is four-cor-
nered, near three feet high, garnifbed witn Ipear-
ftiaped leaves about three inches long, and half an
inch broad, fitting clofe to the ftalk ; they are fawed
on their edges, and are placed oppofite at each joint,
fo metimes there are three leaves ftanding round at
the fame place. The flowers are purple and grow in
{pikes on the top of the ftalks, fo make a pretty va-
riety among other hardy plants, efpeciaily if the
plants are ftrong and vigorous. This is a perennial
plant, which will live in the open air, but requires a
moift foil, or fnould be duly watered in dry weather,
otherwife the leaves will fhrink, and the flowers will
make little appearance. This may be allowed a place
in the fiiady borders of a garden, flnee it will not
ramble, or take up much room. It flowers in July,
and continues until the middle or end of Auguft,
and may be propagated by parting of the roots in
autumn.
The fecond fort is a native of the Canary Iflands, and
■ hath been long an inhabitant in the gardens ; it is
ufuaily called by the gardeners Balm of Gilead, from
the ftrong refinous feent which the leaves emit oh
being rubbed. This is a perennial plant, which rifts
with feveral fquare ftalks to the height of three feet
or more, becoming ligneous at their lower parts, and
are garniflied with compound leaves at each joint;,
which are placed oppofite; thefe have three or 'five
lobes, which are oblong, pointed, and fawed on their
edges. The flowers come out in ftiort thick fpikes
on the top of the ftalks ; they are of a pale blue co-
lour, and are fucceeded by feeds, which ripen yery
well in England. This plant continues producing
flowers meft part of fummer ; it is ufuaily kept in
green-houfes ; but in mild winters the plants will live
abroad, if they are planted in warm borders ; and.
thofe plants which are kept in pots, will thrive much
better when they are flickered under a frame, than if
placed in a green-houfe, where the plants are apt to
draw up weak, for they fhouid have as much free
air as poffible in mild weather, and only require to be
fheltered from fevere froft. This may be propagated
by feeds, which, if fown in autumn, will more cer-
tainly grow, than thofe which are fown in the fpring ;
but if thefe are fown in pots, they muft be fheltered
under a frame in the winter, and if the plants do not
come up the fame autumn, they will arife in the
fpring ; but if the feeds are fown in the full ground,
it fliould be in a warm border ; and in hard froft they
fhouid be fheltered, otherwife the young plants will
be deftroyed. The plants may alfo be propagated by
cuttings ; which, if planted in a fhady border any
time in fummer, will very foon take root, and fur-
nifti plenty of rooted plants.
The third fort is a native of Moldavia ; this has been
long preferved in curious gardens. It is an annual
plant, which rifes with branching ftalks a foot and a
half high, garniflied with oblong leaves, which are
placed oppofite, and are deeply fawed on their edges.
The flowers come out in whorls round the ftalks at
every joint; thefe are blue, and appear in July, con-
tinuing to the middle of Auguft, and the feeds ripen
in September. The plants have a ftrong balfamic
odour, v/hich is to fome perfons very agreeable : the'
feeds fnould be fown in frnall patches in the fpring,
upon the borders where they are to remain, and when
the plants come up, they fliould be thinned where
they grow too near together, and kept clear frm
v/eeds, which is the only culture they require. Of
this there is a variety with white flowers, which is
pretty common in the gardens ; this only differs from
the other in the colour of the flowers, but yet thefe
conftantly retain their difference from feeds.
The fourth fort was difeovered by Dr. Tournefort in
the Archipelago, who fent the feeds to the royal gar-
den at Paris, which have fince been communicated
to many curious gardens in Europe ; this rifes with
upright ftalks about a foot high, which feldom put
out branches ; thefe are garniflied with long narrow
leaves, which are entire, placed oppofite at each joint,
where the flowers come out in whorls, almoft the
whole length of the ftalks ; thefe are of a pale blue,
and appear about the fame time as the former ; this
fort has very frnall flowers, which make no great ap-
pearance, therefore is feldom cultivated, except in
botanic gardens for the fake of variety.
The fifth fort was difeovered by Dr. Tournefort in
the Levant ; this hath hoary fquare ftalks, which rife
a foot and a half high, putting out two or three fide
branches, garniflied with hoary leaves near two inches
long, and half an inch broad, a little indented oh
their edges ; they are placed oppofite at the joints,
juft under the whorls of flowers, which fit clofe to
the ftalk ; thefe are larger than thofe of the other fpe-
cies, and are of a fine blue colour, which between
the hoary leaves of the plant, make a pretty ap-
pearance. It flowers and feeds about the fame time
as the former forts ; this is generally treated as an an-
nual plant, like the former forts, but the roots of this
will live two years if they are in a dry foil. There is
a variety of this with white flowers, the feeds of which
generally produce the fame coloured flowers.
5 C The
D R A
The fixth fort grows naturally in Siberia, from whence j
the feeds were fent to the imperial garden at Peterf- j
burgh, and the late Dr. Amman, who was profeffor
of botany, fent me the feeds. This is an annual
plant, from whofe roots come out many fquare weak
ftalks, which grow about nine inches long •, thefe are
at the bottom garnifhed with oval fpear-fhaped leaves
about two inches long, and one inch and a quarter
broad, Handing oppofite upon pretty long foot-ftalks,
. and are crenated on their edges. The upper part of
the ftalks have {mailer leaves, which fit clofe at the
joints, from whence come out the flowers in whorls j
they are of a deep blue colour, and hang downward ;
thefe appear at the fame time with the former, and
the feeds ripen in autumn.
The feventh fort grows alfo in Siberia, the feeds of
this were fent me with the former. It hath fquare
ftalks, which rife a foot and a half high ; the lower
leaves are very like thofe of Betony, and ftand upon
very long foot-ftalks. The upper leaves are fmall,
and fit clofer to the ftalks. The flowers come out in
whorls at every joint ; thefe are very fmall, and of a
pale purple or blue colour, fo make little appearance,
but it is preferved in fome gardens for the fake of
variety.
The eighth fort grows naturally in the Levant, from
whence Dr. Tournefort fent the feeds to the royal
garden at Paris. This is an annual plant, which rifes
with a fquare ftalk about a foot high, fending out
two fmall fide branches from the lower part. The
leaves are fpear-fhaped, and crenated on their edges
they are placed oppofite, and ftand on foot-ftalks.
The flowers are fmall, of a purplifli colour, and come
out in. whorls round the ftalks, having two roundifh
fmall leaves (called bradteae) immediately under them,
which are lawed on their edges, each ferrature ending
with a long hair. This fort flowers and feeds at the
fame time as the former.
All thefe forts are propagated by feeds, which may
be fown either in the fpring or autumn, in the places
where the plants are to remain, and will require no
other treatment than the third fort.
DRACONTIU M. Lin. Gen. Plant. 916. Dracun-
culus. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 160. tab. yo.'Dragon; in
French, Serpent air e.
The Characters are,
It hath a fragle cylindrical fpadix {or ftalk) on the upper
part of which the parts of fructification are difpofed in a
Jingular manner. ‘The flowers have no empalement , but
have five oval concave petals, which are equal they have
feven narrow deprejfed ftamina the length of the petals ,
terminated by oblong , four-cornered , twin fummits , which
ftand erect •, they have an oval germen , fupporting a taper
ftyle , crowned by a three-cornered ftigma. The germen
afterward becomes a roundifh berry , incloftng fever al feeds ;
thefe are all inclofed in a large flejhy fpatha {or ftoeath)
opening with one valve.
This genus of plants is ranged in the feventh fe&ion
of Linnaeus’s twentieth clafs, intitled Gynandria Po-
lyandria. This clafs’ and fedion contains the plants
which have male and female flowers joined in the
fame fpike, and the male flowers have feveral ftamina.
The Species are,
1. Dracontium ( Pertufum ) foliis pertufis, caule fcan-
dente. Lin. Sp. Plant. 968. Dragon with leaves having
holes , and a climbing ftalk. Arum hederaceum, am-
plis foliis perforaris. Plum. Amer. 40. tab. 56.
Climbing Arum with large perforated leaves.
2. Dracontium (. Polyphyllum ) fcapo breviflimo, petiolo
radicato, lacero, foliolis tripartitis, laciniis pinnatifidis.
Hort. Cliff. 434. Dragon with a very fhort ftalk , the
foot-ftatk cut , and the fmall leaves divided into three parts,
which terminate in many points. Arum polyphyllum,
caule fcabro punicante. Par. Bat. 93. Many leaved
Arum with a rough purple ftalk.
3. Dracontium ( 'Spinofum ) foliis fagittatis, pedunculis
petiolifque aculeatis. Flor. Zeyl. 328. Dragon with
arrow-pointed leaves, whofe foot-ftalks have fpines. Arum
Zeylanicum fpinofum, fagittae foliis. Par. Bat. 75 *
Prickly Arum of Ceylon with arrow-pointed leaves.
D- R A
.4. Dracontium ( Camtfchatcenfe ) foliis lanceolatis. Amcen..
Acad. 2. p. 360. Dragon with fpear-fk aped leaves.
The fir ft fort grows naturally in moft of the iflands
in the Weft-Indies. This hath {lender jointed ftalks,
which put out roots at every joint, that fatten to
the trunks of trees, walls, or any fupport which is
near them, and thereby rife to the height of twenty-
five or thirty feet. The leaves are placed alternately,
Handing upon long foot-ftalks •, they are four or five
inches long, and two and a half broad, having fe-
veral oblong holes in each, which on the firft view
appears as if eaten by infeds, but they are natural to
the leaves. The flowers are produced at the top of
the ftalk, which always fwells to a larger fize in that
part than in any other-, thefe are covered with an
oblong fpatha (or hood) of a whitifh green colour,
which opens longitudinally on one fide, and (hews the
piftil, which is clofely covered with flowers, of a pale
yellow, inclining to white. When this plant begins
to flower, it feldom advances farther in height, fo
that thefe feldom are more than feven or eight feet
high but the leaves are much larger on thefe, than
thofe of the plants which ramble much farther.
This plant is eafily propagated by cuttings, which,
if planted in pots, filled with poor fandy earth, and
plunged into a hot-bed, will loon put out roots, if
they had none before ; but there are few of the joints
which have not roots : the plants are tender, fo will
not live in the open air in England, therefore the
pots fhould be placed near the walls of the hot-houfe,
againft which the plants will climb, and fatten their
roots into the wall, and thereby fupport the ftalks.
They fhould have but little water given them in the
winter, but in warm weather it moft be given them
three or four times a week, and in the fummer the
free air fhould be admitted to them in plenty. The
plants have no particular feafon of flowering, for they
fometimes flower in autumn, and at other times in
the fpring, but they do not ripen their feeds in
England.
The fecond fort grows naturally in feveral of the
iflands of America. I received roots of this from Barbu-
da. This hath a large knobbed irregular root, covered
with a rugged brown Akin. The ftalk rifes about a
foot high, is naked to the top, where it is garnifhed
with a tuft of leaves, which are divided into many
parts. The ftalk is fmooth, of a purple colour, but
is full of {harp protuberances of different colours,
which fhine like the body of a ferpent. The fpadix
(or ftalk) of the flower rifes immediately from the
root, and is feldom more than three inches high,
having an oblong fwelling hood at the top, which
opens lengthways, {hewing the fhort, thick, pointed
piftil within, upon which the flowers are clofely
ranged.
This fort is tender, fo requires a warm ftove to pre-
ferve it in England. The roots rrmft be planted in
pots filled with light kitchen-garden earth, and
plunged into the tan-bed in the ftove, where they
fhould conftantly remain ; in the winter they muft be
watered very fparingly, but in warm weather, when
the plants are in vigour, they muft be often refrefhed,
but it Ihould not be given them in too great quan-
tities with this management the plants will flower,
but their roots do not increafe here.
The third fort grows naturally in the ifiand of Cey-
lon, and in feveral parts of India-, this hath an ob-
long thick root, full of joints, from which arife feveral
leaves, {haped like thofe of the common Arum, but
their foot-ftalks are covered with rough protuberan-
ces. The ftalk which fupports the flower is fhort,
and fet with the like protuberances ; and at the top
is a hood, or fpatha, about four inches long, as thick
as a man’s finger, which opens longitudinally, and
expofes the piftil, which is fet with flowers. This is
a tender plant, and requires the fame treatment as
the former fort.
The fourth fort hath roots like the common Arum,
from which come out feveral fpear-fhaped leaves.
Handing each upon a feparate foot-ftalk, ariftng im-
mediately
D R O ' """ t> U N
mediately from the root, as thole of the common A-
rum. This hath not yet flowered in England, fo 1
can give no further account ot it. i his grows natu-
rally^ in Siberia, fo requires a fnady fituation, and
will bear the greateft cold of this country.
Thefe plants are preferved in the gardens of the cu-
rious in England and Holland, more for the fake of
variety than for beauty, for except the firft fort,
there is not any of them which make much appear-
ance ; that indeed may be buffered to have a place
againft the wall of the ftove, over which it will
fpread, and cover the nakednefs of the wall j and the
leaves remaining all the year, which are fo remarkably
perforated, make a Angular appearance.
All the other forts of Dragon are tender plants, fo
will not live in this country, unlefs they are preferved
in the warmeft ftoves ; the feveral American forts
grow naturally in the woods in Jamaica, and other
hot parts of America 5 the climbing forts twill them-
felves round the trunks of trees, into which they fallen
their roots, which are fent forth from their joints, and
rife to the height of thirty or forty feet. Thefe
climbing forts are eafily propagated by cuttings,
which, being very fucculent, may be brought over
to England in a box of dry hay, if they are' packed
up feparate, fo as not to injure each other by the
moifture, which is apt to flow out at the part where
they are cut off, which may occasion a fermentation,
and thereby rot the cuttings. When the cuttings ar-
rive, they fhould be planted in lrnall pots filled with
light frefh earth, and plunged into a hot-bed of tan-
ners bark, being v&ry careful not to let them haye
too much moifture until they have taken root, left it
rot them : when they have taken root, they miift be
frequently refrelhed with water ; and when they are
grown pretty large, they fhould be placed in the
bark-bed in the ftove, where they muft be placed
near fome ftrong plants, to which they may fallen
themfelves, otherwife they will not thrive ; for though
they will fend forth roots at their joints, which will
fallen to the mortar of the ftove, when placed againft
the wall, yet they will not thrive near fo well as
againft a ftrong plant, which will afford them nourifn-
inent.
The other forts are propagated by offsets from their
roots ; thefe may be procured from the countries of
their growth, and fhould be planted in tubs of earth,
about a month before they are put on board the fhip
to tranfport them •, thefe tubs fhould be placed in a
fliady fituation until they have taken root. In their
paffage great care fhould be had to keep them from
fait water, as alfo not to let them have too much wa-
ter given them-, for if they have a little water once
or twice a week at moft, while they are in a hot cli-
mate, and when they are come into a cooler climate,
once in a fortnight, this will be fufficient for them ;
and it fhould be done fparingly, left it rot them for
if the tops of the plants fhould decay for want of
water in their paffage, if the roots are not rotted, they
will foon recover with proper care.
When the plants arrive, they fhould be transplanted
into pots filled with light frefh earth, and plunged
into a hot-bed of tanners bark, and gently watered
until they have taken good root, after which time
they will require to be frequently refrelhed with wa-
ter ; but as their Items are very fucculent, they muft
not have too much moifture. Thefe plants fhould
be conftantly kept in the ftove, where, in hot wea-
ther, they fhould have frefh air admitted to them ;
but in winter they rnuft be kept very warm, otherwife
they cannot be preferved in this country.
Thefe plants will rife to the height of three, four, or
five feet, . and will afford a very agreeable variety
amongft other tender exotic plants in the ftove.
D RAC UNC ULUS PR ATEN SIS. See A-
CHILLEA.
DRAGON. See Dracontium.
D R O S E BjA. Ros Solis, or Sun-dew.
We have two or three fpeeies of this plant, which
grow naturally upon bogs in many parts of England,
and there are three or four other forts, which are nfo
tives of warmer countries $ but as thefe cannot be cul-
tivated in gardens, unlefs where there are bogs, it
would be needlefs to defcribe them.
The common round-leaved fort is ufed in medicine*
fo is gathered by the herb-folks who fupply the
markets.
D R Y A S, Cinquefoil Avens.
There are two fpeeies of this genus, which grow na-
turally in Scotland and Ireland, upon mountainous
places, where the foil is wet.; one of them hath five
petals to the flower, and winged leaves, the other
hath eight petals to the floVer, and Ample leaves ;
but as neither of the plants make much appearance*
they are rarely preferved except in fome botanic gar-
dens for variety.
DULCAMARA. See Solanui.t.
DUNGS are defigned to repair the decays of ex-
haufted or worn-out lands, and to cure the defeats
of land, which are as various in their qualities as the
dungs are, that are ufed to meliorate and reftote them :
fome lands abound too much in coldnefs, moifture,
and heavinefs ; others' again are too light and dry,
and fo, to anfwer this, fome dungs are hot arid light,
as that of fheep, horfes, pigeons, ,&e. others again
are fat and cooling, as that of oxen, cows, hogs, &c.
And as the remedies that are to be ufed muft be con-
trary to the diftempers they are to cure, fo the dung
of oxen, cows, and hogs, muft be given to clean,
dry, light earths, to make them fatter and clofer, and
hot and dry dungs to meliorate cold, moift, and heavy
lands..
There are two peculiar properties in dungs, the ons
is to produce a certain fenfible heat, capable of pro-
ducing fome confiderable effefl, which properties are
feldom found but in the dung of horfes and mules,
while it is newly made, and a little moift ; the other
property of dung is, to fatten the earth and render it
more fruitful.
The dung of horfes and mules is of admirable ufe in
gardens in the winter time, becaufe it then animates
and enlivens all things ; and, in fome meafure, fup-
plies the office which is performed by the heat of the
fun in the fummer time, affording us all the novel-
ties of the fpring, as Afparagus, Cucumbers, Ra-
diihes, fallads, &c. Horfe dung is the belt improve-
ment for cold jejune lands that we can procure in
any quantity ; but yet horfe dung being ufed alone,
or when it is too new, is frequently prejudicial to
fome plants ; and if it be fpread thin over lands m
the fummer time, it is of very little fervice, becaufe
the fun, drawing out all the virtue and goodnefs of
it, renders it little better than thatch or dry ftraw *
and though too much of it can fcarcely be ufed in a
kitchen-garden for Cabbages, Cauliflowers, and all
other plants that grow there, and require abundance
of nourifhment yet may it be a fault to lay too much
of it on corn-lands, becaufe it produces abundance
of ftraw. v
In very cold moift land, I have frequently feen new
horfe dung buried as it came from the liable, and al-
ways obferved that the crops have fucceeded better*
than where the ground was dreffed with very rotten
dung.
Horfe dung being of a very hot nature, is belt for
cold lands, and cow dung for hot lands ; and being
mixed together, may make a very good manure for
moft forts of foil, and for fome they may be mixed
with mud.
Sheeps dung and deers dung differ not much in
their quality, and are efteemed by fome the bell of
dungs for cold clays. Some recommend them to be
beat into powder, and fpread very thin ove~ -’uturah
or fpring crops, about four or five loads to ?, .
after the fame manner as allies, malt dull, 6;\. ,c
ftrewed.
This I have feen praftifed upon coin, and alfo v ...
grafs land, to great advantage for the firft yv.
but thefe light dreffings do not laft long, there! .
require to be often repeated!
ni
in Flanders and other places, they houfe their fheep
at nights in places fpread with clean hand, laid about
five or fix inches thick, which, being laid on frefh
every night, is cleared out once a week ; this mixture
of hand and dung makes an excellent dreffing for
ftrong land, for the dung and urine of the fheep is
a very rich manure, bears a considerable price, and is
an excellent manure for all ihiff cold land : and Mr.
Quinteney is of opinion, that it is the greateft pro-
moter of fruitfulnefs in ail forts of ground.
Others recommend hogs dung as the fattefh and moil-
beneficial of all, forts of dungs •, and fay, that one
load of it will go as far as two loads of other dung,
and that it is the beft of all dungs for fruit-trees,
especially for Pear and Apple-trees in alight foil, and
a very rich' dung for grafs. I have often ufed this
dung to fruit-trees when it was well rotted, and have
found it the moil beneficial to them of any manure.
The dung of pigeons, hens, and geefe, are great
improvers of meadow or corn land, "the firft of thefe
being the beft fuperficial improvement that can be
laid on meadow or corn land : but before it is ufed,
it ought to have lain abroad out of the dove-houfe
fome time, that the air may have a little fweet-
ened it, and mollified the fiery heat that is in thofe
dungs.
Efpecially it is good for cold, wet, clayey lands •,
but it ought to be dried before it be ftrewed, becaufe
it is naturally apt to clod in wet-, and it fhould be
mixed with earth or fand to keep it from clinging to-
gether, that it may be ftrewed thin, being naturally
very hot and ftrong.
Some recommend the dung of pigeons, and alfo of
other fowls, as the beft manure for Afparagus, Straw-
berries, or any forts of flowers ; but this fhould be
rotted and well mixed with the earth, before it is ufed
to flowers.
Monfieur Gentil approves of pigeons dung, as being
good for fuch trees whofe leaves are apt to turn yel-
low, if they grow in free foils that are rather cold than
hot, provided the heat of it has been abated by lying
two or three years in the dunghill but this fhould
be applied in autumn, and in fmall quantities.
This being fpread about an inch thick at the foot of
a tree, whofe leaves are yellow, and being left there
till March, he recommends as very ufeful in cold
and moift foils.
The dung of poultry being hot and full of falts,
tends much to facilitate vegetation, and is abundantly
quicker in its operation than the dung of animals
which feed on herbs.
Sir Hugh Plat fays, one load of grain will enrich
ground more than ten loads of common dung which
if it be true, it is rational to fuppofe, that if Ample
grain, by only infufion in the mixture of compofts,
has a very good effed, it will be more powerful when
it has paifed through the bodies of animals.
Human dung is a great improver of all cold four
lands, and efpecially if it be mixed with other earths
or dungs to give it a fermentation.
But there is not any fort of manure equal to the
cleanfing of London ftreets, for all ftubborn clayey
foils the parts of which will be better feparated, and
in a much lels time, with this manure, than with any
'Other compoft whatever and where it can be ob-
tained, is extremely well worth procuring, either for
corn, grafs, or garden land.
DURANTIA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 704. Caftorea. Plum.
Nov. Gen. 30. tab. 17.
The Characters are.
The flower hath a ■permanent empalement of one leaf
which is erebl , and cut into five acute fegments at the top ,
and fits upon the germen : the flower is of the ringent
kind , with one petals having a long tube , which opens at
the top in two lips ; the upper lip is oval , erebl, and
concave \ the under is divided into four equal fegments ,
which are round. It hath four floor t ftamina , Jiiuated in
the bottom of the tube , the two middle being a little jhorter
than the other, terminated by profir ate fummits ; the ger-
men which is fituatcd under the flower , fuf ports a long
fender flyle, crowned by a headed ftigma. The germen af-
terward becomes a globular berry , terminated by three acut
points , having one cell inclofmg four angular"' feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fedion
of Linmfcus’s fourteenth clafs, intitled Didynamia
Angiofpenma, the flower having two long and two
fliorter ftamina, and the feeds being included in a
capfule.
The title which was firft given by father Plumier to
this genus, was Caftorea, in memory of Caftor Du-
rant, a phyflcian of Rome, who publifhed a hiftory
of plants in Italian, which was, printed at Rome in
1585. Dr. Linnaeus has now altered the title of the
genus, and inftead of the chriftian name, he has given
it the furname of the fame perfon. 1
The Species are,
1. Durantia ( Plumeiri ) fpinofa. Lin. So. Plant. 637.
Prickly Durantia. Caftorea repens fpinofa. Plum.
Nov. Gen. 30. Creeping prickly Caftorea.
2. Durantia (Racemofa) inermis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 637.
Durantia without thorns. Caftorea racemofa fiore cae-
ruleo, frudu croceo. Plum. Nov. Gen. 30. Branch-
ing Caftorea with a blue flower and Saffron-coloured
fruit.
3. Durantia ( Erebta ) caule eredo fpinofo, foliis ova-
tis integerrimis, floribus racemofis. Durantia with an
upright prickly flalk, oval entire leaves, and flowers grow-
ing in long bunches. Jafminum folio integro, obtufo,
floie caeruleo racemofo, frudu flavo. Sloan. Cat.
Jam. 169. Jafmine with entire obtufe leaves, bins flow-
ers growing in bunches, and a yellow fruit.
The firft fort hath many trailing branches, which are
armed with hooked thorns at every joint, and are
garnifhed with oblong leaves, which are placed with-
out order, and are (lightly lawed on their edges ; the
flowers come out from the fide of the ftalks in pretty
long bunches, like thofe of the common Currant j
they are of a pale bluifln colour, and fucceeded by-
brown berries not unlike the fruit of the Hawthorn ;
thefe have one cell, and inclofe four angular feeds.
The fecond lort hath a branching woody (talk, which
rifes feven or eight feet high ; the branches are gar-
nifhed with oval fpear-fhaped leaves three inches
long, and one and a half broad in the, middle they
are fawed on their edges, of a lucid green colour, and
ftand oppofite. The flowers are produced in long
bunches at the end of the branches thefe are blue,
and fucceeded by pretty large, round, yellow berries,
which contain four angular feeds.
The third fort rifes with a ftrong woody ftem to the
height of ten or tv/elve feet, covered with a white
bark, dividing into many branches, which are armed
with fharp thorns on their fide ; thefe are garnifhed
with oval ftiff leaves one inch long, and three quar-
ters broad. The flowers come out in long bunches
from the end of the branches, which are blue, and are
fucceeded by fmall, round, yellow berries, which con-
tain four angular feeds. I received this from the late
Dr. Houftoun, who found it growing in Jamaica.
The plants are natives of warm countries, fo they re-
quire a ftove to preferve them in England ; they are
propagated by feeds, which fhould be fown in fmall
pots, and plunged into a hot-bed of tanners bark ;
and when the plants are fit to remove, they muft be
planted each into a feparate fmall pot filled with light
earth, and plunged into the hot-bed again, obferving
to fhade them till they have taken new root, then they
muft be treated in the fame manner as other plants
from the fame country.
The fecond fort may be propagated by cuttings,
which may be planted in any of the fummer months
but thefe fhould be plunged into a moderate hot-bed,
and fhaded from the fun till they have taken root,
then they may be treated in the fame manner as the
feedling plants. This fort is not fo tender as the other
two, fo may be placed in the open air in funlmcr ;
and if they are kept in a moderate temperature of
warmth in the winter, they will thrive better than in
great heat. I kept fome of the plants of this fort
three winters, in a dry warm glafs-cafe without fires,
6 and
D W A
and they have fucceeded pretty well ; but the winter
1762 proving fevere, caufed their leaves to fall, but
fmce they have put out again very well.
D W A R F-T REES. Thefe were formerly in much
greater requeft than they are at prefent ; for though
they have many advantages to recommend them, yet
thedifadvantages attending them greatly over-balance;
and fince the introducing of efpaliers into the Engliffi
gardens, Dwarf-trees have been in little efteem for
the following realons :
1 ft, The figure of aDwarf-tree is very often fo much
ftudied, that, in order to render the ffiape beautiful,
little care is taken to procure fruit, which is the prin-
cipal defign in planting thefe trees.
2dly, The branches being fpread horizontally near
the furface of the ground, render it very difficult to
dig or clean the ground under them.
3dly, Their taking up too much room in a garden
(efpecially when they are grown to a confiderable fize)
fo that nothing can be fown or planted between them.
4thly, Thefe trees fpreading their branches near the
ground, continually ffiade the furface of the earth ;
fo that neither the lun nor air can pafs freely round
their roots and Items, to diffipate noxious vapours ;
whereby the circumambient air will be continually re-
plete with crude rancid vapours, which, being drawn
in by the fruit and leaves, will render its juices crude
and unwhollome, as well as ill tafted.
It is alfo very difficult to get to the middle of thefe
Dwarf-trees in the fummer, when their leaves and
fruit are on the branches, without beating off fome of
the fruit, and breaking the young ffioots ; whereas,
the trees on an efpalier can at all times be come at
on each fide, to tie up the new ffioots, or to difplace
all vigorous ones, which, if left on, would rob the
trees of their nouriihment.
Add to this, the fruit-buds of all forts of Pears
and Apples, and moft forts of Plumbs and Cherries, are
firft produced at the end of the former year’s flioot,
which muft be ffiortened in order to keep the Dwarfs
to their proper figure, fo that the fruit- buds are cut
off, and a greater number of branches are obtained,
than can be permitted to ftand ; fo that all thofe forts
of fruit-trees, whofe branches require to be trained
at their full length, are very improper to train up as
Dwarfs ; and the Peaches and Nedarines which will
bear amputation, are too tender to be trained fo in
this country.
Thefe evils being entirely remedied by training the
trees to an efpalier, hath juftly gained them the pre-
ference ; however, if any one has a mind to have
Dwarf-trees, notwithftanding what has been faid, I
fhall lay down a few rules for their management.
If you defign to have Dwarf Pear-trees, you ffiould
bud or graft them on Quince flocks ; but as many
forts of Pears will not thrive if they are immediately
budded or grafted on Quince flocks, fo fome of thofe
forts which will take freely, ffiould be firft budded on
the Quince flocks ; and when thefe have ffiot, the
forts you intend to cultivate, ffiould be budded into
thefe ; for free flocks are apt to make them flioot fo
vigoroufly, as not to be kept within bounds. Thefe
grafts or buds ffiould be put in about four or fix
inches above the furface of the ground, that the
heads of the trees may not be advanced too high 5
and when the bud or graft has put out four ffioots,
you ffiould flop the end of the flioots, to force out
lateral branches.
Two years after budding, thefe trees will be fit to
tranfplant where they are to remain ; for though many
people chufe to plant trees of a greater age, yet they
feldom fucceed fo well as young ones. The diftance
thefe trees fliould be planted is twenty-five or thirty
feet afunder, for lefs will not do if the trees thrive
well. The ground between them may be culti-
vated for kitchen-garden herbs while the trees are
young, but you fliould not fow or plant too near their
roots.
In order to train your trees regularly, you fliould
drive flakes into the ground round the tree, to which
the branches ffiould be faftened down with lift in a ho-
rizontal pofition ; for if they are fuffered to grow per-
pendicularly while young, they cannot be afterwards
reduced without great violence to any tolerable fi-
gure. The necefiary directions to be afterwards fol-
lowed are, not to fuffer any branches to crofs each
other ; and always in ffiortening any ffioots be fure to
leave the uppermoft eye outwards, whereby the hol-
lownefs in the middle of the tree will be better pre-
ferved ; and be careful to rub off all perpendicular
ffioots in the middle of the trees, as foon as they are
produced. The other necefiary rules you will find
under the article of Pruning.
The forts of Pears which do beft in Dwarfs, are all
fummer and autumn fruits ; for winter Pears are not
worth planting in Dwarfs, they feldom bearing well,
nor are ever well tafted, and commonly are very
flony, becaufe they are commonly grafted on Quince
flocks.
Apples are alfo planted in Dwarfs, moft of which are
now budded or grafted on Paradife flocks ; but as
thefe are for the moft part of a fliort duration, they
are not profitable, and are fit only for irnall gardens
as a matter of curiofity, producing fruit fooner, and
in greater plenty, than when they are upon Crab or
Apple flocks.
The diftance thefe trees ffiould be planted, if on
Paradife flocks, fliould be fix or eight feet, and upon
Dutch flocks eighteen or twenty ; but if on Crab
flokcs, twenty-five or thirty feet afunder each way.
The management of thefe being the fame with Pears,
I need not repeat it.
Some perfons alfo plant Apricots and Plumbs for
Dwarfs, but thefe feldom fucceed well, as being of ,a
tender conflitution ; and thofe which will produce
fruit on Dwarfs, are much more likely to do fo when
trained on an efpalier, where they can be much better
managed ; and therefore I judge it much the better
method, as being more certain, and the trees will
make a better appearance.
5 B
EARTH
E ARTH is the principal matter whereof our
globe confifts 5 the character of which, accord-
ing to Dr. Boerhaave, is, that it is a foflil body,
neither diffoluble by fire, water, nor air ; that
it is infipid and tranfparent •, more fufible than ftone ;
ftill friable, and containing ufually a fiiare of fatnefs.
There is no fuch thing as a ftridtly fimple earth.
Mr. Boyle fays, that it doth not appear, that nature,
any more than art, affords an elementary earth *, at
leaft, fome which appear of the fimpleft forts are
found, upon examination, to have qualities not af-
cribed to pure earth.
Of fuch earths fome are fimple and immutable, as
chalk, pumice, and rotten ftone •, others compound
and fatty *, of which kind are all boles, red, white,
and brown •, fullers earth, and divers kinds of medi-
cinal earths, as the Cretica, Hungarica, Lemnian
earth, and others.
Which earth are all refolvable into oil, a little acid
fait, &c. and a calx, which is the bafis, or the earth
properly fo called.
Sand is by naturalifts generally ranked as a fpecies of
earth, though not very properly in that fands,
ftridtly fpeaking, are a fort of cryftals, or little tranf-
parent pebbles, and are calcinable j and, by the addi-
tion of a fixed alkaline fait, fufible and convertible
into glafs.
The fat earth is rendered fertile by the means of
fand, and becomes fit to feed and nourifh vegetables,
&c. for pure earth is liable to coalefce into a hard co-
herent mafs, as in clay ; and earth thus embodied,
and as it were glued together, would be very unfit
for the nourifhment of plants.
But if hard fand, i. e. cryftals, which are indiffolu-
ble in water, and ftill retain the fame figure, be in-
termixed with fuch earth, they will keep the pores of
the earth open, and the earth itfelf loofe and incom-
padt, and by that means give room for the juices to
move, afcend, &c. and for plants to be nourifhed
thereby.
Thus a vegetable, being planted either in the fand
alone, or in the fat glebe and earth alone, receives
no growth or increment, but is either ftarved or fuf-
focated *, but mix the two, and the mafs becomes
fertile.
In effeft, by means of fand the earth is rendered,
in fome meafure, organical ; pores and interftices be-
ing hereby maintained or prelerved, fomething analo-
gous to veffels is effected, by which the juices of the
earth may be conveyed, prepared, digefted, circulat-
ed, and at length excerned and thrown off in the
roots of plants.
The earth is made up of two parts ; the firft the con-
taining part, i. e. the body, bed, or couch : the fe-
cond the part contained, and thofe are the nitrous or
fulphureous particles, or prolific falts. The firft is 3
lifelefs inanimate mafs, and is only the receptacle of
the other *, for the earth, confidered fimply, and ab-
ftradted from the before-mentioned nitrous and prolific
falts, is a lifelefs, dead, and inanimate mafs ; but by
the co-operation of water, fun, and air, is put into
motion, and promotes the work of vegetation : but
if it were ftript of thofe prolific falts and fpirituous
particles, would produce no manner of plant, herb,
&c. that ftiould be planted or fown in it.
Thefe nitrous particles, or prolific falts, are of va-
rious and different qualities ; and according as the
earth is more or lefs ftored with all or fome of them,
it is more or lefs productive ; and according as it
abounds with fome of them more than others, differ-
ing from one another in contexture, it conftitutes the
different fpecies or kinds of foils adapted to the pro-
pagation of different plants, the pores of whofe roots
are formed to receive, and whofe nature is to attraft,
thofe falts that are congenial to them.
Some diftinguiih earths into three claffes, fand,
loam, and clay, as thofe upon one or other of which
all others do in fome refpedts depend.
Gravel, and all the open foils, till the loam is come
at, are of the fandy kind.
Thofe binding earths from the loam downwards,
till the ftiffnefs of chalk may be come at, may be
reckoned of the clay kind.
All thefe forts of earth have a little tendency to ve-
getation, and have their falts proper for it, but in a
different proportion ; as a peck of clay may probably
have double the quantity of falts in it that a peck of
loam has, and a peck of loam may have fix times
the quantity of falts that a peck of fand has.
Loam. Some call the fuperficial earth that we meet
with in England by this name, without having regard
to what proportion of fand and clay it contains : others
again call that earth loam, that inclines more to clay
than fand. Some by loam mean that fort of earth
that equally partakes of fand and clay, being a me-
dium between land and clay, which they call mother
earth ; but the true definition of loam is, that fort
of earth which is fat and flippery, not of fo clofe a
texture as clay, nor too loofe and fandy, but of a
middle nature between them, and is eafily diffolved
by froft, and gentle or eafy to be wrought. This
is one of the belt foils for moft efculent plants and
roots.
This mother earth, they fay, may be in colour either
black or yellow, and of which of thefe colours foever
it be, plants of moft forts will grow in it.
Sand and clay likewife produce certain plants, which
are natural to each of them, and confequently will
thrive better in them than in any other foil.
But fand is apt to precipitate thofe plants that are
fet in it, earlier than clay, and will caufe them to ger-
minate near a month fooner than thofe that grow in
clay, and that for this reafon, becaufe the falts which
are in fand, are liable to be put in motion by the
leaft approach of the warmth of the fun ; but as fand
is quick in the operation, the falts are foon exhaled
and fpent.
Clay. The pores of clay are more clofely compacted
together, and do not fo eafily give out thofe falts that
are contained in it ; nor can the fibres of every tender
plant make their way through it in queft of their pro-
per nutriment.
But if the parts of the clay be opened, by digging
and , breaking it into fmall particles, and thofe parts
be kept open by a mixture of fome fnarp fand, or fome
other body of the like quality, the effefts of its vi-
gour will plainly appear.
Some diftinguifn the feveral temperaments of the
earth either into a light, fandy, or loofe contexture,
or into thofe of a ftiff, clayey, or clofe one, either of
which
E BE
which have tHeir refpedive good qualities ; and all of
them, when they are in their extremes, require art to
render them ufeful and beneficial in the production
and growth of plants.
A light, Tandy, or loofe earth, requires a proper li-
gature, and fhould have a compoft of a heavier na-
ture ; and thofe that are heavy, clayey, and cloddy,
fhould have a compoft of a more fiery fp rightly na-
ture, that will infin'uate itfelf into the heavy, lumpy,
indigefted clods, which would otherwife very much
obftrudt the bufinefs of vegetation.
A good earth ihould be of a blackifh colour, fat,
pliant, or eafy to be digged ; it Ihould be neither cold
nor light ; it ought to have no ill fmell or tafte, and
it ftiould be of the fame quality three or four feet deep
for trees, which, if they have not that depth, will
languilh and decay after they have been planted fix
years. But this depth is not required for fruit-trees,
which will thrive very well if they have two feet and
a half of good earth, and generally produce the moft
generous fruits, when their roots fpread near the fur-
face of the earth.
In order to know whether the earth has any ill fmell
or tafte, they dire6t to lay a handful of it to foak in
water for feven or eight hours, and afterwards to
ftrain it, and tafte and fmell it, by which the tafte or
fmell will eafily be perceived.
EARWIGS.
Thefe are very troublefome vermin in a garden, efpe-
cialiy where Carnations are preferved •, for they are
fo fond of thefe flowers, that if care is not taken to
prevent them, they will entirely deftroy them, by eat-
ing off the fweet part at the bottom of the petals or
leaves. To prevent which, moft people have ftands
eredted, which have a bafon of earth or lead round
each fupporter, which is conftantly kept filled with
water. See the article Carnation.
Others hang the hollow claws of crabs and lobfters
upon flicks in divers parts of the garden, into which
thefe vermin get ; and by often fearching them, you
will deftroy them without much trouble, which will
be of great fervice to your wall fruit, for thefe are
great deftroyers of all foft fruits.
EBENUS. Lin. Gen. Nov. Barba Jovis. Tourn.
Inft. R. H. tab. 419. Ebony.
The Characters are.
The emp dement of the flower is of one leaf which is di-
vided into five acute fegments at the top \ the flower is
of the butterfly kind the vexillum is obtufe and reflexed
the wings are equal in length with the vexillum ; they are
broad and roundifh *, the keel is floor ter and turns upwards.
It hath ten fiamina , nine joined , ftanding together , and
the other feparate , terminated by Jingle fummits. In the
bottom is Jituated an oblong germen , fupporting a rifling
jlyle , crowned by a Jingle ftigma. The germen afterward
becomes an oblong fwelling pod,, opening with two valves ,
and inclofing three or four kidney-Jhaped feeds. This is
diftinguifhed from Trifolium, by the brafteae which
are fituated between the flowers on the fpike.
This genus of plants is ranged in the third fedion
of Linnaeus’s feventeenth clafs, intitled Diadelphia
Decandria, the flowers having ten ftamina in two
bodies.
We know but one Species of this genus, viz.
Ebenus. Lin. Sp. Plant. 764. Ebony. Barba Jovis
lagopoides, Cretica, frutefcens, incana, fiore fpi-
cato purpureo amplo. Breyn. Prod. 2. Shrubby Hare s-
foot Jupiter’s Beard of Crete with hoary leaves , and a
large purple flower growing in fpikes.
This plant grows naturally in Crete, and in fome of
the iflands of the Archipelago •, it rifes with a fhrubby
ftalk three or four feet high, which puts out feveral
fide branches, garnifned with hoary leaves at each
joint, which are compofed of five narrow fpear-fhaped
lobes, which join at their tails to the foot-ftalk,
and fpread out- like the fingers of a hand. The
branches are terminated by thick fpikes of large pur-
ple flowers, which are of the butterfly or Pea-bloom
kind •, the fpikes are from two to three inches long,
fo make a fine appearance, efpecially when the plants
E C H
are ftrong, and have many fpikes of flowers on them.
It flowers in June and July, and in very warm feafons
will fometimes perfect their feeds in England.
This is propagated by feeds, which fhould be fown
in the autumn, for thofe which are fown in the fpring
often fail 5 they muft be fown in pots, and placed urn
der a frame in the winter, where they may be pro-
tected from froft. In the fpring the plants will come
up, which fhould be kept clean from weeds, and re-
frefhed now and then with water. When thefe have
acquired ftrength enough to be removed, they ihould
be each planted in a feparate fmall pot filled with
light earth, and plunged into a moderate hot-bed juft
to promote their taking new root •, then they fhould
be gradually inured to bear the open air, into which
they fhould be removed the latter end of May, pla-
cing them in a fheltered fituation, where they may re-
main till autumn, when they muft be removed into
fhelter •, for thefe plants will not live in the open air
through the winter, nor fhould they be too tenderly
treated, left they draw up weak. I have found them
fucceed beft when placed in an airy glafs-cafe without
fire in winter, where they will have more fun and
air than in a green-houfe. During the winter fea-
fon, the plants muft be fparingly watered, but in the
fummer they will require to be often refrefhed. The
other management is the fame as for other of the har-
dier exotic plants, among which this will make a
fine variety.
EBULUS. See Sambucus.
EC HI NATE SEEDS [of echinus, Lat . a
hedge-hog,] fuch feeds of plants as are prickly and
rough.
ECHINOMELOCACTUS. See Cactus.
EG HINOPHORA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 292. Tourn.
Inft. R. H. 656. tab. 423. [of 'E Z S(&, a hedge-hog,
and p£jo«, Gr. to bear.] Prickly Parfnep.
The Characters are,
It hath an umbellate d flower ; the general umbel is com-
pofed of many f nailer , the intermediate being the jhorteft ;
the involucrum of the general umbel ends in acute thorns ■,
thofe of the rays are turbinated , of one leaf. \ cut into fix
unequal parts , with acute points ■, the perianthum is di-
vided into five parts , and Jits on the germen • the general
umbel is uniform \ the flowers have five unequal petals
which fpread open they have each five ftamina , termi-
nated by roundifh fummits. Under the perianthium is fitu-
ated an oblong germen within the empalement , fupporting
two ftyles, crowned by Jingle ftigmas the germen after-
ward turns to two feeds , which are inclofed in the hard
empalement.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fedion
of Linnaeus’s fifth clafs, intitled Pentandria Digynia,
the flower having five ftamina and two ftyles.
The Species are,
1. Echinophora ( Spinofa ) foliolis fubulato-fpinofts in-
tegerrimis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 344. Prickly-headed Parf-
nep , with awl-Jhaped prickly leaves which are entire .
Echinophora maritima fpinofa. Tourn. Inft. 656.
Prickly maritime Parfnep.
2. Echinophora ( Tenuifolia ) foliolis incifis inermibus.
Lin. Sp. Plant. 344. Prickly-headed Parfnep , whofe
fmall leaves are cut , but have no thorns. Echinophora
paftinacas folio. Tourn. Inft. 656. Prickly-headed Parf-
nep with a Carrot leaf .
Thefe plants grow naturally on the borders of the
Mediterranean fea ; they are preferved in the gardens
of botany for the fake of variety •, they have both
perennial roots, which creep in the' ground 5 the firft:
hath branching ftalks, growing five or fix inches high,
which are garnifhed with fhort thick leaves, that ter-
minate in two or three fharp thorns ; they are placed
by pairs oppofite : the flowers grow in an umbel,
fitting upon a naked foot-ftalk, which arifes from the
fide of the ftalk ; they are white, and under the um-
bel is fituated an involucrum, compofed of feveral
leaves, which terminate in fharp fpines. It flowers
in June, but feldom ripens feeds in this country.
The fecond fort rifes near a foot and a, half high ;
from the principal ftalk are fent out two fide branches
at
ijA
/
ECH
at every joint, which are placed oppofite •, the lower
part is garnilhed with leaves, which are finely divided
like thole of- the Carrot; the flowers grow in finall
umbels at the extremity of the branches, having a
fnort prickly involucrum. This flowers in July, but
doth not ripen feeds in England.
Thefe plants are propagated by their creeping roots
in England, as they do not produce feeds here : the
befl time to tranfplant them is the beginning of
March, a little before they flioot. The roots Ihould
be planted in a gravelly or fandy foil, and in a
warm fituation, or otherwife they fhould be covered
in the winter to prevent the froft from deftroying
them.
EC El IN OPS. Lin. Gen. Plant. 829. Echinopus.
Tourn. Inft. R. H. tab. 463. Globe Thiftle.
The Characters are,
Jr hath a permanent perianthium , which is oblong , an-
gular, and imbricated ; the flower hath one funnel-Jhaped
petal , which is divided at the top into five parts , which
fipread open and are reflexed. It hath five Jhort hairy fta-
mina , terminated by cylindrical fiummits. In the bottom of
the tube is fitmted an oblong germen , fupporting a fender
fiyle the length of the tube , crowned by two oblong de-
prejfied Jligmas which turn back ; the germen afterward
becomes an oblong oval feed narrowed at the bafie , but ob-
tufe and hairy at the top.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firfl: fecftion of
Linnaeus’s feventeenth clafs, intitled Syngenelia Po-
lygamia fEqualis. This fecftion includes thofe plants
which have only hermaphrodite fruitful florets.
The Species are,
1. Echinops [Sphtercceph alas') capitulis globofis pubef-
centibus. Lin. Sp. Plant. 1314. Globe Thiftle with glo-
bular heads and hairy leaves. Echinopus major. J. B. 3.
p. 69. Greater Globe Thiftle.
2. Echinops ( Ritro ) eapitulo globofo, foliis fupra gla-
bns. Lin. Sp. Plant. 1314. Globe Thiftle with a globular
head , and the upper fide oft the leaves ftmooth. Echinopus
minor. J. B. 3. 72. Smaller Globe Thiftle.
3. Echinops {St rig of us) capitulis fafciculatis calycibus,
lateralibus flerilibus, foliis fupra ftrigofis. Lin. Sp.
Plant. 1315. Globe Thiftle with bundled heads , whofe fide
empalements are barren , and wing-pointed leaves. Echi-
nopus minor annum, magno capite. Tourn. Inft. 463.
Smaller annual Globe Thiftle with a large head.
4. Echinops {Gracus) caule unicapitato, foliis fpinofis,
omnibus pinnatifidis villofis, radice reptartice. Globe
Thiftle with one head on each ftalk , prickly leaves , which
are all wing-pointed and woolly , and a creeping root.
Echinopus Grsecus, tenuifiime divifus & lanuginofus,
capite mino-ri caeruleo. Tourn. Cor. 34. Greek Globe
Thiftle whofe leaves are divided into narrow fegments and
are woolly , with a fmaller blue head.
The firfl: is the common Globe Thiftle, which has
been long cultivated in fome gardens for the fake of
variety ; this grows naturally in Italy and Spain ; it
hath a -perennial root, from which arife many flalks
that grow to the height of four or five feet ; thefe are
garnilhed with long jagged leaves, which are divided
into many fegments almoft to the midrib, the jags
ending in fpines •, they are of a dark green on their
upper fide, but woolly on their under ; the flowers are
collected in globular heads, feveral of thefe grow
upon each ftalk ; the common hath blue flowers, but
there is a variety of it with white. It flowers in July,
and the feeds ripen in Auguft.
This plant is eafily propagated by feeds, which, if
permitted to fcatter, the plants will come up in plenty,
fo a few of them may be tranfplanted to the places
where they are defigned to remain to flower ; they
require no other culture but to keep them clean from
weeds : the fecOnd year they will flower and produce
feeds, and the roots will continue two or three years
after y but if the feeds fcatter, the plants will become
troublefome weeds-, to prevent which, the heads fhould
be cut off as foon as the feeds are ripe,
The fecond fort grows in the fouth of France and in
Italy; this hath a perennial creeping root, which
fends up feveral ftrong flalks that rife two feet high,
2
E C FI
i >•
garnifhed with leaves, which are cut into many fine
fegments to the midrib, which are fet with prickles,
and are white on their under fide : the flalks branch
out toward the top ; each of thefe branches is termi-
nated by a globular head of flowers, which are fmaller
than thofe of the firfl, and of a deeper blue ; there
is alfo a variety of this with white flowers. This
. flowers about the faipe time as the firfl, and is pro-
pagated in the fame way. Thefe will both grow in
almoft any foil or fituation.
The third fort grows naturally in Spain and Portugal :
this is an annual plant, which rifes with a fluff white
ftalk two feet high, garnifhed with divided leaves,
ending in many points which have fpines ; their upper
fide is green, and covered with brown hairs, their
under fide white and woolly ; the ftalk is terminated
by one large head of pale blue flowers. Thefe appear
in July, and if the feafon proves warm and dry, the
feeds will ripen in autumn, but in wet cold years they
rarely ripen here.
Thefe feeds fhould be fown in the fpring, upon a bor-
der of light earth, where the plants are to remain ;
and they require no other management, but to thin
them where they are too clofe.
The fourth fort grows naturally in Greece, from
whence Dr. Tournefort fent the feeds to the royal
garden at Paris : this hath a perennial creeping root,
by which it multiplies faft enough ; the flalks rife
about a foot high, and are clofely garnifhed with
leaves which are fhorter and much finer divided than
either of the former forts ; thefe are hoary, and armed
on every fide with fharp thorns ; the flalks are ter-
minated by one middle-fized globular head of flowers,
which in fome are blue, and in others white. They
appear the latter end of June, and in warm feafons
the feeds will ripen well in England. This is eafily
propagated by its creeping roots, or from feeds ; it
loves a dry foil and a warm fituation.
ECHINUS, Lat. is the prickly head or cover of the
feed or top of any plant, fo called from its likenefs
to a hedgehog.
ECHIUM. Lin. Gen. Plant. 157. Tourn. Inft. R.
H. 135. tab. 54. [of Gr. a viper, becaufe the
ripe feed of this plant refembles the head of a viper.
It is called Herba Viperaria, becaufe the ancients be-
lieved that this plant killed vipers.] Viper’s Buglofs ;
in French, Viperine.
The Characters are.
The flower hath a permanent empalement , divided into five
fegments. It hath one petal with a Jhort tube , having
an erebi broad brim , cut into five parts , and is obtufe ;
the two upper being longer than the lower , which are
acute and reflexed. It hath five awl-Jhaped Jlamina , ter-
minated by oblong proftrate fiummits. In the bottom are
fttuated four germen with one fender fiyle, crowned by an
obtufe bifid ftigma ; the germen afterward become fo many
roundifh pointed feeds , inclofted in the rough empalement.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firfl fection of
Linnaeus’s fifth clafs, intitled Pentandria Monogynia,
the flower having five ftamina and one fiyle.
The Species are,
1. Echium ( Anglicum ) caule fimplici ere6lo, foliis lan-
ceolatis, floribus fpicatis lateralibus, flaminibus co-
rolla aequantibus. Viper's Buglofs with a Jingle erect
ftalk, having rough fpear-Jhaped leaves , and flozvers in
ftpikes proceeding from the fide , with the ftamina equalling
the petal. Echium vulgare C. B. P. 254. Common,
Viper’s Buglofs.
2. Echium ( Vulgare ) caule fimplici ere£lo, foliis cau-
linis ianceolatis hifpidis, floribus fpicatis lateralibus
flaminibus corolla longioribus. Viper’s Buglofs with a
Jingle erebi ftalk , having rough narrow fpear-Jhaped leaves ,
flowers growing in ftoort ftpikes on the ftdes, and ftamina
longer than the petal . Lycopfis Anglica. Lob. Englijh
Lycopfts.
3. Echium ( Italicum ) corollis vix calyeem excedentibus,
margine villofis. Hart, Upfal. 35. Viper’s Buglofs ,
whofe petals fcarce exceed the empalement , having hairy
borders. Echium majus & afperius, flore albo. C. B. P.
255. Great rough Viper’s Buglofs with a white flower.
4. EcHIUfif'
ECH
4. Echium ( Lujitanicum ) corollis ftamine longioribus.
Lin. Sp. 200. Viper’s Buglofs with the petal of the flower
longer than the ftamina. Echium amplifiimo folio,
Lufitanicum. Tourn. Portugal Piper’s Buglofs with a
large leaf.
5. Echium ( Creticum ) calycibus fruftefcentibus diftan-
tibus, caule procumbente. Lin. Hort. Upial. 35.
Viper’s Buglofs with fruitful empalements growing at a
diftance , and a trailing fialk. Echium Creticum lati-
folium rubrum. C. B. P. 254. Broad-leaved, Viper’s
Buglofs of Candia , having a red flower.
6. Echium ( Anguftifolium ) caule ramofo, afpero, foliis
callofo-verrucofis, ftaminibus corolla longioribus.
Viper’s Buglofs with a rough branching fialk , wanted
leaves , and ftamina longer than the petal. Echium Cre-
ticum anguftifolium rubrum. C. B. P. 254. Narrow-
leaved Viper’s Buglofs of Candia, having a red flower.
7. Echium ( Fruticoftm ) caule fruticofo. Hort. Cliff. 43.
Viper’s Buglofs with afhrubby ftalk. This is the Echium
Africanum fruticans, foliis piloiis. Hort. Amft. 2.
p. 107. Shrubby African Viper’s Buglofs , having hairy
leaves.
The firft fort grows naturally in Germany and Auf-
tria, from whence I received the feeds. This and our
common Viper’s Buglofs, which is the fecond, have
been confounded by moft of the writers on botany,
who have fuppofed they were the fame plant, whereas
they are very different; for the leaves of this are
fhorter, and much broader than thofe of the fecond ;
the fpikes of flowers are much longer, and the fta-
mina of the flowers are in this equal in length with
the petal; whereas thofe of the fecond ftand out
much beyond the petal, which is an effential dif-
ference.
The fecond fort grows naturally upon chalky lands
in moft parts of England : this is what Lobel titles
Lycopfis Anglica, and has been generally taken for
the common Echium.
The third fort grows naturally in the fouth of France,
in Italy, and the ifle of Jerfey ; this rifes with an
upright hairy ftalk ; the flowers are produced in flaort
fpikes on the fide of the branches ; they are fmall,
and fcarce appear above the empalements; fome plants
have white flowers, and others are purplifh ; the em-
palements of the flowers are very hairy, and cut into
acute fegments.
The fourth fort grows naturally in Portugal and
Spain ; the lower leaves of this are more than a foot
long, and two inches broad in the middle, gradually
leffening to both ends ; thefe are covered with foft
hairs. The ftalks grow two feet high ; the flowers
are in fhort fpikes coming from the fide of the ftalks ;
the petals of thefe are longer than the ftamina.
The fifth fort grows naturally in Crete ; this hath
trailing hairy ftalks, which grow about a foot long,
and put out feveral fide branches, garnilhed with
hairy fpear-fhaped leaves about three inches long, and
three quarters of an inch broad, fitting clofe to the
ftalks. The flowers come out on {lender fpikes upon
long foot-ftalks, which come from the wings of the
leaves ; they are large, of a reddifh purple colour,
which turns to a fine blue when they are dried ; thefe
ftand at a diftance from each other on the fpike. It
is an annual plant, which flowers in July and decays
in autumn.
The flxth fort hath branching ftalks which grow a
ibot and a half long, declining toward the ground ;
they are covered with ftinging hairs ; the leaves are
four inches long, and not more than half an inch
broad ; thefe are pretty much waited, and are hairy.
The flowers grow in loofe fpikes from the fide of
the ftalks, and alfo at the end of the branches ; they
are of a reddifh purple colour, but not fo large as
thofe of the former fort, and the ftamina of thefe are
longer than the petal. This is alfo an annual plant,
which grows naturally in Crete.
Thefe are moft of them biennial plants, except the fifth
and fixth iorts, which are annual, and are the moft
beautiful of all the kinds : the feeds of thefe rnuft be
fown every year, in the places where they are de-
figned to remain ; and the plants require no ofhef
culture but to keep them clean from weeds, and
thin them where they grow too clofe. In July they
flower, and their feeds ripen in five or fix weeks after.'
The feeds of the other forts being fown in the fpring, -
will the fecond fummer after produce flowers and
feeds, after which they feldom continue. They all
delight in a rubbifhy gravelly foil, and will grow upon
the tops of old walls or buildings ; where, when oilce
they have eftabliftied themfelves, they will drop their
feeds, and thereby maintain a fucceffion of plants
-without any care, and on thefe places they appear
very beautiful.
The feventh fort grows naturally at the Cape of Good
Hope, from whence the feeds were brought to Hol-
land, where the plants are now preierved in fome cu-
rious gardens. This riles with a fhrubby ftalk two
or three feet high, dividing upward into feveral
branches, garnifhed with oval leaves placed alternate,
w.hofe bale fits clofe to the ftalk ; they are hairy, and
of a light green colour. The flowers are produced
fmgly between the leaves at the end of the branches ;
they are of a purple colour, and in fhape much like
thofe of the fifth fort. Thefe appear in May and
June, but the feeds do not ripen in England.
It is propagated by feeds, when they can be obtained,
which fhould be fown in pots filled with light iandy
earth foon after they are received. Thefe may be
expofed to the open air till the beginning of Oftober,
when the pots fhould be placed under a frame, to
guard them from froft ; but in mild weather, they
fhould be opened to have the free air, to prevent the
feeds from vegetating till the winter is paft ; for if
the plants come up at that feafon, their items will be
weak and full of juice, and very liable to rot with
damps ; therefore it is much better if the plants do
not come up till toward March, which is the uluai
time of their appearing, when the feeds are not forced
by warmth. When the plants are fit to remove, they
fhould be each planted into a fmall pot filled with
light earth, and placed under a frame to forward their
putting out new roots ; then they fhould be gradually
inured to bear the open air, and the latter end of
May be placed abroad in a fneltered fituation, where
they may remain till the beginning of October ; at
which time they muft be removed into an airy glafs-
cafe, where they may enjoy the fun and have free
air in mild weather. During the winter feafon thefe
plants muft be fparingly watered ; for as their ftems
are fucculent, fo much moifture will caufe them to
rot. In the fummer they fhould be fet abroad in a
fheltered fituation, and treated in the fame manner as
other plants from the fame country.
EDERA QJU I N QU E F O L I A. See Vitis.
EDGINGS. The beft and moft durable plant for
edgings in a garden is Box ; which, if well planted,
and rightly managed, will continue in beauty feveral
years : the beft feafon for planting this, is either in
the autumn, or very early in the fpring ; for if you
plant It late, and the feafon fhould prove hot and dry,
it will be very fubjecft to mifcarry, unlefs great care
be taken to fupply it with water. The beft fort for
this purpofe is the dwarf Dutch Box.
Thefe edgings are only planted upon the ftdes of
borders next walks, and not (as the fafhion was fome
years ago) to plant the edgings of flower-beds, or
the edges of fruit-borders in the middle of gardens,
unlefs they have a gravel- walk between them ; which
renders it proper to preferve the walks clean, by
keeping the earth of the borders from waffling down
into the walks in hard rains.
It was alfo the practice formerly to plant edgings of
divers forts of aromatic herbs, as Thyme, Savory,
Hyffop, Lavender, Rue, &c. But as thefe very foon
grow woody, fa that they cannot be kept in due corii-
pafs, and in hard winters they are often killed in
patches, whereby the edgings are rendered incomplete,
they are now feldom ufed for this purpofe.
Some people make edgings of Daifies, Thrift, Catch-
fly, and other flowering plants; but thefe alfo re-
5 E quire
E H R
ELI
tqu 1 re to be tranfplanted every year, in order to have
them handfome j for they foon grow out of form, and
are fuhjeft alio to decay in patches ; fo that there is
not any plant which fo completely anfwers thedefign
as Dwarf Box, which mull be preferred to ail others
for this purpofe.
EFFLORESCENCE, Eat. the blowing out of a
flower.
To EGERMINATE, Lai. to bud or fpring out.
EHRE T I A; Trew. tab. 24.
The Characters are.
It hath a [mall , , -permanent , bell-JIoaped empalement of one
leaf cut into five points the flower hath one petal, whofe
tube is longer than the empalement , cut into five figments
it hath five awl-Jhaped fpreading flamina the length of
the corolla, terminated by roundifib incumbent fimmits , and
a round'iflo get men , fupporting a J lender ftyle the length of
the flamina , crowned by an obtufe indented ftigrna the
germen afterward becomes a round berry with one cell, in-
clojing four angular feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the Aril order of
Linnaeus’s fifth clafs, mtitled Pentandria Monogynia,
the flower having five flamina and one ftyle.
The Species are,
1. Ehretia ( Lmifolia ) foiiis oblongo-ovatis integerrimis
glabris, floribus paniculatis. Amoen. Acad. 5. p. 395.
Ehretia with oblong, oval, entire , fnooth leaves , and flow-
ers growing in panicles.
2. Ehretia ( Bourreria ) foiiis ovatis integerrimis lsevi-
bus, floribus iubcorymbofis, calycibus glabris. Lin.
Sp. 275. Ehretia with oval entire leaves, flowers growing
in a fort of corymbus , and flmooth empalements. Bourreria
fructibus fucculehtis. Jacq. Amer.
1 he feeds of the firfl: fort were fent me from Jamaica
in the year 1734, which fucceeded in the Chelfea
garden, where the plants have grown to the height
of eight or nine feet, with ftrong woody Hems, and
have feveral times produced their flowers, but have
not perfedted their feeds as yet in England. This is
by Dr. Linnaeus fuppofed to be the fame plant men-
tioned by Sir Hans Sloane, under the title of Cerafo
aflinis arbor baccifera racemofa, flore albo pentape-
talo, frudtu flavo monopyreno eduli dulce. Hift.
Jam. 2. p. 94. But I differ in my opinion from him,
for the leaves of our plant are fmoother, longer, and
more pointed, and the corymbus of flowers is much
longer than in Sir Hans’s plant.
This hath a rough woody ftalk, which divides into
feveral irregular branches, garnifhed with oblong,
oval, fm.ooth leaves, nine inches long, three broad
in the middle, ending in acute points-, the flowers are
white, and produced in an oblong corymbus toward
the end of the branches ; they have one petal in each,
which is cut at the top into five fegments which are
reflexed. Thefe appear toward the end of July, but
fall away without being fucceeded by feeds.
The feeds of the fecond fort I received from Surinam,
which fucceeded in the Chelfea garden. This hath
a woody upright ftem, covered with a brown bark,
fending out branches regularly toward the top, gar-
nifhed with fmooth oval leaves placed alternate,
having fliort foot-ftalks; the leaves are fix inches long,
and more than two broad, ending with blunt oval
points. As this fort hath not produced flowers here,
fo I can give no farther account of them. This
Doctor Linnaeus fuppofes to be the fame with a plant
figured by Mr. Catefby, under the title of Pittonia
fimilis laureolae foiiis, floribus albis, baccis rubris.
But in this he is alfo miftaken, for there are plants
in the Chelfea garden, which were raifed from feeds
fent from the Bahama lilands, which are very different
from the former.
Thefe plants are too tender to thrive abroad in Eng-
land, where they require a moderate warm ftove in
winter , but when the plants have acquired ftrength,
they may be placed in the open air during the heat
of fum’mer ; but it fhould be in a flickered fituation,
and when the evenings grow cold in the autumn,
they muft be removed into ffielter.
They are both propagated by feeds when they can
be obtained, which fhould be fawn in finall pots
plunged into a hot-bed ; they may alfo- be propagated
by laying down their branches, but thefe are long-
before they put out roots.
ELfE AGNUS. Lin. Gen. Plant. 148. Tourn. Cor.
53. tab. 489. [from ’Ea ala, an Olive, and 'Ayvoq Yitex ;
becaufe this plant hath leaves like thofe of the Chafte-
tree, and a fruit like an Glive.l Oleafter, or wild
Olive.
The Characters are,
Lhe flower hath a bell-Jhaped empalement of one leaf \
which is qua dr if d, rough on the out fide , but coloured
within. It hath no petals, but four jhort flamina which
are inferted in the diviflons of the empalement, and are
terminated by oblong profir ate fummits < At the bottom is
Jituated a roundifh germen fupporting a Jingle ftyle, crowned
by a Jingle ftigrna \ the germen afterward becomes an ob-
tufe oval fruit, with a pundlure at the top , inclofing one
obtufe nut.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft feetion of
Linnaeus’s fourth clafs, intitled Tetrandria Mono-
gynia, from the flower having four flamina and one
ftyle. ^
The Species are,
1. Elaeagnus ( Spinofus ) aeuleatus, foiiis lanceolatis.
Prickly wild Olive with fpear-Jhaped leaves. Elaeagnus
Orientalis latifolius, fructumaximo. Tourn. Cor. App.
52. Eaftern broad-leaved wild Olive with a large fruit.
2. Elaeagnus ( Inermis ) inermis, foiiis lineari-lanceola-
tis. Wild Olive without thorns, and narrow. fpear-Jhaped
leaves. Elaeagnus Orientalis anguftifolius, fructu par-
vo olivaeformi fubdulei. Tourn. Cor. App. 52. Eaftern
wild Olive with narrow leaves, and a flmall, fweet ,-
Olive-Jhaped fruit.
3. Elze agnus ( Latifolia ) foiiis ovatis. Prod. Leyd.
250. Wild Olive with oval leaves. Elaeagnus foiiis ro-
tundis maculatis. Burm. PI. Zeyl. 92. Wild Olive with
round [potted leaves.
The firft and fecond forts Dr. Tournefort found
growing naturally in the Levant, and the firft I take
to be the common fort, which grows naturally in Bo-
hemia, of which I faw fome trees growing in the cu-
rious garden of the late Dr. Boerhaave, near Leyden,
in Holland. The leaves of this fort are not more
than two inches long, and about three quarters of an
inch broad in the middle 5 they are white, and have
a foft cottonny down on their furface ; at the foot-
ftalk of every leaf, there comes out a pretty long
fharp thorn •, as the leaves are placed alternate on the
branches, fo the fpines come out on each fide the
branches ; juft below the foot-ftalks of the leaves,
they are alternately longer. : the flowers are fmall, the
infide of the empalement is yellow, and they have a
ftrong fcent when fully open.
The fecond fort hath no thorns on the branches, the
leaves are more than four inches long, and not half
an inch broad ; they are very foft, and have a fhining
appearance like fattin. The flowers come out at the
foot-ftalks of the leaves, fometimes fingly, at other
times two, and frequently three at the fame place j
the outfide of the empalement is filvery and ftudded,
the infide of a pale yellow, having a very ftrong fcent.
This flowers in July, and fometimes the flowers are
fucceeded by fruit. This is the fort which is moil
commonly preferved in the Engliih gardens.
Thefe plants may be propagated by laying down the
young flioots in autumn, which will take root in one
year, when they may be cut off from the old trees,
and either tranfplanted into a nurfery for two or three
years to be trained up, or into the places where they
are to remain. The beft feafon for tranfplanting of
thefe trees is in the latter end of February, or the be-
ginning of March j though they may be removed at
Michaelmas, provided the roots are mulched, to pro-
tedft them from fevere froft in winter. Thefe plants
fhould be placed where they may be fcreened from
ftrong winds, for they grow very freely, and are very
fubjefl to be fplit down by the wind, if they are too
much expofed,
Thefe
E L E
Thefe trees commonly grow to twelve or fourteen
feet high, and when they are intermixed with other
trees of the fame growth, make a pretty diverhty ;
for their leaves being of a filver colour, are eafily
diftnguifhed at a diftance.
The third fort grows naturally at Ceylon, and in fome
other parts of India. This is pretty rare at prefent
in the Englifh gardens, but fome years paft there
were feveral pretty large plants of it growing in the
garden at Hampton Court. This rifes with a woody
item to the height of eight or nine feet, dividing into
many branches, garnifhed with oval (livery leaves,
which have feveral irregular foots of a dark colour on
their furface; they are placed alternately on the
branches, and continue all the year. The flowers I
have not feen, though fome of the trees at Hampton
Court produced flowers, but I was not fo lucky as to
fee them.
This fort requires a warm drove to preferve it in this
country, for it is too tender ,to live in the open air,
excepting for a fhort time in the warmeft part of
fummer.
The two firlt forts are extremely hardy, fo are not
injured by the froft, but the trees are not of very long
duration, therefore young plants fhould be railed
once in three or four years, to preferve the kinds.
ELATERIUM. See Momordica.
ELATINE. See Linaria.
ELECAMPANE. See Inula.
ELEPHANTOPUS. Lin. Gen. Plant. 827. Vaili.
Adt. Par. 1719. Dill. Hort. Elth. 104. [of ’E/Upa?, an
elephant, and risk, a foot,] Elephant’s foot ; fo called
by Monfieur Vaillant, becaufe he fays the under leaves
of the firft fort fomewhat refemble an Elephant’s
foot.
The Characters are,
'There are many flowers colie hied together in one common
large involucrum which is permanent , and each empale-
ment contains flour or five florets ; the florets are tubulous
and hermaphrodite ; they have one petal which is tongue-
Jhaped ; the brim is narrow , and divided into five equal
parts ; they have five very jhort hairy ftamina , terminated
by cylindrical fummits. In the bottom is fituated an oval
germen , fupporting a flender fiyle , crowned by two flender
fiigmas \ the germen afterward becomes a fingle comprejfed
feed crowned with briftles , fitting on a placenta inclofed in
the empalement.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firfl: fe&ion of
Linnseus’s feventeenth clafs, which includes the plants
with Aofculous flowers, whofe florets are all herma-
phrodite and fruitful.
The Species are,
1. Elephantopus {Sender) foliis oblongis fcabris. Hort.
Cliff. 390. Elephantopus with oblong rough leaves. Ele-
phantopus conyz^ folio. Vaili. Mem. Acad. Scien.
1719. Elephant's foot with a Flea-bane leaf \
cl. Elephantopus ( Foment oflus ) foliis ovatis tomentofis.
Gron. Virg. 90. Elephantopus with oval woolly leaves.
Elephantopus helenii folio, purpurafcente' flore. Houft.
MSS. Elephantopus with an Elecampane leaf j and a
purplijh flower.
The firfl: fort grows naturally in both the Indies, I
have received it from feveral parts of America •, this
fends out many oblong rough leaves, which lp re ad
near the ground •, between thefe in the fpring arifes
a branching (talk, little more than a foot high. The
fide branches are fhort, and are generally terminated
by two heads of flowers, each Handing upon a fhort
foot-ftalk. The heads contain feveral hermaphrodite
florets, included in a common involucrum, compofed
of four oval leaves, ending in acute points. The
florets are of a pale purple colour. They appear in
July, but are rarely fucceeded by feeds in England.
The fecond fort grows naturally in South Carolina*,
the plants of this have frequently come up in the
earth, which has been fent over from thence with
other plants as weeds •, this hath feveral oval woolly
leaves, four inches long, and three inches broad,
growing from the root, having many tranfverfe
nerves, running from the midrib to the fldes ; they
ELL
fpread flat on the ground, and between tfiefe arife i
ftiff ftalk, about a foot high, which divides into fe ■
veral branches, each being terminated by two flowers*
which are compofed of feveral florets, inclofed in a
four-leaved involucrum *, two of thefe leaves are al-
ternately larger than the other. The involucrum is
longer than the florets, fo they do but juft appear
within the two larger leaves •, the flowers make no ap-
pearance. They appear in July* but the feeds never
ripen in this country.
The firft fort hath a perennial root, but an annual
ftalk. If this is planted in pots, and fheltered in the
winter from froft, it may be preferved feveral years,
and the plants will annually flower ; but the fecond
fort feldom continues longer than two years.
Thefe plants are propagated by feeds, which fhould
be fown on a hot-bed in the fpring j and when the
plants are come up, they muft be tranfplanted into
pots filled with frelh light earth, and plunged into a
hot-bed of tanners bark, obferving to water and fhade
them until they have taken root ; then you fhould let
them have a large fhare of frefh air in warm weather*
and they will require to be frequently refrefhed with
water.
E L E P El A S. See Rhinanthus*
ELICHRYSUM. See Gnaphaliums
ELM. See Ulmus,
ELLISIA.
The Characters are.
The flower has apermanent empalement , compofed of five finally
ere ft, fpreading leaves ; it is of one petal , funnel-Jhaped the
length of the cup , cut into five obtufle fegments at top ; it
hath five flamina the length of the tube , terminated bj
roundifh fummits , and a round germen fupporting a floor t
flender fiyle , crowned by an oblong bifid ftigma •, the germed,
afterward becomes a roundijh flefhy berry with two cells,
inclofmg two rough feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fedtion of
Linnteus’s fifth clafs, intitled Pentandria Monogynia*
the flower having five ftamina and one ftyle.
We know but one Species of this genus, viz*
Ellisia ( Nyftelea .) Lin. Sp. 1662. Tea-leaved Ellijta
This plant grows naturally in Jamaica, where it forms
a bufhy fhrub about fix or feven feet high. I have
raifed many of the plants from feeds, fome of which
are now four or five feet high, but have not as yet
produced flowers. It fends out many branches from
the Item, fo as to form a thick bufh ; the branches are
generally covered with a dark purple bark j the leaves
alfo when the plants are expofed in fummer turn of
the fame colour, but after they have been fome timd
removed into the ftove, they recover their verdure
again. The leaves are placed oppofite on the branches*
which are an inch and a half long, fpear-fhaped and
indented on their edges, and have commonly two or
three fmall leaves fitting clofe to the branches ; at the
foot-ftalks of the larger leaves, and at the fame place,
arifes pretty long black fpines, generally placed op-
pofite toward the lower part of the branches, but
upward they are alternate, and the ends of the
branches are without thorns. As the plants have not
as yet produced flowers in England, fo I can give no
farther account of them.
This plant may be propagated by cuttings, which if
planted in fmall pots filled with light earth, and
plunged into a moderate hot-bed, covering them
clofe with a hand-glafs any time in July, will put out
roots in about two months, fo may then be feparated
and put into fmall pots, plunging them again into
the hot-bed to promote their taking new root, after
which they fhould be gradually inured to the open
air * but the beginning of Odlober they fhould be re-;
moved into the dry ftove, where, during the winter,
they fhould have a moderate warm air, in which they
will thrive better than in a great heat.
When feeds of this plant can be procured from
abroad, if they are fown on a hot-bed the plants will
rife eafily, and may be afterward treated in the fame
way as is direded for tfoofe raifed by cuttings*
EMERfJT
EME
'^ MERU S. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 650. Coronilla. Lin.
Gen. Plant. 789. [this name was. given it by Theo-
phraftus, and reftored by Csefaipinus.] Scorpion
Sena.
The Characters are.
The flower hath' tt very jhort empalement of one leafy di-
vided into five parts which is permanent. The flower is
of the butterfly kind. The tails of the petals are much
longer than the empalement. The jlandard is narrow ,
and floorter than the wings , over which it is arched. The
wings are large and concave. The keel is heart-floaped
and reflexed. There are ten ftamina in each y one of which
ft anas ftp arete , the other nine are joined ; thefte are fituated
in the ftandard. In the empalement is fituated an oblong
fender germen , ftupportmg a ft.ender ftyle , crowned by a
taper ftigma. The germen afterward becomes a taper cy-
lindrical pod, fuddling in thofte parts xvhere the feeds are
lodged which are alfto cylindrical.
This genus of plants is ranged in the third feCtion of
Tournefort’s twenty-fecond clafs, which includes the
trees and fhrubs with a butterfly flower, whofe leaves
are placed by pairs along the midrib. Dr. Linnaeus
has joined this genus, and alfo the Securidacca of
Tournefort to the Coronilla ; but hereby the number
of fpecies are increafed, and therefore it is much better
to keep them feparate, as there are more effential
differences between them, than in fome of the other
genera of this clafs which he has feparated.
The Species are,
1. Emerus ( Major ) caule fruticofo, pedunculis lon-
gioribT caule angulato. Scorpion Sena with a florubby
ftalk , longer footftalks to the flowers, and angular ftalks.
Emerus. Caefalp. Scorpion Sena, vulgo.
2. Emerus ( Minor) foliolis obcordatis, pedunculis bre-
vioribus, caule fruticofo. Scorpion Sena with long heart-
floaped leaves, floorter foot-ftalks to the flowers, and a
florubby ftalk. Emerus minor. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 650.
Leffer Scorpion Sena.
3. Emerus ( Herbacea ) caule ere&o, herbaceo, foliolis
multijugatis, floribus fingularibus alaribus, filiquis
longiftimis ereftis. Scorpion Sena with an eredl herba-
ceous ftalk, the leaves compofed of many pair of hbes, fingle
flowers proceeding from the fides of the ftalks, and very
long ereffl pods. Emerus filiquis lorigiffimis & an-
guftiflimis. Plum. Cat. 19. Emerus with very long and
narrow pods.
The firft of thefe fhrubs is very common in all the
nurferies near London ; this rifes with weak fhrubby
ftalks to the height of eight or nine feet, dividing
into many flender branches, garnifhed with winged
leaves, compofed of three pair of lobes (or fmall
leaves) terminated by an odd one. The flowers come
out upon long foot-ftalks from the fide of the
branches, two or three of thefe foot-ftalks arifing from
the fame point ; each of thefe fuftains two, three, or
four yellow butterfly flowers ; thefe appear in May,
and are frequently fucceeded by long flender pods,
which are taper, fwelling in thofe parts where the
feeds are lodged, and hang downward ; thefe fhrubs
continue long in flower, efpecially in cool feafons, and
frequently flower again in autumn, which renders
them valuable.
The fecond fort rifes with many fhrubby ftalks like
the firft, but not more than half the height ; this hath
larger leaves, which are of an oblong heart-fliape.
The flowers are rather larger than thofe of the firft,
and ftand upon fhorter foot-ftalks ; thefe differences
hold in the plants which are raifed from feeds, there-
fore I think they may be allowed to ftand as diftind
fpecies, though there is a great likenels at firft fight
in them.
The leaves of thefe fhrubs, when fermented in a vat,
in the fame manner as is pradifed with the Indigo
plants, will 1 afford a dye, very near to that of Indigo •,
but whether it will anfwer the fame purpofes is not
yet certain, or whether it may be worth cultivating
for that purpofe, either here or abroad, is what we
cannot yet determine ; but thete is fo great affinity
between thefe plants, and thofe of the Indigo in their
generical charaders, that Dr. Tournefort, and fe-
6
E M P
veral other botanifts, have ranged them in the fame
genus.
I heie fhrubs are eafily propagated by fowing their
feeds (which they commonly produce in great plenty)
in March, upon a bed of light fandy earth, obferving
to keep the bed clear frdm weeds ; and in very dry
weather the bed muff often be refrefhed with water,
which ffiould be given carefully, left the feeds fhould
be wafhed out of the ground by hafty watering. When
the plants are come up, they muft be kept clean from
weeds, and in very dry weather, if they are watered,
it will promote their growth ; the Michaelmas fol-
lowing (if the plants have thriven well) you may draw
out the largeft, which may be tranfplanted into a
nurfery, at three feet diftance row from row, and one
foot afunder in the rows. This will give room -to
thofe plants which are left to grow in the feed-bed,
in which place they may remain another year, when
they will alfo be fit to tranfplant into a nurfery, where
they fhould be two years, when they will be fit to
plant out, where they are to remain for good 5, in
doing of which, you fhould be careful in taking them
up, not to break or wound the roots, nor fhould they
remain too long in the nurfery before they are tranf-
planted, for they are fubject to fhoot downright roots,
which, when cut off, oftentimes proves the death of
the tree. In all other rdpedts it muft be treated like
other flowering fhrubs, among which this is com-
monly fold at the nurferies. It may alfo be propagated
by laying down the tender branches, which will take
root in about a year’s time, and may then be tranf-
planted into a nurfery, and managed in the fame
manner as the feedling plants.
The third fort grows naturally in the Weft-Indies,
where Plunder firft dilcovered it in the French fet-
tlements •, but it was found growing in plenty at La
Vera Cruz, in New Spain, by the late Dr. Houftoun,
who fent me the feeds, which fucceeded in the Chel-
fea garden, where the plants flowered, but did not
perfed their feeds, and the plants being annual, the
fpecies was loft here. This rifes with a round her-
baceous ftalk three feet high, which is garniftted at
each joint with one long winged leaf, compofed of
about twenty pair of lobes, terminated by an odd one;
thefe have obtufe points, and are of a deep green.
The flowers come out fingly from the fide of the
ftalk, immediately above the foot-ftalk of the leaves,
Handing upon flender foot-ftalks two inches long;
they are larger than thofe of either of the former forts,
and are of a pale yellow colour ; thefe are fucceeded
by flender compreffed pods, which are more than fix;
inches long, having a border on each fide, and a
fwelling where each feed is lodged.
This is an annual plant, whole feeds muft be fown.
upon a hot-bed in the fpring, and when the plants are
fit to remove, they fhould be each planted into a fe-
parate fmall pot filled with light kitchen-garden earth,
and plunged into a moderate hot-bed of tanners bark,
fhading them from the fun until they have taken new
root, then they muft be treated in the fame manner
as other exotic plants from thofe warm countries. If
thefe plants are brought forward in the fpring, and
kept under a deep frame in a tan-bed, or plunged
into the bark-bed in the ftove, when they are grown
too tall to remain under common frames, they will
ripen feeds in England ; for thofe feeds which I re-
ceived did net arrive here till May, and yet thofe
plants flowered well in Auguft; but the autumn
coming on foon after, prevented their perfecting feeds,
and that part of the feed which I referved till the
next year did not grow.
E M P E T R U M. Lin. Gen. Plant. 977. Tourn. Inft.
R. H. 579. tab. 421. of h, in, and 7 tT£T£fl 5 ,
Gr. a rock or ftone, becaufe this tree grows in ftony
places.] Black-berried Heath.
The Characters are,
It hath male and female flowers on different plants ; the
male flowers have a three-pointed empalement , which is
permanent \ they have three oblong petals , which are nar-
row at their bafe , and three long hanging ftamina which
are
E P H
are hairy , terminated by Jhort two-pointed fummits , which
ft and eredt. The female flowers have the fame empale-
ment and petals as the male , but no flamina . 7 /z rtvz-
rer is fltuated a deprejfed germen , fupporting nine reflexed
fpreading ftigma. The germen afterward becomes a de-
prejfed round berry of one cell , inclofing nine feeds placed
circularly.
This genus of plants is ranged in the third fefrion of
Linn^us’s twenty-fecond clafs, which includes thofe
plants whofe male and female flowers grow on fe-
parate plants, and the male flowers have three
ftamina.
We have but one Specie's of this genus in England,
viz,
Empetrum ( Nigrum ) procumbens. Hort. Cliff. 470.
Trailing Berry-bearing Heath. Empetrum montanum,
rrucflu nigro. Tourn. Inft. 579, Black-berried Heath ,
Crow berries , Crake berries.
This little fhrub grows wild upon the mountains of
Staffordfhire, Derbyfhire, and Yorkfhire, and is fel-
dom propagated in gardens unlefs for variety fake ;
but it may be cultivated in fliady places, and will
thrive very well in gardens, where the foil is fluff.
The plants fhould be procured from the places where
they grow naturally, for the feeds remain a year in
the ground before they vegetate, and afterward are
very flow in their growth, fo they are not worth the
trouble of cultivating from feeds. If the plants are
planted on a rrioifl boggy foil in autumn, they will
get roots in the winter, and will require no farther
care than to clear them from weeds, provided they
have a moift foil, otherwife they will require to be
frequently watered ; for thefe low fhrubs commonly
grow upon the tops of wild mountains, where the
foil is generally peaty, and full of bogs. The heath
cocks feed much upon the berries of this plant :
fo that wherever there is plenty of thefe low fhrubs.
there are commonly many of thefe fowls to be found.
EMU SCAT ION, the clearing a tree of mofs, Lat.
ENUCLEATION, a taking out the nut or ker-
nel of any fruit, Lat.
E NET LA CAM PAN A. See Inula.
EPHEDRA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 1007. Tourn. Inft.
663. tab. 477. Shrubby Horle-Tail, vulgo.
- The Characters are.
It hath male and female flowers in different plants •, the
male flowers are collected in katkins , which are fcaly •, un-
der each fcale is a flngle flower ; thefe have no petals, but
/even flamina , which are joined in form of a column , and
are terminated by roundijh fummits. The female flowers
have an oval perianthium, comp 0 fed of jive feries of leaves ,
which alternately lie over the diviflons of the lower range ;
thefe have no petals , but have two oval germen fitting
upon the perianthium , fupporting jhort ftyles , crowned by
Jingle ftigma. The germen afterward turn to oval ber-
ries, each having two feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the twelfth fec-
tion of Linnaeus’s -twenty-fecond clafs, intitled Di-
cecia Monadelphia, the plants of this clafs and fec-
tion having male flowers on different plants from the
female, and their ftamina join in form of a column.
We have but one Species of this genus in England,
viz.
Ephedra (Diflachia ) pedunculis oppofitis, amends ge-
minis. Elort. Cliff. 465. Shrubby Horfe-T ail with oppo-
fite foot-flalks , and twin katkins. Ephedra maritima
minor. Tourn. Lejfer Sea Horfe-T ail.
This is a low fhrubby plant, which grows naturally
upon the rocks by the fea in the fouth of France, in
Spain, and Italy ; it is alfo preferved in feveral gar-
dens for the fake of variety, but has little beauty.
This hath a low fhrubby ftalk, which puts out a few
fhort branches, rifling about two feet high, which
have many protuberant joints, at which come out fe-
veral narrow rufliy leaves, like thofe of the Horfe-
Tail, which continue green all the year, but the
plants rarely flower in this country.
It may be propagated by offsets, which the plants
lend forth in great plenty ; for the roots creep under
ground, and lend forth fuckers, which may be taken
E P I
off to tranfplant in the fpring. They love a pretty
moift ftrong foil, and will endure the cold of our on
dinary winters very well in the open air. Some of
thefe plants were formerly preferved in pots, and were
houfed in winter, but by later experience they are
found to thrive better in the full mound.
EPHEMERUM. See Tr ADESCANTIA ;
EPIDENDRUM. Lin. Gen. 1016. Vanilla.
There are near thirty fpecies of this genus, which
grow naturally upon trees in Africa and both Indies y
but . as the plants cannot, by any art yet known, be
cultivated in the ground, it would be to little purpofe
the enumerating of them here ; though could the
plants be brought to thrive by culture, many of them
produce very fine flowers of uncommon forms. I had
three fpecies of them fent me from America, which
were ftripped from the trees on which they grew 5
thefe I planted with care in pots, which were placed in a
ftove, where they came fo far as to Anew their flowers,
but the plants foon after perifhed.
E PIG 7 E A. Lin. Gen. Plant. 4S6. Memecyliifm
Mitch. 13. Trailing Arbutus.
The Characters are.
The flower hath a double empalemeM 3 which is perma-
nent ; the outer is compofed of three , and the inner of one
leaf, divided at the top into five parts. The flower is of
the falver jhape , with one petal , having a cylindrical
tube, which is longer than the empalement, and hairy
within. The brim is cut into jive parts, which fpread
open. It hath ten fender ftamina the length of the tube,
which are fixed to the bafe of the petal, and are termi-
nated by oblong fummits. In the center is fltuated a glo-
bular hairy germen , crowned by an obtufe quinquefid ftig-
ma. The germen afterward becomes a deprejfed, half glo-
bular, five-cornered fruit, having five cells, .opening with
five valves , containing feveral feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fe&ion of
Linnaeus s tenth clafs, intitled Decandria Monogynia,
the flowers having ten ftamina and one ftyle.
We know but one Species of this genus, viz.
Epigzea. Lin. Gen. Plant. 486. Trailing Arbutus,
This plant grows naturally in North America, from,
whence it has been introduced to the Englifh gardens.
It is a low plant, with a trailing flhrubby ftalk, which
puts out roots at the joints, and when in a proper
foil and, fituation, multiplies very faft. The ftalks
are garnilhed with oblong rough leaves which are
wived on their edges. The flowers are produced, at
the end of thefe branches in loofe bunches •, thefe are
white, and divided at the top into five acute fegments,
which fpread open in form of a ftar. It flowers in
July, but doth not produce fruit in England.
The plants are eafily propagated by their trailing
ftalks, which put out roots at the joints, fo may be
cut off from the old plant, and placed in a fhady fitu-
ation and a moift foil : the belt time for this is in au-
tumn, that the plants may be well rooted before the
fpring. If the winter fhould prove very fevere, ir
will be proper to lay a few dried leaves, or feme fuch
light covering over them, which will prevent their
being injured by froft ; and after they are well root-
ed, they will require no farther care but to keep
them clean from weeds.
E P I L O B I U M. Lin. Gen. Plant. 426. Chamaene-
rion. Tourn. R. H. 302. tab. 157. Willow Herb, or
French Willow.
The Characters are.
The empalement of the flower is cOmpofed of four oblong
pointed leaves, which are coloured. The flower hath four
bordered petals which fpread open, and eight ftamina
which are alternately floor ter, terminated by oval com-
prejfed fummits. Below the flower is fltuated a long cylin-
drical germen, fupporting a fender ftyle , crowned by an
obtufe quadrifid ftigma. The germen afterward becomes a
long, cylindrical, furrowed -cap file with five cells, filled
with oblong feeds , crowned with down.
This genus of plants is ranged m the firft feftion of
Linnaeus’s eighth clafs, intitled Odandria Monogynia,
the flower having eight ftamina and one ftyle. °
5 F
The
E P I
The Species are,
1. Epilqbium {Angufti folium) foliis Fparfis lineari-lance-
olatis, floribus inasqualibus. Lin. Sp. 493. Epilohium
with linear flpeaf-Jhaped leaves which are- placed thinly ,
and unequal flowers. Chamaenerion latifolium vulgare.
Tourn. Inft. R. H. 302. Common broad-leaved JVilkozv
Herb, or French Willow.
2, Epilqbium ( Hirflutum ) foliis oppofitis lanceolatis fer-
ratis decurrenti-amplexicaulibus. Lin. Horc. Cliff.
145. Epilohium with oppoflte flpear-Jhaped leaves , which
are flawed on their edges. Chamaenerion villofum,
roagno flore purpureo. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 303. Hoary
Willow Herb with a large flower , commonly called Codlins
and Cream.
There are feveral other fpecies of this genus, fome of
which grow naturally in fhady woods and moift places
in mo ft parts of England, where they are often very
troublesome weeds, therefore are feldom admitted in-
to gardens, fo I fhall not trouble the reader with their
diftinCtlons.
The ftrft fort here mentioned was formerly planted
in gardens for the beauty of its flowers ; but as it
u fa ally fpreads far by the creeping roots, whereby it
over-runs all the neighbouring plants, it has been ge-
nerally caft out of moft gardens : however, in fome
low moift places, or in great fhade, if there was a
place afflgned for this plant, it will make a good ap-
pearance when it is in flower, and thefe flowers are
very proper to cut for bafons ta adorn chimnies in
the fummer feafon. This ufually ’ grows about four
feet high, with {lender ftiff branches, which are befet
with leaves, refembling thofe of the Willow, from
whence it had the name of Willow Herb, or French
Willow. On the upper part of the ftalks the flowers
are produced in a long fpike or thyrfe, which are of
a fine Peach colour, and, if the feafon is not very hot,
they will continue near a month in beauty. This fort
is round growing wild in divers parts of England,
but feveral botanifts have fuppofed it was only found
in fuch places where the plants had been caft out of
gardens ; however, I think it muft be allowed to be
a native of this country, flnee it is found in great
p ay in woods at a great diftance from any habita-
tip , rticularly in Charlton foreft, and feveral other
woods in Suffex. It is a great creeper at the root, fo
may be eafiiy propagated.
There is a variety of this with white flowers, which
is .planted in gardens, but differs from it only in the
colour of die flower; however, fome perfons are
fond of propagating thefe varieties, for which reafon
I mentioned it here. ■
■ The fecond fort is found wild by the fide of ditches
and rivers in many parts of England. This plant
grows about three feet high, and produces its flowers
on the top of the ftalks ; but thefe are much lefs
beautiful than thofe of the firft, and the plant being
a meat rambler at the root, is feldom admitted into
gardens. The leaves of this plant being rubbed,
emit a feent like fealded Apples, from whence fome
have piven the name of Codlins and Cream to this
O
plant.
EPIMEDIUM. Lin. Sp. Plant. 138. Tourn. Inft.
R. H. 232. tab. 1 1 7. Raii Meth. Plant. 129. Bar-
renwort.
The Characters arc,
The flower hath a three-leaved empalement which falls
off. It hath four obtufle oval fruit , which are concave ,
and flpread open , and four nediariums which are cup-
Jhaped , ohtufe at the bottom , and as large as the petals.
It hath four Jlamina , terminated by oblong , eredi, bilocu-
lar fmnmits The oblong germen is fituated at the bot-
tom i, flupporting a floor t ftyle , crowned by a Jingle fiigma.
The germen afterward ■ becomes cm oblong pointed pod ,
with one cell , opening with tzvo valves , inclofing many
oblong feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft feCHon of
Linneeus’s fourth clafs, intitled Tetrandria Monogy-
nia, the flower having four ftatnina and one ftyle.
We know but one Species of this genus, viz.
1. Epimedium (. Aipinum .) Hort. Cliff. 37. Alpine Barren-
. wort.
\
E R I
This plant hath a creeping root, from which arife
many ftalks about nine inches high, divided at the
top into three, each of which is again divided into
three fmaller ; upon each of thefe (bands a ftiff heart-
fhaped leaf, ending in a point, of a pale green on the
upper fide, but gray on the under. A little below
the firft diviflon of the (balk comes out the foot-ftalk
of the flowers, which is near fix inches long, divid-
ing into fmaller, each of thefe fuftaining three flow-
ers ; thefe are compofed of four leaves, placed in
. form of a crofs ; they are of a reddifh colour, with
yellow ftripes on the border. In the center of the
flower arifes the ftyle, fituated upon the germen,
* which afterward turns to a (lender pod, containing
many oblong feeds. It flowers in May, and the leaves
decay in autumn. The roots, if planted in a fhady bor-
der, fhould be every year reduced, fo as to keep them
within bounds, otherwife it will fpread its roots and
interfere with the neighbouring plants. It grows na-
turally on the Alps, but I received fome plants of it
which v/ere found growing naturally in a wood in the
North of England.
EPIPHYLLOSPERMOUS PLANTS [of
- Nl, upon, <2 >-jAAov, a leaf, and Gr. feed,] fuch
plants as bear their feeds on the back of their leaves,
the fame as capillaries.
EQUINOCTIAL, EQUINOCTIAL [of
equus, equal, and nox, Lat. night.] A great and
immoveable circle of the fphere, under which the
equator moves in its diurnal motion.
The equinoctial, or equinoctial line, is ordinarily
confounded with the equator; but there is a difference,
the equator being moveable, and the equinoctial un-
moveable, and the equator drawn about the convex
furface of the fphere, but the equinoctial on the con-
cave furface of the Magnus Orbis.
The equinoctial is conceived, by fuppofmg a femi-
diameter of the fphere, produced through a point of
the equator, and there deferibing a circle on the im-
moveable furface of the Primum Mobile, by the ro-
tation of the fphere about, its axis.
Whenever the fun comes to this circle, in his pro-
grefs through the ecliptic, it makes equal day and
night all round the globe : as then arifing due eaft,
and fetting due weft, which he never does at any
other times of the year,.
The people who live under this circle, have their
days and nights conitaady equal ; and the fun is in
their zenith at noon, and cafts no ihadow.
E QU I N O X E S are the times when the fun enters
into the equinoctial points, which are the two points
where the equator and ecliptic interfeCt each other ;
the one being in the firft point of Aries, called the
vernal equinox ; and the other in the firft point of
Libra, called the autumnal equinox.
So the equinoxes happen when the fun is in the equi-
noctial circle, when, of confequence, the days are
equal to the nights throughout the world, which is
the cafe twice a year, viz. about the 21ft of March,
and the 2 2d of September ; the firft of which is the
vernal, and the fecond the autumnal equinox.
E QU I S E T U M [of equus, a horfe, and feta, a
briftle, becaufe the leaves and branches reprefent the
briftles or hair of a horfe’s main or tail. It is by the
Greeks called of a horfe, and OuQ,
a tail ; and hippofeta, of and feta.] Horfe-
Tail.
There are feveral fpecies of this plant, which are
found in England, on the fides of ditches, or in fhady
woods ; but as they are plants which are never cul-
tivated in gardens, I fhall pafs them over in this
place.
ERANTHEMUM. See Adonis.
ERICA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 435. Tourn. Inft. R. H.
602. tab. 373. [’EpHXYi, of or if A)', Gr. to break,
becaufe this plant is faid to have the virtue of break-
ing the ftone in the bladder.] Heath ; in French,
Bruyere.
The Characters are.
The flower hath a coloured permanent empalement of four
oval
E R I
oval erect leaves. It hath one [welling petal , which is
eyebi and quadrifid , and eight hairy ftamina , which are
fixed to the receptacle , and terminated by bifid fummits.
In the bottom is fituated the roundijh. germen, fuppor ting a
declining ftyle, which is longer than the Jlamina , crowned
by a four-cornered ftigma. The germen afterward becomes
a round capfule, having [our cells , which are filled with
j mall feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft feflion of
Linnaeus’s eighth clafs, intitled OAandria Monogynia,
the flower having eight ftamina and one ftyle.
The Species are,
1. Erica ( Vulgaris ) antheris bicornibus inclufis, corol-
lis inaequalibus, campanulatis mediocribus foliis op-
pofitis fagittatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 352. Heath with
two horns including the fummits , bell-Jhaped unequal petals,
and middling arrow-pointed leaves placed oppofite. Erica
vulgaris glabra. C. B. 485. Common finooth Heath.
2. Erica ( Herbacea ) antheris bicornibus inclufis cam-
panulatis mediocribus fecundis, foliis ternis triquetris
patulis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 500. Heath with a horned fum-
rnit , a bell-Jhaped petal ', and five narrow fpreading leaves.
Erica foliis coridis, multiflora. J. B. vol. 1. p. 356.
Vine-leaved Heath with many flowers.
3. Erica ( Cinerea ) antheris bicornibus inclufis, corollis
ovatis racemofis, foliis ternis glabris linearibus. Lin.
Sp. Plant. 352. Heath with two horns including the
fummits , oval branchy petals , and three long , narrow ,
finooth leaves. Erica humilis, cortice cinereo, ar’buti
flore. C. B. P. 486. Dwarf Heath with an AJh-coloured
bark , and Strawberry-tree flower.
4. Erica ( Ciliaria ) antheris fimplicibus inclufis, corol-
lis ovatis irregularibus, floribus ternoracemofis, foliis
ternis ciliatis. Lcefl. Epift. 2. p. 9. Lin. Sp. Plant.
3 34. Heath with Jingle fummits , oval irregular petals ,
triple branching flowers , and hairy leaves placed by threes.
5. Erica {Arbor ea) antheris bicornibus inclufis, corollis
campanulatis longioribus, foliis quaternis patentifti-
mis, caule fubarboreo tomentofo. Lin. Sp. 502.
T ree Heath , whofe anther re are included in two horns , a
longer bell-Jhaped flower , and four fpreading leaves at
each joint.
The four firft forts grow wild upon barren unculti-
vated places in divers parts of England •, but notwith-
ftanding their commonnefs, yet they deferve a place
in fmall quarters of humble flowering flirubs, where,
by the beauty and long continuance of their flowers,
together with the diverflty of their leaves, they make
an agreeable variety.
Thefe are feldom propagated in gardens, and fo not
to be had from the nurferies, but may be taken up,
with a ball of earth to their roots, from the natural
place of their growth in autumn, and may be tranf-
planted into the garden. The foil where they are
planted fhould not be dunged, nor fhould you beftow
any other culture on them than clearing them from
weeds •, for the lefs the ground is dug, the better thefe
will thrive, for they commonly fhoot their roots near
the furface, which, in digging, are fubjedt to be hurt,
whereby the plant is often deftroyed ; thefe may alfo
be propagated by feeds, but this being a tedious me-
thod, the other is much preferable to it.
The fifth fort grows naturally at the Cape of Good
Hope, and alfo in great plenty in Portugal, where
it riles with a ftrong ligneous ftem to the height of
eight or ten feet, fending out many branches the
whole length, garnifhed with narrow leaves, four
coming out from the fame point j the flowers are pro-
duced between the leaves on the upper part of the
branches ; they are white, with a blufh of red on their
outfide ; thefe appear in May, but are not fucceeded
by feeds in England.
This plant will live in the open air in England, pro-
vided it is planted in a dry foil and a warm fituation,
but is generally kept in pots and houfed in winter ;
however, the plants fo managed, do not thrive or
flower fo well as thofe in the full ground, therefore
it is much better -to be at the trouble of flickering
the plants in the ground in winter, than to keep them
in pots.
6
E R I
It is with difficulty propagated here, which is dorie
laying down the young fhoots, though thefe are ofteii
two years before they put out roots : others plant the
young flips or cuttings into pots filled with light earthy
covering them clofe with a bell-gkfs, and fliading
them from the fun ; where this is fkilfully practifed,
the cuttings will put out roots, and make better plants
than the layers.
ERICA BAG Cl PER A. See Empetrum.
ERIGERON. Lin. Gen. Plant. 855. Senecionis. Sp.
Dill. Conyzella. Dill. Groundfel.
The Characters are,
It hath a compound radiated flower , compofed of many
hermaphrodite florets which form the djjk , and female
half florets which make the rays •, thefe are contained in
one oblong fcaly empalement. The hermaphrodite florets
are funnel-JJoaped , and cut at the top into five parts $
thefe have Jive floor t hairy ftamina , terminated by cylindri-
cal fummits ; they have a fmall germen , crowned with
down , which is longer than the petal.. Upon the germen
fits a Jlender ftyle the length of the down , crowned by two
oblong ftigmas ; the germen afterward becomes a fmall ob-
long feed, crowned with long down. The female half flo-
rets, which compofe the rays , have one fide of their petals
ftretched out like a tongue thefe have no Jlamina , but a
fmall downy germefi , fuppor ting a fender ftyle, which is
hairy , crowned by two Jlender ftigmas. '-The germen after-
ward becomes a feed like the hermaphrodite florets.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecOnd fe&ion
of Linnaeus’s nineteenth clafs, which includes the
plants with a compound flower, compofed of herma-
phrodite and female flowers, which are both fruitful.
To this genus Dr. Linnaeus has added feveral fpecies
of Conyza and After of former botanifts.
The Species are,
1. Erigeron ( Vifcofum ) pedunculis unifloris lateralibus
foliis lanceolatis denticulatis calycibus fquarrofis, co-
rollis radiatis. Hort. Upfal. 258. Groundfel with one
flGwer on a foot-ftalk , proceeding from the fide of the
ftalk, ftp ear -Jh aped leaves, and a rough empalement. Co-
nyza mas Theophrafti, major Diolcoridis. C. B. P.
265. Male Fleabane of Theophraftus , and greater Flea-
bane of Dio f cor ides.
2. Erigeron {Acre) pedunculis alternis unifloris. Hort.
Cliff. 407. Groundfel with alternate foot-ftalks having
one flower. Conyza caerulea acris. C. B.P. 265. Blue
acrid Fleabane.
3. Erigeron ( Bonarienfe ) foliis baft revolutis* Lin. Sp.
Plant. 863. Groundfel whofe leaves are curved at their
bafe. Senecio Bonarienfis purpurafcens, foliis imisr
coronopi. Hort. Elth. 344. tab. 257. Purplijh Ground-
fel of Buenos Ayres , with under leaves like Hartjhorn
Plantain.
4. Erigeron ( Canadenfe ) caule fioribufque paniculate
Hort. Cliff. 407. Groundfel with a paniculated ftalk and
flowers. Virga aurea Virginiana annua. Zan. Hift„
205. Annual Virginia Golden Rod.
5. Erigeron ( Alpinum ) caule fubbifloro, calyce fubhir-
futo. Lin. Sp. Plant. 864. Groundfel with two flowers
on a ftalk , and hairy empalements. Conyza caerulea Al»
pina. C. B. P. 265. Blue Alpine Fleabane.
6. Erigeron {Graveolens) ramis lateralibus multifloris,
foliis lanceolatis integerrimis, calycibus fquarrofis.
Amoen, Acad. 4. p. 290. Groundfel with many flowers
on the fide of the ftalks, entire fpear-Jhaped leaves , and
rough empalements. Virga aurea minor, foliis gluti-
nofls & graveolentibus.
7. Erigeron ( Fcetidum ) foliis lanceolato-linearibus retu-
fis, floribus corymbofis. Lin. Sp. 1213. Groundfel
with linear fpear-Jhaped leaves , and flowers in a corym-
bus. Senecio Africanus folio retulo. Herm. 661.
The firft fort grows naturally in the fouth of France,;
and in Italy. This hath a perennial root, from which
arife leveral upright ftalks near three feet high, gar-
nifhed with oblong oval leaves which are hairy, and
fit clofe to the ftalk ; they are placed alternate, and
are four inches long, and two broad in the middle 5
thefe in warm weather fweat out a clammy juice. The
flowers are produced Angle upon pretty long foot-
ftalks, fome arifing from the fide of the ftalk, and
others
ill
others terminate it -, 1 they are yellow, and have an
..agreeable odour. They 'flower - in July, and the feeds
ripen in autumn.
This plant is propagated by feeds, which, if fown in
autumn, will more certainly fucceed than thole which
are fown in the fpring. When the plants come up,
they fhould, be thinned if they are too clofe, and kept
clean from weeds till autumn, when they fhould be
tranfplanted where they are to remain. They delight
in a dry foil and a fanny expofure. The fecond year
the plants will flower and perfect their feeds, but the
roots will continue feveral years, and annually pro-
duce their flowers and feeds.
The next four forts are preferred in botanic gardens
for the fake of variety, but are feldorn admitted into
gardens for pleafure. The fifth fort is a perennial
plant, which grows naturally on the Alps, and may be
propagated by feeds in the fame manner as the firft
fort, but fhould have a fhady fituation and a moift
foil.
The others are annnual plants, which, if once ad-
mitted into a. garden, and fuffered to fcatter their,
feeds, will become very troublefome weeds there.
The fix.th fort rifes with ftiff {talks three feet high,
garnifhed with narrow fpear-fhaped leaves ; the flow-
ers are yellow, and are produced in clofe bunches from
the fide of the ftalk toward the top ; thefe appear in
July, and in warm feafons are fucceeded by feeds in
England.
It may be propagated by cutting the ftalk in proper
lengths, which, if planted in a fhady border, and
duly watered, will put out roots ; and the following
autumn, thefe may be taken up and 'planted in the
borders of the flower-garden.
The feventh fort grows naturally in Africa : the roots
of this fend up five or fix upright ftalks near four feet
high, clofely garnifhed with linear fpear-fhaped
leaves which are hairy ; the ftalks are terminated by
-pretty large bunches of yellow flowers, formed in a
corymbus. Thefe appear in Odtober, and frequently
continue more than two months, which renders the
plant ' more valuable.
This is too tender to thrive in the open, air in this
country, fo the plants fhould be kept in pots ; and
if in the winter they are placed in a common frame,
where they may have a large fn are of free air in mild
weather, .and fcreened from hard frofts, they will
thrive better than with tender treatment. It is eafily
propagated by cuttings, which, if planted in May,
will readily put out roots, and the young plants will
flower the autumn following.
ERIN.U S. Lin. Gen. Plant. 689. Ageratum. Tourn.
Lift. R. H. 651. tab. 422.
The Characters are.
The flower hath a permanent empalement , compofed of
five leaves , which are equals it hath one petal which is
tnbulous , and of the ringent kind , cut into five equal feg-
ments , which fpread open , three fianding upward from the
upper lip , and two turn downward. It hath four fiamina
Jituated within the tube , two of which are a little longer
than the other, terminated by fmall fummits. In the bot-
tom of the tube is Jituated the oval germen , fupporting a
floor t fiyle , crowned by a head-fhaped fligma. 'The ger-
men afterward becomes an oval capfule , covered by the
empalement , having two cells filled with [mail feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond feftion
of Linnaeus’s fourteenth clafs, which includes thofe
plants whofe flowers have two long and two fhort
ftamina, and their feeds growing in a capfule. Tour-
nefort has it in his appendix, but it fhould be placed
in his third clafs, and the fifth feftion, which con-
tains the plants with an anomalous tubulous flower of
one leaf.
The Species are,
1, Erinus ( Alpinus ) floribus racemofis. Lin. Sp. Plant.
630. Erinus with branching flowers. Ageratum ferra-
tuii, Alpinum, glabrum, flore purpuralcente. Tourn.
-R. H. 651. Smooth flawed Alpine Ageratum, having a
inirplijh flower.
2. * ibT in us (T mentofus) tomentofus, caulibus procum-
ERI
bentibtis, floribus feffilibus axillaribus. Woolly Erinus
with trailing ftalks, and flowers fitting clofe to their fide s.
Ageratum Americanum procumbens, gnaphalii fa-
cie, floribus ad foliorum nodos. Houft. MSS. Trailing
American Ageratum with the appearance of. Cudweed ,
and flowers 'growing at the knots of the leaves.
3. Erinus ( Americanus ) caule eredto, foliis lance.olatis
oppofitis, floribus laxe fpicatis terminalibus. Erinus
with an upright ftalk, fpear-Jhaped leaves placed oppofite ,
and flowers growing in loofle [pikes, terminating the ftalks.
Ageratum Americanum eredum fpicatum, flore pur-
pureo. Houft. MSS. Upright American Ageratum with
fpikes of purple flowers.
4. Erinus ( Frutefcens ) caule eredo fruticofo, foliis ova-
to-lanceolatis ferratis, alternis, ^floribus axillaribus.
Erinus with a Jhrubby erebi ftalk , oval , fpear-fhaped,
flawed leaves placed alternate, and flowers on the fides of
the ftalk. Ageratum frutefcens, foliis dentatis lath
oribus, villofum. Houft. MSS. Shrubby hoary Ameri-
can Ageratum with broad indented leaves.
5. Erinus ( Verticillatus ) caule ramofo procumbente, fo-
liis ovatis ferratis glabris oppofitis, floribus verticilla-
tis. Erinus with a branching trailing ftalk , oval, fmooth ,
flawed leaves placed oppofite, and flowers growing in
whorls round the ftalks. Ageratum Americanum pro-
cumbens, foliis fubrotundis ferratis glabris. Houft.
MSS. Trailing American Ageratum with roundijh, fmooth,
flawed leaves.
6. Erinus ( Procumbens ) caulibus procumbentibus, fo-
liis ovatis glabris, floribus fingulis alaribus, pedun-
culis longioribus. Erinus with trailing ftalks, oval
fmooth leaves, and Jingle flowers on the fides of the ftalks,
having longer foot-flalks. Ageratum Americanum,
procumbens, glabrum, floribus luteis, longis pedicu-
lis infidentibus. Houft. MSS. Smooth trailing Ameri-
can Ageratum, with yellow flowers fitting upon long foot-
flalks.
The firft fort grows naturally upon the Alps and Hel-
vetian mountains : this is a very low plant, whofe
leaves lie clofe to the ground, growing in clofe tufts.;
they are about half an inch long, and one eighth of
an inch broad, fawed on their edges, and of a dark
green ; between thefe arifes the flower-ftalk, which is
fcarce two inches high, fupporting a loofe bunch of
purple flowers, which ftand ered. Thefe appear in
May, and fometimes are fucceeded by ripe feeds in
J u )y-
It is propagated by parting the roots ; the belt time
for this is in autumn ; they muft have a fhady fitua-
tion and a loamy foil without dung, for in rich earth
thefe plants are very fubjed to rot.
The fecond fort was fent me by the late Dr. Houf-
toun from La Vera Cruz, where he found it growing
naturally. This fends out feveral trailing ftalks about
fix inches long, which are clofely garnifhed with fmall
oval leaves, placed on every fide ; they are very
white and woolly, and at the joints juft above the
leaves come out the flowers, fitting very clofe to the
ftalks ; thefe are white, and are fucceeded by round
capfules, having two cells, filled with fmall feeds :
this plant has great refemblance at a diftance to the
Sea Cudweed.
The third fort was difcovered by Dr. Houftoun, in
the fame country with the former : this hath an up-
right ftalk two feet high, garnifhed with fpear-fhaped *
leaves placed oppofite ; and toward the top of the
ftalk is produced two fmaller branches placed oppofite,
which ftand erect ; and thefe, as alfo the middle ftalk,
are terminated by loofe fpikes of purple flowers,
which are fucceeded by oval feed-veffels, filled with
fmall feeds.
The fourth fort rifes with a fhrubby ftalk about four
feet high, dividing into feveral fmall branches, which
are hairy; thefe are garnifhed with oval fpear-fhaped
leaves, deeply fawed on their edges ; they are placed
alternate, and have pretty long foot-ftalks. The
flowers come out from the fide of the ftalks, fome-
times Angle, at other times two or three at a joint,
fitting clofe to the ftalks ; they are white, and are fuc-
ceeded by round feed-veffels, filled with fmall feeds.
The
' 0 '
I
1
E R I
The fifth fort fends out many trailing fmooth ftalks,
which branch out very much on every fide ; they
grow about feven or eight inches long, and are gar-
nifhed with fmall oval leaves placed oppofite. The
flowers come out in whorls, fitting very clofe to the
ftalks ; they are white, and make but little appear-
ance •, thefe are fucceeded by round capfules, filled
with fmall feeds.
The fixth fort fends out feveral trailing ftalks about
fix inches long, which divide into many fmaller
branches ; thefe are garnifhed with fmall oval leaves,
ftanding oppofite. The flowers come out fingly from
the fide of the ftalk ; they are of a bright yellow, and
ftand on long flender foot-ftalks ; thefe are fucceeded
•by oval feed-veffels, filled with fmall feeds.
The fourth fort is a perennial fhrubby plant, which
will continue feveral years, if kept in a warm ftove ;
but the fecond, third, fifth, and fixth forts are annual,
decaying foon after they have perfected their feeds-.
Thefe are propagated by feeds, which fhould be fowrl
in pots filled with light earth, and plunged into a mo-
derate hot-bed, where fometimes the plants will come
up in five or fix weeks, and at other times the feeds
do not vegetate till the following fpring ; this hap-
pens frequently when the feeds have been kept long
after they were gathered. When the plants are fit to
remove, they fhould be each planted in a feparate
fmall pot filled with light earth, not too rich with
dung, and then plunged into a hot-bed of tanners
bark. When they have taken new root, they fhould
be treated in the fame way as other plants from thofe
countries, by admitting proper air to them at all times
when the weather is warm, and frequently refrefhing
them with water : with this management the annual
forts will flower in July and Auguft, and frequently
ripen their feeds in autumn, if the plants are brought
forward early in the fpring, otherwife the winter will
come on before their feeds ripen.
The fhrubby kind muft be placed in the bark-ftove
' in autumn, and during the winter the plants fhould
be frequently refrefhed with water, but it muft not
be given them in large quantities, nor too often re-
peated in cold weather, for moifture will then deftroy
them ; the fecon<J year the plants will flower and per-
■f-./a /» p « I* | pp/-4 q
ERIOCEPHALUS. Dill. Hort. Elth. no. Lin.
Gen. Plant. 890.
The Characters are.
It hath a radiated flower , compofed of female half flo-
rets which form the rays , and hermaphrodite florets , which
form the difk thefe are included in one common fcaly em-
palement. The hermaphrodite florets are funnel-fhaped ,
and cut into five parts at the brim , which fpread open ;
thefe have five Jhort hairy flamina , terminated by cylindri-
cal fummits ; they have a fmall naked germen , fupporting
a fingle ftyle , crowned by a pointed ftigma ; thefe are bar-
ren. The female florets have their petals fir etched out
cn one fide like a tongue , which is divided at the end into
three fmall lobes ; thefe have no flamina , but an oval
naked germen , with a fingle ftyle , crowned by an inflexed
ftigma ; thefe have one naked feed, fitting on the naked plain
receptacle.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fourth fection
of Linnsus’s nineteenth clafs, which includes thofe
plants with compound flowers, whole hermaphrodite
florets are barren, and the female half florets are
fruitful.
We know but one Species of this genus, viz.
Eriocephalus ( Africanus .) Lin. Sp. Plant. 926. We
have no proper title for this in Englifh. Eriocepha-
lus fempervirens, foliis fafciculatis & digitatis. Hort.
Elth. 132. Evergreen Eriocephalus with fingered leaves
growing in bunches.
This plant hath a fhrubby ftalk, which rifes from
four to fix feet high, putting out many fide branches
the whole length, clofely garnifhed with woolly
leaves, which come out in clufters •, fome of thefe
are taper and entire, others are divided into three or
five parts, which fpread open like a hand; they have
a ftrong fmell when bruifed, approaching to that of
E R U
Lavender Cotton, but not quite fo rank. The flowers
are produced in fmall clufters at the extremity of the
branches, ftanding ere£t ; they are tubulous. The
female florets which compofe the rays, form a hol-
low, in the middle of which the hermaphrodite flow-
ers are fituated which form the difk. The border
is white, with a little reddifh caft on the infide, and
the difk is of a purplifh colour. The flowers appear
in autumn, but are not fucceeded by feeds in this
country.
This plant is propagated by cuttings, which may be
planted any time from May to the middle of Auguft,
for if they are planted later in the feafon, there will
not be time for them to get good root before the
v/inter ; thefe cuttings fhould be planted in fmall pois
filled with light earth, and plunged into a very mo-
derate hot-bed, where they fhould be fhaded from
the fun till they have taken root ; thefe muft be re-
frefhed with water two or three times a week, but
they fhould not have too much at each time, for
much moifture is very hurtful to thefe plants. When
the cuttings have taken root, they fhould be gradu-
ally inured to the open air, to prevent their fhoots
from being drawn up weak ; afterward they fhould
be removed into the open air, and placed in a fhel-
tered fituation, where they may remain till O&ober*
when they muft be removed into an airy glafs-cafe,
that they may have as much fun as poffible, and en-
joy the free air in mild weather, but fecured from
froft and damp air, either of which will foon deftroy
them. During the winter they muft be fparingly wa-
tered, for the reafon before given ; but, in the fum-
mer, when the plants are placed in the open air, they
will require to be frequently refrefhed with water in
hot weather.
Thefe plants retain their leaves all the year, fo
they add to the variety of exotics in the winter
feafon.
ERUCA. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 226. tab. hi, Braf-
fica. Lin. Gen. 734. Rocket; inErench, Roquette.
The Characters are.
The empalement of the flower is compofed of four oblong
leaves , which ftand erebl , forming a tube. The flower
hath four oblong petals , placed in form of a crofs , which
are rounded at their ends , where they are broad , but
narrow at their bafe , and are much longer than the em-
palement. It hath fix flamina , four of which are a little
longer than the empalement ; the other two are floor ter,
terminated by acute fegments. It hath an oblong taper get*
men , fupporting a Jhort ftyle , crowned by an obtufe bifid
ftigma. The germen afterward becomes a taper-cornered
pod with two cells , filled with roundijh feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fe&ion
of Linnaeus’s fifteenth clafs, which includes the plants
whofe flowers have four long and two fhort flamina,
and their feeds are contained in long pods. Dr.
Linnaeus has joined the common Rocket to his ge-
nus of Braffica, and fome of the other fpecies he has
diftributed under his other genera ; but as the com-
mon Rocket has been long eftablifhed as an officinal
plant, I chufe to continue this genus by its old
title.
The Species are,
1. Eruca ( Sativa ) foliis pirinato-laciniatis, laciiiiis ex-
terioribus majoribus. Rocket with wing-Jhaped jagged
leaves , whofe outer fegments are the largeft. Eruca fa-
tiva major annua, flore albo ftriato. J. B. 2. 859.
Greater Garden annual Rocket with a White ftriped
flowet.
2. Eruca {Belli dis folia) foliis lanceolatis, .pinnato-den-
tatis, cauie nudo fimplici. Rocket with fpear-fhapeft
leaves which are indented , and a naked fingle ftalk. E-
ruca bellidis folio. Mor. Hift. 2. 231. Rocket with a
Daify leaf.
3. Eruca {Petennis) foliis pinnatis glabris, cauie ramo-
fo, fioribus terminalibus. Rocket with winged fmooth
leaves , and a branching ftalk terminated by flowers. Eruca
tenuifolia perennis, flore luteo. J. B. 2. 861. Narrow -
leaved perennial Rocket 'with a yellow flower.
ERU
4 * Eruca ( Aflpera ) foliis dentato-pinnatifidis hirfutis,
caule hiipido, filiquis iasvibus. Rocket with indented,
wing-pointed , hairy leaves , « rough ft alk, and fmooth
pods. Eruea fylveftris, major, lutea, caule afpero.
C. B. P. 98. Greater wild Sajfron^-coloared Rocket with
a rough ft alk. \
5. Eruca ( Renacetifolia ) foliis pinnatis, foliolis lanceo-
latis pinnatifidis. Prod. Leyd. 342. Rocket with winged
leaves, whcfe lobes ' are fp ear -Jh aped and wing-pointed.
Eruca Tenacetifolia. H. R. Par. Rocket with aRarifey
leaf.
6. Eruca fViminia) foliis fmuato-pinnatis, feflilibus,
caule ramofo. Rocket with wing-Jhaped finuated leaves
fitting clofe to the fialks , which are branching. Eruca
Sicula burfse paftoris folio. C. B. P. 98. Sicilian Rocket
with, a Shepherd's Purfe leaf.
The firft fort is an annual plant, which was formerly
much cultivated in the gardens as a fallad herb, but
at prefent is little known here, for it has been long
rejected on account of its ftrong ungrateful fmell.
It Hands in the lift of medicinal plants, but at pre-
sent is feldom ufed, though it is reckoned a provoca-
tive and a good diuretic. If it is propagated for fal-
lads, the feeds fhould be fown in drills, in the fame
manner as is ufually pradtifed for other fmall fallad
herbs; for it muft be eaten young, otherwife it will
be too ftrong for molt palates. The winter and fpring
feafons are the times when this herb is ufed ; for
when it is fown in the fummer, the plants foon run up
to feed, and are then too rank. Where it is culti-
vated for the feed, which is fometimes ufed in medi-
cine, they fhould be fown in March, on an open fpot
of ground ; and when the plants have put out four
leaves, the ground fhould be hoed to deftroy the
iveeds, and the plants muft be thinned, fo as to leave
them three or four inches afunder; and in about five
or fix weeks after, the ground fhould be a fecond time
hoed to deftroy the weeds, which, if well performed,
will prevent them from growing to injure the plants,
dll the feeds are ripe-, when the plants fhould be
drawn up, and fpread upon a cloth in the fun for two
or three days to dry, then the feeds may be beaten
but of the pods, and put up for ufe.
The fecond fort grows naturally in the fouth of France
and Italy, -where it is often eaten as a fallad herb ;
this hath many fpear-fhaped leaves arifing from the
root, which are four or five inches long, and one inch
broad in the middle, regularly indented on their
edges, and fpread on the ground ; the ftalks are fingle,
and rife about a foot high ; they are naked, feldom
having more than one leaf, which is fituated at the
bottom ; the flowers grow in loofe bunches on the
top of the ftalks, which are fucceeded by pods two
inches long, having two cells filled with fmall round
feeds. This is an annual plant, which may be pro-
pagated by feeds in the fame manner as the former.
The third fort grows naturally about Paris, and in
many other parts of Europe the leaves of this are
narrow, and regularly divided like a winged leaf ; the
ftalks branch out upward, and are terminated by loofe
fp.ikes of yellow flowers. This hath a perennial root,
and an annual ftalk.
The fourth fort grows naturally upon old walls and
buildings in many parts of England, where it con-
tinues flowering all the fummer, but is rarely admitted
into gardens. It is fometimes .ufed in medicine, for
which reafon I have here mentioned it.
The fifth fort grows naturally about Turin, from whence
I received the feeds. This hath fine divided leaves,
fomewhat like thofe of Tanfey, but are of a hoary
green colour •, the ftalks rife a foot and a half high,
which are* fully garnifhed with leaves of the fame
form, but gradually diminifh in their fize upward ;
the flowers are produced in clufters at the top of the
ftalks, they are fmall, and of a pale yellow colour ;
thefe are fucceeded by Tender taper pods two inches
long, which contain two rows of fmall round feeds.
The. fixth fort grows naturally in Italy and Spain 5
this is an annual plant, with many oblong leaves,
which are fmooth and regularly finuated on their fides,
E R V
In form of a winged leaf;, they are five or fix inches
long, and one inch and a half broad, of a light green,
having a hot biting tafte ; the ftalks rife about a foot
high, they are ftrong, and divide into feveral branches;
thefe are garnifhed with a fingle leaf at each joint’
ftiaped like thofe below, but fmaller. The flowers
are produced in loofe clufters at the end of the
branches ; thefe are white, and near as large as thofe of
the Garden Rocket, and are fucceeded by taper pods
three inches long* containing two rows of round feeds.
Thefe plants are preferved in fome gardens for the
fake of variety, therefore they are here mentioned j
and thofe who are inclined to cultivate them, may do
it by fowing their feeds on a bed of light earth in an
open fttuation ; and when the plants come up, they
will require no other culture but to thin them, and
keep them clear from weeds. They flower in June
and July, and their feeds ripen in Auguft.
ERUC AGO. See Bunias.
ER VUM. Lin. Gen. Plant. 784. Tourn. Lift. R. H.
398. tab. 221. Bitter Vetch.
The Characters are,
Rhe empalement of the flower is divided into five equal
parts , which end in acute points ; the flower is of the
butterfly kind , having a large , roundifh , plain ftandard,
two obtufle wings half the length of theft an dard, and a
floor ter keel which is pointed. It hath ten ftamina , nine
joined , and one funding feparate , terminated bv fingle
fummits. It hath an oblong germen , fupporting "a rifmg
ftyle, crowned by an obtufle ftigma. Rhe germen afterward
becomes an oblong taper pod, jointed between each feed.
This genus of plants is ranged in the third feftion of
Linnaeus’s feventeenth clafs, which includes thofe
plants with a butterfly flower, with ten ftamina fepa-
rated in two bodies. To this genus Dr. Linnaeus
has joined the Lens of Tournefort, and fome fpecies
of Vida. The difference which he makes between
Vicia and Ervum is only in their ftigmas, that of
Vicia having an obtufe ftigma, bearded on the under
fide, and that of the Ervum is fmooth.
The Species are,
1. Ervum ( Ervilia ) germinibus undato-plicatis foliis
impari pinnatis. Hort. Upfal. 224. Ervum whofe ger-
mens are waved and folded , and unequal winged leaves.
Ervum verum. Camer. Hort. Rhe true Bitter Vetch.
2. Ervum [Lens'] peduneulis fubbifloris leminibus com-
preflis convexis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 738. Ervum with
foot-ftalks having two flowers, and compreffed feeds which
are convex. Lens vulgaris. C. B. P. 346. Common
Lentils.
3. Ervum ( Monanthos ) peduneulis unifloris. Lin. Sp,
Plant. 738. Ervum with one flower on each foot-ftalk.
Lens monanthos. H. L. 360. One flowered Lentil.
4. Ervum ( Retraflpermum ) peduneulis fubbifloris, femE
nibus globofis quaternis. Flor. Suec. 606. Ervum with
two flowers on each foot-ftalk, and four globular feeds in
each pod. Vicia fegetum fmgularibus filiquis glabris.
C. B. P. 345. Corn Vetch with fingle fmooth pods.
5. Ervum ( Hirfutum ) peduneulis mujtifloris, feminibus
globofis binis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 738. Ervum having
many flowers on a foot-ftalk, and two globular feeds in
each pod. Vicia fegetum, cum filiquis plurimis hir-
futis. C. B. P. 345. Corn-Vetch having many hairy pods.
The firft fort grows naturally in Italy and Spain i
it is an annual plant, which rifes with angular weak
ftalks a foot and a half high, garnifhed at each joint
with one winged leaf, compofed of fourteen or fif-
teen pair of lobes, very like thofe of the Vetch, but
narrower ; the flowers come out from the fide of the
ftalks, on foot-ftalks an inch long, each fuftaining
two pale-coloured flowers, which are fucceeded by
fhort pods a little comprefied, each having three or
four round feeds ; the pods fwell at the: place where
each feed is lodged, fo that it is called a jointed pod
by many. The feeds of this plant ground to flour
is fometimes ufed in medicine ; and the green herb
is ufed for feeding of cattle in fome countries, but it
is not worth cultivating for that purpofe in England,
The fecond. fort is the common Lentil, which is cul-
tivated in. many parts of England,, either as. fodder
3 for
El Y
for cattle, or for the feeds, which are frequently ufed
for meagre foups. This is alfo an annual plant, and
is cne of the leaf! of the pulfe kind, which is cul-
tivated : it rifes with weak ftalks a foot and a half
high, garnifned with winged leaves' at each joint,
compofed of feveral pair of narrow lobes, terminated
by a tendril or clafper, which fallens to any neigh-
bouring plant, and is thereby fupported ; the flowers
come out upon Abort foot-ftalks from the fide of the
branches ; they are fmall, of a pale purple colour,
three or four Handing upon a foot-ftalk ; thefe are
iucceeded by fhort flat pods, containing two or three
feeds, which are flat, round, and a little convex in
the middle. The flowers appear in May, and the
feeds ripen in July. The feeds of this plant are com-
monly fown in March, where the land is dry, but in
nroift ground the bell time is in April. The ufual
quantity of feed allowed to an acre of land, is from
one bufhel and a half to two bufhels. If thefe are
fown in drills in the fame manner as Peas, they will
lucceed better than when they are fown in broad call :
the drills fhould be a foot and a half afunder, to al-
low room for the Dutch hoe to clean the ground be-
tween them •, for if the weeds are permitted to grow
among them, they will get above the Lentils and
itarve them. The feeds of thefe will ripen in July,
when the plants fliould be cut and dried, and after-
ward the feeds fliould be threfhed out for ufe.
The feeds of Lentils are frequently the common food
of the poorer fort of people in forne of the iflands of
the Archipelago, and other warm countries, when
they can meet with no better fare ; for thefe they
loath, when they have better food, from whence
came the proverb. Dives faStus jam dijit gaudere
lente ; which is applied to thofe who fpurn at thofe
things in eafy circumftances, which they were glad of
in a low condition.
There is another fort of Lentil which has been cul-
tivated of late years in England, by the title of
French LentiL This is the Lens major of Cafpar
Bauhin, and is undoubtedly a different fpecies from
the common, being twice the fize, both in plant and
feed, and conllantly produces the fame from feeds,
though they do not differ much in their chara£ters,
but this is much better worth cultivating than the
other. This pulfe is frequently called Tills in many
parts of England.
The third fort is very like the common Lentil, but
differs from it, in having but one flower on each
foot-ftalk, whereas tfie other has three or four, but
in other refpefts is the fame, fo may be cultivated in
the fame manner.
The fourth and fifth forts are fmall annual Vetches,
which grow naturally among the Wheat and Rye in
many parts of England, fo are not admitted into gar-
dens ; they are only mentioned here as weeds, which
may be eafily rooted out of the fields, if they are cut
Up when they begin to flower, and not permitted to
ripen their feeds •, for as they have annual roots, fo if
they do not fcatter their feeds, they may be foon
deftroyed.
ERVUM ORIENTALE. See Sophora.
ERYNGIUM. Lin. Gen. Plant. 287. Tourn. Inft.
R. H. 327. tab. 173. Sea Holly, or Eryngo.
The Characters are,
It hath many fmall flowers fitting upon one common conical
receptacle , whofe involuerkm is compofed of feveral plain
leaves the flowers have a five-leaved erebi empalement ,
coloured on the upper fide, fitting upon the germen thefe
form a raitndifh general umbel , which is uniform. The
flowers have five oblong petals , which are turned inward
at top and bottom , and five erebi hairy ftamina , ftanding
above the flowers , terminated by oblong funmits under
the ernpalerncnt is fit anted a prickly germen, fnpporting two
fender ftyles, crowned by Jingle ftigmas. fhe ger'men af-
terward becomes an oval fruit divided in two parts, each
having one oblong taper feed.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fedtion
of Linnaeus’s fifth clafs, which includes .thofe plants
whole flowers have five ftamina. and two ftyles.
E E ¥
Ifhe Species are,
1. Eryngium ( Marithnim ) foliis radicalibus fubrdtuft-
dis plicatis fpinofis, capitulis peduncuiatis. Hort,
Cliff. 8 7. Sea Holly whofe lower leaves are folded, roundifio ,
and prickly, and flower-heads having foot-ftalks . Eryn-
gium maritimum. C. B. P. 386. Sea Holly, or Eryngo .
2. Eryngium ( Campfire ) foliis amplexicaulibus pinnato
laciniatis. Hort. Cliff. 87. Sea Holly whofe leaves em-
brace the ftalks , and are cut like winged leaves . Eryngium
vulgare. C. B. P. 386. Common' Eryngo,
3. Eryngium ( Planum) foliis radicalibus ovalibus planis
crenatis, capitulis peduncuiatis. Hort. Cliff. 87. Sea
Holly whofe lower leaves are plain-, oval, and crenated,
with flower-heads having foot-ftalks. Eryngium latifo-
lium planum. C. B, P. 386. Broad-leaved plain Eryngo %
4. Eryngium ( Amethyftinum ) foliis trifidis bafi fubpin-
natis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 33 7. Eryngo with trifid leaves,
and thofe at the bafle winged. Eryngium montanum
amethyftinum. C. B. P. 386. Purple Violet-coloured
Mountain Eryngo.
5. Eryngium ( Pallefcente ) foliis radicalibus roturtdato-
multifidis, capitulis peduncuiatis. Eryngo whofe lower
leaves are roundijh and multifid , having foot-ftalks to the
heads of flowers. Eryngium Alpinum amethyftinum,
capitulo majore pallefcente. Tourn. Inft. 328. Alpine
Eryngo with a large pale-coloured head.
6. Eryngium ( Orientale ) foliis radicalibus pinriatis,
ferrato-fpinofis, foliolis trifidis. Eryngo whofe lower
leaves are winged, fpiny indented, and the fnaller ones tri-
fid. Eryngium Orientale, foliis trifidis. T. Cor. 23.
Oriental Eryngo with trifid leaves.
7. Eryngium ( Aquaticum ) foliis gladiatis lerrato-fpinofis,
floralibus indivifis caule flmplici. -Lin. Sp. Plant. 336.
Eryngo with fword-Jhaped leaves which are fpiny and in-
dented, and the upper ones entire. Eryngium foliis gla-
diolatis utrinque laxe ferratis, denticulis fubulatis.
Lin. Hort. Cliff. 88. American Sea Holly with leaves like
the Aloe, lightly flawed, commonly called Raitlefnake JVeed
in America.
8. Erync-ium ( Pvfillum ) foliis radicalibus oblongis in-
cifis, caule dichotomo, capitulis feftilibus. Horti
Cliff. 87. Eryngo with oblong lower leaves which are cut,
a ftalk divided by pairs, and heads fitting clofe. Eryn-
gium planum minus. C. B. P. 386. Lejfier plain Eryngo .
9. Eryngium ( Alpinum ) foliis radicalibus cordatis ob-
longis, caulinis pinnatifidis, capitulo fubcylindrico.
Lin. Sp. Plant. 233. Eryngo with oblong, heart-fhaped,
lower leaves, thofe upon the ftalks wing-pointed , and cy-
lindrical heads. Eryngium Alpinum casruleum, capi-
tulis difpaci. C. B. P. 386. Blue Alpine Eryngo with
heads like the Deaf el.
10. Eryngium ( Fcetidum ) foliis radicalibus fubenfifor-
mibus ferratis floralibus multifidis caule dichotomo.
Lin. Sp. Plant. 336. Eryngo with fword-Jhaped lower
leaves having fpiny Jaws, the upper leaves ending in many
points. Eryngium foliis anguftis ferratis fcetidum.
Sloan. Cat. Jam. 127. Stinking Eryngo having narrow
fawed leaves, commonly called Feverweed.
The firft of thefe fpecies grows in great plenty on the
fandy and gravelly fhores in divers parts of England*
the roots of which are candied, and fent to London
for medicinal ufe, and is the true Eryngo. This hath
creeping roots, which run deep into the ground ; the
leaves are roundifh, ftiff, and of a gray colour, fet with
fharpfpines on the edges. The ftalks rife afoot high,
and divide upward into two or three imaller branches j
they are fmooth, and garnifhed ateachjointwith leaves
of the fame form as the lower, but fmaller, which
embrace the ftalks with their bafe ; at the end of the
branches come out the flowers in roundifh prickly
heads ; under each is fituated a range of narrow, ftiff,
prickly leaves, fpreading like the rays of a ftar ; the
flowers are of a whitifh blue colour. They appear in
July, and the ftalks decay in autumn.
This fort will grow in a garden, if the roots are
planted in a gravelly foil, and produce their flowers
annually ; but the roots will not grow near fo large
or fltihy as thofe which grow on the fea-fhore, where
they are flowed with felt water. The beft time to.
tranfpiant thtf roots is in autumn, when their leaves
decay 5,
t
£ R Y
decay ; the young roots are much better to remove
than the old, becaufe they are furnifhed with fibres,
fo will readily take root : when thefe are fixed in the
ground, they fhould remain unremoved ; and if they
are kept clean from weeds, it is all the culture they
will require.
The fecond fort grows naturally in feveral parts of
.England, where it is a very troublefome weed, for
the roots run deep into the ground, fo are not eafily
deftroyed by the plough ; and they fpread and mul-
tiply greatly in the ground, to the prejudice of
whatever i§ fown or planted on the land, therefore it
is not admitted into gardens.
The third fort makes a very pretty appearance when
it is in flower, efpecially that with the blue ftalks and
flowers, for there is a variety of this with white flow-
ers and ftalks but as this doth not fpread at the
root, but keeps within bounds, fo a few of the plants
fhould be allowed a place in the pleafure-garden. This
is propagated by feeds, which, if fown in the autumn,
will more certainly fucceed than when it is fown in
the fpring, for the latter commonly remains in the
ground a year before they vegetate •, and if the feeds
, are fown where the plants are to remain, they will
flower ftronger than thofe which are tranfplanted ; for
as they have long downright roots', fo thefe are com-
monly broken in taking out of the ground, which
.greatly weaken the plants. The culture they require
is to thin them \yhere they are too near, keep them
dean from weeds, and dig the ground about them
every fpring before they fhoot.
The ftalks of this fort will rife from two to three
feet high, the lower leaves are oval and plain •, thofe
of the white fort are of a lighter green than thofe of
the blue ; the upper part of the ftalks of the v/hite
are of that colour, thofe of the blue are of the colour
of amethyft ; the ftalks divide upward, where they
are garnifhed with leaves divided into many points
ending with fpines f the flowers are produced in oval
heads at the top of the ftalk, Handing upon feparate
foot-ftalks. The flowers come out in July, and the
feeds ripen in September.
The fourth fort grows naturally upon the mountains
of Syria, and alfo upon the Apennines. The lower
leaves of this fort are divided like the fingers of a
hand, into five or fix fegments, which are very much
cut at their extremities into many parts, and have
fmall fpines ; the ftalk rifes about two feet high, gar-
nifhed with fmaller and more divided leaves ; the
tipper part of the ftalk, and alfo the heads of flowers,
are of the fineft amethyft colour, fo that they make
a very fine appearance. This fort flowers in July,
and when the autumn proves dry, their feeds will
ripen in September, but in wet feafons the feeds never
ripen in England. This is propagated by feeds in the
fame manner as the former fort.
The fifth fort has been fuppofed by many, to be only
a variety of the fourth ; but I have propagated it by
feeds more than thirty years, without finding the leaft
alteration, fo that I make no doubt of its being a
diftiruft fpecies. The lower leaves of this are very
much divided, and the extremity of the fegments
form an oval or circle ; thefe are divided into many
line parts, which end in fpines ; they are of a whitifh
gray in the middle; and green on the borders. The
ftalks rife about two feet high, garniflied at the joints
with fmaller leaves which are finely cut ; the flowers
terminate the ftalk, they are of a light blue colour,
and grow in larger heads than either of the former
forts. It flowers in June and July, and the feeds
ripen in autumn. This grows naturally on the Alps ;
it is a perennial plant, and may be propagated by
feeds in the fame manner as the former.
The fixth fort was difcovered by Dr. Tournefort in
the Levant, from whence he fent the feeds to the
royal garden at Paris. This hath a perennial root,
the lower leaves are regularly divided into feven or
nine parts to the midrib, as the other winged leaves ;
thefe fegments are fawed on their edges, which end
in fharp thorns. The ftalks rife two feet high.
£ R Y
fending out fide branches, garniflied with ft iff leaves,
which are divided into narrower fegments than the
lower, and are terminated by three points. The flow-
ers terminate the ftalks, fitting clofe among the leaves,
and are of a fine blue, as are alfo the leaves on the
upper part of the ftalks, fo they make a pretty ap-
pearance. This flowers in July, but feldom ripens
feeds in England. It is propagated in the fame manner
as the three former forts, and the plants require the
fame treatment.
The feventh fort grows naturally in Virginia and Ca-
rolina, where it is titled Rattlefnake Weed, from its
virtues of curing the bite of that venomous reptile.
This hath a perennial root, from which arife feveral
long leaves, which are fawed on their edges, ending
ih fpines ; thefe leaves are difpofed round the root,
after the fame form of the Aloe or Yucca •, they are
of a gray colour, a foot long or more, and one: inch
and a half broad, ftiff, and end in fpines. The ftalk
is ftrong, grows two feet high, dividing upward into
fevera) foot-ftalks, each being terminated by an oval
head of flowers, fhaped like thofe of the former forts ;
they are white, with a little caft of pale blue., Th's
fort flowers in July, but unlefs the feafon is Very
warm, the feeds will not ripen in England.
This fort is propagated by feeds, which, if fown in
pots and plunged into a moderate hot-bed, the plants
will come up much fooner than thofe which are fown
in the full ground, whereby they will be much
ftronger before the winter. When the plants are fit
to remove, they fliould be each planted in a feparate
fmall pot, filled with light earth •, and if they are
plunged into a moderate hot-bed, it will forward
their taking root ; then they muft be gradually inured
to bear the open air, into which they may be re-
moved toward the latter end of May,: and placed
among other hardy exotic plants. When the plants
have filled thefe pots with their roots, lome of them
may be fliaken out, and planted in a warm border ;
the others may be put into larger pots, and in the
autumn placed under a common frame, where they
may be expofed to the free air in mild weather, but
flickered from fevere froft : the following fpring thefe
may be turned out of the pots, and planted ih a
warm fltuation, where they will endure the cold of
our ordinary winters very well ; and if in fevere froft
they are covered with Straw, Peas-haulm, or any
fuch light covering, it will fecure them from injury.
The eighth fort grows naturally in Spain and Italy.
This puts out oblong plain leaves from the root,
which are cut on their edges ; the ftalks rife about a
foot high, and branch out into many forked divifions,
which are regular, and at each of thefe divifions is
fituated a fmall head of flowers, fitting very clofe be-
tween the branches, Thefe have no great beauty, fo
the plants are feldom cultivated in gardens, except
for the fake of variety.
The ninth fort grows naturally on the mountains of
Helvetia and Italy. The root is perennial, the lower
leaves are oblong, heart-lhaped, and plain ; the ftalks
rife from two to three feet high, branching out on
their fides upward; thefe are garniflied with ftiff leaves,
which are deeply divided, ending in many points with
fharp fpines ; the flowers terminate the ftalks, they
are collected into conical heads, and are of a light
blue colour, as are alfo the upper part of the ftalks.
This flowers in July, and the feeds are ripe in Sep-
tember ; it is propagated by feeds in the fame manner
as the other forts.
The tenth fort grows naturally in the Weft-Indies,
where it is much ufed in medicine, being accounted
of great fervice in the cure of fevers, from whence it
hath the appellation of Feverweed in thofe countries.
The roots of this plant are ccmpofed of many fmall
fibres,. which fpread near the furface ; the lower leaves
are fix or feven inches long ; they are narrow at their
bafe, and enlarge upward to an inch in breadth near
the top, where they are rounded off on one fide like
a fcymitar ; they are finely fawed on their edges, and
arc of a light green colour ; the ftalk rifes about a
\
E R Y
foot high, and fpreads out into many branches, gar-
nifhed with fmail leaves, which end in ma.ny points^
the flowers are produced in imali heads wmch fit clole
to the ftalks, coming out at every divifion of the
ftalks, and at the end of the branches ; thefe are of
a dull white colour, fo make little appearance. They
aopear in June and July, and the feeds ripen in autumn.
As this plant is a native of hot countries, fo it will
not thrive in England, but in a warm ftove. It is
propagated by feeds, which muft be fown on a hot-
bed •, and when the plants are fit to remove, they
ihould be each planted into a fmail pot, and plunged
into the bark-bed, and afterward treated like other
tender plants from the fame country ; the fecond year
they will produce flowers and feeds, foon after which
they commonly decay.
ERYSIMUM. Lin. Gen. Plant. 729. Tourn. Init.
R. EL 228. tab. hi. [’Es'j<nf/.o!/, of e^uw, Gr. to draw
out, becaufe this plant, by means of its hot quality,
has the quality of drawing any thing out of the body
in which it lies hid.] Hedge-Muftard ; in French,
Velar , or 'Tor telle.
The Characters are.
The empalement of the flower is compofed of four oblong ,
eval, coloured leaves ■, the flower hath four petals, placed
inform of a crofs thefe are oblong , plain , and obtufle ■,
it hath two ne Various glands, fituated between the ftamina.
It hath fix fiamina , four of which are the length of the
mpalement , the other two are a little floor ter, terminated
ly Jingle fummits. It hath a very narrow four-cornered
germen as long as the ftamina, with a Jhortftyle, crowned
by a fmail permanent ftigma-, the germen afterward becomes
a long , narrow , four-cornered pod with two cells , filled
with fmail round feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond feflion
of Linnaeus’s fifteenth clafs, which includes thofe
plants whofe flowers have four long and two fhort
ftamina, and the feeds are included in long pods.
The Species are,
1. Erysimum (Officinale) filiquis fpic$ adpreffis foliis
runcinatis. Hort. Cliff. 337. Hedge Muft ard whofe pods
are prefled clofe to the fpikes. Eryfimum vulgare. C. B. P.
100. Common Hedge Mi ft ard.
2. Erysimum ( Barbarea ) foliis lyratis extimo fubrotun-
do. Flor. Suec. 557. Hedge Muft ard with harp-fhaped
leaves, the outer fegment being roundiflo. Sifymbrium
erucas folio glabro flore. Tourn. Inti. 226. Winter
Crefs with a Rocket leaf and yellow flower.
3. Erysimum ( Vernum ) foliis radicalibus lyratis, caulinis
° pinnato-finuatis, floribus laxe fpicatis. Hedge Muftard
with lower leaves fhaped like a harp , thofe on the ftalks
ft mated and winged , and flowers growing in loofe Jpikes.
Sifymbrium erucae folio glabro minus & praecocius.
Tourn. Infl. 226. Smaller early Winter-Crefs with a
fmooth Rocket leaf \
4. Erysimum ( Orientale ) foliis radicalibus ovatis inte-
gerrimis, petiolis decurrentibus, caulinis oblongis
dentatis feflilibus. Hedge Muftard with lower leaves oval
and entire , a winged foot-ftalk , and the leaves upon the
ftalks oblong , indented , and fitting clofe . Sifymbrium
Orientale barbareae facie, plantaginis folio. Tourn.
Cor. 1 6. Oriental Sifymbrium with the appearance of
Water-Crefs and a Plantain Leaf.
5. Erysimum (Minus) foliis inferioribus pinnato-finuatis,
fuperioribus oblongis dentatis, floribus folitariis ala-
ribus. Hedge Muftard whofe lower leaves are winged and
ftnuated, the upper oblong and indented , and Jingle flowers
proceeding from the ftdes of the ftalks. Sifymbrium minus
erucae folio glabro nigro, craffo iucido. Boerh. Ind.
alt. 2. 16. Smaller Winter Crefs , with a fmooth , dark,
thick , Joining Rocket leaf.
6 . Erysimum (Alliaria) foliis cordatis. Elort. Cliff. 338.
Hedge Muftard with heart-Jhaped leaves. Hefperis al-
lium redolens. Mor. Hifl. 2. 252. Dames Violet fuelling
like Garlick , commonly called Alliaria , Sauce alone, or
Jack by the Hedge.
7. Erysimum (Cheiranthoides) foliis lanceolatis integer-
rimis. Flor. Lapp. 263. Hedge Muftard with entire
fpear-floaped leaves. Leucoium hefperidis folio. Tourn.
Infl;. 221. Gilliflower with a Dames Violet leaf.
The firfl fort is ufed in medicine ; this grows naturally
on the fide of foot-paths, and upon old walls in moil
parts of England, fo is rarely cultivated in gardens,
where, if it^is once admitted, will foon become a
troublefome weed.
The fecond and third forts alfo grow naturally on the
banks in moft parts of England •, thefe were formerly-
eaten in winter fallads, before the Englifti gardens
were furnifhed with better plants •, iince when they
have been rejeded, for they have a rank fmell, and
are difagreeable to the palate.
The fourth and fifth forts are not natives of this
country, but fince they have been introduced into
fome Englifh gardens, they have propagated them-
felves by their fcattered feeds in fo plentiful a manner,
as to become troublefome weeds. Thefe have a re-
femblance of the common Winter Crefs, but the
lower leaves of the fourth fort are entire, and of an
oblong form ; the upper leaves are oblong and in-
dented, in which this differs.
The fifth fort hath thicker leaves, which are of a
dark lucid green colour, and the flowers come out
Angle from the wings of the ftalk the whole length.
Thefe differences are lafting, and do not alter.
The fixth fort grows naturally on the fides of banks
in many parts of England, fo is not fullered to have
a place in gardens. This was formerly eaten as a
fallad herb by the poorer fort of people, who gave
it the title of Sauce alone. This hath a rank fmell
and tafte of Garlick, and is very biting and hot on
the palate •, it is frequently preferibed in medicine.
The feventh fort is fometimes found growing natu-
rally upon old walls in fome parts of England, parti-
cularly at Cambridge and Ely, at both which places
I have obferved it. This hath pretty long, hairy, foft
leaves at the root ; the ftalks rife near a foot high,
their upper part being garnifhed with fmail greenifh
white flowers in loofe lpikes ; thefe are fucceeded by
long compreffed pods which hang downward. It
flowers in May, and the feeds ripen in July and Au-
guft ; but the roots will abide feveral years, if they
have a dry lean foil, or grow upon a wall, for in rich
land they foon decay.
The other forts are fometimes kept in botanic gar-
dens for the fake of variety ; they are biennial plants,
which perifh after they have perfected their feeds.
Thefe may be propagated by fowing their feeds in the
autumn, in the places where they are to remain., and
require no other culture but to thin them, and keep
them clear from weeds.
ERYTHRINA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 762. Corallo-
dendron. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 66 1. tab. 44 6. Coral-
tree.
The Characters are,
The flower hath a tubulous empalement of one leaf. \ which
is entire and indented at the brim. The flower is of the
butterfly kind, compofed of five petals the ftandard is
fpear-fhaped, and deflexed on the ftyles ; it is very long,
and rifles upward the two wings are fcarce longer than
the empalement, and are oval the keel is compofed of two
petals which are no longer than the wings, and are in-
dented at the top -, it hath ten ftamina which are joined
below, and are a little curved, about half as long as the
ftandard, and are unequal in their length, terminated by
arrow-pointed fummits it hath an awl-Jhaped germen
with a foot-ftalk, narrowed at the ftyle, which is the
length oft the ftamina, terminated by a Jingle ftigma. The
germen afterward becomes a long f welling pod ending in
an acute point , having one cell, filled with kidney-Jhaped
feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the third fedion of
Linnaeus’s feventeenth clafs, which includes the plants
with a butterfly flower, having ten ftamina joined in
two bodies.
The Species are,
1. Erythrina (Herbacea) foliis ternatis, caule fimpli-
ciffimo inermi. Hort. Cliff. 354. Erythrina with tri- v
foliate leaves , and a Jingle fmooth ftalk. Corallodendron
humile, fpica florum longiffima, radice craffiffima.
Catefb. Carol. 49 • tab. 49 • Low Coral-tree with a very
5 lon<?
E R Y
long fpike of flowers and thick root , commonly called the
Carolina Coral-tree.
2. Erythrina ( Coralkdendron ) inermis, foliis tcrnatis,
caule arboreo. Smooth Erythrina with trifoliate leaves ,
and a tree-like Jlalk. Coral arbor Americana, Hort.
Amft. i . p. 2 1 1 . Smooth American Coral-tree.
3. Erythrina (Spinofa) foliis ternatis, caule arboreo
aculeate. Hort. Cliff. 354, Erythrina with trifoliate
leaves , and a tree-like prickly jlalk . Corallodendron tri-
phyllum Americanum, fpinofum, fiore ruberrimo.
Tourn. Inft. R. H. 66 1. Prickly three-leaved American
Coral- tree , with a very red flower.
4. Erythrina (Pida) foliis ternatis aculeatis caule ar-
boreo aculeate. Lin. Sp. 993. Erythrina with trifoliate
prickly leaves , and a prickly tree-like Jlalk. Coralloden-
dron triphyllon Americanum, minus fpinis Sc femi-
nibus nigricantibus. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 66 1. Smaller
three-leaved American Coral-tree , with blacker fpines and
feeds. •
5. Erythrina (. Americana ) foliis ternatis acutis, caule
arboreo aculeato, floribus fpicatis longifllmis. Ery-
thrina with trifoliate acute-pointed leaves , a prickly tree-
like Jlalk , and very long fpikes of flowers. Coralloden-
dron triphyllon Americanum, foliis mucronatis, le-
minibus coccineis. Houft. MSS. Phree-leaved American
Coral-tree , with acute-pointed leaves and fcarlet feeds.
6. Erythrina ( Inermis ) foliis ternatis acutis, caule
fruticofo inermi, corollis longioribus claufis. Ery-
thrina with acute trifoliate leaves , a fhrubby unarmed
Jtalk , and longer flowers which are clo fed. Coral arbor
non fpinofa, fiore longiore & magis claufo. Sloan.
Cat. Jam. 142. Coral-tree without fpines , having a
longer clofer flower.
The firft fort grows naturally in South Carolina, from
•whence Mr. Catefby fent the feeds in the year 1724,
and many of the plants were then raifed in feveral
curious gardens. This hath a very large woody root,
which feldom rifes more than a foot and a half high,
from which come out frelli fhoots every fpring •, thefe
grow about two feet high, their lower part being gar-
nifiied with trifoliate leaves, of a deep green colour,
which are fhaped like the point of an arrow •, the upper
part of the ftalks are terminated by a long fpike of fcar-
let flowers, compofed of five petals, the upper petal
being much longer than the other, fo that at a fmall
diftance the flowers appear to have but one petal.
After the flowers are paft, the germen turns to a taper
pod five or fix inches long, fwelling in every part
where the feeds are lodged, opening in one cell, con-
taining five or fix kidney-ftiaped fcarlet feeds. Thefe
plants flower in England, but they never produce
feeds here.
The fecond fort hath a thick woody ftem, which rifes
about ten or twelve feet high in this country, but in
its native country grows to twice that height, fending
out many ftrong irregular branches, which are covered
with a brown bark, garnifhed with trifoliate leaves
Handing upon long foot-ftalks, the middle lobe which
terminates the leaf, being much larger than the other
two ; they are all heart-fhaped, fmooth, and of a
deep green colour *, the flowers come out at the end
of the branches, in fhort, thick, dole fpikes ; they
are of a deep fcarlet colour, and make a fine appear-
ance. Thefe commonly are in beauty in May and
June in this country, but are not fucceeded by pods
here *, but in America, where the trees grow natu-
rally, they have thick, fwelling, crooked pods, which
contain large kidney-fhaped feeds, of a reddifh purple
colour. The leaves of this tree decay in the fpring
and fall off, fo that in fummer they appear to have no
life ; but in the autumn it puts out new leaves,
which continue green all the winter. The flowers do
not appear till the leaves drop, fo that the branches
are often naked at the time when the flowers are out.
The third fort chiefly differs from the fecond, in
having its trunk, branches, and the foot-ftalks of the
leaves, armed with fhort crooked fpines, the leaves
and flowers being very like thefe of the fecond fort.
The fourth fort hath fhrubby ftalks, which divide
into branches, and feldom rife above eight or nine
ERY
feet high ; thefe are armed in every part with ftrong,
crooked, black fpines ; the leaves are fmaller than
thofe of the two laft forts, and have a nearer refem-
blance of the firft •, the foot-ftalks of the leaves are
armed with the fame fort of fpines, and the midrib
of the leaves have alfo fome which are fmaller and
not fo black •, the flowers are of a paler fcarlet, and
grow in loofer fpikes. The feeds are as large as thofe
of the fecond fort, but are of a dark purple colour.
This tree is generally planted in the Eaft-Indies for
a fupport to the Pepper plants, which twine round
the ftem and branches, whereby they are prevented
trailing on the ground ; and as the branches of this
tree will put out roots and grow, fo they are preferable
to any dead props, which in thofe hot countries,
where there is much rain, would foon rot.
The feeds of the fifth fort were fent me from La
Vera Cruz, where the plants grow naturally •, and
fince I have received feeds of the fame fort from the
Cape of Good Hope, fo that it is a native of both
countries. The feeds of this are not half fo large as
thofe of the fecond or third forts, and are of a bright
fcarlet colour ; the leaves are alfo much fmaller, and
have long acute points •, the branches are very clofely
armed with crooked greenifh fpines, as are alfo the
ribs and foot-ftalks of the leaves. The flowers grow
in very long clofe fpikes, and are of a beautiful fcarlet
colour.
I have alfo raifed a variety of this with paler flowers
and feeds, and the plants were iels thorny ; but as I
was doubtful of its being a diftindl fpecies, fo I only
mention it here.
The fixth fort grows in Jamaica, and fome of the
other iflands in America, from whence I have received
the feeds. The pods of this fort are longer, and not
more than half fo thick as thofe of the fecond fort ;
the feeds are of a bright fcarlet colour, they are longer
and flenderer than thofe of the other forts ; the leaves
are fmall and acute-pointed, and the ftalks are fmooth
and -without fpines : this doth not grow very large,
but fhoots out into branches at a little diftance from
the ground, which grow erect, fo form a bufhy fhrub.
The flowers come out at the end of the branches in
fhort fpikes ; the ftandard of the flower is long, and
the fides turn down over the wings, which are alfo
longer than thofe of the other fpecies, and the whole
flower is more clofed.
I have alfo received fpecimens of a variety of the third
fort from the ifland of Barbuda, with very fhort flow-
ers and pods ; they came by the title of Bean-tree,
which is the common appellation given to thefe trees
in America •, but the flowers were feparated from
the ftalks, fo that I can give no account in what
manner they grow, whether in long or fhort fpikes ;
but the ftamina of thefe are much longer than the
petals, in which it differs from all the other; the
pods are very fhort and crooked, but are rather
thicker than thofe of the third fort ; the leaves have
the fame appearance, and are armed with fpines, as
are alfo the ftalks and branches, but the plants have
not as yet produced any flowers here.
A few years ago I received a few very fmall feeds of
a Coral-tree from the Cape of Good Hope, which
were of a bright fcarlet colour ; the plants have no
fpines on them, the leaves are much larger than the
other forts, their ftems are ftrong, and have the ap-
pearance of growing to large trees •, but as they are
young, fo there is no determining how they ma/ differ
from the other fpecies.
There are two other forts of Coral-tree mentioned by
Sir Hans Sloane, in his Hiftory of Jamaica: one of
which is by its charafters a Sophora, under which
genus we fhall place it ; and the other will be put
under Robinia, to which genus it properly belongs.
Thefe plants when they produce their flowers, are
fome of the greateft ornaments to the ftoves we yet
know ; for their flowers are produced in large fpikes,
and are of a beautiful fcarlet, fo they make a fine ap-
pearance ; but it is feldom they flower here, or in
any of the northern parts of Europe ; yet in the
countries
ERY
countries where they naturally grow, they produce
flowers in great plenty every year ; fo that it is very
common there to fee molt of their branches termi-
nated by large fpikes of flowers, when they have no
leaves upon them ; and the firft fort, which grows in
Carolina, is equally produ&ive of flowers there, tho’
here they do not flower oftener than once in two or
three vears, and the other forts not fo frequent. I
have tried by various methods to get them to flower ;
fome I have treated hardily, by expofing them to
the open air during the fummer feafon, and in the
winter kept them in a very moderate temperature
of warmth ; others I have kept plunged all the year
in the tan-bed of the ftove, and fome have remained
in a dry ftove all the year, where in warm weather
they had a large fhare of air admitted to them, and
in winter the air was kept to the temperate point.
In this lad place the plants have fucceeded beft, yet
with this treatment they feldom flower •, and this is
the general complaint of every one who is poffefied
of thefe plants, not only in England, but alfo in Hol-
land and France.
The firft fort may be kept through the winter in a
warm green-houfe, but the plants fo kept rarely
flower ; and the two forts which I have received from
the Cape of Good Hope, have lived through the win-
ter in a warm glafs-cafe, without fire ^ but thefe have
not made fo good progrefs, as thofe plants which were
kept in a temperate warmth •, fo that in this country,
it is much the beft method of treating thefe plants,
efpecially while they are young.
Thefe plants are beft propagated by feeds, when
they can be procured from the countries where they
naturally grow, for they do not produce any here,
tho’ they are annually brought to England in plenty.
The feeds fhould be fown in fmall pots, and plunged
into a moderate hot-bed ; where, if the feeds are good,
the plants will come up in a month or five weeks ;
when they are two inches high, they fhould be care-
fully fhaken out of the pots, and each planted in a fe-
parate fmall pot, filled with light earth, and plunged
into a moderate hot-bed of tanners bark, where they
muft be lhaded from the fun till they have taken new
root ; then they fhould have a large fhare of air ad-
mitted to them at all times when the weather is warm,
to prevent their being drawn up weak and as the
plants increafe in ftrength, fo they muft have a larger
fhare of air. They muft be frequently refrefhed with
water, but not given to them in great plenty, for too
much moifture will rot the fibres of their roots. In
the autumn the plants fhould be removed into the
ftove ; and for the two or three firft winters, while the
plants are young, they will require more warmth than
when they have acquired more ftrength. During the
time the leaves continue in vigour, the plants will re-
quire to have water two or three times a week ; but
when they are deftitute of leaves, it muft be fparingly
given, for moifture then is very hurtful to them. As
the plants grow in ftrength, fo they muft be more
hardily treated ; and by managing them differently,
there will be a greater chance of getting them to flower.
The third fort is frequently planted in the gardens
near Lifbon, where they annually flower and ripen
their feeds, which have been brought me by perfons
who gathered the pods from the trees.
Thefe plants may alfo be propagated by cuttings,
which, if planted in pots during the fummer months,
and plunged into a hot-bed, will take root, but the
feedhng plants are beft.
ERYTHRONIUM. Lin. Gen. Plant. 375. Dens
canis. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 378. tab. 202. Dog’s
Tooth, or Dog’s Tooth Violet.
The Characters are.
The flower has no empalement \ it is bell-fhaped , and com-
pofed of fix oblong petals , which fpread open to their
hafe. It hath fix ftamina joined to the flyle , terminated
by oblong , erebt, quadrangular fummits. In the center is
fituated an oblong , obtufe , three-cornered germen, fupport-
ing a Jingle flyle which is longer than the ftamina , crown-
ed by a triple , obtufe , fpreadihg fligma . The germen
ESP
afterward becomes an oblong obtufe capfule with thrct
cells , filled with flat feed.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fe&ion
of Linnaeus’s fixth clafs, in which he places thofe plants
whofe flowers have fix ftamina and one ftyle.
The Species are,
1. Erythronium [Bens Canis) folds ovatis. Erythroni -
um with oval leaves. Dens canis latiore rotundiore-
que folio, fiore ex purpura rubente. C. B. P. 87*
Dog’s Tooth Violet with a broader and rounder leaf and
a purple red flower .
2. Eryt-hronium ( Longifolium ) foliis lanceolatis. Ery-
thronium with fpear-fhaped leaves. Dens canis anguf-
tiore longioreque folio, flore ex albo purpurafcente.
C. B. P. 87. Dog's Tooth Violet , with a longer and nar -
rower leaf and a purplifh white flower.
Thefe are the only diftindl fpecies which I have feen,
but there are fome varities of them, which are pre-
ferved in curious gardens. Of the firft fort there
is a white flower, which is pretty common in the gar-
dens ; another with a pale purple, and a third with
yellow flowers, which are rare in England : and of the
fecond fort there is one with a white, and another with
a foft red flower, both which are nolv very rare in
the gardens.
The firft fort fends out two oval leaves, which are
joined at their bafe : they are three inches long and
one and a half broad in the middle, gradually lefien*-
ing toward the end •, thefe at firft embrace each other
inclofing the flower, but afterward they fpread flat
upon the ground ; they are fpQtted with purple and
white fpots all over their furface ^ between thefe riles
a Angle naked ftalk about four inches high, which is
fmooth, of a purple colour ; this fuftains one flower,
compofed of fix fpear-fhaped petals, which in this
are purple, but in fome they are white •, the flower
hangs downward, and the petals reflex and fpread
open to their bafe. In the center is fituated the ob-
long three-cornered germen, fupporting a Angle ftyle
which is longer than the ftamina, crowned by a tri-
ple ftigma ; the purple ftamina ftand clofe about the
ftyle, and the ftigma ftands farther out. This plant
flowers early in April, but feldom produces feeds in
England. The root of this plant is white, oblong,
and flefny, and fhaped like a tooth ; from whence it
had the title of Dog’s Tooth.
The fecond fort differs from the firft in the ftiape of its
leaves, which are longer and narrower, and the flowers
are a little larger but not fo well coloured. They
grow naturally in Hungary, and in fome parts of Italy.
They are propagated by offsets from their roots,
which they do not fend out very plentifully, fo they
are not fo commonly feen in the gardens, as moft other
flowers of the fame feafon : they love a fliady fitu-
ation and a gentle loamy foil, but fhould not be too
often removed. They may be tranfplanted any time
after the beginning of June, when their leaves will be
quite decayed, till the middle of September •, but the
roots fhould not be kept very long out of the ground,
for if they fhrink, it will often caufe them to rot. The
roots of thefe flowers fhould not be planted Scattering
in the borders of the flower-garden, but in patches
near each other, where they will make a good ap-
pearance.
ESCHYNOMENE. See JEschynomena.
ESCHYNOMENOUS, JESCHYNOME-
NOUS PLANTS of a.'iff’gfvo^.ca,
Gr. to be afhamed,] the fenfitive plants ; which,
when one touches them, will fhrink in, or let their
leaves fall down.
ESCULENT PLANTS [of efculentus, Lai
eatable,] fuch plants, or the roots of them, as may be
eaten as Beets, Carrots, Leeks, Onions, Parfneps,
Potatoes, Radifhes, Horfe-radifh, Scorzonera, &c.
ESPALIERS, are either rows of trees planted
about a whole garden or plantation, or in hedges,
fo as to inclofe quarters or feparate parts of a gar-
den, which are trained up flat in a dole hedge, for the
defence of tender plants againft the violence and in-
jury of wind and weather.
lit
The
ESP
/ ' v
Tip molt commonly received notion of Epaliers are
hedges of fruit-trees, which are trained up regularly
to a lattice of wood work, formed either of Afh-poles,
or fquare long timbers cut out of Fir, &c. and it is of
this fort of Efpalier that! fhall treat in this place.
Efpaliers of fruit-trees are commonly planted to fur-
round the quarters of a kitchen-garden, for which
jpurpofe they are of admirable ufe and beauty ; for by
laying out the walks of this garden regularly, which
are bounded on each fide by thefe hedges, when they
are handfomely managed, they have a wonderful effedt
in flickering the kitchen-plants in the quarters, and
alfo fcreening them from the fight of perfons in the
walks ; fo that a kitchen-garden well laid out in this
manner, and properly managed, will be equal to
the fineft regular parterre for beauty.
The trees chiefly planted for Efpaliers are Apples,
Pears, and feme Plums ; but the two former are
moftly ufed : fome plant Efpaliers of Apples grafted
upon Paradife-ftocks •, but thefe being of humble
growth, and a fhort duration, are not fo proper for this
purpofe, unlefs for very fmall gardens ; therefore I
fhould rather advife the having them upon Crab-
ftocks, or (if in fmaller gardens, where the trees can-
not be allowed to grow fo high) upon what the gar-
deners call the Dutch-ftock •, which will caufe them
to bear fooner, and prevent their growing too luxu-
riantly, and thefe will continue many years in vigour.
In chufmg the trees, for an Efpalier, endeavour as
near as poffible, to plant the feveral forts which are
nearly of the fame growth in one line, that the Efpa-
lier may be the more regular, and of an equal height,
which greatly acids to their beauty ; for if you plant
trees which ihoot very unequally in the fame line, it
will be impoffibie to make the Efpalier regular : be-
fides, the diftance of the trees mull be in proportion
to their growth ; for fome trees, viz. thofe of a larger
growth, fhould be planted thirty or thirty-five feet
afunder •, whereas thofe of fmaller growth, need not
be above twenty-five feet diftance from each other.
The width of the walks and borders between thefe
Efpaliers fhould (in a large garden) be fourteen or fix-
teen feet at leaft ; and if the trees are defigned to be
carried up pretty high, the diftance fhould be greater,
that each fide may receive the advantage of the fun
and air, which is abfolutely neceflary, if you would
have the fruit well tailed. And if your ground is fo
fituated, that you are at full liberty which way to
make the Efpaliers, I would advife the placing the
lines from the eaft a little inclining to the fouth, and
toward the weft a little inclining to the north, that
the fun may Urine between the rows in the morning
and evening when it is low •, for in the middle of the
day, when the fun is advanced far above the horizon,
it will fhine over the tops of fheEfpaliers, and reach the
furface of the earth about their roots, which is a matter
of more confequence than many people are aware of.
The forts of Apples proper for Efpaliers, are the
Golden Pippin, Nonpareil, Rennette Grife, Aroma-
tick Pippin, Holland Pippin, French Pippin, Wheel-
er’s Ruflet, Pile’s Rufiet, with fome others. The
feafon for planting, and the method of pruning and
training thefe trees, you will fee under the articles of
Apples and Pruning.
The forts of Pears proper for an Efpalier, are chiefly
the fummer and autumn fruits, for fome of the win-
ter Pears feldom fucceed well in an Efpalier. Thefe
trees, if defigned for a ftrong moift foil, fhould be
upon Quince-flocks j but if for a dry foil upon free-
ftocks. Their diftance of planting muft alio be regu-
lated by the growth of the trees, which are more un-
equal in Pears than Apples, and fhould therefore be
more carefully examined before they are planted. As
for thofe Pears upon free-ftocks, the diftance fhould
never be lets than thirty feet for moderate growing
frees ; but for vigorous fhocters, the fpace of forty
feet is little enough ; efpecially if the foil be ftrong, in
which cafe they fhould be planted at a greater diftance.
The particular forts of- Pears I would recommend for
an Efpalier, are the jargonelle, Blanquette, Poire fans.
ESP
Peau, Summer Boncretien,' Hamden’s Bergamot,
Autumn Bergamot, L’ambrette, Gros Rouftelet,
Chaumontelle, Beurre du Roy, Le Marquis, Creffane,
with fome others of lefs note ; always remembering,
that thofe Pears which are of the melting kind, will
do better in Efpalier than the breaking Pears, which
feldom ripen well on aa Efpalier ; as alfo that many
forts of Pears will ripen well on an Efpalier in a warm
foil and fituation, which require a wall in other places j
you fhould alfo be careful of the flocks thefe are
grafted on-, for if the breaking Pears are grafted upon
Quince-flocks, the fruit will be flony, but the melt-
ing Pears will be improved by them. As to the
method of planting, fee the article Pear j and for
pruning and managing, fee Pruning.
I fhall now give diredions for making the Efpalier,
to which the trees are to be trained ; but this fhould
not be done until the third year after the trees are
planted , for while they are young, it will be fufficient
to drive a few fhort flakes into the ground on each
fide of the trees, in a flraitline, to which the branches
fhould be fattened in an horizontal pofition, as they
are produced, in order to train them properly for the
Efpalier which flakes may be placed nearer, or at
a farther diftance, according as the flioots produced
may require and thefe will be fufficient for the three
firft years ; for fhould you frame the Efpalier the firft
year the trees are planted, many of the flakes would rot
before the Efpalier is covered. The cheapefl method
to make thefe Efpaliers is with Afh-poles, of which
you fhould have two forts one of the largeft fize,
which contains thirteen poles in a bundle, and the other
fize thofe of half a hundred. The firft or largeft fize
poles, fliould be cut about feven feet and a half long ;
thele are intended for upright flakes, and muft be fharp-
ened at the largeft end, that they may, with more eafe,
be driven into the ground and if their bottoms are
burred, or rubbed over with that compofition men-
tioned in the article of Coverings, they may bepre-
ferved a long time found ; thefe fhould be placed at a
foot diftance from each other in a direct line, and of an
equal height, about fix feet above ground ; then'you
fhould nail a row of ftrait flender poles along upon the
tops of the upright Hakes, which will keep them exactly
even, and continue to crofs the flakes with the fmaller
poles, and alfo with the tops which were cut off from
the larger flakes, at about nine inches diftance, row
from row, from the top to the bottom of the flakes.
Thefe rows of poles fhould be fattened with wire to the
flakes, which if madeof Fir, and painted over, willlafta
longtime ; and the largeft end of thepoles fhould be cut
fiat, and nailed to the upright flakes, which will fecure
the Efpalier almoft as long as the poles will endure ;
whereas, if your fattening is not ftrong, the poles will
be continually difplaced with every ftrong wind.
When your Efpalier is thus framed, you muft fallen
the branches of the trees thereto either with fmall
Ofier-twigs, rope-yarn, or fome fuch binding, obferv-
ing to train them in a horizontal pofition, and at equal
diftances ; being careful not to crofs any of the
branches, nor to lay them in too thick. The diftance
which fhould be allowed for the branches of Pears and
Apples, muft be proportioned according to the fize of
their fruit-, fuch of them whofe fruit is large, as the
Summer Boncretien, Monfieur John, and Beurre du
Roy Pears, and the Rennet Grife, Holland Pippin,
French Pippin, and other large Apples, fhould have
their branches fix or eight inches diftance at leaft ;
and to thofe of letter growth, four or five inches
will be fufficient. But for farther directions, I fhall
refer to the articles of the feveral fruits : as alfo that
of Pruning, where thefe particulars will be fuffici-
ently explained.
But befides this fort of Efpalier made with Afh-poles,
there is another fort that is by many people preferred
which is framed with fquare timbers cut to a proper
fize, according to the ftrength thereof, or the expence
the owner is willing to go to. Thefe, though they ap-
pear more fighdy, when well fixed and painted, are
not of longer duration than- one of the former, pro-
vided,
E U G
vided it is well made, and the poles are ftrong which
are fet upright •, nor will they anfwer the purpofe
better, though they are vaftly more expenfive for
the greateft beauty confifts in the difpofing of the
branches of tree •, which, efpecially in fummer, when
the leaves are on, will entirely hide from the fight
the frame of the Efpalier •, therefore all expence in
erefting thefe is needlefs, farther than making provi-
fion to feeure the branches of the trees in a regular
order.
Fruit-trees thus planted, and well managed, are
much preferable tothofe trained up in any other figure,
upon feveral accounts •, as firft, thefe take up very lit-
e room in a garden, fo as not to be hurtful to the
plants which grow in the quarters y and, fecondly, the
fruit upon thefe are better tafted than thofe which
grow upon dwarfs, the fun and air having freer ac-
cefs to every part of the tree y whereby the damp-
nefs arifing from the ground is fooner difiipated, which
is of fingular advantage to fruit-trees (as hath been
already fhewn.) And as the trees againft an Efpa-
lier are kept low, and the branches being faftened to
the Efpalier, the fruit will not be blown down fo
foon by the wind y fo that upon the whole, Efpaliers
muft be allowed to be of great ufe and beauty.
EVER-GREEN THORN. See Pyracantha.
EVERLASTING PEA. See Lathyrus.
EUGENIA. Michel. 10S.
The Characters are.
The flower hath a permanent empalement of one leaf, cut
vito four fegments : the flower hath four oblong obtufe
petals, twice as large as the empalement. It hath many
flamina which are inferted in the empalement, terminated
by fmall fummits , and a turbinated germen fituated under
the flower , fupporting a fimple ftyle the length of the
flamina, crowned by a Jingle fligma. "The germen af-
terward becomes a quadrangular plumb-Jhaped fruit
crowned, having one cellinclofmg one fmooth roundiflo nut.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fedtion
of Linnaeus’s twelfth clafs, intituled Icofandria Mono-
gynia, the flower having many ftamina inferted in
the empalement, and one ftyle.
The Species are,
1. Eugenia ( Malaccenfis ) foliis integerrimis, peduncu-
lis racemofis lateralibus. Flor. Zeyl. 187. Eugenia
with entire leaves and branching foot-flalks of flowers.
Jambofa domeftica. Rump. Amb. r. p. 121.
2. Eugenia ( Jamboo ) foliis integerrimis, pedunculis
racemofis terminalibus. Flor. Zeyl. 188. Eugenia
with entire leaves, and branching foot-flalks of flowers
terminiating the branches. Jambofa fylveftris alba.
Rump. Amb. 1. 127.
There are fome other fpecies of this genus which
grow naturally in India, but thofe here mentioned
are the only forts which I have feen in the Englifh
gardens. Some plants of the firft fort I received
from Dr. Heberden with fome other plants, which
were lent by his brothef from the Brafils, where
it is cultivated for the table y fo that the plants of
this kind are common in moft parts of the Eaft-In-
dies.
This rifes with a tree-like ftem, covered with a brown
bark, which, in the countries where it grows natu-
rally, rifes from twenty to thirty feet high, fending
out many branches, garnifhed with oblong entire
leaves, ending in acute points : thefe are placed op-
polite, and when young, are of a bright purple co-
lour y but as they grow older, become of a light
green. The flowers are produced on the fide of
the branches, each foot-ftalk branching into three or
four others, each fupporting one flower. Thefe are
fucceeded by irregular-lhaped fucculent fruit, in-
clofing one nut.
The ibcond fort rifes to the fame height as the firft,
but the leaves are longer and narrower. The flowers
do, for the moft part, terminate the branches, though
there are fome which come on their fides. The
fruit of this is fmaller, rounder, and not fo much ef-
teemed as thofe of the firft.
Thefe plants are preferved in the gardens of the cu-
rious for the fake of variety, though there is lit-
tle hopes of their producing fruit in England. They*
may be propagated by their ftones, if they can be
obtained frefli from the Countries of their natural
growth. The ftones- fhould be planted in fmall pots
filled with light earth, and plunged into a hot-bed,
obferving to keep the earth moift but not wet ■, in
about fix weeks the plants will appear •, and when
grown four inches high, they fhould be carefully fe-
parated, planting each into a fmall pot, plunging
them into the hot-bed again, being careful to fhade
them till they have taken new root y after which,
they fhould be treated in the fame way as other
tender plants from the fame country, always plung-
ing them into the tan-bed in the ftove •, and in winter
be fparir.g in water to them, for much wet will kill
them.
EUONYMUS. Lin. Gen. Plant. 240. Tourn. Infix
R. H. 617. tab. 388. [Evcowp<&, of eu, good, and
ovofxx, a name y fo called by way of antiphrafis, becaule
it is hurtful to animals.] The Spindle-tree, or Prick-
wood y in French, Fufain.
The Characters are,
It hath a floort empalement to the flower of one leaf,
which is divided into four or five fegments. The flower
hath four or five oval petals, which fpread open. It hath
five floort flamina , which are joined at their bafle to
the germen, terminated by twin fummits. In the center is
fituated a large oval germen, fupporting a floort ftyle , crown-
ed by an obtufe fligma. The germen afterword becomes a
fucculent four-cornered coloured capfule, having as many
cells as angles, each containing one oval feed.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fedtion of
Linnaeus’s fifth clafs, which includes thofe plants
whofe flowers have five ftamina and one ftyle.
The Species are,
1. Euonymus ( Vulgaris ) foliis lanceolatis, floribus te-
trandriis, fructu tetragono. Spindk-tree with fpear-
fhaped leaves, flowers having four ftamina, and qua-
drangular fruit. Euonymus vulgaris, granis ruben-
tibus. C. B. P. 428. The common Spindle-tree.
2. Euonymus ( Latifolius ) foliis ovato-lanceolatis, flo-
ribus pentandris, frudtu pentagon©, pedunculis lon-
gifllmis. Spindle-tree with oval fpear-fhaped leaves ,
flowers having five flamina, a five-cornered fruit , and
very long foot-flalks. Euonymus latifolius. C. B. P.
428. Broad-leaved Spindle-tree.
3. Euonymus ( Americanus ) floribus omnibus quinque*
fidis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 197. Spindle-tree whofe flower s
are all divided into five points. Euonymus Virginia-
nus, pyracanthse foliis, fempervirens, capfula verru-
carum inftar afperata rubente. Pluk. Phyt. 115. f. 5.
Virginian evergreen Spindle-tree with rough , wanted , red
feed-veffels.
4. Euonymus ( Pinnatis ) foliis pinnatis, frudtu racemofo
trigono. Spindle-tree with winged leaves, and three-cor-
nered fruit growing in bunches. Euonymus caudice
non ramofo, folio alato, frudtu rotundo tripyreno.
Sloan. Cat. Jam. 171. Spindle-tree with an unbranching
ftalk, a winged leaf, and a round fruit having three feeds.
The firft fort grows naturally in England. It is very
common in hedges, and is fometimes found growing
in woods. This, when growing in hedges, is feldon*
feen of any confiderable fize, but rather appears like
a flirub •, but if planted Angle, and trained up like
other trees., will have a ftrong woody ftem, and rife
more than twenty feet high, dividing into many
branches, garnilhed with fpear-fhaped leaves about
three inches long, and one inch and a quarter broad
in the middle, gradually diminifhing to both ends y
they are entire, of a deep green colour, and are placed
oppofite. The flowers come out in fmall bunches
from the fide of the ftalks, ftanding upon ilender foot-
Italics y they are compofed of four whitifh petals, which
are expanded in form of a crofs. The empaLm^nt
is divided into four parts. The flowers have four
ftamina, and the fruit is four-cornered, and opens
into four cells. This tree flowers the latter part of
May and the beginning of June, and the fruit ripens in
Odtober, at which time the feed-yeflels fpread open
5 I ajidC
tnd expofe the feeds, which are of a beautiful red co-
lour ; lo that when the branches are well ftored with
them, the trees make a good appearance at that fea-
fon, when growing among other forts. The wood
of this tree is ufed by the rnufical inftrument-makers
for toothing of organs and virginal keys ; the branches
are cut into tooth-pickers, and for making of lkewers;
and fpindles are made of the Wood, from whence the
tree was titled Spindle-tree ; but in feme counties it
is called Dogwood.
The fecond fort grows naturally in Auftria and Hun-
gary ; this was very feldom feen in England till of late
years, fince I procured it from France, and from the
feeds of thofe plants great numbers have been fince
raifed, fo it is now pretty common in feveral of the
nurferies near London •, this rifes with a ftronger Item
than the firft, and grows to a larger fize. The leaves
are oval and fpear-fhaped, about four inches long, and
two inches broad in the middle, of a light green co-
lour, and entire ; they are placed oppofite on the
branches, with fhort foot-ftalks. The flowers come
out from the fide of the branches, upon very (lender
foot-ftalks, which are two inches and a half long ;
thefe branch out into a loofe bunch, fo that the flowers
ftand upon feparate foot-ftalks. The flowers have
five petals, which at firft are white, but afterward
change to a purple colour ; the empalement of the
flower is divided into five parts. It hath five ftamina,
and the fruit is frequently five-cornered •, the fruit is
much larger than that of the common fort, and the
foot-ftalks being weak, the fruit alv/ays hang down.
Dr. Linnaeus has fuppofed thefe to be but one fpecies,
and has taken the characters of this genus from the
fecond fort, whofe fi r vers have five ftamina and five
petals, and the fruit rive corners ; but all thofe of
the common fort which I have examined have but?
four, and thefe differences are permanent in thofe
plants which rife from feeds ; for I have raifed many
of both forts from feeds, but have never found either
of them alter.
The third fort grows naturally in Virginia, Carolina,
and other parts of North America •, this rifes with a
fhrubby ftalk to the heightof eight or ten feet, dividing
into many branches, which come out oppofite from the
joints of the Hem; thefe are garnifhed with fpear-fhaped
leaves, which are two inches long, and about three
quarters of an inch broad in the middle, ending in
acute points ; they are placed oppofite, and continue
green all the year. The flowers are produced at the
end of the branches, and alfo from the fides, in I'm all
chillers, which are fucceeded by round capfules,
which are clofely armed by rough protuberances.
This flowers in July, but feldom produces ripe fruit
in England,
As this is an evergreen Ihrub, fo it merits a place in
every curious garden, and particularly in all planta-
tions of evergreen trees and fhrubs •, there is a vari-
ety of this with variegated leaves, which is preferved
in the nurfery-gardens.
The fourth fort grows naturally in Jamaica, and fome
■of the other illands in the Weft-Indies ; this rifes
with an upright woody ftalk, to the height of ten or
twelve feet ; at the top it divides into two or three
fhort branches, which are garnifhed by winged leaves,
compofed of fix or feven pair of fmall leaves (or lobes)
about two inches long, and one inch broad ; thefe
leaves come out without order, Handing upon loner
foot-ftalks. The flowers come out in clutters from
the fide of the branches, toward their end ; thefe are
fucceeded by roundifh capfules, having a thick brown
cover, which open in three cells, each containing a
Tingle hard feed.
The two firft forts may be propagated either by feeds,
or layers; if by feeds, they lhould be fown in autumn,
foon after they are ripe ; then the plants will come up
the fpring following ; but if the feeds are not fown till
fpring, the plants will not appear till the following
fpring, whereby a whole year is loft. The feeds lhould
be fown upon a fhady border, where they will fucceed
better than when they are more expofed to the fun.
it
vVhen the plants come up, tney will require no oth efi
care but to keep them clean from weeds till the fol-
lowing autumn, when, as foon as their leaves decay,
the plants lhould betaken up and tranfplanted into’ a
nurfery, in rows two feet diilant, and the plants one
ioot afunder in the rows ; in this place they may re-
main two years, and then they may fie removed to
the places where they are to remain.
When thefe are propagated by layers, the young
fhoots lhould be laid down in autumn ; and if the joint
which is laid deepeft in the ground is flit, as is prac-
ticed for Carnations, it will caufe them to put out roots
much fooner than they otherwife would do ; thefe lay-
ers will be fufficiently rooted in one year to bear tranf-
planting, when they lhould be taken from the old
plants, and treated in tile lame way as the feedlmgs.
The cuttings of thefe forts, planted in a fnady border,'
will take root, but they lhould be planted in autumn,
as foon as their leaves begin to fall ; they lhould be
the fhoots of the fame year, with a knot of the for-
mer year at bottom.
i he third fort, which grows naturally in North
America, is fo hardy as rarely to fuffer by cold in
England, provided it is not planted in places very
mu.ch expofed. This may be propagated by laying
down the young branches in the autumn, obferving
to tongue them in the lame manner as is praftifed in
laying of Carnations : thefe will have made good roots
in one year, when they may be cut frorh the old
plants, and planted in a nurfery for two years to
get ftrength ; after which, they lhould be 'planted
where they are defigned to remain.
The fourth fort is a native of warmer countries,
fo cr rsnot be preferved in England, unlefs it is placed
p a -tore in winter : this is generally propagated by
feeds, which mull be fown in pots, and plunged into
a hot-bed ; and when the plants are fit to remove,
they lhould be each planted in a feparate fmall pot,
and plunged into the hot-bed again, being careful
to fhade them until they have taken new root ; after
which they mull be treated in the fame way as other
tender plants of the fame countries. This fort may
alfo be propagated by cuttings during any of the
fummer months.
EUPA rOROI PH ALACRON. See Verb esina.
EUPATORIUM. Lin. Gen. Plant. 842. Tourn.
Inll. R. H. 455 - tab. 259. [Evmztugiov, of king Eu-
pator, who firft brought this plant into ufe.] Hemp
Agrimony ; in French, Eupatoire.
The Characters are,
It hath a compound flower , compofed of feveral herma-
phrodite florets , which are fnnnel-fhaped , cut into
five parts at the brim , which fpread open ; thefe are in-
cluded in one common fcaly empalement , whofe feales are
narrow, ere It, and unequal, the florets have each five
fhort hairy ftamina , terminated by cylindrical fummits. In
the bottom is Jituated a fmall germen, fupporting a long
fender fly le, which is bifid, crowned by a narrow ftigma.
The germen afterward becomes an oblong feed, crowned
with down , fitting in the empalement.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft feelion of
Linnaeus’s nineteenth clafs, which includes thofe
plants with compound flowers, which have only her-
maphrodite fruitful flowers.
The Species are,
1. Eupatorium ( Cannabinum ) foliis digitatis. Hort.
Clift. 396. Eupatorium with fingered leaves. Eupa-
torium cannabinum. C. B. P. 320. Common Hemp
Agrimony.
2. Eupatorium ( Maculaium ) foliis lanceolato-ovatis,
ferratis, petiolatis, caule eredlo. Hort. Cliff. 396.
Eupatorium with fpear-fhaped oval leaves which are
fawed, having foot-ftalks, and an upright ftalk. Eupa-
torium Novae Anglic, urticse foliis, floribus purpu-
rafeentibus, maculato caule. H. L. New England
Hemp Agrimony with Nettle leaves , purplijh flowers, and
[potted ftalks.
3. Eupatorium ( Purpureum ) foliis fubverticjllatis, lan-
ceolatis ferratis petiolatis rugolis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 838.
Eupatorium with leaves placed in whorls , which are
E U P
fpear-paped , Jawed, rough, and have foot-ftalks. £u-
patorium folio oblongo rugofo, caule purpurafcente.
Tourn. Inft. 456. Canada Hemp Agrimony with a long
rough leaf, and purplijh ftalk.
4. Eupatorium ( Scandens ) caule volubili, foliis corda-
tis dentatis acutis. Hort. Cliff. 396. Eupatorium with
a twining fialk and heart-Jhaped leaves , which are Jharply
indented. Eupatorium Americanum fcandens, haftato
magis acuminato folio. Vaill. Mem. 1719. Climbing
American Hemp Agrimony , with a fpear-like Jharp -
pointed leaf.
5. Eupatorium 1 ( Rotundifoliuin ) foliis feffilibus dif-
tindtis fubrotundo-cordatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 837. Eu-
patorium with roundijh heart-fhaped leaves fitting clofe
to the ftalks, and are diftinbt. Eupatorium America-
num, foliis rotundioribus abfque pediculis. Vaill.
Mem. 1719- American Hemp Agrimony with round
leaves , having no foot-fialks.
6. Eupatorium ( Fruticofum ) foliis oblongo-cordatis,
floribus paniculatis, caule fruticofo fcandente. Eu-
patorium with oblong heart-Jhaped leaves , paniculated
flowers , and a climbing Jhrubby fialk. Eupatorium
fcandens, foliis fubrotundis lucidis, floribus fpicatis
albis. Houft. MSS. Climbing Hemp Agrimony with round-
ijh pining leaves, and white flowers growing in fpikes.
7. Eupatorium ( Odoratum ) foliis ovatis, obtufe ferratis
petiolatis trinerviis, calycibus flmplicibus. Lin. Sp.
Plant. 839. Eupatorium with oval, obtufe, fawed,
three-veined leaves , having foot-fialks, and ftngle em-
palements to the flowers. Eupatorium Americanum,
teucrii folio, flore niveo. Vaill. Mem. Acad. Scien.
American Hemp Agrimony with a Tree Germander leaf,
and a white flower.
8. EurATORiuM (. Perfoliatum ) foliis connatis tomento-
fis. Hort. Cliff. 396. Eupatorium with woolly leaves
joined at their bafe. Eupatorium Virginianum, falvise
foliis longiflimis acuminatis, perfoliatum. Pluk. Aim.
Virginian perfoliate Hemp Agrimony, with long Sage-like
leaves clofely furrounding the ftalk.
9. Eupatorium {Betonici folium) foliis oblongis, obtufls,
crenatis, glabris, calycibus flmplicibus. Eupatorium
with oblong, obtufe, fmooth, crenated leaves , and fingle
empalements to the flowers. Eupatorium betonicae folio
glabro & carnofo, flore cceruleo. Houft. MSS. Hemp
Agrimony with a flefloy fmoothBetony leaf, and a blue flower.
10. Eupatorium ( Morifolium ) foliis cordatis ferratis
caule eredlo arboreo. Eupatorium with heart-paped
fawed leaves, and an upright tree-like ftalk. Eupato-
rium Americanum arborefeens, mori folio, floribus
albicantibus. Houft. MSS. Ere e-like American Hemp
Agrimony, with a Mulberry leaf and white flowers.
11. Eupatorium {Bun datum) foliis ovatis petiolatis
integris, caule fruticofo ramofo, calycibus flmplici-
bus. Eupatorium with oval entire leaves having foot-
fialks, a branching prubby ftalk, and fingle empalements
to the flowers. Eupatorium Americanum frutefeens,
balfaminse lutae foliis, nigris maculis pundatis. Houft.
MSS. American prubby Hemp Agrimony , with yellow
Balfamine leaves fpotted with black.
12. Eupatorium {Hyjfopifolium) foliis lanceolato-line-
aribus trinerviis fub integerrimis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 836.
Eupatorium with narrow , fpear-fhaped, entire leaves ,
having three nerves. Eupatorium Virginianum, folio
angufto floribus albis. Hort. Elth. 141. tab. 115.
ft 14°- Virginia Hemp Agrimony, with a narrow leaf,
and white flowers.
13. Eupatorium (Ramofum) foliis lanceolato-linearibus
acutis, fuperne ferratis caule ramofo. Hemp Agrimony
with narrow, f pear -p aped , pointed leaves , fawed on their
upper part, and a branching ftalk.
*4* Eupatorium ( Conyzoides ) foliis cordatis acutis,
dentatis, trinerviis, caule fruiticofo ramofo. Eupa-
torium with pointed, heart-fhaped , fawed leaves, having
three veins, and a branching prubby ftalk. Conyza
fruticofa, folio haftato, flore pallide purpureo. Sloan.
Cat. Jam. 124. Shrubby Fleabane with a fpear-paped
leaf, and a pale purple flower.
15. Eupatorium (P aniculatum) foliis cordatis rugofts
crenatis, caule pani'culato. Eupatorium with rough,
heart-paped, crenated leaves, and a paniculated ftalk.
Conyza Salvias foliis conjugate, floribus fpicatis rift
bentibus. Houft. MSS. Fleabane with Sage leaves
placed oppofite , and red flowers growing in fpikes.
16. Eupatorium {Houjionis ) - foliis cordatis acuminatis,
cauie voiubili, floribus fpicatis racemofis* Eupatorium
with heart-paped pointed leaves, a twining ftalk , and
branching J piked flowers. Eupatorium Americanum,
fcandens, folio haftato glabro, floribus fpicatis. Houft.
MSS. Climbing American Hemp Agrimony with a fmooth
fpear-paped leaf, and fpiked flowers .
17. Eupatorium (Frifoliatuni) foliis terms. Flor. Vim.
1 19. Lin. Sp. Plant 838. Hemp Agrimony with trifo-
liate leaves.
18. Eupatorium {Altiffimum) foliis lanceolatis nervous,
inferioribus extimo fub ferratis, caule fruticofo. Hort.
Upfal. 152. Eupatorium with nervous fpear-paped leaves ,
whofe lower leaves are fawed on their edges , and ft and
in whorls round the ftalks. Eupatorium folio oblongo,
rugofo, ampliori, caule virefeente. Tourn. Inft. R. H.
456. Hemp Agrimony with a large, oblong , rough leaf. \
and a green ftalk.
19. Eupatorium {Cceleftinum) foliis cordato-ovatis,
obtufe ferratis petiolatis, calycibus multifloris. Lin.
Sp. Plant.. 838. Eupatorium with heart-paped oval
leaves obtufely flawed, having foot-fialks, and many
flowers to the empalements . Eupatorium fcorodonite
folio, flore cteruleo. Hort. Elth. 140. tab. 114.
Hemp Agrimony with a Wood Sage leaf . , and a blue
flower.
The laft grows naturally in Carolina, from whence
the late Dr. Dale lent me the feeds j thefe plants
flowered very finely the year after they were raifed, but
never have flowered flnee, for the roots creep greatly
in the ground, but never fend up any ftalks.
The firft fort grows naturally by the fide of rivers-
and ditches in moft parts of England, and is the only
fpecies of this genus, which is known to grow natu-
rally in Europe ; this is efteemed as a very good vul-
nerary herb, fo ftands in the lift of medicinal plants.
It is feldom admitted into gardens, becaufe, where-
ever it is fuffered to feed, the ground will be well
ftored with the plants to a great diftance.
The fecond fort grows naturally in feveral parts of
North America, from whence it has been introduced
to the gardens in Europe ; this hath a perennial root,
but an annual ftalk, which rifes about two feet
and a half high-, it is purple, and has many dark
fpots upon it. The leaves are rough, oval and fpear-
fhaped, having foot-ftalks 5 they are placed by threes
round the ftalk toward the bottom, but upward by
pairs oppofite at each joint. The ftalks are termi-
nated by clutters of purple flowers, growing in a fort
of corymbus ; thefe come out in July and Auo-uft,
and in warm feafons will ripen its feeds in autumn.
The third fort grows naturally in North America ;
this rifes with an upright ftalk near four feet high'
garnifhed with long, narrow, fpear-fhaped leaves at
each joint ; thefe are deeply fawed on their edges, and
the midrib is oblique to the foot-ftalk •, they are.
placed by fours round the ftalk in whorls, and are
of a dark green colour. The ftalks are terminated
by bunches of purple flowers like the laft, which
appear at the fame time. This hath a perennial root
and an annual ftalk.
The fourth fort grows naturally in Virginia and Ca-
rolina ; this hath a perennial root, which fends out
many twining ftalks in the fpring thefe twift about
any neighbouring fupport, and rife to the height of
five or fix feet, garniflied at each joint with two heart-
fhaped leaves, which are indented on their edges, and
terminate in acute points ; at each joint there are two
fmall fide branches come out, which are terminated
by clutters of white flowers, fo that the ftalks feem
covered with them moft part of their length • but
as thefe come pretty late in the feafon, fo unlefs the
hammers prove warm, the plants do not flower well in
England.
There is another of thefe plants with purple flowers,
ftanding upon longer foot-ftalks, which vis Tent me-
from Camp v achy , but- the italics and leaves are very
like
EUP
like thofe of this fort, fo that I doubt whether it
be a diftindt fpecies.
The fifth fort grows naturally in New England and
Virginia, from both of thefe counties I have received
the feeds ; this hath a perennial root and an annual
{talk ; it rifes with upright ftalks about a foot high •,
thefe have their joints pretty near each other, where
they are garnifhed with roundifh heart-fnaped leaves,
fitting clofe to the ftalks ; they are fawed on their
edg s, and are of a light green colour. The flowers
are produced in fmall loofe panicles at the top of
the ftalks * they are white, and have two fmall green
leaves immediately under the flowers. Thefe flowers
appear the latter end of June, but the feeds feldom
ripen in England.
The fixth fort grows naturally at La Vera Cruz in
America, from whence the late Dr. Houfton fent me
the feeds •, this hath a fhrubby climbing ftalk, which
rifes to the height of ten or twelve feet, fattening itfelf
to any neighbouring prop for fupport, and is gar-
nifhed with heart-fhaped leaves, placed oppofite ;
they are about three inches long, and one and a half
broad, of a lucid green •, the flowers come out in long
branching panicles, which proceed from the fide of
the ftalks, and are terminated by a branching pani-
cle of white flowers. This fort is tender. To will
not live in this country without artificial heat.
The feventh fort rifes with upright ftalks three feet
high, garnifhed with oval leaves at each joint, which
are placed oppofite •, they have very fliort foot-
ftalks, and are fawed on their edges ; from the fides
of the ftalks, at every joint, is produced two {lender
branches, which ftand ered ; thefe, and the principal
ftalks alfo, are terminated by clufters of white
flowers •, they appear in Auguft and September, and
the ftalks decay in winter, but the root is perennial.
This grows naturally in Penfylvania, and other parts
of America.
The eighth fort grows naturally in Virginia and Phi-
ladelphia ; this hath a perennial root and an annual
ftalk, The ftalks rife from two to three feet high ;
they are hairy, and garnifhed with rough leaves at each
joint, which are from three to four inches long, and
about an inch broad at their bafe, gradually ieffening
to a very acute point ; the two leaves are joined at
their bafe, fo the ftalks feem to grow through them •,
they are of a dark green, and are covered with fliort
hairs. The upper part of the ftalk divides into many
flender foot-ftalks, each fuftaining a clofe clutter of
white flowers. Thefe come out in July, and in warm
feafons the feeds will fometimes ripen in England.
The ninth fort grows naturally at La Vera Cruz, from
whence the late Dr. Houftoun fent me the feeds ; this
rifes with an upright ftalk near two feet high, gar-
nifhed toward the bottom with oblong obtufe leaves,
which are of a thick fubftance, and crenated on their
edges ; the upper part of the ftalk is naked to the
top, where the flowers come out in a thick panicle ;
they are blue, and have Angle empalements. This
flowers late in autumn, but never ripens ieeds here; the
root is biennial, and perifhes fcon after it has flowered.
The tenth fort was fent me by the late Dr. Houftoun
from La Vera Cruz, where he found it growing na-
turally this hath a thick woody ftalk, which rifes
twelve or fourteen feethigh, fending out many branches,
which are channelled, and covered with a brown
bark, garnifhed with regular heart-fhaped leaves
as large as thofe of the Mulberry-tree; they are
of a light green colour, and fawed on their edges,
placed oppofite upon foot-ftalks, near two inches
long ; the upper part of the branches are terminated
by four or five pair of foot-ftalks, which come out
oppofite from the joints, and the top is terminated by
an odd one ; thefe fuftain branching panicles of white
flowers, which together form a long loofe pyramidal
thyrfe, and make a fine appearance, for there are no
leaves intermixed with the flowers, but fo far as the
fpike reaches the ftalks are naked. This fort has
flowered in the Chelfea garden, but did nor produce
feeds.
The eleventh fort grows naturally at La Vera Cruz,
from whence the late Dr. Houftoun fent it me ; this
rifes with many fhrubby ftalks near five feet high,
which divide into many flender branches, whole joints
are three or four inches afunder ; at each of thefe come
out two oval leaves about three quarters of an inch
long, and half an inch broad, ftanding upon long
flender foot-ftalks , they have feveral black fpots on
their iurface. The branches come out horizontal, and-
are terminated by fmall bunches of white flowers,
! whofe empalements are Angle, and compofed of fe-
ven narrow fpear-fhaped leaves, which are divided to
the bottom.
The twelfth fort rifes with an upright round ftalk to
the height of three feet, fending out feveral branches
toward the top, which come out regularly by pairs ;
they are garnifhed with leaves, placed by pairs ;
j thefe are two inches and a half long, and about
one third of an inch broad, having three longitudinal
veins ; they are of a light green colour, and entire.
The flowers ftand upon long foot-ftalks at the end of
the branches, fome fuftaining one, fome two, and
others three or four flowers ; they are white, and ap-
pear late in autumn. This grows naturally in Carolina.
The thirteenth fort grows naturally in Maryland ; this
hath a perennial root and an annual ftalk, which rifes
three feet high, dividing upward into many branches,
which are cloiely garmlhed with narrow fpear-fhaped
leaves, which are from two to three inches long, and
a quarter of an inch broad, of a deep green, fitting
clofe to the branches ; they have three longitudinal
veins, and their upper part fharpiy fawed on their edges,
ending in acute points. The branches are termi-
nated by roundifh clufters of white flowers, which
appear in Auguft, and continue till Qdtober ; and
in warm feafons they are fucceeded by feeds, which
ripen here.
The fourteenth fort grows naturally in Jamaica, and
in moft of the other Hands in the Weft-Indies; this
rifes with fhrubby ftalks about fix or feven feet high,
dividing into many branches, which are garnifhed
with heart-fhaped leaves, ending in acute points, in-
dented on their edges, having three longitudinal veins;
the upper part of the branches are terminated by {len-
der foot-ftalks, each fuftaining a fmall clufter of white
flowers, included in oblong fcaly empalements of ^
filvery colour.
The fifteenth fort was fent me from La Vera Cruz
by the late Dr. Houftoun ; this riles with an upright
branching ftalk three feet high, fending out two fide
branches from every joint, almoft the whole length,
which are terminated by loofe fpikes of red flowers,
as is alfo the principal ftalk. The leaves are heart-
fhaped, rough, and are crenated on their edges, fitting
clofe to the ftalks ; they are of a light green, and a
little hoary.
The fixteenth fort was fent me from Jamaica by the
late Dr. Houftoun ; this hath flender twining ftalks,
which faften themfelves to any neighbouring Tupport,
and rife eight or ten feet- high, fending out fmall
branches oppofite, at moft of the upper joints. The
leaves on the lower part of the ftalk are heart-fhaped,
ending in acute points ; the upper leaves are almoft
triangular, they are ftnooth, and of a lucid green ;
the upper part of the ftalks have long branching fpikes
of white flowers, which are fmall, and fit clofe to the
foot-ftalks.
The feventeenth fort grows naturally in Penfylvania ^
this hath a perennial root, from which arife feveral
upright ftalks, which grow to the height of feven or
eight feet, in a moift foil, or where they are fupplied
with water in dry weather, and are garnifhed with
oval, rough, fpear-fhaped leaves, which are a little
fawed on their edges ; they are placed in whorls round
the ftalks, lbmetimes feven, at other places four or
five of thefe ftand at each joint ; they are about three
inches long, and two inches broad. The ftalks are
terminated by a loofe corymbus of purple flowers,
which appear in Auguft and continue till Qdlober,
but are not fucceeded by feeds in England.
t
2
The
I
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The eighteenth fort rifes with a Angle, upright, green
ftalk, about four feet high, garnifhed at each joint
by four fpear-fhaped leaves, placed in whorls round,
the {talks •, they are iix inches long, and two inches
broad in the middle, leflening to both ends, termi-
nating in acute points ; they are rough, iawed on their
edges, and ftand on fhort ioot-iiaiKs ; the ftalk is
terminated by a cioie corymbus of purple floweis,
which appear in July, and continue till Septemoer.
The root is perennial, but the {talks decay every
winter it grows naturally in North America.
The nineteenth fort grows naturally in Carolina ; this
hath a creeping root, which fpreads and multiplies
very fait. The ftalks rife about two feet high *, they
are cfarniflied with oval heart-fhaped leaves, which
have & foot-ftalks, and are fawed on their edges. The
{lowers are produced at the top of the {talks in a
fort of corymbus •, they are of a fine blue colour, but
the roots fpread fo much as to caufe barrennefs of
flowers after the firft year.
All thefe forts may be propagated by feeds ; feveral
of them ripen their feeds in England ; _ thefe fhould
be fown in autumn as foon as they are ripe, for then
the plants will come up the following fpring ; but if
they are kept out of the ground till fpring, the plants
will not come up till the year after •, and thofe feeds
which are procured from America ftiould be fown as
foon as they arrive, for though they may not grow
the firft year, yet there will be a greater certainty of
their fucceeding, than when they are kept longer out
of the ground.
The fecond, third, fifth, feventh, eighth, _ twelfth,
thirteenth, feventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth
forts are hardy plants, fo the feeds of thefe may be
fown in the full ground, but there muft be care taken
in the fowing to keep the forts leparate ; for as the
feeds of theft plants have a light down adhering to
them, they are eafily difplaced by the leaft wind ; fo
that the belt way will be to fow them in drills, but
thefe fhould be but {hallow, for if the feeds are bu-
ried too deep they will not grow. The bed in which
thefe are fown ftiould not be too much expofed to
the fun, but rather have an eaft afped, where the
morning fun only reaches it ; but where it is more
expofed, it fnould be {haded with mats in the heat of
the day, and the ground fhould be kept pretty moift-,
for as thefe plants generally grow in moift fhady fi-
tuations in their native countries, they will fucceed
better when they have a foil and fituation fomewhat
like that •, though as we want their heat in fummer,
the plants will thrive here when expofed to the fun,
provided they have a moift foil, or are fupplied with
water in dry weather.
When the young plants come up, they muft be kept
clean from weeds ; and where they are too clofe, fome
of them ftiould be drawn out, to give room for the
others to grow ; and if thefe are wanted, they may be
planted in another bed, where, if they are fhaded and
watered, they will foon take root ; after which they
will require no farther care but to keep them clean
from weeds till the following autumn, when they
may be tranfplanted to the places where they are to
remain. As the roots of thefe plants fpread out to a
confiderable diftance, they ftiould not be allowed lefs
than three feet from any other plants, and fome of
the largeft growing ftiould be allowed four feet. If
the foil in which they are planted is a foft gentle
loam, they will thrive much better, and flower
ftronger than in light dry ground ; in which, if they
are not duly watered in dry fummers, their leaves
will {brink, and their ftalks will not grow to half their
ufual height.
All thefe forts have perennial roots, by which they
may be propagated •, for as fome of them do not per-
fect their feeds in England, fo that is the only way
of increafing the plants here •, fome of the forts have
creeping roots, fending out offsets in great plenty, fo
thefe are eafily propagated •, and the others may be
taken up, or the heads taken off from them every
other year, in doing of which there fhould be care
E U P
taken not to cut or injure the old plants too much,
which would caufe them to flower weak the following
year. The belt time to remove theft plants is in au-
tumn, as foon as they have done growing, that they
may get frefti roots before the froft conies on but
if that fhould happen foon after their removal, if the
furface of the ground is covered with tan,, or dried
leaves, to keep out the froft, it will effectually ftcure
them •, and if this is done to the old plants in very ft-
vere winters, it will always preftrve them ; but the
nineteenth fort is the only one which I have known
killed by froft : however, it may not be ami fs to
praftife this on the young ftedling plants, which have
not fo good roots, nor are fo well eftabfifhed in the
ground ; the future culture will be only to dig the
ground about them every fpring, and keep them clean.
The fourth fort fends out many weak twining ftalks,
which require fupport •, fo there ftiould he fome ftakes
fixed down by their roots in the fpring when they be-
gin to fhoot, to which the young ftalks fhould be
led' and fattened, and afterward they will naturally
twine round them and rift four or five feet high if
they are fupplied with water, and in warm ieafons
they will produce plenty of white flowers in Auguft,
This fort is fometimes killed in very fevere winters,
if they are not covered •, but if, when the ftalks decay
in the autumn, the ground about them is covered
with fome old tanners bark, it will efteftually ftcure
the roots. This fort multiplies very faft by its creeping
roots, wftiich may be parted every other year.
The fixth and fixteenth forts have twining {lender
ftalks, which require to be fupported in the like
manner ; but theft are natives of warm countries, fo
they will not thrive in England, unlefs they are placed
in a warm ftove ; therefore they ftiould be planted in
pots and plunged into the tan-bed in the ftovo*, where,
if they are fupplied with wet in hot weather, they
will thrive and produce flowers. The fixth fort hath
fhrubby ftalks, and does not propagate by the root,
fo there fhould be layers made of the young branches,
which will put out roots if they are properly fupplied
with water ; but the fixteenth fort may be propagated
by parting the roots, in the fame manner as the
fourth fort.
The ninth and fifteenth forts have perennial roots,
but their ftalks decay every winter. Thefe are tender
plants, fo fhould be planted in pots, and kept con-
ftantly plunged in the tan-bed in the ftove, where
they will thrive and flower. Thefe may be propagated
by cutting off fome of their young {hoots about the
middle of June, when they have ftrength, and planted
into pots filled with light earth, and plunged into a
moderate hot-bed, where, if they are {haded from
the fun, and gently watered as they may require it,
they will put out roots in fix weeks, and may then
be tranfplanted into feparate pots, and treated as the
old plants.
The tenth, eleventh, and fourteenth forts have fhrubby
ftalks, which are perennial. Theft are natives of
warm countries, fo will not thrive in England out of
a ftove ; therefore they fhould be planted in pots
and kept plunged in the tan-bed of the ftove, and
treated as the former forts. Theft will fometimes
take root from cuttings, but not very freely, fo that
the beft way is from feeds when they can be procured.
When the feeds of theft tender forts can be had from,
their native countries, the plants raffed that way are
much preferable to thofe which are obtained by any
other method, and will flower much ftronger, there-
fore fhould be preferred •, but as theft feeds ftl-
dom grow the firft year, few perions have patience
enough to wait for the plants coming up. When any
of thefe feeds are brought over, they fhould be fown
as foon as they arrive in pots, that they may be re-
moved at any time ; the pots fhould be plunged into
a moderate hot- bed, and the earth kept tolerably
moift ; the glaffes fhould alfo be fhaded in the heat of
the day, to prevent the earth from drying ; in this hot-
bed the pots may remain till autumn, when, if the
plants are not up, they fhould be plunged between
5 K the
r
E U P
E U P
trie plants in the bark-ftove, and in the fpririg removed
to a gentle hot-bed, which will bring up the plants
foon after. When thefe are fit to remove they fhould
be planted in feparate Imall pots, and plunged into
the hot-bed again, fhading them from the fun till they
have taken new root •, then they fhould have a large
ihare of free air admitted to them in warm weather,
and frequently refrefhed with water.
In the winter thefe plants fhould be more fparingly
watered, efpecially thole forts whofe flalks decay,
and in the fummer they fhould have a large fhare of
free air admitted to them, with which management
they will thrive and flower.
EUPHORBIA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 536. Euphor-
bium. Boer. Ind. alt. 1. 258. Tithymalus. Tourn. Infl.
R. H. 85. tab. 18. The Burning Thorny Plant.
This plant was named Euphorbia by King Juba, the
father of Ptolemy, who governed both the Maurita-
nias ; whole phyfician was named Euphorbus, and his
brother Antonius Mufa is faid to have healed Au-
guflus with this plant.
The Characters are,
The flower hath a -permanent empalement of one leaf,
which is fwellmg , rough , and divided into five parts at
the brim. ’The flower hath four or five thick truncated
petals , and twelve or more fiamina which are infer ted in
the receptacle they are longer than the petals , and are
terminated by globular fummits. In the center is fituated
a three-cornered germen , fupporting three bifid fiyles ,
crowned by obtufie ftigmas. The germen afterward becomes
a roundijh capfule with three cells , each containing one
roundtfh feed.
This genus of plants is ranged in the third feftion
of Linnaeus’s eleventh clafs, which includes the plants
whofe flowers have twelve fiamina and three fiyles.
To this genus he has added the Tithymalus and Ti-
thymaloides of Tournefort and others. The difference
between the Euphorbium and Tithymalus, confifls
more in their outward form, than in the characters
of either flower or fruit, fo may be properly enough
joined together; but the flower of Tithymaloides
being very different in its form, fhould be feparated
from them, therefore I fhall place them under the
title of Tithymalus •, and as the number of Tithymali
is very great, many of which are common weeds,
I fhall feleft only the more rare or ufeful kinds to
enumerate here.
The Species are,
1. Euphorbia ( Antiquorum ) aculeata triangularis fub-
nuda articulata, ramis patentibus. Lin. Hort. Cliff.
196. Euphorbia with triangular jointed flalks which are
naked , and have J pines and fpreading branches. Euphor-
bium verum antiquorum. Hort. Amfl. 1. p. 23.
Prickly, triangular-pointed Euphorbia , with fpreading
branches , commonly called the true Euphorbium of the
ancients.
2. Euphorbia ( Canarienfis ) aculeata nuda fubquadan-
gularis, aculeis geminati,s. Hort. Cliff. 196. Euphor-
bia with naked flalks , which have four angles and double
fpines. Euphorbium tetragonum & pentagonum fpi-
nofum Canarinum. Boerh. Ind. alt. 1. 258. Canary
Euphorbium with four or five angles which have fpines.
3. Euphorbia ( 'Trigonum ) aculeata nuda triangularis
articulata, ramis erectis. Thorny-joinied triangular Eu-
phorbia with upright naked branches. Euphorbium tri-
gonum & tetragonum fpinofum, ramis compreflis.
D’Ifnard. Aft. Par. 1720. Prickly Euphorbium having
three and four angles with comprejfed branches.
4. Euphorbia ( Ojficinarum ) aculeata nuda multangu-
laris, aculeis geminatis. Lin. Hort. Cliff. 196. Thorny
Euphorbia having many angles and fpines growing by
pairs. Euphorbium cerei effigie caulibus craffioribus,
fpinis validioribus armatum. Elort. Amfl. 1. p. 21.
T orch-jhaped Euphorbium , with thick flalks armed with
flrong fpines.
5. Euphorbia ( Neriifolia ) aculeata feminuda, angulis
oblique tuberculatis. Lin. Hort. Cliff. 19 6. Thorny
half-naked Euphorbia with oblique tubercular angles , com-
monly called the Oleander -leaved. Euphorbium. Euphor-
bium arigulofum, folds nerii laborious. Boerh. Ind.
alt. i, 258. Angular Euphorbium, with broad Oleander
leaves.
6 . Euphorbia ( Heptagona ) aculeata nuda, feptem-an-
gu laris, fpinis folitariis fubulatis floriferis. Lin. Hort.
Cliff- 196. Naked fept angular thorny Euphorbia , with
fugle. awl-Jhaped fpines, producing flowers at their ex-
tremities. Euphorbium heptagonum, fpinis lonffif-
fimis in apice fruftiferis. Boerh. Ind. alt. 1. 258. Eu-
phorbium with feven angles and very long fpines, bearing
fruit at their tops. ° &
7. Euphorbia. ( Caput Meduf^e) inermis tubercolis im~
bricatis, foliolo lineari inflruftis. Lin. Hort. Cliff,
197. Euphorbia without thorns, clo fely covered with tu-
bercles lying over each other like tiles, and narrow leaves ,
commonly called Meduja’s Head. Euphorbium Afrum’
caule craffo fquamofo, ramis in capitis Medufe fpe-
ciem cmfto. Boerh. Ind. alt. 238. African Euphorbium
wit® a thick fcaly falk, amd branches difpofed hks Me-
dujas head.
8. Euphorbia ( ' Mamillaris ) aculeata nuda, angulis tu-
berofis, fpinis interflinftis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 451. Naked
prickly Euphorbia, with tuberous angles having fpines
growing between them. Euphorbium polygonum acu-
leis longioribus ex tuberculorum internodiis pro-
deuntibus. D Ifnard. Aft. Par. 1720. Euphorbium with
many angles , and long fpines growing out from between
the knots.
9. Euphorbia ( Cereiformis ) aculeata nuda, multangu-
laris, fpinis folitariis fubulatis. Prod. Leyd. 195.
Naked thorny Euphorbia with many angles, and fngle
awl-Jhaped fpines. Euphorbium cerei effigie, caulibus
gracihoribus. Boerh. Ind, alt, 1. 258. Euphorbium
with the appearance of T orch Thifile , and a fender falk.
10. Euphorbia ( Fruhius Pint ) inermis imbricata tuber-
culis foliolo lineari inflruftis. Hort. Cliff. 197. Im-
bricated Euphorbia without fpines, having tubercles fur-
nifloed with very narrow leaves. Euphorbium Afrum,
facie fruftus pini. Boerh. Ind. alt. 1. 258. African
Euphorbium with the appearance of Pine fruit, commonly
called Little Medufas Head.
11. Euphorbia ( Patula ) inermis, ramis patulis fimpli-
cibus teretibus, foliolis linearibus inflruftis. Euphor-
bia without fpines , having fngle fpreading branches which
are taper, terminated with very narrow leaves.
12. Euphorbia ( Procumbens ) inermis ramis teretibus
procumbentibus tuberculis quadragonis. Euphorbia
without fpines, having trailing branches with quadrangu-
lar tubercles.
13. Euphorbia ( Inermis ) inermis, ramis plurimis pro-
cumbentibus, fquamofis, foliolis deciduis. Euphorbia
without fpines, having many trailing branches which are
fcaly, and deciduous leaves.
14. Euphorbia ( Tiruaculii ) inermis fruticofa fubnuda fi-
liformis erefta, ramis patulis determinate confertis.
Lin. Hort. Cliff. 197- Shrubby ere hi Euphorbia without
fpines, and fender fpreading branches terminating in
clufiers, commonly called Indian-tree Spurge. Tithymalus
Indicus frutefeens. Hort. Amfl. 1. p. 27. Indian
fhrubby Spurge.
1 5. Euphorbia ( Viminalis ) inermis fruticofa nuda fili-
formis volubilis, cicatricibus oppofitis. Hort. Cliff.
197. Shrubby naked Euphorbia without fpines, and fender
tunning branches, commonly called Indian Climbing Spurge.
Tithymalus Indicus vimineus penitus aphyllos. Indian
Spurge with fender branches , entirely without leaves.
16. Euphorbia ( Mauritanica ) inermis fruticofa feminu-
da filiformis flaccida, foliis alternis. Lin. Hort. Cliff.
197. Naked flrrubby Euphorbia without fpines, taper
flaccid branches, and leaves placed alternately. Tithy-
malus aphyllus Mauritania. Hort. Elth. 384. Mauri-
tanian Spurge without leaves.
17. Euphorbia ( Cotinijolia ) foliis oppofitis fubcordatis
petiolatis emarginatis integerrimis, caule fruticofo.
Lin. Sp. Plant. 453. Euphorbia with heart -Jkqped leaves
placed oppofite upon foot -flalks, which are indented at the
top, entire, and a flmibby falk. Tithymalus arboreus
Americanus cotini folio. Hort. Amfl. 1. p. 29. Tree
American Spurge with a Venice Sumach leaf.
18. Euphorbia ( Lathyris ) umbella quadrifida, dicho-
tomy foliis oppofitis integerrimis, Lin. Sp. Plant.
4 5 .
E U P
457. Euphorbia with a quadrifid umbel , a forked jlalk ,
and entire leaves placed oppofite. Tithymalus latifolius
Cataputia dictus. H. L. Broad-leaved Spurge , called
Cataputia.
19. Euphorbia ( Myrjinites ) umbella fuboctifida, bifida,
involucellis fubovatis, foliis fpathulatio patentibus
carnofis mucronatis margine fcabris. Lin. Sp. Plant.
461. Euphorbia with an umbel divided into eight points ,
whofe j mall involucrums are oval , and fpreading flefhy-
pointed leaves / hoped like a fpatula , having rough borders.
Tithymalus myrfinites latifolius. C. B. P. 296. Broad-
leaved Myrtle Spurge.
20. Euphorbia ( Dendroides ) umbella multifida, dicho-
tomy invofucellis fubcordatis, primariis tripnyllis,
caule arbor eo. Lin. Sp. Plant. 462. Euphorbia with a
multifid forked umbel , heart-Jhaped fmall involucrums, the
firft three-leaved,, and a tree-like Jlalk. Tithymalus
myrtifolius arboreus. C. B. P. 290. Myrtle-leaved
Tree Spurge.
21. Euphorbia (Amygdaloides) umbella multifida, dicho-
tomy involucellis perfoliatis emarginatis, orbicularis
foliis obtufis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 662. Euphorbia with a
multifid umbel divided by pairs, orbicular perfoliate invo-
lucrums, and obtufe leaves. Tithymalus characias amyg-
daloides. C. B. P. 290. Wood Spurge.
22. Euphorbia ( Palujtris ) umbella multifida, fubtrifi-
da, bifida, involucellis ovatis, foliis lanceolatis, ra-
mis fterilibus. Lin. Sp. Plant. 462. Euphorbia with a
multifid umbel, which is flub trifid and bifid, the fmall in-
volucrums oval, fpear-Jhaped leaves , and Jteril branches.
Tithymalus paluftris fruticofus. C. B. P. 292. Shrubby
Marjh Spurge.
23. Euphorbia ( ' Orient alis ) umbella quinquefida, qua-
drifida, dichotomy involucellis fubrotundis acutis,
foliis lanceolatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 460. Euphorbia with
a quinquefid and quadrifid forked umbel , a pointed roundifh
involucrum, and fpear-Jhaped leaves. Tithymalus Orien-
tals, falicis folio, caule purpureo, flore magno.
Tourn. Cor. 2. Eajlern Spurge with a Willow leaf, a
purple jlalk , and large flower.
24. Euphorbia ( Characias ) umbella quinquefida, trifi-
da dichotomy involucellis ovatis, foliis lanceolatis,
capfulis lanatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 460. Euphorbia with
a quinquefid trifid umbel, dividing by pairs, an oval in-
volucrum, fpear-Jhaped leaves and woolly capfules. Ti-
thymalus arboreus, caule corallino, folio Hyperici,
pericarpio barbato. Boerh. Ind. alt. 1. p. 236. Tree
Spurge with a red Jlalk, a St. John’s Wort leaf, and
bearded capfule.
25. Euphorbia ( Hiberna ) umbella fextifida, dichotoma,
involucellis ovalibus, foliis integerrimis, ramis nullis
capfulis verrucofis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 462. Euphorbia
with a fix-pointed forked umbel, oval involucrums, entire
leaves, no branches, and wasted capfules. Tithymalus
Hibernicus Machingboy didtus. Mer. Pin. Irijh Spurge,
called Machingboy.
2 6. Euphorbia ( Apios ) umbella quinquefida, bifida,
involucellis obcordatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 457. Euphor-
bia with a quinquefid bifid umbel, and heart-Jhaped in-
volucrums. Tithymalus tuberosa pyriformi radice.
C. B. P. 292. Spurge with a tuberous Pear-Jhaped root.
27. Euphorbia ( Aleppica ) umbella quinquefida, di-
chotomy involucellis ovato-lanceolatis mucronatis,
foliis inferioribus fetaceis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 458. Eu-
phorbia with a quinquefid forked umbel, oval fpear-Jhaped
involucrums which are pointed, and the lower leaves
briftly. Tithymalus Cyparifilus. Alp. Exot. 65. Cy-
prefs Spurge.
28. Euphorbia ( Cretica ) umbella multifida, bifida, in-
volucellis orbicularis, foliis lineari-lanceolatis villofis.
Euphorbia with a multifid bifid umbel, orbicular involu-
crums, and narrow, fpear-Jhaped , hairy leaves. Tithy-
malus Creticus characias, anguftifolius, villofus &
incanus. Tourn. Cor. 1. Cretan Wood Spurge , with
narrow , hairy , and hoary leaves.
29. Euphorbia ( Sylvatica ) umbella multifida, dichoto-
my involucellis perfoliatis, fubcordatis, foliis lan-
ceolatis integerrimis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 463. Euphorbia
with a multifid forked umbel, heart-Jhaped perfoliate invo-
lucrums, and entire fpear-Jhaped leaves. Tithymalus
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fylvaticus lunato flore. C. B. P. 290. Wood-Spurge with
a moon-Jhaped flower.
30. Euphorbia ( Heterophylla ) inermis foliis ferratis pe-
tiolatis difformibus ovatis lanceolatis panduriformibus.
Lin. Sp. Plant. 453. Euphorbia without [pines, having
flawed leaves with foot-ftalks which are deformed, oval,
fpear-Jhaped, and like a fiddle. Tithymalus Curaffavicus,
lalicis & atriplicis foliis variis, caulibus viridantibus.
Pluk. Aim. 396. Spurge from Curajfao , with variable
leaves like Willow and Orach, and a green Jlalk.
31. Euphorbia ( Hypericifolia ) dichotomy foliis ferratis
ovali-oblongis glabris, corymbis terminalibus, ramis
divaricatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 454. Forked Euphorbia
with oblong, oval, finooth , fawed leaves, and divaricated
branches terminated by umbels. Tithymalus eredtus
acris, parietarise foliis glabris, floribus ad caulim no-
dos conglomeratis. Sloan. Cat. Jam. 82. Upright acrid
Spurge, with fmootb Pellitory leaves, and flowers growing
in clufters from the joints of the jlalk.
32. Euphorbia ( Ocymoides ) inermis, herbacea, rarnofa,
foliis, fubcordatis integerrimis petiolatis floribus fo-
litariis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 453. Branching herbaceous Eu-
phorbia without fpines, having entire heart-Jhaped leaves
with foot-ftalks, and fingle flowers. Tithymalus Arne-
ricanus, eredtus, annuus, ramofiffimus ocymi caryo-
phyllati foliis. Houft. MSS. Upright, annual , branching
Spurge of America , with leaves like fmall Bafil.
The firft fort has been generally taken for the true
Euphorbium of the ancients, and as fuch hath been
diredted for medicinal ufe ; but it is from the fecond
fort, that the drug now imported under that title in
England is taken. Dr. Linnmus fuppofes the fourth
to be the fort which fhould be ufed, though as they
are all nearly of the fame quality, it may be in-
different which of them that drug is taken from,
which is the infpiflated juice of the plant.
The firft fort hath a triangular, comprefted, fuccuient
ftalk, which is jointed, and rifes to the height of
eight or ten feet, fending out many irregular twifting
branches, which are for the moft part three-cornered,
but have fometimes only two, and at others four an-
gles ; they are comprefted, lucculent, and fpread out
on every fide the ftalk; thefe have at the extremity
of the branches a few fhort roundifh leaves, which
foon fall off ; and near thefe come out now and then
a few flowers, which have five thick whirifh petals,
with a large three-cornered germen in the center ;
thefe foon drop off without having any feeds. It grows
naturally in India, from whence the plants were
brought to the gardens in Holland, and have fince
been communicated to moft of the curious gardens in
Europe.
The fecond fort grows naturally in the Canary Illands,
from whence I have been credibly informed, the Eu-
phorbium which is imported in England, is now
brought, and is the infpiflated juice of this plant. In
its native country this grows to the height of twenty
feet or more, but in England it is rarely feen more
than fix or feven ; nor is it of any advantage to have
them fo tall here, becaufe they fend out many branches
which are large and fuccuient, fo render the plants
too heavy to be eafily removed. This hath a very
thick, green, fuccuient ftalk, which has four or five
large angles or corners, clofely armed with black
crooked fpines, which come out by pairs at every in-
denture : the ftalks fend out from every fide large
fuccuient branches of the fame form, which extend to
the diftance of two or three feet, then turn their ends
upwards, fo that when the plants are well grown,
they have forae refemblance to a branched chandelier •
thefe have no leaves, but are clofely armed with black
fpines like the ftalks ; at the end of the branches
come out the flowers, which are fhaped like thofe of
the firft fort.
The third fort hath a naked three-cornered ftalk
which is comprefted, fending out a great number of
branches which grow erect, and join up to the main
ftalk ; thefe are generally three-cornered, but forne
vary to four •, they are jointed and armed with fhorc
crooked fpines, but have no leaves, nor do the
Z3v
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plants produce flowers here. This grows naturally in
India,.
The fourth fort puts out many ftalks juft above the
furface of the ground, which are thick, fucculent,
and roundifh, having eight or ten angles while they
are young, but as they grow old they lofe their angles
and become round •, the branches grow diftorted and
irregular, firft horizontal, and afterward turn upward;
they are armed with fmall crooked fpines on their
angles, and on the upper part of the branches come
out the flowers, -which are flu all, and of a greenilh
white, fhaped like thofe of the fecond fort. This grows
naturally in India.
The fifth fort grows naturally in India ; this rifes with
a ftrong upright ftalk five or fix feet high, which
hath irregular angles, and protuberances which are
oblique to the angles ; the lower part of the ftalk is
naked, the upper part is branching, and the branches
are armed with crooked’ fpines ; at every protube-
rance, and at the top, they are garnifhed with oblong
leaves of a lucid green, which are very fmooth, en-
tire, and rounded at their ends ; thefe fall off, and
the plants remain naked for fome months, and then
the flowers come out, which fit dole to the branches,
and are of a ereenifn white colour ; the leaves come
out in the autumn, and fall off in the fpring.
The fixth fort rifes with a roundifh, upright, fuccu-
lent ftalk about three feet high, putting out feveral
branches on the fide of the fame form ; thefe have
feven angles or furrows, which are armed with long.
Angle,, black thorns ; at the end of which come out
fmall flowers, of the fame form with thofe of the
other forts, and are fometimes fucceeded by fmall
fruit.
The feventh fort hath thick, roundifh, fucculent
ftalks, which are fcaly ; thefe fend out many branches
from their Tides of the fame form, which are twifted,
and run one over another, fo as to appear like a par-
cel of ferpents coming out from the ftalks, from
whence it had the appellation of Medufa’s Head.
The ends of the branches are garnifhed with narrow,
thick, fucculent leaves, which drop off, and round
the upper part of the branches the flowers come out ;
thefe are white, and of the fame form with thofe of
the other fpecies, but larger, and are frequently fuc-
ceeded by round fmooth capfules with three cells,
each including a Angle roundifh feed.
The eighth fort hath roundifh ftalks, which fwell out
like a belly in the middle, and have knobbed angles,
between which come out long fpines which are ftrait ;
thefe ftalks rife two feet high, and put out a few
branches on their fide of the fame form ; the flowers
are produced at the end of the branches, fitting
clofe upon the angles ; they are fmall, of a yellowifh
green colour, and fhaped like thofe of the other
fpecies.
The ninth fort hath ftalks and branches very like
thofe of the fourth, but much flenderer ■, the fpines
of this are Angle, and thofe of the other double ; and
the ends of the branches are clofely garnifhed with
flowers on every angle, in which it differs from the
fourth fort.
The tenth fort hath a thick fhort ftalk, which feldom
rifes more than eight or ten inches high, from which
come out a great number of trailing branches which
are flender, and grow about a foot in length ; thefe
intermix with each other like thofe of the feventh
fort, but they are much fmaller, and do not grow
near fo long, but have the fame appearance, from
whence it is called Little Medufa’s Head : the ends
of thefe branches are befet with narrow leaves, be-
tween which the flowers come out, which are white,
and fhaped like thofe of the other fpecies.
The eleventh fort rifes with a taper ftalk fix or feven
inches high, fending out from the top a few taper
branches, which fpread out on every fide ; thefe are
not fcaly, like thofe of the laft fort, but taper, and
garnifhed at their ends with feveral fmall narrow
leaves which drop off. This fort hath not yet flowered
here, having been but a fhort time in England.
EUP
The twelfth fort hath a fhort thick ftalk, which never
rifes three inches high, fo that the branches fpread
on the furface of the ground •, thefe feldom grow
more than fix inches long, and their fcales fwell into
a fort of protuberances which are fquare ; they have
no leaves, and very rarely produce flowers in England,
but has been long an inhabitant in the gardens.
The thirteenth fort is very like the feventh, but the
ftalks never rife more than a foot or fifteen inches
high, fo that the branches fpread out near the ground ;
thefe are alfo much fhorter than thofe of the feventh, . ..
but have the fame appearance, and are garniflied with
narrow leaves at their end, which fall off as the
branches are extended in length : this produces a great
number of fmall white flowers at the end of the
branches, which are fhaped like thofe of the other
fpecies, and are frequently fucceeded by round fmooth
capfules with three cells, including one or two
roundifh feeds which ripen here.
Thefe forts have been by rnoft of the modern bota-
nifts ranged under the title of Euphorbium, and have
been diftinguifhed from the Tithymali, more from
the ftru&ure and outward appearance of the plants,
than any real difference in their characters, as hath
been before obferved ; but as the number of fpecies
of thofe commonly called Spurge was very great, fo
many of the writers were willing to feparate the Eu-
phorbia from that genus, to leffen the number of
fpecies.
Thefe plants are preferved in many curious gardens,
more for the oddnefs of their ftructure, than any
real beauty ; but being fo extremely different in their
form, from almoft any plants of European production,
many curious perfons have been induced to preferve
the feveral forts in their gardens.
They are all of them full of a milky acrid juice, which
flows out on their being wounded in any part ; this
juice will blifter the flefh, if it happen to lie upon
any tender part for a fhort time, and will burn li-
nen almoft as bad as aqua fortis, therefore the plants
fhould be handled with great caution ; nor fhould the
ends of their branches be ever bruited or injured ; for
if they are, it frequently occafions their rotting down
to the next joint, and fometimes will deffroy the whole
plant, if thofe injured branches are not cut off in time ;
fo that whenever the branches appear to have been in-
jured, the fooner they are cut from the plants, the
lefs danger there will be of their fuffering from it; nor
fhould any of the branches be cut between the joints,
for the fame reafon.
Moft of thefe plants were firft brought to Europe by
the Dutch, who have been very curious to introduce
great numbers of plants from India, and alfo from
the Cape of Good Hope : from the latter there hath
been a very great variety of curious plants of late
years brought to Europe, many of which produce
very elegant flowers, and are the greateft ornaments of
the confervatory in the winter and fpring feafons.
Thefe have been brought over in feeds, but the dif-
ferent kinds of Euphorbia came over moft of them
in plants or cuttings ; for thefe may be eafily tranf-
ported to any diftance, if either of them are put up
in boxes, with any foft dry package, to prevent their
being bruifed, or their fpines from wounding each
other, and kept from moifture and cold ; with this
care they may be kept fix months out of the ground,
and if carefully planted will take root, and thrive as
well as if they had been newly taken from the old
plants, or out of the ground but a fhort time ; which
is a much more expeditious method of obtaining the
plants than from feeds, when they can be procured.
The greateft part of thefe fucculent plants grow na-
turally upon barren rocky places, or in dry fandy
foils, where few other plants will thrive ; therefore
they fhould never be planted in rich or loamy earth
here, nor buffered to receive much wet, which will
caufe them to rot. The belt mixture of earth for
thefe plants is about a fourth part of fcreened lirne-
rubbifh, a fourth part of fea-fand, and half of light
frefh earth from a common ; thefe fhould be mixed
well
EUP
well together, and Frequently turned over before it
it vifed, that the parts may be incorporated, and the
compoft fweetened by being expofed to the air. If
this mixture is prepared a year before it is wanted, it
will be the better, that it may have the benefit of the
winter’s froft and the fummer’s heat to mellow it ; and
the oftener it is turned over, and the fmaller the
heaps are in which it is laid, the air will penetrate it
better, and render it more fit for ufe.
Thefe forts are eafily propagated by cuttings, which
Ihould be taken frorfi the old plants in June; thefe
muft be cut at a joint, otherwife they will rot. When
thefe cuttings are taken off, the milky juice of the
old plants will flow out in plenty ; therefore there
Ihould be fome dry earth or fand applied upon the
wounded part, which 'Will harden and flop the fap ;
and the wounded part of the cuttings fhould alio be
rubbed in fand, or dry earth, for the fame purpofe ;
then the cuttings Ihould be laid in a dry part of the
Hove, for ten days or a fortnight ; and fome of thofe
whofe branches are large and very fucculent, may lie
three weeks or more before they are planted, that
their wounds may be healed and hardened, otherwife
they will rot. When the cuttings are planted, they
fhould be each put into a fmall halfpenny pot, laying
ftones or rubbifh in the bottom, and filling the pots
with the mixture before directed ; then plunge the
pots into a moderate hot-bed, and if the weather is
very hot, the glaffes of the hot-bed fhould be fhaded
in the middle of the day, and the cuttings fhould be
gently watered once or twice a week, according as the
earth may dry : in about fix weeks or two months the
cuttings will have put out roots, fo if the bed is not very
warm, the plants may continue there, provided they
have free air admitted to them every day, otherwife
it will be better to remove them into the Hove, where
they may be hardened before the winter ; for if they
are too much drawn in fummer, they are very apt to
decay in winter, unlefs they are very carefully ma-
naged. During the fummer feafon, thefe plants fhould
be gently watered two or three times a week, ac-
cording to the warmth of the feafon ; but in winter
they mull not be watered oftener than once a week,
and it fhould be given more fparingly at that feafon,
efpecially if the flove is not warm : the firft fort will
require more warmth in the winter than any of the
other, as alfo lefs water at that feafon. This, if well
managed, will grow feven or eight feet high ; but the
plants mull conflantly remain in the flove, giving
them a large fhare of air in warm weather, and in
winter the flove Ihould be kept in a temperate degree
of warmth.
The fixth fort is at prefent the mofl rare in England :
the plants of this fort, which have been procured
from Holland, have been mofl of them deflroyed by
placing them in floves, where, by the heat, they have
in one day turned black, and rotted immediately
after. This fort will thrive well if placed in a dry
airy glafs-cafe with Ficoides, and other fucculent
plants in the winter, where they may have free air
in mild weather, and be prote&ed from froft; in
fummer the plants of this fort may be expofed in the
open air, in a warm fituation, but fhould be fcreened
from much wet : with this treatment, the plants will
thrive much better than when they are more tenderly
nurfed.
The feventh, eighth, tenth, eleventh, twelfth, and
thirteenth forts, are alfo pretty hardy, fo will live in
a good glafs-cafe in winter without fire, provided the
froft is kept entirely out, and in fummer they may
be placed abroad in a warm fituation : as thefe are
very fucculent plants, they fhould not have too much
wet; therefore, if the fummer fhould prove very
moift, it will be very proper to place thefe plants
under fome fhelter, where they may enjoy the free air,
and be fcreened from the rain, otherwife by receiv-
ing too much wet in fummer they will rot in winter.
The feventh fort will require to be fupported, other-
wife the weight of the branches will draw them upon
the pots j and, by training of the Hems up to flakes, I
» - * , .r*
EUP
they will grow four or five feet high, and a great
number of fide branches will be produced ; thefe,
being very fucculent and heavy, are very apt to draw
down the ftem if it hath not fupport.
The following forts have been, by all the writers on
botany, placed under the title of Titiiymalus • but
the fourteenth and fifteenth forts fhould, according
to their own diftinftion, have beeri placed in the
genus of Euphorbium, becaufe they are as deftitute
of leaves as mofl of the fpecies which they have there
placed. ...
The fourteenth fort rifes with a taper fucculent ftalk
to the height of eighteen or twenty feet, fending out
many branches of the fame form, which fubdivide
into many fmaller ; thefe are jointed but at a great dis-
tance : they are fmooth, and of a deep green colour,
having a few fmall leaves at their extremities, which
foonTall off. As the plants grow older, their ftalks
become flronger and lefs fucculent, efpecially toward
the bottom, where they turn to a brown colour, and
become a little woody. The branches grow diffufed
and intermix with each other, fo form a fort of bufh
toward the top, but this doth not produce flowers
here.
The fifteenth fort fends out a great number of (lender
taper ftalks of a dark green colour, which are
fmooth, and twift about each other, or any neigh-
bouring fupport, whereby they will rife to the height
of ten or twelve feet, putting out fmaller branches
upward, which alfo twine and intermix with the other
ftalks ; they are naked, having no leaves, nor do the
plants flower in England. Thefe grow in India.
The fixteenth fort fends out many taper fucculent
ftalks from the root, which rife about four feet high *,
they are (lender and weak, fo require fupport to pre-
vent their falling to the ground ; thefe have a light
green bark, and their lower parts are naked, but their
upper parts are garnifhed with oblong leaves, which
are fmooth, entire, and placed alternate on every fide
the ftalks : the flowers are produced in fmall clufters
at the end of the branches, they are of a yellowifh
green colour, and are fometimes fucceeded by fmooth
round fruit, but the feeds rarely ripen in England.
This fort grows naturally on the African fhore in the
Mediterranean.
The feventeenth fort grows naturally in fome of the
i (lands of the Weft-Indies; and alfo upon the con-
tinent there. I received fpecimens of this fort from
the ifland of Tobago, and alfo from Carthagena,
where the plants were growing in plenty ; the Dutch
gardens were furnifhed with it from Curaffao, where
it alfo grows naturally. This hath an upright ftalk,
which rifes to the height of fix or feven feet, covered
with a light brown bark, and divides upward into
many branches; thefe are garnifhed with roundifli
leaves, which are indented at their ends, and have
foot-ftalks : they are fmooth and of a beautiful green,
but fall away in winter, fo that in the fpring they are
altlioft naked ; the flowers come out from the end of
the branches, they are yellow and fmall, foon falling
away without having any fruit fucceed them here.
Thefe forts are propagated by cuttings, in the fame
manner as the Euphorbiums, and the plants muft be
treated in the fame way, as hath been dire&ed for
them.
The fourteenth, fifteenth, and feventeenth forts, are
tender, fo require a flove ; thefe muft have the fame
treatment as the tender kinds of Euphorbiums, but
the fixteenth fort will live in a common green-houfe
in winter, and may be expofed abroad in the fummer.
The eighteenth fort (lands in the lift of medicinal
plants, but is rarely ufed in England at prefent ; this
is a biennial plant, which perifhes after the feeds are
ripe. It grows naturally in Italy and the fouth of
France, and where it is allowed to fcatter its feeds
in a garden, becomes a weed here. This rifes with
an upright fucculent ftalk from three to four feet
high, garnifhed with oblong fmooth leaves which are
placed cppofite, and fit clofe to the ftalks ; the upper
parrof the ftalk divides by pairs into fmaller forked
5 L branches.
E U P
branches, and from the fork between thefe divifions j
come out the umbels of flowers, each fork having
one ; that which is fituated in the firft divilion being
the largeft, and thofe in the upper the fmalleft. The
flowers are of a greeniih yellow colour ; they appear in
June and July, and the fruit follows foon after, which
is divided into three lobes, and has three cells, each
containing one roundifh feed, which is call out at a
diftance by the elafticity of the pods. This fort
will propagate itfelf faft enough when it is once in-
troduced into gardens, fo requires no care but to keep
it clean from weeds.
The nineteenth fort grows naturally in the fouth of
France, in Spain, and Italy. This fends out many
trailing branches from the root, which grow about a
foot long, lying upon the ground, which are clofely
garnifhed with thick fucculent leaves ; thefe are flat,
fhort, and pointed ; they fpread open on every fide
the branches, and are placed alternate, fitting clofe to
the ftalks : the flowers are produced in large umbels
at the end of the branches ; the involucrum of the
principal umbel is compofed of feveral oval-pointed
leaves, but thofe of the fmall umbels have only two
heart- fliaped concave leaves, whofe borders are rough;
the flowers are yellow, and are fucceeded by three
feeds, inclofed in a roundilh capfule with three cells.
This plant will continue two or three years upon a
dry warm foil, and will ripen feeds annually ; which,
if permitted to fcatter, the plants will come up,
and require no other care but to keep them clean
from weeds.
The twentieth fort grows naturally in Crete, and in
feveral iflands of the Archipelago ; this rifes with an
upright branching ftem to the height of four feet ;
the leaves of this are oblong and pointed, and are
placed alternate on the branches ; the flowers come
out in umbels from the fork between the branches ;
they are fmall and yellow, and are rarely fucceeded by
feeds in England. It is eafily propagated by cuttings
during any of the fummer months, and requires a
little protection from the froft in winter.
The twenty-firft fort grows naturally in the woods
in many parts of England; it rifes with a fhrubby ftalk
three feet high ; the flowers are produced in umbels
fitting clofe to the ftalks, fo form a long fpike ; the
empalements are of a greeniih yellow, and the petals
black, fo they make an odd appearance. It flowers
in May, and the feeds ripen in July. If the feeds
of this are fown under trees in the autumn, the
plants will rife the following fpring, and require no
culture.
The twenty-fecond fort Hands in the lift of medi-
cinal plants by the title of Efula major, but at pre-
fent is feldom ufed : this grows naturally in France
and Germany upon marlhy places, where it rifes
three or four feet high. It hath a perennial root,
by which it may be propagated better than by feeds,
which feldom grow, unlefs they are fown foon after
they are ripe.
The twenty-third fort was difcovered in the Levant,
by Dr. Tournefort, who fent the feeds to the royal
garden at Paris ; this hath a perennial root, from which
arife many fucculent ftalks three feet high, covered
with a purple bark, and garnilhed with oblong fmooth
leaves, fhaped like thofe of Willow, of a dark green
colour. The upper part of the ftalks divide, and in
the fork is fituated an umbel of flowers of a greeniih
yellow colour, which are fucceeded by round cap-
fules with three cells, each containing a Angle feed.
It flowers in June, and the feeds are ripe in Auguft ;
this may be propagated by parting the roots, or
by flowing the feeds in autumn. The plant is hardy,
fo will endure the greateft cold of this country, if it
is planted in a dry foil.
The twenty-fourth fort grows naturally in Sicily, and
on the borders of the Mediterranean Sea ; this rifes
with feveral fhrubby ftalks to the height of five or
fix feet, having a red bark, and are garnifhed with
oblong, fmooth, blunt leaves, which are placed alter-
nate. The flowers grow in fmall umbels from the
E U P
divifron of their branches ; they are yellow* and are
fucceeded by roundifh capfules, which are rough,
having three cells like the other fpecies. This is
eafily propagated by cuttings during any of the furm-
mer months* and requires protection from the froft
in winter.
The twenty-fifth fort grows naturally in Ireland*
from whence the roots have been brought to Eng-
land ; this hath thick fibrous roots, which fend up
feveral Angle unbranched ftalks about a foot high,
garnifhed with oblong leaves, placed alternate on
every fide. The flowers are produced in fmall um-
bels at the top of the ftalks ; they are yellow, and
are fucceeded by rough warted capfules with three
cells ; it flowers in June, and the feeds ripen in Au-
guft. This may be propagated by the roots, which
fhould be planted in a fhady fituation and a moift
foil.
This plant was almoft the only phyfic ufed by the
native inhabitants of Ireland formerly; but fince the
ufe of mercury has been known to them, the other
has been generally negleCted.
The twenty-fixth fort grows naturally in the Levant ;
this hath a knobbed Pear-fhaped root, from which
arife two or three ftalks about a foot and a half
high, garnifhed with oblong leaves, which are hairy,
placed alternate on every fide the ftalk. The flowers
are produced in fmall umbels from the divifions of the
ftalk ; they are fmall, of a greenifh yellow colour, and
are feldom fucceeded by feeds here ; it may be propa-
gated by offsets, fent out from the main root ; thefe
may be taken off in autumn, and planted in a fhady
fituation, where they will thrive better than in the
full fun.
The twenty-feventh fort grows naturally at Aleppo,
and in other parts of the Levant ; this hath a peren-
nial creeping root, by which it multiplies very fall
where it is once eftablifhed. The ftalks of this rife a
foot and a half high ; the lower leaves are narrow,
ftiff, and briftly ; but thofe on the upper part of the
ftalk are fhaped like the narrow-leaved Myrtle. The
flowers are produced in large umbels from the divi-
fions of the ftalk ; they are yellow, and appear in
June, but are rarely fucceeded by feeds in this country.
The roots of this fhould be confined in pots ; for
when they are planted in the full ground, they creep
about to a great diftance.
The twenty-eighth fort grows naturally in many parts
of the Levant, and alfo in Spain and Portugal. The
feeds of this were brought me from Scanderoon, by
thelate Mr. RobertMillar, who found the plants grow-
ing plentifully there ; and he affured me, that he faw
the inhabitants wounding of thefe plants, and collect-
ing their milky juice, which they mixed up with the
Scammony to fend abroad.
The feeds of this plant were fince fent me from Por-
tugal, by Robert More, Efq; who found the plants
growing there naturally, but this plant had been many
years before an inhabitant in the Englifli gardens ; this
rifes with a purple fhrubby ftalk near three feet high,
which is garnifhed with narrow, fpear-fhaped, hairy
leaves, fet clofely on the ftalk alternately on every
fide ; the upper part of the ftalk is terminated by um-
bels of flowers, which form a fort of fpike. The
greater umbels are multifid, but the fmall ones are bi-
fid. The involucrums of the flowers are yellow, and
the petals of the flowers black ; thefe appear in May,
and are fucceeded by feeds which ripen in July : the
young plants which have been lately raifed from feeds,
are generally very fruitful, but the old ones, and thofe
raifed by cuttings are barren ; this may be propagated
by feeds, or from cuttings, and will live abroad if
planted in a dry rubbilhy foil and a warm fituation,
otherwife they are frequently killed by fevere froft.
The twenty-ninth fort grows naturally in the fouth
of France, in Spain, and Italy ; this is a biennial plant,
from whofe root arife two or three ftalks, which grow
two or three feet high, garnifhed with fpear-fhaped
leaves, which are entire. The umbels of flowers arife
from the divifion of the branches ; the involucrums
are
7
E U P
are heart-fhaped, and furround the pedicle with their
bafe. The flowers are yellow, and appear in June.
The feeds ripen in Auguft •, which, if permitted to
fcatter, the plants will come up, and require no other
care but to keep them clean from weeds ; this mull
have a fhady fltuation. •
The thirtieth fort grows naturally at La VeraGruz,
from whence the late Dr. Houftoun fent me the feeds;
this is an annual plant, which riles front two to
three feet high. The leaves of thefe are fometimes
narrow and entire, at other times oval, and divided in
the middle, almoft to the midrib, in fhape of a fiddle ;
they alfo vary in their colour, fome being inclinable
to purple, others of a light green ; they are fawed on
their edges, and Hand upon Ihort foot-llalks. The
flowers are produced in fmall umbels at the end of
the branches ; they are of a greenilh white, and are
fucceeded by fmall round capfules with three cells.
The thirty-firft fort grows naturally in moll of the
iflands in the Weft-Indies • this is an annual plant,
which rifes with a branching ftalk about two feet
high, garnifhed with oblong, oval, fmooth leaves,
which are fawed on the edges; The flowers grow
in fmall umbels at the foot-ftalks of the leaves,
gathered into clofe bunches ; thefe are white, and
are fucceeded by fmall round capfules, inclofing three
feeds.
The feeds of the thirty-fecond fort were fent me
from La Vera Cruz, by the late Dr. Houftoun ; this
is an annual plant, which rifes with an upright ftalk
EX0
' $ v ft
about a foot high, dividing into a great riUrhber of
branches, which fpread very wide on feVery fide,
garnifhed with roundifti, heart-fhaped leaves, Which
are entire, Handing upon pretty long foot-ftalks. The
flowers come out fingly from the divifions of the
ftalk ; they are fmall, and of an herbaceous colour;
and are fucceeded by fmall round capfules, contain-
ing three feeds;
The laft three forts are annual ; the feeds of thefe mu ft
be fown upon a hot-bed in the fpring, and when the
plants are fit to remove; they ftiould be each planted
in a fmall pot filled with light earth, arid plunged into
the hot-bed again, and muft afterward be treated in
the fame manner as other tender annual plants from
warm countries.
EUPHRASIA. Eyebright;
This is a medicinal plant; which grows naturally iri
the fields and commons in moft parts of England; al-
ways among grafs, heath, furz; or fome other cover,
and will not grow when thefe are cleared from about
it ; nor will the feeds grow when they are fowm in a
garden ; for which reafon I fhall not trouble the reader
with a defcription, or any farther account of it, than
that the herb-women fupply the markets with it in
plenty from the fields.
EX COR TIC AT I ON [excorticatio, Laid] a
pulling or peeling off the outward bark of trees.
EXOTICS [exotica, Lai,] Exotic plants are fueh
as are natives of foreign countries.
F
FAB
ABA. Tourn. Inft. R. H. J91. tab. 212. Vi-
cia. Lin. Gen. Plant. 782. The Beari; in
French, Feve.
The Characters are,
‘The flower hath a tubulous empalement of one leaf,
which is cut into five fegments at the brim ; the three lower
fegments being long , and the two upper are very floor t. The
flower is of the butterfly kind. The ftandard is large ,
oval , and indented at the end ; the two fides turn back-
ward, after fome time ; it hath two oblong ereft wings,
which inclofe the keel, being much longer. The keel is
flocrt, fwelling, and clofely covers the parts of generation ;
thefe are joined in one column , almoft to the top where
they are divided ; the nine ftamina are in three parts, and
one ftands feparate ; thefe are terminated by roundifh re-
clined fummits. At the bottom is fituated an oblong com-
prejfed germen, fupporting a fhort angular ftyle, crowned
by an obtufe ftigma, which is bedrded on the two fides.
The germen afterward becomes a long, comprejfed , leathery
pod, having one cell, filled with comprejfed kidney-Jhaped
feeds.
Tournefort ranges this genus of plants in the fecund
fedion of his tenth clafs, which includes the herbs
with a butterfly flower, whofe pointal turns to a long
pod with one celh This is in the third fedion of
Linnseus’s feventeenth clafs, in which he places thofe
plants whofe flowers have ten ftamina, joined in two
bodies ; and he joins it to his genus of Vicia, fo he
makes only a fpecific difference between them ; but as
the Bean hath a compreffed leathery pod and kidney-
fhaped feeds, and the Vetch a fwelling pod with round
feeds, they Ihould be feparated*
FAB
, ' 'i 1
There are feveral varieties of the Garden Bean, which
are known and diftinguiftied by the gardeners, but
do not effentially differ from each other ; fo I fhall
not enumerate them as diftind fpecies, nor joiii
thefe to the Horfe Bean, as fome* have done, who have
fuppofed them to be but one fpecies ; for, from hav-
ing cultivated them more than forty years, without
findingthe Garden Beari degenerateto the Horfe Beari,
or the latter improving to the former, I Conclude
they are diftind fpecies.
There is a great variety of the Garden Beans, now
cultivated iri the kitchen-gardens in England, Which
differ in fize and ftiape ; fome of them producing their
pods much earlier in the year than others, for which
they are greatly efteemed by the gardeners, whofe pro-
fit arifes from their early crops of moft efculent plants*
therefore they are very careful to improve all thofe va-
rieties which have a tendency to be fit for the markets
firft; but as many forts of feeds, when cultivated long
in the fame land, are apt to degenerate; fo new feeds
ihould be annually procured; either from abroad, or
fome diftant fitoation, where the foil is of a different
nature, by which change many of the varieties may
be continued in perfediort
I fhall begin with the Garden Beari, Called by the
botanifts, Faba major to diftinguifh it from the Horfe
Bean; Which they have titled Faba minor feu Equina;
arid I fhall only mention the riarnes of each; by which
they are known among- the gardeners, placing them
according to their time of ripening for the table.
The Mazagan Bean is the firft and beft fort of early
Beans at prefen; knowri ; thefe are brought from a fet-
tle merit-
FAB
dement of the Portugueffe on the coaft of Africa, juft
without the Streights of Gibraltar* the feeds of this
fort are fmaller than thofe of the Horfe Bean j and
as the Portnguefe are but flovenly gardeners, there
is commonly a great number of bad feeds among
them. If this fort is fown in October, under a warm
hedge, pale, or wall, and carefully earthed up when
the plants are advanced, they will be fit for the table
by the middle of May. . The Items of this fort are
very {lender, therefore* if they are fupported by firings
dole to the hedge, or pale, it will preferve them from
the morning frofts* which are fometimes fevere in the
fpring, and retard their growth * fo by keeping them
clofe to the fence it will caufe them to come forwarder
than if this is negleCtfed * thefe Beans bear plentifully,
but they ripen nearly together, fo that there are never
more than two gatherings from the fame plants * if the
feeds of this fort are faved two years in England, the
Beans will become much larger, and not ripen fo foon,
which is called a degeneracy.
The next fort is the early Portugal Bean, which ap-
pears to be the Mazagan fort faved in Portugal, for
it is very like thofe which are the firft year faved in
England * this is the moft common fort ufed by the
gardeners for their firft crop, but they are not near fo
well tailed as the Mazagan * therefore when the Ma-
zagan. Bean can be procured, no perfon would plant
the other.
The next is the fmall Spanifh Bean * this will come
in foon after the Portugal fort, and is rather a fweeter
Bean, therefore fhould be preferred to it.
Then comes the broad Spanifh, which is a little later
than the other, but comes in before the common
forts, and is a good bearer, therefore is frequently
planted.
The Sandwich Bean comes foon after the Spanifh,
and is almoft as large as the Windfor Bean * but, be-
ing hardier, is commonly fown a month fooner •, this is
a plentiful bearer, but not very delicate for the table.
The Toker Bean, as it is generally called, comes
about the fame time with the Sandwich, and is a great
bearer * therefore is now much planted, though it is
a coarfe Bean.
The white and black BlofTom Beans are alfo by fome
perfons much efteemed * the Beans of the former are,
when boiled, almoft as green as Peas * and being a
tolerable fweet Bean, renders it more valuable * thefe
forts are very apt to degenerate, if their feeds are not
faved with great care.
The Windfor Bean is allowed to be the beft of all the
forts for the table * when thefe are planted on a good
foil, and are allowed fufficient room, their feeds will
be very large, and in great plenty * and when they are
gathered young, are the fweeteft and beft tailed of all
the forts ; but thefe fhould be carefully faved, by pull-
ing out fuch of the plants as are not perfectly right,
and afterward by forting out all the good from the
bad Beans.
This fort of Bean is feldom planted before Chriftmas,
becaufe it will not bear the froft fo well as many of
the other forts •, fo it is generally planted for the
great crop, to come in June and July.
All the early Beans are generally planted on warm
borders under walls, pales, and hedges •, and thofe
which are defigned to come firft, are ufually planted in
a fingle row pretty clofe to the fence : and here I can-
not help taking notice of a very bad cuftom, which
too generally prevails in gentlemens kitchen-gardens,
which is that of planting Beans clofe to the garden-
walls, on the beft afpeCts, immediately before the
fruit-trees, which is certainly a greater prejudice to
the trees, than the value of the Beans, or any other
early crop * therefore this practice fhould be every-
where difcouraged •, for it is much better to run fome
low Eeed hedges acrofs the quarters of the kitchen-
garden, where early Beans and Peas may be planted,
in which places they may with more conveniency be
covered in fevere froft * and to thefe hedges they may
both be clofely fattened, as they advance in their
growth ; which, if praCtifed againft the walls where
3
FAB
good fruit-trees are planted, will greatly prejudice
the trees, by overfhadowing them, and the growth
bf thefe legumes will draw off the nourifhment from
the roots of the trees, whereby they will be greatly
weakened. ' & 1
But to return to the culture of the Beans. Thofe which
are planted early in OCtober, will come up by the be-
ginning of November * and as foon as they are an inch
above ground, the earth fhould be carefully drawn up
with a hoe to their Hems * and this muft be two or
three times repeated, as the Beans advance in height ;
which will protect their ftems from the froft, and en-
courage their ftrength. If the winter fhould prove
fevere, it will be very proper to cover the Beans with
Peas-haulm, Fern, or fome other light coverino-,
which will fecure them from the injury of froft * but
this covering muft be eonftantly taken off in mild
weather, otherwife they will draw up tall and weak,
and come to little and if the furface of the border is
covered with tanners bark, it will prevent the froft:
penetrating the ground to the roots of both, and
be of great fervice to prote<5I them from the injury
which they might otherwife receive.
In the fpring, when the Beans are advanced to be a
foot high* they fhould be fattened up to the hedge
with packthread or a fmall line, fo as to draw them
as clofe as poffible * which will fecure them from be-
ing injured by the morning frofts, which are often
fo fevere in March and April, as to lay thofe Beans
fiat on the ground, which are not thus guarded * at
this time all fuckers which come out from the roots
fhould be very carefully taken off * for thefe will
retard the growth of the Beans, and prevent their
coming early •, and when the bloffoms begin to open
toward the bottom of the fialks, the top of the ftems
fhould be pinched off, which will caufe thofe firft pods
to ftand, and thereby bring them forward. If thefe
rules are obferved, and the ground kept clean from
weeds, or other plants, there will be little danger of
their failing.
But left: this firft crop fhould be deftroyed by froft,
it will be abfolutely neceffary to plant more about three
weeks after the firft, and fo to repeat planting more
every three weeks, or a month, till February * but thole
which are planted toward the end of November, or the
beginning of December, may be planted on Hoping
banks, ata fmall diftance from the hedges; forif thewea-
ther is mild, thefe will not appear above ground before
Chriftmas * therefore will not be in fo much danger
as the firft and feeond planting, efpecially if the fur-
face of the ground is covered with tan to keep the
froft out of the ground as is before directed * for the
firft planting will, by that time, be a confiderable
height : the fame directions which are before given
will be fufficient for the management of thefe ; but
only it muft be obferved, that the larger Beans fhould
be planted at a greater diftance than the fmall ones *
as alfo, that thofe which are firft planted muft be
put clofer together, to allow for fome mifcarrying *
therefore, when a fingle row is planted, the Beans
may be put two inches afunder, and thofe of the
third and fourth planting may be allowed three
inches * and when they are planted in rows acrofs a
bank, the rows fhould be two feet and a half afun-
der * but the Windfor Beans fhould have a foot more
fpace between the rows, and the Beans in the rows
fhould be planted five or fix inches afunder. This
diftance may, by fome perfons, be thought too
great * but from many years experience, I can affirm,
that the fame fpace of ground will produce a greater
quantity of Beans when planted at this diftance, than
if double the quantity of feeds are put on it. In the
management of thefe later crops of Beans, the princi-
pal care fhould be to keep them clear from weeds,
and any other plants which would draw away their
nourifhment * to keep earthing them up, and, when
they are in bloffom, to pinch off their tops * which, if
fhffered to grow, will draw the nourilhment from the
lower bloffoms, which will prevent the pods from fet-
ting, and fo only the upper parts of the ftems will be
fruitful *
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